国际贸易与国际金融(第二版)课后习题及参考答案
(完整版)国际贸易课后题参考答案
课后计算题参考答案第三章复习思考题4：表1 分工前两国劳动生产率（1）本国黄油的生产率较高，外国布的生产率较高，所以本国绝对优势产品是黄油，外国是布，本国应专门生产黄油，外国生产布。
表2 分工后两国的劳动投入和产出表3 贸易后两国的国内消费量（假设交换比例为1:1）（2）两国的贸易利益为本国多得0.67单位黄油；外国多得1.4单位布。
（3）本国国内布与黄油的交换比例为1/10:1/6，即：0.6；外国国内布与黄油的交换比例为1/5:1/12，即：2.4.因此，黄油与布的合理交换比例介于0.6-2.4之间。
（或者，黄油与布的合理交换比例介于0.42-1.67之间）注：两国商品的国际交换比例，应在双方国内商品交换比例的之间；两种商品的国内交换比例=两种商品的劳动生产率之比。
第三章复习思考题5：表1 分工前两国劳动生产率（1）生产可能性方程为：L=a Lx x+a LY Y，其中L代表总劳动力，a Lx代表X商品的生产成本，x代表X商品的产量，a LY代表Y商品的生产成本，Y代表Y商品的产量。
因此，把已知条件代入上述等式，得出本国的生产可能性方程为：2=10X+4Y，即：Y=0.5-2.5X；同理，得出外国的生产可能性方程为：1.2=3X+2Y，即：Y=0.6-1.5X。
（另一种简洁算法为：画出几何图形，生产可能性曲线与横轴的交点为投入所有劳动生产X的产量，与纵轴的交点为投入所有劳动生产Y的产量，则生产可能性方程为Y=纵轴Y的产量-斜率乘以X）（2）无贸易时的生产组合意味着求生产可能性曲线与社会无差异曲线的交点，即：生产可能性方程与效用函数的交点，在这一交点上，生产可能性方程与效用函数的斜率相等，由（1）可知本国生产可能性方程的斜率为2.5，外国生产可能性方程的斜率为1.5，而两国的效用函数均为U=XY2，效用函数的斜率为效用函数分别对X和Y求导后的比率，即：U X’/U Y’= Y2/2XY,则本国：Y2/2XY=2.5，即：Y=5X，外国：Y2/2XY=1.5,即：Y=3X，把Y=5X与本国的生产可能性方程Y=0.5-2.5X联立，解出X=1/15，Y=1/3，所以本国无贸易时的国内生产组合为（1/15，1/3）；把Y=3X与外国的生产可能性方程Y=0.6-1.5X联立，解出X=2/15，Y=2/5，所以外国无贸易时的国内生产组合为（2/15，2/5）。
国际贸易实务英文版第二版课后习题答案解析
III. Explain the following terms1. shipment contractShipment contract is a contract using an Incoterm which indicates that the delivery happens at the time or before the time of shipment.2. symbolic deliverySymbolic delivery is a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does not physically receive the goods. This kind of delivery is proved by the submission of transport document by the seller to the buyer.3. arrival contractArrival contract means a contract using an Incoterm which indicates that the delivery happens when the goods arrive at the destination.4. actual deliveryActual delivery refers to a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does physically receive the goods.IV. Short questions1. Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB ?The seller.2. Who pays for unloading under CIF?The buyer.3. Compare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?Similarities: a. The seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are loaded on board, b. The seller is responsible for export customs formalities while the buyer is responsible for import customs formalities, c. The buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination, d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation.Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer's risk.4. What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment.Under arrival contract terms the seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive at the destination.5. What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?Major similarities: a. The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. The seller is not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller. Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.6. What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?Major similarities: a. The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. The selleris not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation, c. The seller must obtain insurance against the buyer's risk.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for seaway or inland waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller.Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.7. If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms without any doubt?What should you do?No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially in the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8. What are the most commonly used trade terms?FOB, CFR & CIF.9. Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOB contract?The seller. According to Incoterms 2010, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while the buyer the import customs formalities.10. If a Chinese trader signs an FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing?Importing. FOB should be used with a "named port of shipment", if Hamburg is the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader's perspective, he is importing.V. Case studies1. An FOB contract stipulated "The shipment will be effected in March 2011." When the goodswere ready on 10 March 201 l, the seller contacted the buyer for shipment details. The buyer faxed "Please send the goods to the port for loading on 21 March. The vessel will depart on22 March." The seller sent the goods to the port accordingly. However the nominated vesseldid not turn up and the goods had to be stored in the warehouse at the port. On the night of 21 March a fire happened in the warehouse area and part of the goods was damaged. When the vessel arrived two days later the seller and the buyer had an argument about the settlement of the loss. The seller required the buyer to bear the loss caused by the fire, but the buyer believed that the vessel arrived within the shipment period and the loss occurred before the seller delivered the goods therefore the seller should bear the loss. Please provide your solution.析：1)首先案例中提到货物发生了损失是由于货物存放在码头仓库期间发生火灾造成的。
《国际金融II》作业参考答案(1)
《国际金融II》作业答案一、判断1、×2、×3、√4、√5、×6、√7、√8、×9、×10、× 11、√ 12、√ 13、× 14、√ 15、× 16、× 17、√ 18、√19、√ 20、√ 21、× 22、× 23、× 24、√ 25、× 26、√ 27、√28、× 29、× 30、√ 31、√ 32、× 33、× 34、√ 35、√二、名词解释1、国际收支：一国居民在一定时期内与外国居民所进行的全部经济交易的系统的货币记录。
2、多元化储备体系：由黄金、各种储备货币、储备头寸和特别提款权等多种国际储备资产混合组成的国际储备体系。
3、欧洲债券：一国政府、金融机构、工商企业或国际组织在国外债券市场上以第三国货币为面值发行的债券。
4、直接套汇：又称双边套汇，是指利用两地间汇率的差别，在低价一方买进，同时在高价一方卖出，以赚取差额利益的交易。
5、IMF：国际货币基金组织（英语：International Monetary Fund，简称：IMF）于1945年12月27日成立，与世界银行并列为世界两大金融机构之一，其职责是监察货币汇率和各国贸易情况、提供技术和资金协助，确保全球金融制度运作正常；其总部设在华盛顿。
6、国际收支平衡表：系统记录一国在一定时期内(通常为一年)各种国际收支项目及其金额的一种会计报表。
它由经常账户、资本与金融账户组成。
7、特别提款权：一种依靠国际纪律创造出来储备资产，是基金组织按会员国缴纳基金的份额分配给会员国的一种使用资金的权利。
8、国际金融市场：在国际之间进行资金融通的场所，是居民与非居民之间，或者非居民与非居民之间利用现代化通讯设备进行国际性金融业务活动的场所。
9、国际直接投资(FDI)：一国居民取得在其它国家经济活动的管理控制权的投资。
国际贸易理论与实务(第2版)(教材)习题答案修订
国际贸易理论与实务(第2版)（教材）习题答案第一章绪论【试一试】单项选择题（P2）1．通常所说的国际贸易货物额是指（）。
A．世界出口货物总额 B. 世界进口货物总额C．世界进出口货物总额 D. 世界贸易量2．一般情况下，随着一国参与国际分工的程度加深，其对外贸易依存度将会（）。
A．提高 B. 下降C．不变 D. 变化方向不确定3．一国的进出口贸易收支状况用（）来反映。
A．对外贸易额 B. 贸易差额C．对外贸易量 D. 国际贸易量4．转口贸易又称（）A．直接贸易 B. 间接贸易C．过境贸易 D. 中转贸易5．能指明一国出口货物和服务的去向与进口货物和服务的来源，并能反映出一国与其他国家或国家集团之间经济贸易联系程度的指标是（）。
A．对外贸易地理方向 B. 国际贸易地理方向C．对外贸易商品结构 D. 国际贸易商品结构参考答案：1. A、2. A、3. B、4. D、5. A课堂讨论1－1: 2003-2009年我国贸易条件系数与其他经济体相比的特点有哪些？（P5）参考答案：1. 与其他经济体相比，我国的贸易条件系数呈逐步降低趋势，表明贸易条件逐渐恶化；而其他经济体的贸易系数呈上升趋势，贸易条件逐渐改善。
课堂讨论1-2：结合以上表格数据，分析我国对外贸易发展存在的结构性问题是什么？（P6）参考答案：（1）从外贸依存度所反映的贸易规模来看，我国已经是贸易大国，但从商品结构看，尚属贸易弱国；（2）重要资源性商品、关键设备和零部件的外贸依存度过高，存在贸易安全隐患；（3）服装、纺织及家电等产业出口依存度过高；（4）对发达国家市场依赖性过高；（5）贸易条件恶化，我国对国外的供给依赖远远大于国外对我国产品的需求依赖，容易陷入比较优势陷阱；（6）外贸规模增大，但对国内经济的贡献在相对下降。
第二章国际贸易理论【试一试】单项选择题（P12）1．绝对成本理论的代表人物是（）。
A．亚当.斯密 B. 大卫.李嘉图C．赫克歇尔 D. 俄林2．在李嘉图的比较成本学说中，国际贸易产生的原因是由于两国的（）。
杨胜刚《国际金融》(第2版)课后习题-国际金融机构及协调(圣才出品)
第九章国际金融机构及协调1．试比较IMF与世界银行的基本职能与业务活动。
答：（1）IMF的主要职能是：①为成员国提供国际货币合作与协商的场所；②确立成员国在汇率政策、与经常项目有关的支付以及货币的兑换性方面需要遵守的行为准则，并实施监督，从而保证有秩序的汇兑安排和汇率体系的稳定，消除不利于国际贸易发展的外汇管制，避免成员国操纵汇率或采取歧视性的汇率政策以谋求不公平的竞争利益；③向国际收支发生困难的成员国提供必要的临时性资金融通，以使其遵守上述行为准则，并避免采取不利于其他国家经济发展的经济政策。
IMF的业务活动围绕其宗旨服务，主要有：检查和监督各国和全球经济与金融发展，并向成员国提出经济政策建议；向成员国融通资金，以支持旨在纠正国际收支问题和促进可持续增长的调整和改革政策；在其专长领域内，向政府和中央银行官员提供广泛的技术援助和培训。
IMF主要负责国际货币事务方面，其主要任务是向成员国提供解决国际收支暂时不平衡所需的短期外汇资金，以消除外汇管制、促进汇率稳定和国际贸易的扩大。
（2）世界银行主要负责成员国的经济复兴与开发，致力于提高人们的生活水平，消除贫困，并向成员国（特别是发展中国家）提供发展经济的中、长期贷款。
世界银行虽然是营利性组织，但不是以利润最大化为经营目标。
根据1944年布雷顿森林会议通过的《国际复兴开发银行协议》第一条，世界银行的宗旨是：①对用于生产性目的的投资提供便利，以协助成员国的复兴与开发；②以担保或参加私人贷款和私人投资的方式，促进私人的对外投资；③用鼓励国际投资以开发成员国生产资源的方式，促进国际贸易的长期的均衡发展，并维持国际收支平衡；④与其他方面的国际贷款配合提供贷款担保。
世界银行的主要业务是贷款业务。
成立之初，贷款重点是帮助发达国家复兴经济。
1948年以后重点开始转向为发展中国家提供开发资金，其中主要是对中等收入国家提供贷款。
2．IMF、世界银行、国际开发协会、国际金融公司的贷款对象、贷款条件各有什么特点？答：参见下表9-1。
(完整版)国际贸易实务英文版第二版课后习题答案
III. Explain the following terms1. shipment contractShipment contract is a contract using an Incoterm which indicates that the delivery happens at the time or before the time of shipment.2. symbolic deliverySymbolic delivery is a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does not physically receive the goods. This kind of delivery is proved by the submission of transport document by the seller to the buyer.3. arrival contractArrival contract means a contract using an Incoterm which indicates that the delivery happens when the goods arrive at the destination.4. actual deliveryActual delivery refers to a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does physically receive the goods.IV. Short questions1. Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB ?The seller.2. Who pays for unloading under CIF?The buyer.3. Compare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?Similarities: a. The seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are loaded on board, b. The seller is responsible for export customs formalities while the buyer is responsible for import customs formalities, c. The buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination, d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation.Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer's risk.4. What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment. Under arrival contract terms the seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive at the destination.5. What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?Major similarities: a. The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. The seller is not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller. Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.6. What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?Major similarities: a. The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. The seller is not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation, c. The seller must obtain insurance against the buyer's risk.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for seaway or inland waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller. Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.7. If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms without any doubt? What should youdo?No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially in the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8. What are the most commonly used trade terms?FOB, CFR & CIF.9. Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOB contract?The seller. According to Incoterms 2010, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while the buyer the import customs formalities.10. If a Chinese trader signs an FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing?Importing. FOB should be used with a "named port of shipment", if Hamburg is the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader's perspective, he is importing.V. Case studies1. An FOB contract stipulated "The shipment will be effected in March 2011." When the goods were ready on 10March 201 l, the seller contacted the buyer for shipment details. The buyer faxed "Please send the goods to the port for loading on 21 March. The vessel will depart on 22 March." The seller sent the goods to the port accordingly. However the nominated vessel did not turn up and the goods had to be stored in the warehouse at the port. On the night of 21 March a fire happened in the warehouse area and part of the goods was damaged.When the vessel arrived two days later the seller and the buyer had an argument about the settlement of the loss. The seller required the buyer to bear the loss caused by the fire, but the buyer believed that the vessel arrived within the shipment period and the loss occurred before the seller delivered the goods therefore the seller should bear the loss. Please provide your solution.析：1)首先案例中提到货物发生了损失是由于货物存放在码头仓库期间发生火灾造成的。
国际金融第二版课后答案(全)
国际金融第二版课后答案（全）国际金融习题答案第一章国际收支本章重要概念国际收支：国际收支是指一国或地区居民与非居民在一定时期内全部经济交易的货币价值之和。
它体现的是一国的对外经济交往，是货币的、流量的、事后的概念。
国际收支平衡表：国际收支平衡表是将国际收支根据复式记账原则和特定账户分类原则编制出来的会计报表。
它可分为经常项目、资本和金融项目以及错误和遗漏项目三大类。
丁伯根原则：1962年，荷兰经济学家丁伯根在其所著的《经济政策：原理与设计》一书中提出：要实现若干个独立的政策目标，至少需要相互独立的若干个有效的政策工具。
这一观点被称为“丁伯根原则”。
米德冲突：英国经济学家米德于1951年在其名著《国际收支》当中最早提出了固定汇率制度下内外均衡冲突问题。
米德指出，如果我们假定失业与通货膨胀是两种独立的情况，那么，单一的支出调整政策（包括财政、货币政策）无法实现内部均衡和外部均衡的目标。
分派原则：这一原则由蒙代尔提出，它的含义是：每一目标应当指派给对这一目标有相对最大的影响力，因而在影响政策目标上有相对优势的工具。
自主性交易：亦称事前交易，是指交易当事人自主地为某项动机而进行的交易。
国际收支失衡：国际收支失衡是指自主性交易发生逆差或顺差，需要用补偿性交易来弥补。
它有不同的分类，根据时间标准进行分类，可分为静态失衡和动态失衡；根据国际收支的内容，可分为总量失衡和结构失衡；根据国际收支失衡时所采取的经济政策，可分为实际失衡和潜在失衡。
复习思考题1．一国国际收支平衡表的经常账户是赤字的同时，该国的国际收支是否可能盈余，为什么？答：可能，通常人们所讲的国际收支盈余或赤字就是指综合差额的盈余或赤字.这里综合差额的盈余或赤字不仅包括经常账户，还包括资本与金融账户，这里，资本与金融账户和经常账户之间具有融资关系。
但是，随着国际金融一体化的发展，资本和金融账户与经常账户之间的这种融资关系正逐渐发生深刻变化。
一方面，资本和金融账户为经常账户提供融资受到诸多因素的制约。
国际金融(第二版)参考答案
参考答案第一章一、选择题1．ABD 2．ABCD 3．ABD 4．BD 5．A 6．D 7．B 8．AC 二、判断题1．√ 2．×3．×4．×5．√ 6．√7．×8．√三、填空题1．货币的、流量的、事后的，以交易为基础，一国居民与非居民2．复式，会计报表，借方，贷方3．自主性交易，补偿性交易4．货物，服务，收入，经常转移5．直接投资，证券投资，其他投资，储备资产6．实际资源流动，资产所有权流动7．国际收支的自动调节，国际收支的政策调节第二章一、选择题1．A2．B3．BCD 4．D5．C6．C7．A 8．A9．B10．ABCDE11．C12．ABCDE13．B二、判断题1．×2．√ 3．×4．×5．×6．√ 7．√ 8．√ 9．√三、填空题1．买入价，卖出价2．中间3．含金量4．即期汇率，远期汇率5．货币的购买力6．升水，贴水，平价四、计算题(1)GBP/HKD＝13.4046/13.4132(2)GBP/ EUR＝1.4497/1.4517注：其他类型题答案略去，请参见教材。
第三章一、选择题1．AB 2．BC 3．D 4．ABC二、判断题1．×2．√ 3．√ 4．√三、填空题1．严格型外汇管制的国家和地区，非严格型外汇管制的国家和地区，松散型外汇管制的国家和地区2．完全自由兑换，部分自由兑换3．国内自由兑换，国际性自由兑换第四章一、选择题1.C2.D3. D4.B5.D6.B7.C8.C9.B 10.D二、判断题1.×2.√3. ×4. ×5. ×6. √7. √8. √9. ×10. ×三、填空题1. 升水，贴水2. 做空，做多3. 完整汇率报价方式，掉期率报价方式4. 外汇期货，利率期货，股价指数期货，黄金期货5.看涨期权，看跌期权，双向期权6. 利率互换，货币互换四、计算题1. 1.476 4＋0.002 0＝1.478 4 1.478 4＋0.004 0＝1.482 4USD/CAD3个月远期汇率为1.478 4/1.482 42. 1.565 7－0.003 0＝1.562 7 1.565 9－0.002 0＝1.563 9GBP/USD3个月远期汇率为1.562 7/1.563 93.欧元年利率为9%＞美元年利率为6%，所以欧元远期贴水，美元远期升水。
国际贸易实务双语教程第二版习题参考答案
1 Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business which involved the crossing of national borders 2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies. 3. To gain profit. 4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement. 5. There are four major forms which are the following: Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and and Multinational Multinational Enterprise. 6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year. 7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing. 8. Yes. There are great differences between them. 1) 1) direct direct direct investment investment investment takes takes takes place place place when when when control control control follows follows follows the the the investment. investment. investment. It It It usually usually usually means means means high high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties. 2) 2) While While While portfolio portfolio portfolio investments investments investments are are are not not not under under under control. control. control. And And And they they they are are are used used used primarily primarily primarily for for for financial financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments. 9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation). 10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest. 11. 11. The The The choice choice choice of of of forms forms forms is is is influenced influenced influenced by by by the the the objective objective objective being being being pursued pursued pursued and and and the the the environments environments environments in in which the company must operate. 12. 12. It It It is is is limited limited limited by by by the the the number number number of of of people people people intere intere interested sted sted in in in a a a firm‟s firm‟s products products and and and services services services and and and by by customers‟ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm‟s resources.14. 14. Royalties Royalties Royalties means means means the the the payment payment payment for for for use use use of of of assets assets assets from from from abroad, abroad, abroad, such such such as as as for for for trademarks trademarks trademarks patens, patens, copyrights, copyrights, or other expertise under or other expertise under contract contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising. 15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers‟ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J 2.A 3.E 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.I 8.G 9.F 10.H III Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润边际利润 16收入及支出；岁入及岁出收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率市场占有率 17超额能力超额能力 8贸易歧视贸易歧视 18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人；经纪人9时机选择时机选择 19全部包建的工程承包方式全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期经销周期 20许可证协定许可证协定IV Case Study 1 [Answer]：Batteries Batteries called called called "white "white "white elephant" elephant" elephant" exported exported exported from from from China China China were were were very very very popular popular popular in in in Southeast Southeast Southeast Asia, Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the the battery battery battery or or or the the the price price price of of of reasons, reasons, reasons, so so so he he he asked asked asked his his his staff staff staff to to to investigate. investigate. investigate. Finally Finally Finally he he he found found found that that that is is is the the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which which meant meant meant something something something were were were no no no use use use but but but cumbersome cumbersome cumbersome in in in Western Western Western countries. countries. countries. It It It was was was really really really a a a bad bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, legend, there there there was was was a a a king king king who who who hated hated hated a a a minister, minister, minister, so so so he he he gave gave gave a a a white white white elephant elephant elephant to to to the the the minister minister minister for for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome. V . OpenVI.Translate the following into English 1. Trade is often the …engine‟ of growth. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many many ways. ways. ways. Among Among Among them them them are are are the the the benefits benefits benefits of of of specialization; specialization; specialization; the the the favorable favorable favorable effects effects effects of of of international international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment. 2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between between nations. nations. nations. Nations Nations Nations such such such as as as Greece Greece Greece and and and Norway Norway Norway have have have large large large maritime maritime maritime fleets fleets fleets and and and provide provide transportation transportation service. service. service. This This This is is is a kind a kind of invisible trade. I nvisible trade Invisible trade can be as important to to some some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities. 3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area. 4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy buy goods goods goods and and and services services services from from from abroad abroad abroad on on on a a a barter barter barter basis. basis. basis. Barter Barter Barter means means means doing doing doing business business business by by by exchanging exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a cou n try‟s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing ntry‟s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade. Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited) II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying; 2.agent, foreign/overseas; mission; 4.own; 5.setting; 6.patent; 7.profits; 8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiary III. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. T IV . Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested 1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract. 2. 2. Withdrawal: Withdrawal: It It means means means an an an offer offer offer by by by the the the offerer offerer offerer has has has been been been withdrawn withdrawn withdrawn before before before it it it is is is reached reached reached to to to the the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force. 3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter. 4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer. 5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V . Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son, 19 Cheapside, London, E.C.2 Dear Sirs, We have obtained y our name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district. We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration. We are looking forward to your early reply. Yours faithfully, VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars: KeyDear Sirs, Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your your customers customers customers for for for our our our raincoats. raincoats. raincoats. Our Our Our "D.D." "D.D." "D.D." range range range is is is particularly particularly particularly suitable suitable suitable for for for warm warm warm climates, climates, climates, and and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface. For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows: "D.D." Raincoats 100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450 100 men's small 14.0 1,400 100 women's medium 13.2 1,320 100 women's small 12.7 1,270 US$ 5,440 Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sight Shipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C. This This offer offer offer is is is subject subject subject to to to our our our final final final confirmation. confirmation. confirmation. We We We feel feel feel you you you may may may be be be interested interested interested in in in our our our other other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference. We are awaiting your early orders. Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys: Dear Sirs, We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms. Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests. In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods ” or “drawing on us at 60 day ‟s sight ”. Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated. Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet. In today‟s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self -sufficient nations are self-sufficient. self-sufficient. Nations Nations Nations have have have utilized utilized utilized different different different economic economic economic resources; resources; resources; people people people have have have developed developed developed different different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned mentioned above, above, above, is is is that that that no no no nation nation nation has has has all all all of of of the the the commodities commodities commodities than than than it it it needs. needs. needs. Raw Raw Raw materials materials materials are are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar. Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other other countries. countries. countries. It It It is is is cheaper cheaper cheaper for for for the the the United United United States States States to to to buy buy buy these these these from from from Japan Japan Japan than than than to to to produce produce produce them them domestically. Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces produces more more more automobiles automobiles automobiles than than than any any any other other other country, country, country, it it it still still still imports imports imports large large large quantities quantities quantities of of of autos autos autos from from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation‟s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to to combine combine combine the the the income income income it it it receives, receives, receives, for for for example, example, example, from from from exports, exports, exports, tourists tourists tourists expenditures, expenditures, expenditures, and and and immigrant immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is t hen spent then spent on such items as manufactured goods from o ther other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers. IX. Case Study [Answer]: A 公司与B 公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A 公司对包装做出了要求。
奚君羊《国际金融学》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解
奚君羊《国际金融学》（第2版）笔记和课后习题详解第一章国际收支一、国际收支的基本含义1国际借贷和国际收支（1）国际借贷和国际收支的含义①国际借贷是指一国在一定时期对外债权债务的综合情况。
②国际收支是指国际间的债权债务关系在一定时期内清算、结算或支付的情况。
（2）国际借贷和国际收支的差异①国际收支在某种程度上反映了一国在一定时期内的对外收入和支付的情况；国际借贷是产生国际收支的原因。
②国际收支表示的是一定时段；国际借贷表示的是某个时点。
③国际借贷表示一国对外债权债务的余额，是一种存量；国际收支是指一国对外收付的累计结果，是一种流量。
④国际收支的范围要比国际借贷的范围更加宽泛。
2国际收支的重要性由于国际经济的一体化趋势日趋增强，国际收支状况对国内经济的影响愈益显现。
同时，随着凯恩斯主义的流行，西方国家加强了政府对宏观经济的管理，国际收支成为宏观经济管理的主要目标之一。
二、国际收支平衡表及其主要内容1国际收支平衡表（1）国际收支平衡表的含义国际收支平衡表是反映一个经济实体在一定时期内（年度、半年度或季度）以货币单位表示的全部对外经济往来的一种统计表。
它是国际收支的外在表现形式。
（2）国际收支平衡表的编制原理国际收支平衡表是按照复式记账的原理编制的。
一切收入项目或负债增加、资产减少的项目都列为贷方，以“+”号表示；一切支出项目或资产增加、负债减少的项目都列为借方，以“-”号表示。
当收入大于支出时差额为正，称之为顺差；当支出大于收入时，差额为负，称之为逆差。
2国际收支平衡表的主要内容（1）经常项目经常项目是主要记载表现为货物和服务的国际交易。
该项目又可细分为贸易收支、服务收支、收益和转移收支四个项目。
①贸易收支。
贸易收支（或称有形贸易收支）指货物的进出口。
按国际收支的记账原理，出口记入贷方，进口记入借方。
②服务收支。
服务收支（或称无形贸易收支）主要包括：a．运输；b．旅游；c．银行和保险业务收支；d．军事支出；e．政府往来；f．其他服务收支。
国际金融学(第二版)课后分析题参考资料
国际金融学（第二版）课后分析题参考资料By 尤聪第一章1、（1）结合影响汇率变动的主要因素来分析；（2）答人民币升值或贬值均可，但值得注意的是无论是升值还是贬值，其过程均应该是缓和的、小幅的，不会暴涨暴跌。
值得确定的是人民币汇率将会有更多的波动。
人民币将升值的理由：持续、较快的经济增长；外汇储备的持续增长；以美国为首的西方发达国家施压。
人民币将贬值的理由：中国经济增长的下行压力大于预测；美元兑其他货币持续升值，那么人民币可能对美元贬值。
2、以材料中1美元兑6.0539人民币为基准汇率最高汇率：1658.8%)5.01(0539.660=+⨯最低汇率：4815.4%)5.01(0539.660=-⨯ 3、人民币升值对中国企业的影响不利影响：（1）利润下降，中国产品在国际上的价格提高，价格优势丧失；（2）吸引外资能力下降，投资者投资成本上升，减少国内企业的资金来源，制约生产规模的扩大和生产能力的扩张。
有利影响：（1）有利于增强企业自主创新能力；（2）有利于优化引资结构；（3）有利于推动海外投资。
人民币贬值对中国企业的影响不利影响：（1）进口原料、商品成本提高；（2）有可能加大与贸易伙伴的贸易摩擦；（3）不利于企业进行海外投资。
有利影响：（1）有利于提高出口产品的价格优势，增强竞争力，扩大产品出口，一定程度上缓解国内的产能过剩。
（2）有利于吸引海外投资。
第二章结合衍生金融工具所客观具有的负面效应去谈。
如：中航油事件的爆发集中反映了我国企业在参与金融衍生品交易时，对金融衍生品和金融衍生品交易的特性与风险缺乏足够的认识，抗风险能力不强，对可能遇到的风险缺乏有效的对策，在企业内部缺乏有效的监督与管理，内部制度形同虚设等问题。
从对金融衍生品交易的投机性与风险性的认识不足中，可以总结出我国企业在参与金融衍生品交易时，面临着两方面问题：一是外部的法律监管不足；二是企业自身存在很大缺陷。
第三章1、（1）以巨无霸指数测算汇率是否合理，为什么？答：用汉堡包来判定汇率，具有相当大的局限性。
经济国际金融与国际贸易配套习题及参考答案
经济国际金融与国际贸易配套习题及参考答案第五编国际金融与国际贸易第一章国际金融基础一、单项选择题1. 基本项目收支差额不包括（）。
A. 商品贸易收支B. 服务贸易收支C. 资本项目收支D. 官方结算收支2. 下述几种货币中，哪一种是实行联合浮动的货币？（）A. 人民币B. 日元C. 美元D. 英镑3. 下述哪一种属于国际收支的事后项目？（）A. 进出口B. 利息收支C. 直接投资D. 特别提款权变动4. 发展中国家主要采取的汇率制度是（）。
A. 固定汇率制B. 浮动汇率制C. 钉住汇率制D. 联合浮动制5. 一国在实现外部平衡的过程中，可供选择的政策措施有（）。
A. 限制进口B. 外汇管制C. 汇率浮动D. 以上都对6. 当各国的汇率由市场上的货币供求来决定时，汇率的决定机制是（）。
A. 固定汇率B. 浮动汇率C. 有选择汇率D. 钉住汇率7. 官方结算差额等于经常项目和资本项目的借贷总值差额，其中官方结算顺差等于（）。
A. 官方储备净减额+对外国官方的流动负债净减额B. 官方储备净减额+对外国官方的流动负债净增额C. 官方储备净增额+对外国官方的流动负债净减额D. 官方储备净增额+对外国官方的流动负债净增额8. 目前，中国采取的汇率制度是（）。
A. 固定汇率制度B. 完全自由浮动汇率制度C. 有管理的浮动汇率制度D. 钉住汇率制度9. 经济的周期波动对一国国际收支有很大影响。
在经济景气时，该国的国际收支可能会出现（）。
A. 顺差B. 逆差C. 国际收支平衡D. 顺差、逆差无法确定10. 一国外汇包括（）。
A. 外国货币B. 外国财政部发行的国库券C. 外国公司发行的以外币计价的股票D. 以上都是11. 在其它条件一定的情况下，一国国际收支顺差将会导致本币币值（）。
A. 上浮B. 下浮C. 不变D. 上下浮动12. 移民给移出国带来的主要利益为（）。
A. 移民汇款B. 带来不同文化C. 投资D. 人才13. 若人民币相对美元贬值，则以美元表示的进口商品的价格将（）。
国际金融课后习题答案
第二章1.为什么会存在全球外汇市场？答：通常认为，国际贸易是引起外汇市场建立的最主要原因。
由于各国的货币制度存在着差异，因此各国的货币币种不同。
国际贸易中债权债务的清偿需要用一定数量的一种货币去兑换另一种货币，这个问题的解决则需要依靠外汇市场交易。
透过国际贸易需要跨国货币收付这种现象，挖掘外汇市场起源的本质。
可以看出，外汇市场真正的起源在于：（1）主权货币的存在；（2）非主权货币对境外资源的支配权和索取权的存在；（3）金融风险的存在，对于与预期的外币负债有关的汇率风险，外币资产可能会起到直接的防范作用，而且即使没有任何外国购买计划，增加外国资产也有利于降低国际投资组合的风险；（4）投机获利动机的存在，本国居民也许仅仅是认为外币资产被低估，因此他们可能只是为了纯粹的投机目的而要求持有外汇，从而赚取更高额的回报。
2.外汇市场有哪些功能？答：外汇市场作为国际经济联系的纽带，集中地反映了国际经济、国际金融动态和各国汇率变化的趋势，外汇市场为促进国际贸易的发展、国际投资和各种国际经济往来的实现提供r便利条件。
其功能主要表现在以下方面：（1）反映和调节外汇供求。
一国对外经济、贸易的收支以及资本金融项目的变化都最终反映到外汇市场供求状况上，政府、企业、个人通过外汇市场可以解决自己的外汇供求问题。
（2）形成外汇价格体系。
银行接受顾客买卖外汇后，需要在银行间市场进行调节.因而自然产生外汇的供需，加上银行本身自发性的供需，在市场通过竞价过程，便会产生汇率，随后，银行对顾客交易的汇率再根据上述银行间成交汇率加以确定。
（3）实现购买力的国际转移。
结清国际债权债务关系，实现货币购买力的国际转移，是外汇市场最基本的功能。
（4）提供外汇资金融通。
外汇市场是理想的外汇资金集散中心，从而成为世界资本再分配的重要渠道，为银行外汇业务提供平衡头寸的蓄水池作用。
限制的外汇资金大量涌向外汇市场，为外汇需求者提供越来越多的可筹资金，还对促进国际贸易发展，促进投资的国际化起着不可忽视的作用。
国际贸易理论与实务第2版教材习题答案
国际贸易理论与实务(第2版)习题与参考答案第一章绪论【试一试】单项选择题（P2）1．通常所说的国际贸易货物额是指（）。
A．世界出口货物总额 B. 世界进口货物总额C．世界进出口货物总额 D. 世界贸易量2．一般情况下，随着一国参与国际分工的程度加深，其对外贸易依存度将会（）。
A．提高 B. 下降C．不变 D. 变化方向不确定3．一国的进出口贸易收支状况用（）来反映。
A．对外贸易额 B. 贸易差额C．对外贸易量 D. 国际贸易量4．转口贸易又称（）A．直接贸易 B. 间接贸易C．过境贸易 D. 中转贸易5．能指明一国出口货物和服务的去向与进口货物和服务的来源，并能反映出一国与其他国家或国家集团之间经济贸易联系程度的指标是（）。
A．对外贸易地理方向 B. 国际贸易地理方向C．对外贸易商品结构 D. 国际贸易商品结构参考答案：1. A、2. A、3. B、4. D、5. A课堂讨论1－1: 2003-2009年我国贸易条件系数与其他经济体相比的特点有哪些？（P5）参考答案：与其他经济体相比，我国的贸易条件系数呈逐步降低趋势，表明贸易条件逐渐恶化；而其他经济体的贸易系数呈上升趋势，贸易条件逐渐改善。
课堂讨论1-2：结合以上表格数据，分析我国对外贸易发展存在的结构性问题是什么？（P6）参考答案：（1）从外贸依存度所反映的贸易规模来看，我国已经是贸易大国，但从商品结构看，尚属贸易弱国；（2）重要资源性商品、关键设备和零部件的外贸依存度过高，存在贸易安全隐患；（3）服装、纺织及家电等产业出口依存度过高；（4）对发达国家市场依赖性过高；（5）贸易条件恶化，我国对国外的供给依赖远远大于国外对我国产品的需求依赖，容易陷入比较优势陷阱；（6）外贸规模增大，但对国内经济的贡献在相对下降。
第二章国际贸易理论【试一试】单项选择题（P12）1．绝对成本理论的代表人物是（）。
A．亚当.斯密 B. 大卫.李嘉图C．赫克歇尔 D. 俄林2．在李嘉图的比较成本学说中，国际贸易产生的原因是由于两国的（）。
国际金融第二版练习题
国际金融第二版练习题一、国际金融市场1. 简述国际金融市场的主要功能。
2. 比较国际货币市场与资本市场的特点。
3. 分析国际金融市场的层次结构。
4. 举例说明国际金融衍生品市场的种类及其功能。
5. 简述国际金融市场的最新发展趋势。
二、外汇与汇率1. 解释外汇的定义及其基本特征。
2. 比较固定汇率制度与浮动汇率制度的优缺点。
3. 分析影响汇率变动的主要因素。
4. 计算购买力平价理论下的汇率决定。
5. 简述汇率变动对经济的影响。
三、国际货币体系1. 简述国际货币体系的发展历程。
2. 分析布雷顿森林体系的特点及其崩溃原因。
3. 比较牙买加体系与布雷顿森林体系的差异。
4. 简述现行国际货币体系的优缺点。
5. 探讨国际货币体系改革的方向。
四、国际金融机构1. 列举主要的国际金融机构及其职能。
2. 分析国际货币基金组织（IMF）的主要业务。
3. 简述世界银行集团的宗旨和主要业务。
4. 介绍亚洲开发银行的发展历程及其主要职能。
5. 探讨国际金融机构在促进国际金融稳定中的作用。
五、国际资本流动1. 简述国际资本流动的分类。
2. 分析国际直接投资的主要形式。
3. 比较国际间接投资与国际直接投资的区别。
4. 简述国际资本流动的影响。
5. 探讨我国应对国际资本流动的策略。
六、外汇管理1. 简述外汇管理的目的和基本原则。
2. 分析外汇管制的主要手段。
3. 比较外汇储备的管理模式。
4. 简述我国外汇管理体制改革的主要内容。
5. 探讨外汇管理政策对我国经济发展的影响。
七、国际金融风险管理1. 简述国际金融风险的主要类型。
2. 分析汇率风险的管理方法。
3. 比较利率风险与信用风险的管理策略。
4. 简述操作风险的管理措施。
5. 探讨企业应对国际金融风险的策略。
八、国际金融市场操作1. 描述国际银行贷款的主要类型及其特点。
2. 分析国际债券市场的发行程序和投资风险。
3. 简述国际股票市场的交易机制。
4. 举例说明国际金融产品的创新。
国际金融理论与实务(第2版)-孟昊-郭红-刘德光-课后习题答案
国际金融课后复习题答案第一章参考答案一、填空题1、外汇，收支交易，广义；2、流量；3、账户分类，复式记账；4、自主性交易；5、外汇缓冲政策，财政货币政策，汇率政策；6、价格-铸币流动机制，弹性分析法，乘数分析法，吸收分析法，货币分析法。
二、不定项选择题1、C；2、D；3、B；4、ABCD；5、ABCD；6、C；7、AB；8、D；9、ABC；10、ABCD三、判断分析题1、×国际收支是一个流量概念。
2、×本国居民为外国人提供劳务(运输、保险、旅游等)或从外国取得投资及其他收入，记入贷方项目；外国人为本国居民提供劳务或从本国取得收入，记入借方项目。
3、×在纸币流通条件下，虽然黄金流动对于国际收支的平衡发挥的作用已经不复存在，但国际收支的自动调节机制仍然可以通过价格、汇率、利率、收入等经济变量发挥作用。
4、√5、√四、名词解释略，参考教材。
五、简答题1、一国的国际收支是否平衡，关键是看自主性交易所产生的借贷金额是否相等。
如果补偿性交易项下出现借方余额，说明自主性交易存在贷方余额，就可以说国际收支为盈余。
如果补偿性交易项下出现贷方余额，说明自主性交易存在借方余额，就可认为国际收支出现赤字。
而无论盈余还是赤字，都是国际收支失衡的表现。
2、国际收支不平衡的原因包括：(1)偶然性国际收支失衡；(2)周期性国际收支失衡；(3)结构性国际收支失衡；(4)货币性国际收支失衡；(5)收入性国际收支失衡；(6)其他原因。
3、所谓国际收支自动调节机制，是指由国际收支失衡所引起的国内经济变量的变动对国际收支的反作用机制。
这种机制的存在，使得国际收支失衡在不借助外在干预的情况下，也能够得到自动恢复，或者至少使失衡在一定程度上得到缓和。
包括：（1）价格机制；（2）利率机制；（3）汇率机制；（4）收入机制。
（详见教材）4、国际收支失衡的政策调节措施主要有：（1）外汇缓冲政策；（2）财政货币政策；（3）汇率政策；（4）直接管制以及国际经济合作。
国际金融第二版习题答案
第一章国际收支1．C2．C3．A4．B5．简述国际收支的概念。
答：国际收支的概念为一国（或地区）在一定时期内，居民与非居民之间的全部经济交易的系统记录。
6．简述国际收支与国际借贷的区别。
答：国际借贷与国际收支既相互联系又相互区别：一方面，这两个概念之间具有密切关系，国际借贷是产生国际收支的原因，国际借贷的发生，必然会形成国际收支。
各国之间的债权债务在一定时期内必须进行清算和结算，这个过程一定涉及到各国间的货币收支问题，这就属于国际收支问题。
因此，国际借贷是原因，国际收支是结果。
另一方面，这两个概念又是有区别的。
首先，国际收支是一个流量概念，描述在一定时期的发生额；而国际借贷则是一个存量概念，描述一国在一定时点上的对外债权、债务余额。
其次，除了国际借贷以外，单边转移行为也会导致国际收支（支付）现象，但并未发生债权债务关系，因而不包括在国际借贷范围之内。
因此，国际收支的范围要比国际借贷的范围更加宽泛。
7．简述国际收支平衡表编制原则、记账方法。
答：国际收支平衡表编制原则按照“有借必有贷，借贷必相等”的复式记账原则进行编制。
任何一笔交易发生，必然涉及借方和贷方两个方面。
每一笔经济交易都要以相等的金额，同时在相应的贷方科目和借方科目上进行登记，借贷双方方向相反。
记账方法为复式记账方法。
8．简述国际收支平衡表的主要项目。
答：国际收支平衡表的内容包括四大类：经常账户、资本和金融账户、净误差和遗漏和储备与相关项目。
9．如何理解国际收支均衡和失衡。
答：国际收支均衡包括内部经济均衡和外部国际收支平衡。
国际收支失衡就是国际收支基本平衡，不出现严重的国际收支逆差或顺差。
10．哪些因素会引起国际收支不平衡？答：季节性、偶然性失衡；结构性失衡；周期性失衡；货币性失衡；收入性失衡和不稳定投机和资本外逃造成的失衡。
11．简述国际收支不平衡对一国经济的影响。
答：国际收支顺差的影响如下：（1）国际收支顺差会对本国货币造成升值压力，导致一国出口商品的国际竞争能力下降。
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各章课后习题及参考答案第一章国际贸易概述一、名词解释对外贸易——是指一个国家（地区）与另一个国家（地区）之间的货物（商品）和服务的交换活动。
转口贸易——也称中转贸易，货物生产国和货物消费国不是直接买卖货物，而是通过第三国进行买卖，对第三国来说就是转口贸易。
现汇贸易——也称为自由结汇方式贸易（Free-Liquidation Trade），是指在国际贸易中以国际通用货币作为清偿工具的贸易。
贸易差额——是指一个国家或地区在一定时期内出口总额与进口总额之间的差额。
贸易条件——是出口商品价格与进口商品价格的对比关系，又称进出口交换比价。
它是反映一国进出口价格对该国是否有利的一项重要指标，也是衡量一国对外贸易经济效益的一项重要指标。
对外贸易依存度——又称对外贸易系数,是指一国对外贸易额占其国内生产总值（GDP）或国民生产总值（GNP）的比例。
是衡量一国经济外向程度的一个基本指标。
二、不定项选择1. 剔除了价格变动的影响，单纯反映对外贸易规模的指标是( B )A. 对外贸易额B. 对外贸易量C. 贸易差额D. 对外贸易依存度2. 2015年某国进口总额为12 000亿美元，出口总额为10 500亿美元，则该国当年贸易差额是( A )。
A. 逆差1 500亿美元B. 逆差22 500亿美元C. 顺差1 500亿美元D. 顺差22 500亿美元3. 下列各项中，反映各国或地区在国际贸易中的地位的是( D )。
A. 对外贸易依存度B. 国际贸易商品结构C. 对外贸易地理方向D. 国际贸易地区分布4. 关于对外贸易差额，下列说法正确的有( BCE )。
A. 贸易平衡是指货物贸易额等于服务贸易额B. 进口贸易总额超过出口贸易总额称为贸易逆差C. 出口贸易总额超过进口贸易总额称为贸易顺差D. 对外贸易差额是指一国货物贸易额与服务贸易额的差额E. 对外贸易差额是指一定时期内一国出口总额与进口总额的差额5. 以2010年为基期，2015年某国进口价格指数为150，出口价格指数为130，则该国2015年的贸易条件指数是( B )。
A. 20B. 87C. 115D. 1306. 一定时期内，若一国一定量商品出口所能换得的进口商品数量减少，则该国的贸易条件( A )。
A. 恶化B. 不变C. 改善D. 不明确7. 出口总额超过进口总额时称为( AD )。
A. 贸易顺差B. 贸易入超C. 贸易逆差D. 贸易出超E. 贸易赤字三、计算题1、2015年，中国的出口贸易额是2.28万亿美元，进口贸易额是1.68万亿美元，中国的GDP 是67.67万亿元人民币，全年的平均汇率是1美元＝6.2284人民币元，试分别计算2015年中国的对外贸易依存度、出口依存度及进口依存度。
解：2015年中国外贸依存度=[（2.28+1.68）*6.2284/67.67]*100%=36.45%出口依存度=[2.28*6.2284/67.67]*100%=20.99%进口依存度=[1.68*6.2284/67.67]*100%=15.46%2、假设其他条件忽略不计，甲、乙两国贸易商品为石油与机电产品，甲国出口石油给乙国，乙国出口机电产品给甲国，并假设以2010年为基期。
2015年，石油价格指数下降了60%，机电产品价格指数下降了15%，问：甲、乙两国2015年贸易条件指数各是多少？这说明了什么问题？解：甲国的贸易条件指数06.471008540=⨯= 乙国的贸易条件指数5.2121004085=⨯= 即甲国贸易条件恶化，乙国贸易条件改善，说明甲国在与乙国的贸易中处于不利地位。
第二章 对外贸易政策及其理论演变一、名词解释1.对外贸易政策对外贸易政策是指一国根据本国的政治经济利益和发展目标而制定的在一定时期内的进出口贸易活动的准则。
它集中体现为一国在一定时期内对进出口贸易所实行的法律、规章、条例及措施等。
对外贸易政策是一国经济政策和对外政策的重要组成部分，是为促进本国经济发展和外交政策服务的。
2.自由贸易政策自由贸易政策是指国家取消对进出口商品和服务的限制和障碍，取消对本国进出口商品和服务的优惠与特权，使商品和服务能够自由进出口，各国的商品、服务和有关要素都能够在国内外市场上实现自由竞争。
即既不鼓励出口，也不限制进口。
3.保护贸易政策保护贸易政策是指国家采取各种措施限制外国商品和服务的进口，限制外国生产要素参与本国市场的竞争，以保护本国商品和服务在本国市场上免受外国商品和服务的竞争，并对本国出口商品和服务给予优惠与补贴，以鼓励其出口。
即鼓励出口，限制进口。
4.战略性贸易政策战略性贸易政策是指政府以维持或改变不完全竞争企业的战略行为，使市场竞争朝向有利于本国获取最大利益的方向发展的政策。
二、不定项选择题1. 对外贸易政策的基本类型有（CD ）A.地区贸易政策B.服务贸易政策C.自由贸易政策D.保护贸易政策E.总贸易政策2. 通常经济贸易竞争力强的国家崇尚（ B ）政策A.保护贸易B.自由贸易C.开放贸易D.封锁贸易3. 亚当.斯密和大卫.李嘉图主张的国际贸易政策属于（ B ）A.重商主义B.自由贸易政策C.保护贸易政策D.管理贸易政策4. “一国输出的商品一定是生产上具有绝对优势、生产成本绝对低于他国的商品”，这种观点来自于（A ）A亚当.斯密B、大卫.李嘉图 C、赫克歇尔 D、俄林5. 中国生产手表和自行车分别需要8个和9个劳动日，印度生产手表和自行车分别需要12个和10个劳动日，根据比较优势理论，（ A ）A.中国宜生产和出口手表B.印度宜生产和出口手表C.印度宜进口手表、自行车D.中国宜生产和出口手表、自行车6. 一国拥有充裕的资本要素，所以它应该专门生产资本密集型产品进行对外交换，这种说法来自（ B ）A.李嘉图的比较成本理论B.俄林的要素禀赋论C.亚当.斯密的绝对成本理论D.林德的需求偏好相似理论7. 根据西方的国际分工理论，发展中国家应该向发达国家出口本国（ AC ）A.比较成本低的产品B.比较成本高的产品C.丰富资源密集型产品D.稀缺资源密集型产品E.绝对成本高的产品8.（ C ）理论主要是用于解释发达国家之间的贸易的。
A.比较优势理论B.产业内贸易论C.需求偏好相似说D.产品生命周期理论9.李斯特认为，一国在制定对外贸易政策时应首先考虑（D）问题。
A．获取交换价值B．增加社会财富C．提高福利水平D．发展生产力10. 超贸易保护主义的主要观点是( A )A.保持贸易顺差B.保护幼稚工业C.保护成熟的垄断工业D.系统化的管理贸易制度二、简答题1. 自由贸易政策的优点和缺点是什么？（1）自由贸易政策（2）保护贸易政策2.保护贸易政策的优点和缺点是什么？优点在于：运用恰当则有利于受保护的产业在阻力较小的环境中成长，保护本国幼稚产业；有利于保护本国生产力的发展，改善国内经济结构；有利于经济增长和资源动态优化配置；有利于改善贸易条件、改善国际收支和增加就业等。
缺点在于：一国实行保护贸易政策会提高国内市场产品价格，使消费者利益受损害；运用不当还会导致本国受保护的产业竞争力下降，长期处于落后状态，难以应对竞争对手的冲击，不能适应世界市场的急剧变化，长此以往，会使国民经济的应变能力下降。
3.简述对外贸易政策的演变。
（1）中世纪时期：鼓励进口的政策（2）资本主义生产方式准备时期：重商主义的贸易保护政策（3）资本主义自由竞争时期：自由贸易政策和保护贸易政策并存（4）二战前的垄断资本主义时期：超保护贸易政策（5）二战后到20世纪70年代：贸易自由化时期（6）20世纪70年代时期：新贸易保护主义（7）20世纪70年代中后期：对外贸易政策的新发展，“有组织的自由贸易”或“协调管理贸易制度”。
4. 一国在制定对外贸易政策时应考虑的因素有哪些？（1）国际政治经济环境和一国的外交需要。
（2）国家经济力量的强弱。
（3）国家经济发展战略。
（4）一国经济利益集团的影响。
（5）本国的经济结构与比较优势。
（6）本国的国际收支及贸易差额情况。
（7）本国在多边或双边协议中的权利和义务。
（8）各国政府领导人的经济思想和奉行的贸易理论。
5.比较优势理论的核心思想是什么？在国际贸易中，各国应该按照比较优势原则组织国际化分工，一国集中生产和出口的产品既可以是绝对优势产品，也可以是绝对劣势产品，只要遵循利益较大或不利较小的原则即可，这样的国际分工能使两国的资源都得到充分的利用，以同样的资本和劳动创造更多的商品量。
然后，两国就这两种商品相互进行交换，都能通过贸易获得比较利益。
这里的比较优势，就是更大的绝对优势和更小的绝对劣势，即“两优相权取其重，两劣相权取其轻”。
6.李斯特的保护幼稚工业理论的主要内容有哪些？（1）对古典学派自由贸易理论的批评（2）保护的目的和对象（3）保护手段和保护层次第三章国际贸易政策措施一、名词解释1.关税关税就是一国政府对流入或流出该国国境的商品课征的一种税。
2.从价税从价税是按进口货物的价值征收一定百分比的税。
3.从量税从量税是对进口货物每个单位量征收一定量的税费。
4.进口税进口税是进口国的海关在外国商品输入时对本国进口商所征收的正常关税。
5.出口税出口税是出口国家的海关在本国产品输往国外时，对出口商所征收的关税。
6. 关税水平关税水平指一个国家进口关税的平均水平。
一个国家的关税水平可以反映该国征收关税，对该国各种不同商品的价格水平的平均影响程度，是衡量一个国家进口关税对本国经济保护程度的重要指标。
7.名义保护率对于某一商品的名义保护率是由于实行关税保护而引起的国内市场价格超过国际市场价格的部分与国际市场价格的百分比。
8.有效保护率有效保护率也叫有效关税率，又称实际保护率。
指整个关税制度（和有效保护措施）对某类产品在其生产过程中给予净重增值的影响。
9.非关税壁垒非关税壁垒指一国政府采取除关税以外的各种办法，对本国的对外贸易活动进行调节、管理和控制的一切政策与手段的总和，其目的是试图在一定程度上限制进口，以保护国内市场和国内产业的发展。
10.进口配额制进口配额又称进口限额，是一国政府在一定时期（如一季度、一年）内，对于某些商品的进口数量或金额加以直接限制。
11.出口管制出口管制是指国家通过法令和行政措施对本国出口贸易所实行的管理与控制。
许多国家，特别是发达国家，为了达到一定的政治、军事和经济的目的，往往对某些商品、尤其是战略物资与技术产品实行管制、限制或禁止出口。
二、不定项选择题1. 美国对薄荷脑的进口按每磅50美分征收普通税率，最惠国税率每磅征收17美分。
这种税是（ C ）A.选择税B.从价税C.从量税D.混合税2. 关税税率表包括（ BDE ）栏目A.征税机构B.货物分类目录C.税额D.税率E.税则号列3 以低于国内价格甚至低于成本的价格，在国外某一市场倾销商品，在打垮竞争对手，垄断该市场后，再提高价格，这种倾销方式被称之为（ B ）A.偶然性倾销B.间歇性倾销C.长期性倾销D.临时倾销4. 普遍优惠制的主要原则有（ ABD ）A.普遍的B.非歧视的C.互惠的D.非互惠的E.有歧视的5. 在其他条件不变的情况下，当进口最终产品的名义关税率高于其所用的进口原材料的名义关税率时，( B )A.有效关税保护率等于名义关税保护率B.有效关税保护率大于名义关税保护率C.有效关税保护率小于名义关税保护率D.两者关系难以确定6. 甲国规定2015年从乙国进口打火机数量不得超过100万只，这种贸易限制措施属于（ C ）A.自动出口配额B.关税配额C.国别配额D.全球配额7. 下列各种贸易限制措施中，属于非关税壁垒的是（ ABCDE ）A.进口押金制B.海关任意估价C.进口许可证制D.进口最低限价制E.外汇管制8．发达国家进口和出口的国家垄断主要集中在（ABC ）A．烟和酒 B．农产品 C．武器D．机器设备 E．通讯设备9. 绿色贸易壁垒的形式包括（ ABCD ）A、技术标准B、环境标志C、包装制度D、卫生检疫制度E、管制制度10. 买方信贷是指（ C ）A．卖方对买方的信贷B．出口地银行对卖方的信贷C．出口地银行对买方的信贷D．进口地银行对卖方的信贷三、简答题1.关税按不同类型有哪些主要种类？（1）按照征收方式划分为从价税和从量税（2）按照商品的流向分，关税又分为进口税、出口税和过境税2.大国和小国的关税负担有什么差异？小国情形：关税的净福利效应＝生产者福利变化＋消费者福利变化＋政府财政收入变化＝a－(a+b+c+d)+c=－(b+d)大国情形：关税的净福利效应＝生产者福利变化＋消费者福利变化＋政府财政收入变化＋贸易条件效应＝a－(a+b+c+d)+c+e=e－(b+d)3.关税会给进口国造成怎样的经济效益？关税不利于进口国消费者，而有利于进口国进口竞争品的生产者进口国政府，关税照成的行政费用支出，关税是的已过技术进步的步伐放慢，关税带来转移的费用和关税对井口的数量的影响可能更大。