呼吸系统疾病中英文版培训课件
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呼吸系统(英文版) PPT-
The nasopharynx is the fist division, and it is nearest to the nasal cavities. It contains the adenoids, which are masses of lymphatic tissue. The adenoids (also known as the pharyngeal tonsils) are more prominent in children, and if enlarged, they can obstruct air passageways.
9
New words
咽
nasopharynx 鼻咽 oropharynx 口咽 laryngopharynx喉咽 pharyngeal 咽的 hypopharyngeal 下咽的
throat 咽喉 adenoid 腺样体
adeno-
adenoma
adenocarcinoma
adenovirus
Responsibilities of respiratory system
Respiration = exchange of gases between body and air
Provides oxygen to body cells for energy Removes carbon dioxide from body cells
tonsil 扁桃体
pharyngeal ~
palatine ~
palatine 腭的 larynx 喉 esophagus 食道 vocal cord 声带 vibrate震动 deterrent 妨碍物 flap 皮瓣 epiglottis 会厌 10
9
New words
咽
nasopharynx 鼻咽 oropharynx 口咽 laryngopharynx喉咽 pharyngeal 咽的 hypopharyngeal 下咽的
throat 咽喉 adenoid 腺样体
adeno-
adenoma
adenocarcinoma
adenovirus
Responsibilities of respiratory system
Respiration = exchange of gases between body and air
Provides oxygen to body cells for energy Removes carbon dioxide from body cells
tonsil 扁桃体
pharyngeal ~
palatine ~
palatine 腭的 larynx 喉 esophagus 食道 vocal cord 声带 vibrate震动 deterrent 妨碍物 flap 皮瓣 epiglottis 会厌 10
呼吸系统疾病(英文)页PPT文档
Respiratory Infections
The most frequent infections of childhood: 68/year
Pathogens:viruses,bacterial, other pathogens Host and environmental factors Classification of respiratory infections
Based on anatomy or X-ray manifestation
Bronchopneumonia Lobar or Lobular Pneumonia Interstitial Pneumonia
Pneumonia
Enmei Liu Children’s Hospital, CMU
Case -1
Jack, age four months, is sent at home by his general practitioner because of two days of rapid, laboured breathing and poor feeding. He was born at 27 weeks’ gestation, birth weight 979g and was discharged home at three months of age. On examination he was a fever of 37.4C and a respiratory rate of 60 breaths/min. His chest is hyperinflated with marked intercoatal recession. On auscultation there are generalized fine crackles and wheezes.
呼吸系统的英语ppt课件
Breaking is a complex process
It involves the contract and relaxation of muscles, the movement of air through the passages, and the exchange of gases at the alveoli
04
Trachea and Bronchi
The structure of the tracea and bronchi
要点一
Trachea
要点二
Bronchi
The Trachea, also known as the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that extends from the Larynx to the bifurcation at the level of the fourth tropical vertebra It serves as a passage for air to reach the lungs The trajectory is composed of C-shaped rings of cartilage and is covered by mucous membrane
Tonsillitis
Tonsillitis is an inflation of the Tonsils (lands at the back of the stroke) that can cause pain, fever, and diversity switching It is often caused by viruses but can also be bacterial
It involves the contract and relaxation of muscles, the movement of air through the passages, and the exchange of gases at the alveoli
04
Trachea and Bronchi
The structure of the tracea and bronchi
要点一
Trachea
要点二
Bronchi
The Trachea, also known as the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that extends from the Larynx to the bifurcation at the level of the fourth tropical vertebra It serves as a passage for air to reach the lungs The trajectory is composed of C-shaped rings of cartilage and is covered by mucous membrane
Tonsillitis
Tonsillitis is an inflation of the Tonsils (lands at the back of the stroke) that can cause pain, fever, and diversity switching It is often caused by viruses but can also be bacterial
病理学英文课件：呼吸系统疾病
Alveolar sac
Type II alveolar cell
Type I alveolar cell
capillary
Blood–air Barrier
Alveolar septum
病理学—呼 吸
Alveolar pore (Kohn’s pore) macrophage
病理学—呼 吸
Heart failure cell:
Lobule
Alveolus
Acinus
病理学—呼 吸
Trachea
病理Ep学ith—el呼ium 吸
Lamina propria Submucosa
Adventitia
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
病理学—呼 吸
Brush cell Goblet cell basal cell ciliated cell small granular cell
Definition:
Alveolar macrophages containing hemosiderin are seen in cardiac failure.
病理学—呼 吸
The alveolar spaces contain macrophages which show brownish discoloration of their cytoplasm due to the hemosiderin content .
Pathological Change
• From trachea to bronchi and bronchioles
病理学—呼 吸
Diseases of Respiratory System
Type II alveolar cell
Type I alveolar cell
capillary
Blood–air Barrier
Alveolar septum
病理学—呼 吸
Alveolar pore (Kohn’s pore) macrophage
病理学—呼 吸
Heart failure cell:
Lobule
Alveolus
Acinus
病理学—呼 吸
Trachea
病理Ep学ith—el呼ium 吸
Lamina propria Submucosa
Adventitia
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
病理学—呼 吸
Brush cell Goblet cell basal cell ciliated cell small granular cell
Definition:
Alveolar macrophages containing hemosiderin are seen in cardiac failure.
病理学—呼 吸
The alveolar spaces contain macrophages which show brownish discoloration of their cytoplasm due to the hemosiderin content .
Pathological Change
• From trachea to bronchi and bronchioles
病理学—呼 吸
Diseases of Respiratory System
呼吸系统(中英文)PPT课件
呼吸困难 labored breathing (hypoventilation) 右心衰 right-sided heart failure (cor pulmonale)
Treatment
不能根治 控制症状
No cure relieving
symptoms
防止并发症 preventing complications
小细支气管炎
病理学 Pathology
NMU博学至精 明德至善
Clinical features
支气管粘膜炎症、粘液分泌旺盛
咳痰
支气管痉挛，渗出物阻塞
喘
病理学 Pathology
NMU博学至精 明德至善
晚期表现 Late stage menifestation
血氧饱和度低 insufficient oxygenation of blood (hypoxemia)
肺间质、肺泡间隔 ：cap. , f, Mφ
病理学 Pathology
NMU博学至精 明德至善 Histology of the Airways
Components Functions
Bronchi are distinguished from bronchioles primarily by the presence of cartilage in their walls. Bronchioles also lack submucosal glands.
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscles
Cartilage 病理学 Pathology
NMU博学至精 明德至善
Epithelium
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells Mucous (goblet) cells
Treatment
不能根治 控制症状
No cure relieving
symptoms
防止并发症 preventing complications
小细支气管炎
病理学 Pathology
NMU博学至精 明德至善
Clinical features
支气管粘膜炎症、粘液分泌旺盛
咳痰
支气管痉挛，渗出物阻塞
喘
病理学 Pathology
NMU博学至精 明德至善
晚期表现 Late stage menifestation
血氧饱和度低 insufficient oxygenation of blood (hypoxemia)
肺间质、肺泡间隔 ：cap. , f, Mφ
病理学 Pathology
NMU博学至精 明德至善 Histology of the Airways
Components Functions
Bronchi are distinguished from bronchioles primarily by the presence of cartilage in their walls. Bronchioles also lack submucosal glands.
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscles
Cartilage 病理学 Pathology
NMU博学至精 明德至善
Epithelium
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells Mucous (goblet) cells
呼吸系统_英文版PPT课件
The Lower Respiratory Tracts Trachea Muscular cartilaginous tract that is a continuation of the larynx; it divides into two main bronchi, each of which ends in a lung, and allows air to pass. The inner membrane of the trachea is covered in tiny hairs called cilia, which catch particles of dust which we can then remove through coughing.
Larynx: This is also known as the voice box as it is where sound is generated.It contains the vocal cords. It also helps protect the trachea by producing a strong cough reflex if any solid objects pass the epiglottis.
Alveoli: Individual hollow cavities contained within alveolar sacs (or ducts). Alveoli have very thin walls which permit the exchange of gases oxygen and carbon dioxide. They are surrounded by a network of capillaries, into which the inspired gases pass. There are approximately 3 million alveoli within an average adult lung.
呼吸系统-英文版-PPT
and lungs
Function
Transports air into the lungs and facilitates the diffusion of oxygen into the blood stream. It also receives waste carbon dioxide from the blood and exhales it.
大家好
3
The Lower Respiratory Tracts Trachea Muscular cartilaginous tract that is a continuation of the larynx; it divides into two main bronchi, each of which ends in a lung, and allows air to pass. The inner membrane of the trachea is covered in tiny hairs called cilia, which catch particles of dust which we can then remove through coughing.
carbon dioxide. They are surrounded by a network of capillaries, into which the
inspired gases pass. There are approximately 3 million alveoli within an
Bronchi The trachea divides into two tubes called bronchi, one entering the left and one entering the right lung. Bronchi branch into smaller and smaller tubes known as bronchioles. Bronchioles terminate in grape-like sac clusters known as alveoli. Alveoli are surrounded by a network of thin-walled capillaries.
Function
Transports air into the lungs and facilitates the diffusion of oxygen into the blood stream. It also receives waste carbon dioxide from the blood and exhales it.
大家好
3
The Lower Respiratory Tracts Trachea Muscular cartilaginous tract that is a continuation of the larynx; it divides into two main bronchi, each of which ends in a lung, and allows air to pass. The inner membrane of the trachea is covered in tiny hairs called cilia, which catch particles of dust which we can then remove through coughing.
carbon dioxide. They are surrounded by a network of capillaries, into which the
inspired gases pass. There are approximately 3 million alveoli within an
Bronchi The trachea divides into two tubes called bronchi, one entering the left and one entering the right lung. Bronchi branch into smaller and smaller tubes known as bronchioles. Bronchioles terminate in grape-like sac clusters known as alveoli. Alveoli are surrounded by a network of thin-walled capillaries.
呼吸系统英文版PPT课件
Bronchi The trachea divides into two tubes called bronchi, one entering the left and one entering the right lung. Bronchi branch into smaller and smaller tubes known as bronchioles. Bronchioles terminate in grape-like sac clusters known as alveoli. Alveoli are surrounded by a network of thin-walled capillaries.
.
1
The respiratory system can be divided into two parts: The upper respiratory tracts:mouth, nose & nasal cavity,pharynx and larynx The lower respiratory tracts:trachea,bronchi,bronchioles,alveoli,diaphragm
Bronchioles: Tertiary bronchi continue to divide and become bronchioles, very narrow tubes. There is no cartilage within the bronchioles and they lead to alveolar sacs.
.
2
The Upper Respiratory Tracts
Mouth, nose & nasal cavity: The function of this part of the system is to warm, filter and moisten the incoming air.
pneumonia呼吸系统肺炎英文带教 ppt课件
• Viruses病毒
fung-
真菌
fungoid似真菌的，状的[fʌŋgɔɪd] 、fungicide杀真菌 剂[fʌngɪsaɪd]
myc-
2024/4/24
霉菌
mycoology霉菌学，真菌学 antimycotic抗真菌的
Respiratory System
Classification分类
neutrophils 中性粒细胞的氧化代谢
2024/4/24
Respiratory System
鼻炎
Sinus/-itis ['saɪnə'saɪtɪs]
鼻窦炎
咽炎
Pharyng/-itis [.færɪn'dʒaɪtɪs]
咽炎
Laryng/-itis [lærɪn'dʒaɪtɪs] 喉炎
Bronch/-itis [brɒŋ'kaɪtɪs] 支气管炎
Muc(o)Slime
Myx(o)-
Bronch (o)-
bronchi
2024/4/24
Mucoid['mju:kɔɪd]粘液样的 mucociliary[mju:kəʊ'sɪlɪərɪ] 黏液纤毛 的 mucositis[m'ju:kɒsaɪtɪs] 黏膜炎
Myxoma[mɪks'əʊmə]粘液瘤 myxobacteria[mɪksəbæk'tɪərɪə] 黏细菌 myxiod粘液样的
Pulmo( o)-
Pulmonary['pʌlmənəri]肺的,肺病的
Pathobiology[pæθəbaɪ'ɒlədʒɪ] 病理学 Pathogen[‘pæθədʒən]病原体
呼吸系统疾病基础知识概述(英文版)PPT课件( 81页)
respiratory distress
nasal flaring, retractions,cyonosis
rales
Severe symptomatic
Clinical manifestation
Cardiac muscle inflammation
circular system symptom
Drugs Physics methods
Febril convulsion
Calm Stop convulsion Defervesce
肺炎
Pneumonia
Pneumonia
In world,Occupy 1/3-1/4 in the death of children under
5 years of age
on typical of clinical manifestation
Typical pneumon来自auntypical pneumonia Severe acute respiratory syndrome,
(SARS) coronavirus
Classification 6
On Occurrence
The children’s repertory ability is low. The children’s local immunity is low.
Children Respiratory System Physiologic Feature
Respiratory rate
Neonate <1year 2-3years 4-7years 8-14years
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the parenchyma of the lungs
小儿呼吸系统疾病-中英文ppt课件
1:3-4
2-3y
25-30 100-120
1:3-4
4-7y
20-25 80-100
1:4
8-14y
18-20
70-90
1:4
表：各年龄小儿呼吸、脉搏次数（每分钟） 可编辑课件PPT
婴幼儿－－腹膈式呼吸 年长儿－－胸腹式呼吸
呼吸中枢不完善 出现节律不齐 早产儿、新生儿更甚
可编辑课件PPT
肺活量：小，约50-70ml/kg，安静时年长儿 用12.5%的肺活量来呼吸，婴儿为30%±（一 次深吸气后最大呼气量）
➢ 鼻是呼吸道的起始部，也是嗅觉器官
可编辑课件PPT
➢ 由外鼻、鼻腔和鼻旁窦三部分组成
Nose pharynx ministry and pharynx -1
咽部狭小及垂直,富于淋巴组织 鼻咽扁桃体：在4个月即发育 增殖体过大，称为增殖体肥大 腭扁桃体：在1岁末逐渐退化
可编辑课件PPT
Nose pharynx ministry and pharynx -2
➢ 扁桃体炎多发生在年长儿 ➢ 扁桃体有防御及免疫功能 ➢ 单纯肥大者不宜手术切除 ➢ 慢性感染者则可手术摘除
可编辑课件PPT
Nose pharynx ministry and pharynx -3
➢ 小儿咽后壁间隙组织疏松 ➢ 有颗粒型的淋巴滤泡，1岁内最明显 ➢ 婴儿期发生咽后壁脓肿最多
可编辑课件PPT
Respiratory disease
可编辑课件Prequirements
Pediatric breathing system anatomy physiology characteristic
Expounding two special upper respiratory tract infection causes
2-3y
25-30 100-120
1:3-4
4-7y
20-25 80-100
1:4
8-14y
18-20
70-90
1:4
表：各年龄小儿呼吸、脉搏次数（每分钟） 可编辑课件PPT
婴幼儿－－腹膈式呼吸 年长儿－－胸腹式呼吸
呼吸中枢不完善 出现节律不齐 早产儿、新生儿更甚
可编辑课件PPT
肺活量：小，约50-70ml/kg，安静时年长儿 用12.5%的肺活量来呼吸，婴儿为30%±（一 次深吸气后最大呼气量）
➢ 鼻是呼吸道的起始部，也是嗅觉器官
可编辑课件PPT
➢ 由外鼻、鼻腔和鼻旁窦三部分组成
Nose pharynx ministry and pharynx -1
咽部狭小及垂直,富于淋巴组织 鼻咽扁桃体：在4个月即发育 增殖体过大，称为增殖体肥大 腭扁桃体：在1岁末逐渐退化
可编辑课件PPT
Nose pharynx ministry and pharynx -2
➢ 扁桃体炎多发生在年长儿 ➢ 扁桃体有防御及免疫功能 ➢ 单纯肥大者不宜手术切除 ➢ 慢性感染者则可手术摘除
可编辑课件PPT
Nose pharynx ministry and pharynx -3
➢ 小儿咽后壁间隙组织疏松 ➢ 有颗粒型的淋巴滤泡，1岁内最明显 ➢ 婴儿期发生咽后壁脓肿最多
可编辑课件PPT
Respiratory disease
可编辑课件Prequirements
Pediatric breathing system anatomy physiology characteristic
Expounding two special upper respiratory tract infection causes
呼吸系统-英文版PPT课件
ave2r0a2g1/e7/2a4 dult lung.
4
The lungs take in oxygen, which all cells throughout the body need to live and carry out their normal functions. The lungs also get rid of carbon dioxide, a waste product of the body's cells. The lungs are a pair of cone-shaped organs made up of spongy, pinkish-gray tissue. They take up most of the space in the chest, or the thorax (the part of the body between the base of the neck and diaphragm). The lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum, an area that contains the following: heart and its large vessels trachea (windpipe) esophagus thymus lymph nodes The right lung has three sections, called lobes. The left lung has two lobes.
Alveoli: Individual hollow cavities contained within alveolar sacs (or ducts).
Alveoli have very thin walls which permit the exchange of gases oxygen and
pneumonia呼吸系统肺炎英文带教 ppt课件共63页
and Drug resistance increases
5
Respiratory System
（一）pandect
• Signs and symptoms
➢ Cough
Laryngitis/ bronchitis/ bronchial asthma/ chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/ lung cancer
➢ Enable speech production
4
Respiratory System
（一）pandect
• The influencing factors of respiratory diseases ➢ Air pollution and
smoking ➢ Inhaled allergens ➢ The variation of etiology
mediastinum
Respiratory System
（一）pandect
• Functions
➢ Breathing process
Alveolar/0-
oxygen carbon di of Oxygen Hyperpnea Cyanosis and Carbon Dioxide
➢ Expectoration 吐痰
Lung abscess/ bronchiectasis/ pneumonia
➢ Hemoptysis 咯血 pulmonary Tuberculosis
➢ Dyspnea
Pneumothorax 气胸/ pleural effusion/ left heart failure
➢ Stethalgia 胸痛
5
Respiratory System
（一）pandect
• Signs and symptoms
➢ Cough
Laryngitis/ bronchitis/ bronchial asthma/ chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/ lung cancer
➢ Enable speech production
4
Respiratory System
（一）pandect
• The influencing factors of respiratory diseases ➢ Air pollution and
smoking ➢ Inhaled allergens ➢ The variation of etiology
mediastinum
Respiratory System
（一）pandect
• Functions
➢ Breathing process
Alveolar/0-
oxygen carbon di of Oxygen Hyperpnea Cyanosis and Carbon Dioxide
➢ Expectoration 吐痰
Lung abscess/ bronchiectasis/ pneumonia
➢ Hemoptysis 咯血 pulmonary Tuberculosis
➢ Dyspnea
Pneumothorax 气胸/ pleural effusion/ left heart failure
➢ Stethalgia 胸痛
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• 右侧支气管较直陡
• 毛细支气管的平滑肌在5个月前发育较差， 3岁后才发育
• 婴儿支气管缺乏弹力组织，细支气管无软 骨，呼气时受压，影响气体交换
• 粘液腺发育不良，粘膜纤毛运动差，清除 力差
• 婴儿期的呼吸道梗阻主要是粘膜肿胀和分 泌物阻塞
文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。
以环状软骨下缘为界，分为： • 上呼吸道 • 下呼吸道
文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。
上 呼 吸 道
lower edge of cricoid cartilage
下 呼 吸 道
Anatomy of Respiratory Tract
文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。
Nose and Paranasal Sinuses 鼻和鼻窦
• 鼻腔短 • 无鼻毛 • 后鼻道窄 • 粘膜嫩 • 血管丰富 • 鼻泪管短
ARIs
Байду номын сангаас
• 吸吮困难 • 呼吸困难 • 结膜炎 • 鼻窦炎
R=1/r4
文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。
Pharynx and Eustachian Tube 咽和咽鼓管
文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。
Characteristics of Anatomy
➢ The respiratory tract is divided into upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract by the lower edge of cricoid cartilage.
Why do so many children acquire acute respiratory infections diseases?
• Infant is not a miniature adult. • Many differences in anatomy，physiology
and immunology between in childhood and adulthood
Acute Upper Respiratory Infections (AURIs) 急性上呼吸道感染
• 在婴幼儿以腹式呼吸为主，至4～7岁时渐 以胸式呼吸，7岁以后才接近成人的胸式 呼吸
• 小儿呼吸肌发育较差，主要靠膈呼吸
• 新生儿、小婴儿呼吸肌耐疲劳的肌纤维占 比例较少，易呼吸肌疲劳
• 小儿纵隔较大，周围组织松软，在胸腔积 液或气胸时易发生纵隔移位
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Physiological Characteristics 生理特点
• 年龄越小，潮气量越小，呼吸频率越快
• 婴幼儿呼吸中枢发育不完善，易出现呼吸节 律或呼吸暂停
• 婴幼儿以腹式呼吸为主
• 婴幼儿需用肺活量的30％来呼吸，呼吸储备 量较年长儿小
• R=1/r4
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文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。
Characteristics of Immunity 免疫特点
• 在新生儿及婴幼儿、尤其是人工喂养 儿呼吸道粘膜SIgA较少
• IgG和IgM在5～6个月的婴儿血清水 平较低
• 婴幼儿易患呼吸道感染
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Average RR and Pulse in Different Ages 不同年龄小儿呼吸、脉搏次数的平均值（次/分）
• 年 龄 呼 吸 脉 搏 呼吸：脉搏 • 新生儿 40~44 120~140 1：3 • 1岁以内 30~40 110~130 1：3~4 • 1~3岁 25~30 100~120 1：3~4 • 4~7岁 20~25 80~100 1：4 • 8~14岁 18~20 70~90 1：4
Lung and Portopulmonary 肺和肺门
• 肺弹力组织发育差 • 肺间质发育好 • 肺泡数量少 • 血管丰富 • 含血多而含气少
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Compages of Thorax and Mediastinum 胸廓和纵隔
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Review （总论）
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Introduction
Acute respiratory infections (ARIs)
• Most common, particularly in daycare or school age children
• 腭扁桃体在新生儿期不发育，1岁时才发育，4～10岁时发育
最高峰，14～15岁时渐退化
• 咽扁桃体（腺样体）6月开始发育，位于鼻咽顶部与后壁交界
处
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征
• 咽鼓管较短、直、宽
中耳炎
• 咽后壁间隙组织疏松
咽后壁脓肿
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Incidence（发病率）
• Outpatients (门诊)
＞60%
• Hospitalization（住院） 25~65%
• Patients dead from pneumonia per year 28~35% （死亡率约28~35% ）
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Larynx 喉部
• 喉长而窄 • 声门狭小 • 喉软骨软而细 • 粘膜嫩 • 血管丰富
• 声嘶 • 喉头水肿 • 急性呼吸道梗阻 • 吸气性呼吸困难 ➢ 急性喉炎
Trachea and Bronchus 文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。 气管和支气管
• 毛细支气管的平滑肌在5个月前发育较差， 3岁后才发育
• 婴儿支气管缺乏弹力组织，细支气管无软 骨，呼气时受压，影响气体交换
• 粘液腺发育不良，粘膜纤毛运动差，清除 力差
• 婴儿期的呼吸道梗阻主要是粘膜肿胀和分 泌物阻塞
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以环状软骨下缘为界，分为： • 上呼吸道 • 下呼吸道
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上 呼 吸 道
lower edge of cricoid cartilage
下 呼 吸 道
Anatomy of Respiratory Tract
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Nose and Paranasal Sinuses 鼻和鼻窦
• 鼻腔短 • 无鼻毛 • 后鼻道窄 • 粘膜嫩 • 血管丰富 • 鼻泪管短
ARIs
Байду номын сангаас
• 吸吮困难 • 呼吸困难 • 结膜炎 • 鼻窦炎
R=1/r4
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Pharynx and Eustachian Tube 咽和咽鼓管
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Characteristics of Anatomy
➢ The respiratory tract is divided into upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract by the lower edge of cricoid cartilage.
Why do so many children acquire acute respiratory infections diseases?
• Infant is not a miniature adult. • Many differences in anatomy，physiology
and immunology between in childhood and adulthood
Acute Upper Respiratory Infections (AURIs) 急性上呼吸道感染
• 在婴幼儿以腹式呼吸为主，至4～7岁时渐 以胸式呼吸，7岁以后才接近成人的胸式 呼吸
• 小儿呼吸肌发育较差，主要靠膈呼吸
• 新生儿、小婴儿呼吸肌耐疲劳的肌纤维占 比例较少，易呼吸肌疲劳
• 小儿纵隔较大，周围组织松软，在胸腔积 液或气胸时易发生纵隔移位
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Physiological Characteristics 生理特点
• 年龄越小，潮气量越小，呼吸频率越快
• 婴幼儿呼吸中枢发育不完善，易出现呼吸节 律或呼吸暂停
• 婴幼儿以腹式呼吸为主
• 婴幼儿需用肺活量的30％来呼吸，呼吸储备 量较年长儿小
• R=1/r4
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文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。
Characteristics of Immunity 免疫特点
• 在新生儿及婴幼儿、尤其是人工喂养 儿呼吸道粘膜SIgA较少
• IgG和IgM在5～6个月的婴儿血清水 平较低
• 婴幼儿易患呼吸道感染
文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。
Average RR and Pulse in Different Ages 不同年龄小儿呼吸、脉搏次数的平均值（次/分）
• 年 龄 呼 吸 脉 搏 呼吸：脉搏 • 新生儿 40~44 120~140 1：3 • 1岁以内 30~40 110~130 1：3~4 • 1~3岁 25~30 100~120 1：3~4 • 4~7岁 20~25 80~100 1：4 • 8~14岁 18~20 70~90 1：4
Lung and Portopulmonary 肺和肺门
• 肺弹力组织发育差 • 肺间质发育好 • 肺泡数量少 • 血管丰富 • 含血多而含气少
文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。
Compages of Thorax and Mediastinum 胸廓和纵隔
文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。
Review （总论）
文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。
Introduction
Acute respiratory infections (ARIs)
• Most common, particularly in daycare or school age children
• 腭扁桃体在新生儿期不发育，1岁时才发育，4～10岁时发育
最高峰，14～15岁时渐退化
• 咽扁桃体（腺样体）6月开始发育，位于鼻咽顶部与后壁交界
处
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征
• 咽鼓管较短、直、宽
中耳炎
• 咽后壁间隙组织疏松
咽后壁脓肿
文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。
Incidence（发病率）
• Outpatients (门诊)
＞60%
• Hospitalization（住院） 25~65%
• Patients dead from pneumonia per year 28~35% （死亡率约28~35% ）
文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。
Larynx 喉部
• 喉长而窄 • 声门狭小 • 喉软骨软而细 • 粘膜嫩 • 血管丰富
• 声嘶 • 喉头水肿 • 急性呼吸道梗阻 • 吸气性呼吸困难 ➢ 急性喉炎
Trachea and Bronchus 文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。 气管和支气管