2016年英语六级段落匹配训练题
2016大学英语六级阅读理解复习之匹配题
2016大学英语六级阅读理解复习之匹配题
来源：智阅网
匹配题是我们在大学英语六级阅读理解解题过程之中，常常会遇到的一类题型。
所以，我们在复习时，应该如何应对？看看下面的文字，或许你会有答案的。
一、先题后文，切忌通篇
先看题再看文章能够将更多简单的题先做出来，当你发现简单题全部处理完毕之后，剩下的难题可以再重新回到文章当中再去找那些已经被挑剩下的段落。
所以不管怎么样一定是先题后文，稍后再文题同步或先文后题。
二、准确定位，关键词和同义替换
其实阅读只考两件事，一件事情是简单的：看到什么，定位什么，选择什么;而另外一个则是通过定位确定这个位置，然后再进行一个切换之后发现原来这个东西就是另外一个东西。
了解了以上关于匹配题的内容之后，我们在使用2016《大学英语六级考试真题精析与标准预测》时，也可以自己总结一些出题规律和答题技巧。
想买这本书的同学，可以去智阅网上看看，最近智阅网上，有很多购书优惠，买得越多，折扣越多。
六级考试段落匹配训练题及答案
六级考试段落匹配训练题及答案六级考试段落匹配训练题原文A： Pizza Hut was started in 1958， by two brothers in Wichita， Kansas. Frank and Dan Carney had the idea to open a pizza parlor. They borrowed $600 from their mother， and opened the very first Pizza Hut. In 1959，the first franchise unit opened in Topeka， Kansas. Almost a decade later，Pizza Hut would be serving one million customers a week in their 310 locations. In 1970， Pizza Hut was put on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol PIZ.B： In 1986， Pizza Hut introduced delivery service， something no other restaurant was doing. By the 1990s Pizza Hut sales had reached $4 billion worldwide. In 1998， Pizza Hut celebrated their 40th anniversary，and launched their famous campaign "The Best Pizzas Under One Roof." In 1996， Pizza Hut sales in the United States were over $5 million. Out of all the existing pizza chains， Pizza Hut had the largest market share，46.4%. However， Pizza Huts market share has slowly eroded because of intense competition from their rivals Dominos， Little Caesars and newcomer Papa Johns. Home delivery was a driving force for success，especially for Pizza Hut and Dominos.C： However， this forced competitors to look for new methods of increasing their customer bases. Many pizza chains decided to diversify and offer new non-pizza items such as buffalo wings， and Italian cheesebread. The current trend in pizza chains today is the same. They all try to come up with some newer， bigger， better， pizza for a low price. Offering special promotions and new pizza variations are popular today as well. For example， chicken is now a common topping found on pizzas.D： In the past， Pizza Hut has always had the first mover advantage. Their marketing strategy in the past has always been to be first. One of their main strategies that they still follow today is the diversification of the products they offer. Pizza Hut is always adding something new to their menu， trying to reach new markets. For example， in 1992 the famous buffet was launched in Pizza Hut restaurants worldwide. They were trying to offer many different food items for customers who didnt necessarily want pizza.E： Another strategy they used in the past and are still using is the diversification of their pizzas. Pizza Hut is always trying to come up with some innovative way to make a pizza into something slightly different - different enough that customers will think its a whole new product. For example，lets look at some of the pizzas Pizza Hut has marketed in the past. In 1983， Pizza Hut introduced their Pan Pizza， which had a guarantee of being ready to eat in 5 minutes when dining at Pizza Hut restaurants. In 1993， they introduced the "BigFoot，" which was two square feet of pizza cut into 21 slices. In 1995， they introduced "Stuffed Crust Pizza，" where the crust would be filled with cheese. In 1997， they marketed "The Edge，" which had cheese and toppings all the way to the edge of the pizza. Currently， they are marketing "The Big NewYorker，" trying to bring the famous New York style pizza to the whole country.F： Another opportunity that Pizza Hut has is their new ordering online system. Anyone with Internet access can order whatever they wish and get it delivered to their house without even speaking to someone. This program has just been started， so we do not have any numbers to support whether or not it will be a success.G： Lastly， Pizza Hut has always valued customer service and satisfaction. In 1995， Pizza Hut began two customer satisfaction programs：a 1-800 number customer hotline， and a customer call-back program. These were implemented to make sure their customers were happy， and always wanted to return. In our plan， we will first give a situation analysis of current and relevant environmental conditions that affect our plan. Next， we will give a brief analysis of the current fast food industry，and any trends or changes that might occur in the future.H： However， the fact that Pizza Hut does have a restaurant to run is also a weakness. Pizza Hut has higher overhead costs， due to the restaurant that other competitors dont have to deal with. Another result of higher overhead costs is higher prices Pizza Hut must charge. Obviously，Pizza Hut is not the low cost producer. They rely on their quality pizza and good service to account for their higher prices.I： An indirect weakness that Pizza Hut has is that they have lost a lot of their customers and market share due to such intense competition with competitors. Pizza Huts opportunities are almost endless. They can increase revenue with their new innovative pizzas， and increase brand loyalty with good customer service.J： Pizza Huts number one threats are from their competitors. Currently， their closest competitor is Dominos Pizza. Dominos maincompetitive advantage over Pizza Hut is their price. It is generally lower than Pizza Hut. Also， Dominos was very profitable when they ran the promotional deal of delivering a pizza within 30 minutes. However， many lawsuits have been filed against Dominos in the past for reckless driving by their drivers， so Dominos withdrew the promotion. Little Caesars is another one of Pizza Huts competitors， right behind Dominos in market share. Little Caesars is famous for offering large quantities of pizza for less money. Other competitors include Papa Johns， Sbarro， and Pizza Inn.K： A problem facing all of the pizza chains is that each of their individual competitive advantages are pretty much everyones competitive advantages. Most if not all the top pizza chains offer free delivery，and always have some sort of promotional deal offering large pizzas at reduced prices. Other competitors to take into consideration are frozen pizzas and make-it-yourself pizzas that are purchased in grocery stores. Some examples of these are Tombstone Pizzas， Boboli， and DiGornio pizzas. 六级考试段落匹配训练题选项1. Pizza Hut expanded its business into many parts of the country by the time of 1969.2. Pizza Hut has not always dominated the market.3. buffalo wings， and Italian cheese bread are now commonly served at pizza restaurants.4. The diversification strategy is not to be the first mover.5. In Pizza Hut， a Pan Pizza was guaranteed to serve in 5 minutes.6. If you want a pizza from Pizza Hut delivered directly to your house，you have to have Internet access in the first place.7. In order to make sure their customers were happy， Pizza Hut introduced two customer satisfaction programs.8. The higher overhead costs of Pizza Hut obviously accounted for higher prices of their pizzas.9. The reason why Dominos withdrew their promotion was that they suffered legally from reckless driving by their drivers.10. Major pizza makers have to face the problem that their competitive advantages are the same.六级考试段落匹配训练题答案1. A2. B3. C4. D5. E6. F7. G8. H9. J10. K六级考试段落匹配训练题及答案相关。
2016年英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题（三）
Section BGenetically Modified Foods--Feed the World?[A] If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic about genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions--and vocal green lobbies--the idea seems against nature.[B] In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the U. S. last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the U. S. this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.[C] Yet there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing. In wealthy countries, the debate about biotech is tempered by the fact that we have a rich array of foods to choose from--and a supply that far exceeds our needs. In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations; the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks?[D] The statistics on population growth and hunger are disturbing. Last year the world's population reached 6 billion. And by 2050, the UN estimates, it will be probably near 9 billion. Almost all that growth will occur in developing countries. At the same time, the world's available cultivable land per person is declining. Arable land has declined steadily since 1960 and will decrease by half over the next 50 years, according to the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications ( ISAAA).How can biotech help?[E] Biotechnologists have developed genetically modified rice that is fortified with beta-carotene(胡萝⼘素)--which the body converts into vitamin A--and additional iron, and they are working on other kinds of nutritionally improved crops. Biotech can also improve farming productivity in places where food shortages are caused by crop damage attribution to pests, drought, poor soil and crop viruses, bacteria or fungi ( 真菌 ).[F] Damage caused by pests is incredible. The European corn borer, for example, destroys 40 million tons of the-world's corn crops annually, about 7% of the total. Incorporating pest-resistant genes into seeds can help restore the balance. In trials of pest-resistant cotton in Africa, yields have increased significantly. So far, fears that genetically modified, pest-resistant crops might kill good insects as well as bad appear unfounded.[G] Viruses often cause massive failure in staple crops in developing countries. Two years ago, Africa lost more than half its cassava (树薯) crop--a key source of calories-to the mosaic virus (花叶病毒).Genetically modified, virus-resistant crops can reduce that damage, as can drought-tolerant seeds in regions where water shortages limit the amount of land under cultivation. Biotech can also help solve the problem of soil that contains excess aluminum, which can damage roots and cause many staple-crop failures. A gene that helps neutralize aluminum toxicity (毒性) in rice has been identified. Many scientists believe biotech could raise overall crop productivity in developing countries as much as 25% and help prevent the loss of those crops after they are harvested.[H]Yet for all that promise, biotech is far from being the whole answer. In developing countries, lost crops are only one cause ofhunger. Poverty plays the largest role. Today more than 1 billion people around the globe live on less than 1 dollar a day. Making genetically modified crops available will not reduce hunger if farmers cannot afford to grow them or if the local population cannot afford to buy the food those farmers produce.[I] Biotech has its own "distribution" problems. Private-sector biotech companies in the rich countries carry out much of the leading-edge research on genetically modified crops. Their products are often too costly for poor farmers in the developing world, and many of those products won't even reach the regions where they are most needed. Biotech firms have a strong financial incentive to target rich markets first in order to help them rapidly recoup the high costs of product development. But some of these companies are responding to needs of poor countries.[J] More and more biotech research is being carried out in developing countries. But to increase the impact of genetic research on the food production of those countries, there is a need for better collaboration between government agencies--both local and in developed countries--and private biotech firms. The ISAAA, for example, is successfully partnering with the U. S. Agency for International Development, local researches and private biotech companies to find and deliver biotech solutions for farmers in developing countries.Will "Franken-foods" feed the world?[K]Biotech is not a panacea ( 治百病的药), but it does promise to transform agriculture in many developing countries. If thatpromise is not fulfilled, the real losers will be their people, who could suffer for years to come.[L] The world seems increasingly to have been divided into those who favor genetically modified foods and those who fear them. Advocates assert that growing genetically altered crops can be kinder to the environment and that eating foods from those plants is perfectly safe. And, they say, genetic engineering--which can induce plants to grow in poor soils or to produce more nutritious foods—will soon become an essential tool for helping to feed the world's burgeoning( 迅速发展的) population. Skeptics contend that genetically modified crops could pose unique risks to the environment and to health--risks too troubling to accept placidly. Taking that view, many European countries are restricting the cultivation and importation of genetically modified agricultural products. Much of the debate are concerned about of safety. But what exactly does recent scientific research say about the hazards?[M] Two years ago in Edinburgh, Scotland, eco-vandals stormed a field, crushing canola plants. Last year in Maine, midnight raiders hacked down more than 3,000 experimental poplar trees. And in San Diego, protesters smashed sorghum and sprayed paint over greenhouse walls. This far-flung outrage took aim at genetically modified crops. But the protests backfired: all the destroyed plants were conventionally bred. In each case, activists mistook ordinary plants for genetically modified varieties.[N] It's easy to understand why. In a way, genetically modified crops--now on some 109 million acres of farmland worldwide--are invisible. You can't see, taste or touch a gene inserted into a plant or sense its effects on the environment. You can't tell, just by looking, whether pollen containing a foreign gene can poison butterflies or fertilize plants miles away. That invisibility is precisely what worries people. How, exactly, will genetically modified crops affect the environment--and when will we notice?[O] Advocates of genetically modified or transgenic crops say the plants will benefit the environment by requiring fewer toxic pesticides than conventional crops. But critics fear the potential risks and wonder how big the benefits really are. "We have so many questions about these plants," remarks Guenther Stotzky, a soft microbiologist at New York University. "There's a lot we don't know and need to find out. "As genetically modified crops multiply in the landscape, unprecedented numbers of researchers have started fanning into the fields to get the missing information. Some of their recent findings are reassuring; others suggest a need for vigilance.46. According to the UN's prediction, the population growth from now to 2050 is nearly all in developing countries.47. Those people and countries restricting and opposed to planting and importing of genetically modified $ plants worry about their safety.48. The boosters of genetically modified crops argue that these altered plants need fewer toxic pesticides.49. The mosaic virus led to the loss of more than half of African main food two years ago.50. Genetically modified crops can help to improve nutrient contents and farming productivity.51. The most important factor that leads to hunger in developing countries is poverty, not crops lost.52. The far-flung outrage destroys fields and plants because they misidentified ordinary plants for genetically modified varieties.53. The debate on genetically modified foods is more heated in developing countries with fast-growing and half-starved populations.54. One third of corn planted in America was genetically modified corn last year.55. Majority of people believe genetically modified crop causes environmental problems.。
2016年12月英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题（7）
Is College Worth It? A． When LaTisha Styles graduated from Kennesaw State University in Georgia in 2006 she had $35,000 of student debt． This obligation (债务) would have been easy to discharge if her Spanish degree had helped her land a well-paid job But there is no shortage of Spanish-speakers in a nation that borders Latin America. So Ms． Styles found herself working in a clothes shop and a fast-food restaurant for no more than $11 an hour． B． Frustrated, she took the brave decision to go back to the same college and study something more pragmatic. She majored in finance, and now has a good job at an investment consulting firm． Her debt has increased to $65,000, but she will have little trouble paying it off． C． As Ms． Styles' story shows, there is no simple answer to the question "Is college worth it?" Some degrees pay for themselves; others don't． American school kids considering whether to take on huge student loans are constantly told that college is the gateway to the middle class． The truth is more subtle, as Barack Obama hinted when he said in January that "folks can make a lot more" by learning a trade "than they might with an art history degree"． An angry art history professor forced him to apologize, but he was right． D． College graduates aged 25 to 32 who are working full time earn about $17,500 more annually than their peers who have only a high school diploma, according to the Pew Research Centre, a think-tank．But not all degrees are equally useful． And given how much they cost--a residential four-year degree can set you back as much as $60,000 a year--many students end up worse offthan if they had started working at 18． E． PayScale, a research firm, has gathered data on the graduates of more than 900 universities and colleges, asking them what they studied and how much they now earn． The company then factors in the cost of a degree, after financial aid (discounts for the clever or poor that greatly reduce the sticker price at many universities) ． From this, PayScale estimates the financial returns of many different types of degree． Hard subjects pay off F． Unsurprisingly, PayScale's study reveals that engineering is a good bet wherever you study it． An engineering graduate from the University of California, Berkeley can expect to be nearly $1． lm better off after 20 years than someone who never went to college． Even the least profitable engineering courses generated a 20-year return of almost $500,000． G． Arts and humanities courses are much more varied All doubtless nourish the soul, but not all fatten the wallet． An arts degree from a rigorous school such as Columbia or the University of California, San Diego pays off handsomely． But an arts graduate from Murray State University in Kentucky can expect to make $147,000 less over 20 years than a high school graduate, after paying for his education． Of the 153 arts degrees in the study, 46 generated a return on investment worse than investing the money in 20-year treasury bills． Of those, 18 offered returns worse than zero． H． Colleges that score badly will no doubt complain that PayScale's rankings are based on relatively small numbers of graduates from each institution． Some schools are unfairly affected by the local job market--Murray State might look better if Kentucky's economy were thriving． Universities that set out to serve everyone will struggle to compete with selective institutions． And poor colleges will look worse than rich ones that offer lots of financial aid, since reducing the cost of a degree raises its return． I． All these warnings are true． But overall, the PayScale study surely overstates (夸张) the financial value of a college education． It does not compare graduates' earnings to what they would have earned, had they skipped college． (That number is unknowable)． It compares their earnings to those of people who did not go to college--many of whom did not go because they were not clever enough to get in． Thus, some of the premium (奖⾦) that graduates earn simply reflects the fact that they are, on average, more intelligent than non- graduates． J． What is not in doubt is that the cost of university per student has risen by almost five times the rate of inflation since 1983, and graduate salaries have been flat for much of the past decade． Student debt has grown so large that it stops many young people from buying houses, starting businesses or having children． Those who borrowed for a bachelor's degree granted in 2012 owe an average of $29,400． The Project on Student Debt, a non-profit, says that 15% of borrowers default (违约) within three years of entering repayment． At for-profit colleges the rate is 22%． Glenn Reynolds, a law professor and author of The Higher Education Bubble, writes of graduates who "may wind up living in their parents' basements until they are old enough to collect Social Security．" K． That is an exaggeration: students enrolling this year who service their debts will see them forgiven (免除) after 20 years． But the burden is still heavy for many． It does not help that nearly a third of those who take out such loans eventually drop out of college; they must still repay their debts． A third transfer to different schools． Many four-year degrees drag on longer, and so cost more． Overall, the six-year graduation rate for four-year institutions is only 59%． L． The terrible national job market does not help, either． A report by McKinsey, a consultancy, found that 42% of recent graduates are in jobs that require less than a four-year college education． Some 41% of graduates from the nation's top colleges could not find jobs in their chosen field; and half of all graduates said they would choose a different major or school． M． Chegg, a company that provides online help to students, collaborated the study． Dan Rosensweig, its boss, says that only half of graduates feel prepared for a job in their field, and only 39% of managers feel that students are ready for the workforce． Students often cannot write clearly or organize their time sensibly． Four million jobs are unfilled because jobseekers lack the skills employers need. Grading the graders N． For all their flaws, studies like PayScale's help would-be students (and their parents) make more informed choices． As Americans start to realize how much a bad choice can hurt them, they will demand more transparency． Some colleges are providing it, prodded (督促) by the federal government． For example, the University of Texas recently launched a website showing how much its graduates earn and owe after five years． O． "Opportunity", said Mr． Obama on April 2rid, "means making college more affordable．" In time, transparency and technology will force many colleges to cut costs and raise quality． Online education will accelerate the trend In 2012, 6．7 million students were taking at least one online course． Such courses allow students to listen to fine lecturers without having to pay for luxurious dormitories or armies of college bureaucrats． They will not replace traditional colleges--face-to-face classes are stillvaluable—but they will force them to adapt． Those that offer poor value for money will have to shape up, or disappear．46． The fact that many college graduates fail to meet the job requirements leads to a huge number of job openings． 47．According to the PayScale study, an engineering degree will always bring sound financial returns． 48． Different arts degrees from different universities can vary greatly in the financial returns． 49． Colleges are required to release the data on their graduates so that high school students can refer to them when choosing a university． 50． A large percentage of college graduates cannot find an ideal job in their own fields． 51． It seems that Pew's study cannot reflect the real financial value of a particular degree． 52． Online education will push some colleges to make an improvement in their teaching quality． 53． Ms． Styles' experiences suggest that a Spanish degree cannot guarantee a job with a handsome salary in the U．S． 54． The local economy and the amount of financial aid a college can offer affect its position in the Payscale study． 55． The cost of university has increased much faster than how much a graduate can earn in the past ten years．。
2016年大学英语六级段落匹配题专项练习题(4)
2016年大学英语六级段落匹配题专项练习题(4) Definitions of ObesityA: How does one define when a person is considered to be obese and not just somewhat overweight? Height-weight tables give an approximate guideline as to whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage.B: The World Health Organization recommends using a formula that takes into account a person's height and weight. The "Body Mass Index" (BMI) is calculated by dividing the person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters, and is thus given in units of kg/m2. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered to be the healthiest. A BMI of between 25 and 29.9 is considered to be overweight, while a BMI of over 30 is considered to be obese.C: However, it is recognized that this definition is limited as it does not take into account such variables as age, gender and ethnic origin, the latter being important as different ethnic groups have very different fat distributions. Another shortcoming is that it is not applicable to certain very muscular people such as athletes and bodybuilders, who can also have artificially high BMIs. Agencies such as the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in the USA and the International Diabetes Foundation (IDF) are starting to define obesity in adults simply in terms of waist circumference.Health Effects of ObesityD: Over 2000 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote that "persons who are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier than those who are slender". This observation remains very true today. Obesity has a major impact on a person's physical, social and emotional well-being. It increases the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 ("mature onset diabetes") and also makes Type 2 diabetes more difficult to control. Thus weight loss improves the levels of blood glucose and blood fats, and reduces blood pressure. The association between obesity and coronary heart disease is also well-known.CancerE: Furthermore, in 2001 medical researchers established a link between being overweight and certain forms of cancer, and estimated that nearly 10,000 Britons per year develop cancer as a result of being overweight. This figure was made up of 5,893 women and 3,220 men, with the strongest associations being with breast and colon cancers. However, it is thought that being overweight may also increase the risk of cancer in the reproductive organs for women and in the prostate gland for men.F: The link between breast cancer and nutritional status is thought to be due to the steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which are produced by the ovaries, andgovern a woman's menstrual cycle. Researchers have found that the more a woman eats, or the more sedentary her lifestyle, the higher are the concentrations of progesterone. This link could explain why women from less affluent countries have lower rates of breast cancer. Women from less affluent nations tend to eat less food and to lead lifestyles which involve more daily movement. This lowers their progesterone level, resulting in lower predisposition to breast cancer.G: The Times newspaper, in 2002 reported that obesity was the main avoidable cause of cancer among non-smokers in the Western world!AgingH: Research published by St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK in 2005 showed a correlation between body fat and aging, to the extent that being obese added 8.8 years to a woman's biological age. The effect was exacerbated by smoking, and a non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to their biological age. The combination of being obese and a smoker added at least ten years to a woman’s biological age, and although the study only involved women, the lead researcher Professor Tim Spector believes the finding would also apply to men.I: The aging effect was determined by measuring the length of telomeres, tiny "caps" on the ends of chromosomes, which help protect the DNA from the ageing process. Indeed, telomeres have been dubbed the "chromosomal clock" because, as an organism ages, they become progressively shorter, and can be used to determine the age of the organism. Beyond a certain point, the telomere becomes so short that it is no longer able to prevent the DNA of the chromosome from falling apart. It is believed that excess body fat, and the chemicals present in tobacco smoke release free radicals which trigger inflammation. Inflammation causes the production of white blood cells which increases the rate of erosion of telomeres.DementiaJ: Recent research (2005) conducted in the USA shows that obesity in middle age is linked to an increased risk of dementia, with obese people in their 40s being 74% more likely to develop dementia compared to those of normal weight. For those who are merely overweight, the lifetime risk of dementia risk was 35% higher.K: Scientists from the Aging Research Centre at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden have been able to take information such as age, number of years in education, gender, body mass index, blood pressure level, physical activity and genetic factors, assigning each a risk score. They then used this information to devise a predictive test for dementia. This test will enable people at risk, for the first time, to be able to affect lifestyle changes which will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.Other ProblemsL: The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, is of major economic concern, liable to drain economies. Of further concern is that research conducted in Australia and published in 2006, shows that up to one third of breech pregnancies were undetected by the traditional "palpation" examination, the danger being greatest for those women who are overweight or obese—a growing proportion of mothers. This means that such women are not getting the treatment required to turn the baby around in time for the birth, and in many cases require an emergency Caesarean section.M: This is a true health-care crisis, far bigger than Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and ultimately, even bigger than AIDS.1. You can judge whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage according to the height-weight table.2. Using the "Body Mass Index"to define a person's weight ideal is limited, because it does not takes into account many variables such as age, gender and ethnic origin.3. A person's emotional well-being would be affected by obesity.4. Obesity has something to do with cancer in the prostate gland for man.5. Women from less affluent nations tend to have much less breast cancer.6. A non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added7.4 years to her biological age.7. The excess body fat, like the chemicals present in tobacco smoke, can lead to inflammation.8. Obese people in middle age run an increased risk of dementia .9. The predictive test for dementia will help people to affect lifestyle changes that will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.10. The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, will possibly drain economies.答案1. A2. C3. D4. E5. F6. H7. I8. J9. K10. L本文来源于中国大学网。
2016英语六级段落匹配真题及答案
2016英语六级段落匹配真题及答案推荐文章骂人的英语段落阅读热度：优美经典的英语段落热度：唯美简短的英语段落热度：优美简单的英语段落热度：优秀优美英语段落双语热度：从2013年12月起,全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会将对四、六级考试进行改革。
段落匹配题为四六级考试的新题型。
下面是店铺带来的2016英语六级段落匹配答案，欢迎阅读!2016英语六级段落匹配真题及答案1Can societies be rich and green?[A]“If our economies are to flourish,if global poverty is to be eliminated and if the well-being of the world’s people enhanced—not just in this generation but in succeeding generations—we must make sure we take care of the natural environment and resources on which our economic activity depends.”That statement comes not,as you might imagine,from a stereotypical tree-hugging,save-the-world greenie(环保主义者),but from Gordon Brown,a politician with a reputation for rigour,thoroughness and above all,caution.[B]A surprising thing for the man who runs one of the world’s most powerful economies to say?Perhaps;though in the run-up to the five-year review of the Millennium(千年的)Goals,he is far from alone.The roots of his speech,given in March at the roundtable meeting of environment and energy ministers from the G20 group of nations,stretch back to 1972,and the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm.[C]“The protection and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects the well-being of peoples and economic development throughout theworld,”read the final declaration from this gathering,the first of a sequence which would lead to the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit in 1992 and the World Development Summit in Johannesburg three years ago.[D]Hunt through the reports prepared by UN agencies and development groups—many for conferences such as this year’s Millennium Goals review—and you will find that the linkage between environmental protection and economic progress is a common thread.[E]Managing ecosystems sustainably is more profitable than exploiting them,according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.But finding hard evidence to support the thesis is not so easy.Thoughts turn first to some sort of global statistic,some indicator which would rate the wealth of nations in both economic and environmental terms and show a relationship between the two.[F]If such an indicator exists,it is well hidden.And on reflection,this is not surprising;the single word“environment”has so many dimensions,and there are so many other factors affecting wealth—such as the oil deposits—that teasing out a simple economy-environment relationship would be almost impossible.[G]The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment,a vast four-year global study which reported its initial conclusions earlier this year,found reasons to believe that managing ecosystems sustainably—working with nature rather than against it—might be less profitable in the short term,but certainly brings long-term rewards.[H]And the World Resources Institute(WRI)in its World Resources 2005 report,issued at the end of August,producedseveral such examples from Africa and Asia;it also demonstrated that environmental degradation affects the poor more than the rich,as poorer people derive a much higher proportion of their income directly from the natural resources around them.[I]But there are also many examples of growing wealth by trashing the environment,in rich and poor parts of the world alike,whether through unregulated mineral extraction,drastic water use for agriculture,slash-and-burn farming,or fossil-fuel-guzzling(大量消耗)transport.Of course,such growth may not persist in the long term—which is what Mr.Brown and the Stockholm declaration were both attempting to point out.Perhaps the best example of boom growth and bust decline is the Grand Banks fishery.For almost five centuries a very large supply of cod(鳕鱼)provided abundant raw material for an industry which at its peak employed about 40,000 people,sustaining entire communities in Newfoundland.Then,abruptly,the cod population collapsed.There were no longer enough fish in the sea for the stock to maintain itself,let alone an industry.More than a decade later,there was no sign of the ecosystem re-building itself.It had,apparently,been fished out of existence;and the once mighty Newfoundland fleet now gropes about frantically for crab on the sea floor.[J]There is a view that modern humans are inevitably sowing the seed of a global Grand Banks-style disaster.The idea is that we are taking more out of what you might call the planet’s environmental bank balance than it can sustain;we are living beyond our ecological means.One recent study attempted to calculate the extent of this“ecological overshoot of the human economy”,and found that we are using 1.2 Earth’s-worth ofenvironmental goods and services—the implication being that at some point the debt will be called in,and all those services—the things which the planet does for us for free—will grind to a halt.[K]Whether this is right,and if so where and when the ecological axe will fall,is hard to determine with any precision—which is why governments and financial institutions are only beginning to bring such risks into their economic calculations.It is also the reason why development agencies are not united in their view of environmental issues;while some,like the WRI,maintain that environmental progress needs to go hand-in-hand with economic development,others argue that the priority is to build a thriving economy,and then use the wealth created to tackle environmental degradation.[L]This view assumes that rich societies will invest in environmental care.But is this right?Do things get better or worse as we get richer? Here the Stockholm declaration is ambiguous.“In the developing countries,”it says,“most of the environmental problems are caused by under-development.”So it is saying that economic development should make for a cleaner world?Not necessarily;“In the industralised countries,environmental problems are generally related to industrialisation and technological development,”it continues.In other words,poor and rich both over-exploit the natural world,but for different reasons.It’s simply not true that economic growth will surely make our world cleaner.[M]Clearly,richer societies are able to provide environmental improvements which lie well beyond the reach of poorer communities.Citizens of wealthy nations demand national parks,clean rivers,clean air and poison-free food.They also,however,use far more natural resources-fuel,water(all thosebaths and golf courses)and building materials.[N]A case can be made that rich nations export environmental problems,the most graphic example being climate change.As a country’s wealth grows,so do its greenhouse gas emissions.The figures available will not be completely accurate.Measuring emissions is not a precise science, particularly when it comes to issues surrounding land use;not all nations have re-leased up-to-date data,and in any case,emissions from some sectors such as aviation are not included in national statistics.But the data is exact enough for a clear trend to be easily discernible.As countries become richer,they produce more greenhouse gases;and the impact of those gases will fall primarily in poor parts of the world.[O]Wealth is not,of course,the only factor involved.The average Norwegian is better off than the average US citizen,but contributes about half as much to climate change.But could Norway keep its standard of living and yet cut its emissions to Moroccan or even Ethiopian levels?That question,repeated across a dozen environmental issues and across our diverse planet,is what will ultimately determine whether the human race is living beyond its ecological means as it pursues economic revival.36.Examples show that both rich and poor countries exploited the environment for economic progress.37.Environmental protection and improvement benefit people all over the world.38.It is not necessarily true that economic growth will make our world cleaner.39.The common theme of the UN reports is the relation between environmental protection and economic growth.40.Development agencies disagree regarding how to tackle environment issues while ensuring economic progress.41.It is difficult to find solid evidence to prove environmental friendliness generates more profits than exploiting the natural environment.42.Sustainable management of ecosystems will prove rewarding in the long run.43.A politician noted for being cautious asserts that sustainable human development depends on the natural environment.44.Poor countries will have to bear the cost for rich nations’ economic development.45.One recent study warns us of the danger of the exhaustion of natural resources on Earth.参考答案36. 正确选项 I37. 正确选项 C38. 正确选项 L39. 正确选项 D40. 正确选项 K41. 正确选项 E42. 正确选项 G43. 正确选项 A44. 正确选项 N45. 正确选项 J2016英语六级段落匹配真题及答案1Reform and Medical Costs[A]American are deeply concerned about the relentless rise in health care costs and health insurance premiums. They need to know if reform will help solve the problem. The answer is thatno once has an easy fix rising medical costs. The fundamental fix—reshaping how care is delivered and how doctors are paid in a wasteful, abnormal system—is likely to be a achieved only through trial and incremental(渐进的)gains.[B]The good news is that a bill just approved by the House and a bill approved by the Senate Finance Committee would implement or test many reforms that should help slow the rise in medical costs over the long term. As report in The New England Journal of Medicine concluded. "Pretty much every proposed innovation found in the health policy Iiterature these days is contained in these measures."[C]Medical spending, which typically rises faster than wages and the overall economy, is propelled by two things: the high prices charged for medical services in this country and the volume of unnecessary care delivered by doctors and hospitals, which often perform a lot more tests and treatments than patient really needs.[D]Here are some of the important proposals in the House and Senate bills to try to address those problem, and why it is hard to know how well they will work.[E]Both bills would reduce the rate of growth in annual Medicare payments to hospital, nursing homes and other providers by amounts comparable to the productivity savings routinely made in other industries with the help of new technologies and new ways to organize work. This proposal could save Medicare more than $100 billion over the next decade. If private plans demanded similar productivity savings from providers, and refused to let providers shift additional costs to them, the savings could be much larger. Critics say Congress will give in to lobbyists and let inefficient provider off the hook(放过).That is far less likely to happen if Congress also adopts strong "pay-go" rules requiring that any increase in payments to providers be offset by new taxes or budge cuts.[F]The Senate Finance bill would impose an excise tax(消费税)on health insurance plans that cost more than $8,000 for an individual or $21,000 for a family. It would most likely cause Insures to redesign plans to fall beneath the threshould. Enrollees would have to pay more money for many services out of their own pockets, and that would encourage them to think twice about whether an expensive or redundant test was worth it. Economists project that most employers would shift money from expensive health benefits into wages, The House bill has no similar tax. The final legislation should.[G]Any doctor who has wrestled with multiple forms from different insurers, or patients who have tried to understand their own parade of statements, know that simplification ought to save money. When the health insurance industry was still cooperating in reform efforts, its trade group offered to provide standardized forms for automated processing. It estimated that step would save hundreds of billions of dollars over the next decade. The bills would lock that pledge into law.[H]The stimulus package provided money to convert the inefficient, paper-driven medical system to electronic records that can be easily viewed and transmitted .This requires open investments to help doctors convert. In time it should help restrain costs by eliminating redundant test, preventing drug inter actions, and helping doctors find the best treatments.[I]Virtually all experts agree that the fee-for-service system—doctors are rewarded for that the cost of care is so high. Most agree that the solution is to push doctors to accept fixedpayments to care for a particular illness or for a patient's needs over a year. No one knows how to make that happen quickly. The bills in both houses would start pilot projects within Medicare. They include such measures as accountable care organizations to take charge of a patient's needs with an eye on both cost and quality, and chronic disease management to make sure the seriously ill, who are responsible for the bulk of all health care costs, are treated properly. For the most part, these experiments rely on incentive payments to get doctors to try them.[J]Testing innovations do no good unless the good experiments are identified and expanded and the bad ones arc dropped. The Senate bill would create an independent commission to monitor the pilot programs and recommend changes in Medicare's payment policies to urge providers to adopt reforms that work. The changes would have to be approved or rejected as a whole by Congress, making it hard for narrow-interest lobbies to bend lawmakers to their will.[K]The bills in both chambers would create health insurance exchanges on which small businesses and individuals could choose from an array of private plans and possibly a public option. All the plans would have to provide standard benefit packages that would be easy to compare. To get access to millions of new customers, insures would have a strong incentive to sell on the exchange. And the head-to-head competition might give them a strong incentive to lower their prices, perhaps by accepting slimmer profit margins or demanding better deals from providers.[L]The final legislation might throw a public plan into the competition, but thanks to the fierce opposition of the insurance industry and Republican critics, it might not save much money.The one in the House bill would have to negotiate rates with providers, rather than using Medicare rates, as many reformers wanted.[M]The president's stimulus package is pumping money into research to compare how well various treatments work. Is surgery, radiation or careful monitoring best for prostate(前列腺)cancer? Is the latest and most expensive cholesterol-lowering drug any better than its common competitors? The pending bills would spend additional money to accelerate this effort.[N]Critics have charged that this sensible idea would lead to rationing of care. (That would be true only if you believe that patients should have an unrestrained right to treatments proven to be inferior.) As a result, the bills do not requires, as they should, that the results of these studies be used to set payment rates in Medicare.[O]Congress needs to find the courage to allow Medicare to pay preferentially for treatments proven to be superior. Sometimes the best treatment might be the most expensive. But overall, we suspect that spending would come down through elimination of a lot of unnecessary or even dangerous tests and treatments.[P]The House bill would authorize the secretary of health and human services to negotiate drug prices in Medicare and Medicaid. Some authoritative analysts doubt that the secretary would get better deals than private insurers already get. We believe negotiation could work. It does in other countries.[Q] Missing from these bills is any serious attempt to rein in malpractice costs. Malpractice awards do drive up insurance premiums for doctors in high-risk specialties, and there is some evidence doctors engage in "defensive medicine" by performingtests and treatments primarily to prove they are not negligent should they get sued.36.With a tax imposed on expensive health insurance plans, most employers will likely transfer money from health expenses into wages.37.Changes in policy would be approved or rejected as a whole so that lobbyists would find it hard to influence lawmakers.'38.It is not easy to curb the rising medical costs in America.49.Standardization of forms for automatic processing will save a lot of medical40.Republicans and insurance industry are strongly opposed to the creation of a public insurance plan.41.Conversion of paper to electronic medical records will help eliminate redundant tests and prevent drug interactions.42.The high cost of medical services and unnecessary tests and treatments have driven up medical expenses.43.One main factor that has driven up medical expenses is that doctors are compensated for the amount of care rather than its effect.44.Contrary to analysts' doubts, the author believes drug prices may be lowered through negotiation.45.Fair competition might create a strong incentive for insurers to charge less.参考答案Reform and Medical Costs36. 正确选项 F37. 正确选项 J38. 正确选项 A39. 正确选项 G40. 正确选项 L41. 正确选项 H42. 正确选项 C43. 正确选项 I44. 正确选项 P45. 正确选项 K。
2016年12月英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题（十）
Section B Directions：In this section，you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it．Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs．Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived．You may choose a paragraph more than once．Each paragraph is marked with a letter． Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2． German’s Education System [A]Germany invented the modern university but long ago lost its leading position to other countries，especially America．These days the land of poets and thinkers is prouder of its“dual system”for training skilled workers such as bakers and electricians．Teenagers not bound for university apply for places in three—year programmes combining classroom learning with practical experience within companies．The direct benefit is superior German quality in haircuts as well as cars．Dual training"is the reason we’re the world export champion”，says Mrs Schavan，the education minister．Azubis(trainees)acquire not just a professional qualification but an identity． [B]But the dual system is under pressure．The number of places offered by companies has long been falling short of the number of applicants． Almost as many youngsters move into a“transitional system”，a grab-bag of remedial education programs designed to prepare them for the dual system or another qualification．Often it turns out to be a deadend，especially for male immigrants．And given that Germany produces far fewer university graduates than many comparable countries．some wonder whether the dual system is producing the right qualifications for the knowledge—based professions of the future． [C]The system is governed by a consortium(协会)representing almost everyone who counts：the federal and state governments．the chambers of conunerce and the unions．It regulates access t0 350 narrowly defined trades．You can train to become a goldsmith，or if you want to manage a McDonald’s you learn Systemgastronomie． Baking bread and pastries(糕点)are separate disciplines．Schools outside the system may not train Azubis for a reserved trade． [D]It makes sense to combine theory and practice，says Here Solga of the Social Science Research Centre in Berlin。
下半年英语六级阅读段落匹配模拟题
下半年英语六级阅读段落匹配模拟题2016下半年英语六级阅读段落匹配模拟题英语六级考试中阅读所占比重为百分之三十五，阅读的重要性不言而喻。
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How Ozone Pollution WorksA) The weather report on the radio or TV tells you that it is going to be sunny and hot and that an orange ozone alert has been issued. What is ozone? What does an orange alert mean? Why should you be concerned about it? In this article, we will examine what ozone is, how it is produced, what health hazards it poses and what you can do to reduce ozone pollution.B) Ozone is a molecule of three oxygen atoms bound together (O3). It is unstable and highly reactive. Ozone is used as a bleach, a deodorizing agent, and a sterilization agent for air and drinking water. At low concentrations, it is toxic. Ozone is found naturally in small concentrations in the stratosphere, a layer of Earth’s upper atmosphere. In this upper atmosphere, ozone is made when ultraviolet light from the sun splits an oxygen molecule (O2), forming two single oxygen atoms. If a freed atom collides with an oxygen molecule, it becomes ozone. Stratospheric ozone has been called “good” ozone because it protects the Earth’s surface from dangerous ultraviolet light.C) Ozone can also be found in the troposphere, the lowest layer of the atmosphere. Tropospheric ozone (often termed “ bad ” ozone) is man - made, a result of air pollution from internal combustion engines and power plants. Automobile exhaust and industrial emissions release a family of nitrogen oxide gases (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC), by-products of burning gasoline and coal. NOx and VOC combine chemically with oxygen to form ozone during sunny, high- temperature conditions of late spring, summer and early fall. High levels of ozone are usually formed in the heat of the afternoon and early evening, dissipating during the cooler nights.D) Although ozone pollution is formed mainly in urban and suburban areas, it ends up in rural areas as well, carried by prevailing winds or resulting from cars and trucks that travel into rural areas. Significant levels of ozone pollution can be detected in rural areas as far as 250 miles downwind from urban industrial zones.E) You can make ozone test strips to detect and monitor ozone levels in your own backyard or around your school. You will need corn starch, filter paper (coffee filters work well) and potassium iodide (can be ordered from a science education supplier such as Carolina Biological Supply or Fisher Scientific). Basically, you make a paste from water, corn starch and potassium-iodide, and you paint this paste on strips of filter paper. You then expose the strips to the air for eight hours. Ozone in the air will react with the potassium iodide to change the color of the strip. You will also need to know the relative humidity, which you can get from a newspaper, weather broadcast or home weather station.F) When you inhale ozone, it travels throughout your respiratory tract. Because ozone is very corrosive, it damages the bronchioles and alveoli in your lungs, air sacs that are important for gas exchange. Repeated exposure to ozone can inflame lung tissues and cause respiratory infections.G) Ozone exposure can aggravate existing respiratory conditions such as asthma, reduce your lung function andcapacity for exercise and cause chest pains and coughing. Young children, adults who are active outdoors and people with respiratory diseases are most susceptible to the high levels of ozone encountered during the summer. In addition to effects on humans, the corrosive nature of ozone can damage plants and trees. High levels of ozone can destroy agricultural crops and forest vegetation.H) To protect yourself from ozone exposure, you should be aware of the Air Quality Index (AQI) in your area every day—you can usually find it in the newspaper or on a morning weather forecast on TV or radio. You should also be familiar with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guide for ozone-alert values.I) What do the numbers in the AQI mean? The AQI measures concentrations of five air pollutants: ozone, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. The EPA has chosen these pollutants as criteria pollutants, but these are not all of the pollutants in the air. These concentrations are compared to a standard set out in federal law. An index value of 100 means that all of the criteria pollutants are at the maximum level that is considered safe for the majority of the population. To reduce your exposure to ozone, you should avoid exercising during afternoon and early evening hours in the summer.J) There are several ways you can help to decrease ozone pollution. Limit using your automobile during afternoon and early evening hours in the late spring, summer and early fall. Do not use gasoline-powered lawn equipment during these times. Do not fuel your car during these times. Do not light fires or outdoor grills during these times. Keep the engine of your car or boat tuned. Make sure that your tires are properly inflated. Useenvironmentally safe paints, cleaning and office products (some of these chemicals are sources of VOC).K) Besides personal attempts to reduce ozone pollution, the EPA has initiated more stringent air-quality standards (such as the Clean Air Act and its modifications) to reduce air pollution. Compliance with these standards by industries, manufacturers and state and local governments has significantly reduced the levels of many common air pollutants.L) With continued conservation and reduction practices, adherence to ozone-pollution warnings, research and government regulation, ozone-pollution levels should continue to fall. Perhaps future generations will not be threatened by this environmental pollutant.M) The thing that determines whether ozone is good or bad is its location. Ozone is ‘‘good，，when it is in the stratosphere. The stratosphere is a layer of the atmosphere starting at the level of about 6 miles (about 10 kilometers) above sea level. The stratosphere naturally contains about six parts per million of ozone, and this ozone is very beneficial because it absorbs UV radiation and prevents it from reaching us.N) Ozone is “bad” when it is at ground level. Ozone is a very reactive gas that is hard on lung tissue. It also damages plants and buildings. Any ozone at ground level is a problem. Unfortunately, chemicals in car exhaust and chemicals produced by some industries react with light to produce lots of ozone at ground level. In cities, the ozone level can rise to a point where it becomes hazardous to our health. That’s when you hear about an ozone warning on the news.1. When ultraviolet rays from the sun separate an oxygen molecule into two single oxygen atoms in the stratosphere, thecombination of a single oxygen atom and an oxygen molecule forms ozone.2. You can make ozone test strips by yourself to find out about ozone levels in your own locale.3. Long-time exposure to ozone is badly harmful to our respiratory system.4. Chemicals in industrial waste gas and vehicle exhaust react with light to form lots of ozone at ground level.5. Internal combustion engines and power plants cause the artificial tropospheric ozone, also known as “bad” ozone.6. Ozone is very helpful because it absorbs UV radiation and separates us from it.7. Using gasoline-powered lawn equipment in the late spring, summer and early fall may increase ozone pollution.8. Ozone pollution occurs in urban and suburban areas as well as in rural areas.9. In order to decrease ozone pollution, the EPA has set up more rigorous air-quality standards.10. Pay close attention to the Air Quality Index in your area every day can keep you away from ozone exposure.下载文档润稿写作咨询。
2016年大学英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题（四）
Section BHow "Second Brain" Influences Mood and Well-Being[A] As Olympians go for the gold in Vancouver, even the steeliest are likely to experience that familiar feeling of "butterflies" in the stomach. Underlying this sensation is an often-overlooked network of neurons (神经元)lining our guts that is so extensive some scientists have nicknamed it our "second brain". A deeper understanding of this mass of neural tissue is revealing that it does much more than merely handle digestion or inflict the occasional nervous pang. The little brain in our gut, in connection with the big one in our head, partly determines our mental state and plays key roles in certain diseases throughout the body.[B] Although its influence is far-reaching, the second brain is not the seat of any conscious thoughts or decision-making. "The second brain doesn't help with the great thought processes ... religion, philosophy and poetry is left to the brain in the head," says Michael Gershon, chairman of the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at New York-PresbyterianHospital/Columbia University Medical Center, author of the 1998 book The Second Brain.[C] Technically known as the enteric (肠内的)nervous system, the second brain consists of covers of neurons embedded in the walls of the long tube of our gut, which measures about nine meters end to end. The second brain contains some 100 million neurons, Gershon says. This multitude of neurons in the enteric nervous system enables us to "feel" the inner world of our gut and its contents. Much of this neural firepower comes to bear in the elaborate daily grind of digestion. Breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and expelling of waste requires chemical processing, mechanical mixing and rhythmic muscle contractions that move everything on down the line.[D] Thus equipped with its own reactions and senses, the second brain can control gut behavior independently of the brain, Gershon says. We likely evolved this intricate web of nerves to perform digestion and ejection "on site," rather than remotely from our brains through the middleman of the spinal cord (脊髓). "The brain in the head doesn't need to get its hands dirty with the messy business of digestion, which is delegated to the brain in the gut," Gershon says. He and other researchers explain, however, that the second brain's complexity likely cannot be interpreted through this process alone.[E] "The system is way too complicated to have evolved only to make sure things move out of your bowel," says Emeran Mayer, professor of physiology, psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles ( U. C. L. A. ). For example, scientists were shocked to learn that about 90 percent of the fibers in the primary gut nerve, the vagus (迷⾛神经), carry information from the gut to the brain and not the other way around. "Some of that information is decidedly unpleasant," Gershon says.[F] The second brain informs our state of mind in other more obscure ways, as well. "A big part of our emotions are probably influenced by the nerves in our gut," Mayer says. Butterflies in the stomach-signaling in the gut as part of our physiological stress response, Gershon says--is but one example. Although gastrointestinal (肠胃)(GI)chaos can sour one's moods, everyday emotional well-being may rely on messages from the brain below to the brain above. For example, electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve-a useful treatment for depression-may mimic these signals, Gershon says.[G] Given the two brains' commonalities, other depression treatments that target the mind can unintentionally impact the gut. The enteric nervous system uses more than 30 neurotransmitters, just like the brain, and in fact 95 percent of the body's serotonin (⾎清素)is found in the bowels. Because antidepressant medications called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (选择性⽆羟⾊胺再摄取抑制剂)(SSRIs)increase serotonin levels, it's little wonder that reeds (椎间盘镜)meant to cause chemical changes in the mind often provoke GI issues as a side effect. Irritable bowel syndrome-which afflicts more than two million Americans-also arises in part from too much serotonin in our guts, and could perhaps be regarded as a "mental illness" of the second brain.[H] Scientists are learning that the serotonin made by the enteric nervous system might also play a role in more surprising diseases: In a new Nature Medicine study published online February 7, a drug that inhibited the release of serotonin from the gut counteracted the bone-deteriorating disease osteoporosis (⾻质疏松症). "It was totally unexpected that the gut would regulate bone mass to the extent that one could use this regulation to cure osteoporosis," says Gerard Karsenty, lead author of the study and chair of the Department of Genetics and Development at Columbia University Medical Center.[I] Serotonin penetrating from the second brain might even play some part in autism (孤独症), the developmental disorder often first noticed in early childhood. Gershon has discovered that the same genes involved in synapse formation (突触形成)between neurons in the brain are involved in the digestive synapse formation. "of these genes are affected in autism," he says, "it could explain why so many kids with autism have GI motor abnormalities in addition to elevated levels of gut-produced serotonin in their blood. "[J] Down the road, the blossoming field of neurogastroenterology will likely offer some new insight into the workings of the second brain-and its impact on the body and mind." We have never systematically looked at the enteric nervous system inrelating damages in it to diseases like they have for the central nervous system", Gershon says. One day, perhaps there will be well-known connections between diseases and damages in the gut's nervous system as some in the brain and spinal cord today indicate multiple sclerosis.[K] Cutting-edge research is currently investigating how the second brain mediates the body's immune response; after all, at least 70 percent of our immune system is aimed at the gut to expel and kill foreign invaders. U. C. L. A. 's Mayer is doing work on how the trillions of bacteria in the gut "communicate" with enteric nervous system cells (which they greatly outnumber). His work with the enteric nervous system has led him to think that in coming years psychiatry will need to expand to treat the second brain in addition to the one above the shoulders.[L] So for those physically skilled and mentally strong enough to compete in the Olympic Games-as well as those watching at home-it may well necessary for us all to pay more heed to our so-called "gut feelings" in the future.46. The second brain does not deal with the activities of advanced thinking. 47. Some scientists have called the network of neurons in guts "second brain". 48. Apart from elevated levels of gut-produced serotonin in their blood, children with autism are believed to have GI disorder. 49. Meds often provoke GI issues as a side effect in that SSRIs increase serotonin levels.50. The author suggested that athletes in the Olympics and audience should pay more attention to gut feelings. 51. Cutting-edge research is now focusing on the way the second brain adjusts the body's immune response. 52. Many of our emotions may be brought about by the second brain. 53. The second brain with its own reactions and senses is certain to give direction to gut system independently. 54. It will soon be necessary for psychiatry to treat both the brain in the head and the second brain. 55. The second brain enables us to feel the inner world of our body through multitude of neurons.。
2016大学英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题（4）
Does the Internet Make You Dumber? [A] The Roman philosopher Seneca may have put it best 2,000 years ago: "To be everywhere is to be nowhere." Today, the Internet grants us easy access to unprecedented amounts of information. But a growing body of scientific evidence suggests that the Net, with its constant distractions and interruptions, is also turning us into disrupted and superficial thinkers. [B] The picture emerging from the research is deeply troubling, at least to anyone who values the depth, rather than just the velocity (速度), of human thought. People who read text studded with links, the studies show, comprehend less than those who read traditional linear text. People who watch busy multimedia presentations remember less than those who take in information in a more sedate (镇定的) and focused manner. People who are continually distracted by e-mails, alerts and other messages understand less than those who are able to concentrate. And people who juggle (尽⼒同时应付)many tasks are less creative and less productive than those who do one thing at a time. [C] The common thread in these disabilities is dispersing our attention. The richness of our thoughts, our memories and even our personalities hinges on our ability to focus the mind and sustain concentration. Only when we pay deep attention to a new piece of information are we able to associate it "meaningfully and systematically with knowledge already well established in memory," writes the Nobel Prize winning neuroscientist (神经科学家) Eric Kandel. Such associations are essential to mastering complex concepts. [D] When we're constantly distracted and interrupted, as we tend to be online, our brains are unable to generalize the strong and expansive neural connections that give depth and distinctiveness to our contemplating. We become mere signal-processing units, quickly shepherding disjointed bits of information into and then out of short-term memory. [E] In an article published in Science last year, Patricia Greenfield, a leading developmental psychologist, reviewed dozens of studies on how different media technologies influence our cognitive abilities. Some of the studies indicated that certain computer tasks, like playing video games, can enhance" visual literacy skills", increasing the speed at which people can shift their focus among icons and other images on screens. Other studies, however, found that such rapid shifts in focus, even if performed adeptly, result in less rigorous and "more automatic" thinking. [F] In one experiment conducted at Cornell University, for example, half a class of students was allowed to use Internet-connected laptops during a lecture, while the other had to keep their computers shut. Those who browsed the Web performed much worse on a subsequent test of how well they retained the lecture's content. While it's hardly surprising that Web surfing would distract students, it should be a note of caution to schools that are wiring their classrooms in hopes of improving learning. [G] Ms. Greenfield concluded that "every medium develops some cognitive skills at the expense of others. " Our growing use of screen-based media, she said, has strengthened visual-spatial intelligence, which can improve the ability to do jobs that involve keeping track of lots of simultaneous signals, like air traffic control. But that has been accompanied by "new weaknesses in higher-order cognitive processes," including "abstract vocabulary, mindfulness, reflection, inductive problem solving, critical thinking, and imagination." We're becoming, in a word, shallower. [H] In another experiment, recently conducted at Stanford University's Communication between Humans and Interactive Media Lab, a team of researchers gave various cognitive tests to 49 people who do a lot of media multitasking and 52 people who multitask much less frequently. The heavy multitaskers performed poorly on all the tests. They were more easily distracted, had less control over their attention, and were much less able to distinguish important information from trivial. [I] The researchers were surprised by the results. They had expected that the intensive multitaskers would have gained some unique mental advantages from all their on-screen juggling. But that wasn't the case. In fact, the heavy multitaskers weren't even good at multitasking. They were considerably less adept at switching between tasks than the more infrequent multitaskers. "Everything distracts them," observed Clifford Nass, the professor who heads the Stanford lab. [J] It would be one thing if the ill effects went away as soon as we turned off our computers and cell phones. But they don't. The cellular structure of the human brain, scientists have discovered, adapts readily to the tools we use, including those for finding, storing and sharing information. By changing our habits of mind, each new technology strengthens certain neural pathways and weakens others. The cellular alterations continue to shape the way we think even when we're not using the technology. [K] The pioneering neuroscientist Michael Merzenich believes our brains are being "massively remodeled" by our ever-intensifying use of the Web and related media. In the 1970s and 1980s, Mr. Merzenich, now a professor emeritus at the University of California in San Francisco, conducted a famous series of experiments on primate brains that revealed how extensively and quickly neural circuits change in response to experience. When, for example, Mr. Merzenich rearranged the nerves in a monkey's hand, the nerve cells in the animal's sensory cortex quickly reorganized themselves to create a new" mental map" of the hand. In a conversation late last year, he said that he was profoundly worried about the cognitiveconsequences of the constant distractions and interruptions the Internet bombards us with. The long-term effect on the quality of our intellectual lives, he said, could be "deadly". [L] What we seem to be sacrificing in all our surfing and searching is our capacity to engage in the quieter, attentive modes of thought that underpin contemplation, reflection and introspection. The Web never encourages us to slow down. It keeps us in a state of perpetual mental locomotion. It is revealing, and distressing, to compare the cognitive effects of the Internet with those of an earlier information technology, the printed book. Whereas the Internet scatters our attention, the book focuses it. Unlike the screen, the page promotes contemplativeness. [M] Reading a long sequence of pages helps us develop a rare kind of mental discipline. The innate bias of the human brain, after all, is to be distracted. Our predisposition is to be aware of as much of what's going on around us as possible. Our fast-paced, reflexive shifts in focus were once crucial to our survival. They reduced the odds that a predator would take us by surprise or that we'd overlook a nearby source of food. [N] To read a book is to practice an unnatural process of thought. It requires us to place ourselves at what T. S. Eliot, in his poem "Four Quartets", called "the still point of the turning world". We have to forge or strengthen the neural links needed to counter our instinctive distractedness, there by gaining greater control over our attention and our mind. [O] It is this control, this mental discipline, which we are at risk of losing as we spend ever more time scanning and skimming online. If the slow progression of words across printed pages damped our craving to be inundated by mental stimulation, the Internet indulges it. It returns us to our native state of distractedness, while presenting us with far more distractions than our ancestors ever had to contend with. -Nicholas Carr is the author, most recently, of "The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains". 46. Rapid shifts in focus on screens during computer tasks can cause more automatic but less intensive thoughts. 47. People get less understanding from the texts filled with Internet links than normal reading. 48. According to Ms. Greenfield, growing use of screen-based media has improved our visual-spatial intelligence. 49. The richness of our memories relies on our ability to focus on something. 50. Unprecedented amounts of information can make our thoughts scattered. 51. When we turn off our computers and cellphones, the ill effects will not disappear. 52. When we are online, our brains cannot form distinctive and profound thinking. 53. Whereas the Internet distracts our attention, the book concentrates on it. 54. The experiment conducted at Cornell University indicates web surfing to school would distract students' thoughts. 55. According to the experiment at Stanford University, the multitaskers' attention was easily scattered. 46. 译⽂：电脑屏幕上注意⼒焦点的迅速转移使⼈们的思维变得更加机械，⽽不那么严谨了。
六级段落匹配练习题带答案
六级段落匹配练习题带答案六级段落匹配练习题：A. Benjamin Franklin--of "early to bed and early to rise" fame--was apparently the first person to suggest the concept of daylight savings. While serving as U.S. ambassador to France in Pads,Franklin wrote of being awakened at 6 a.m. and realizing, to his surprise, that the sun would rise far earlier than he usually did. Imagine the resources that might be saved if he and othersrose before noon and burned less midnight oil, Franklin, tongue half in cheek, wrote to a newspaper.B. It wasn't until World War I that daylight savings were realized on a grand scale. Germany was the first state to adopt the time changes, to reduce artificial lighting and thereby save coalfor the war effort. Friends and foes soon followed suit. In the U.S. a federal law standardized the yearly start and end of daylight saving time in 1918--for the states that chose to observeit.C. During World War II the U.S. made daylight saving time mandatory强制的for the whole country, as a way to save wartime resources. Between February 9, 1942, and September 30, 1945, thegovernment took it a step further. During this period daylight saving time was observed year-round, essentially making it the new standard time, if only for a few years. Many years later, theEnergy Policy Act of 2021 was enacted, mandating a controversial month-long extension of daylight saving time, starting in 2021.Daylight Saving Time: Energy Saver or Just Time Sucker?D. In recent years several studies have suggested that daylight saving time doesn't actually save energy--and might even result in a net loss. Environmental economist Hendrik Wolff, of theUniversity of Washington, co- authored a paper that studied Australian power-use data when parts of the country extended daylight saving time for the 2000 Sydney Olympics and others did not.The researchers found that the practice reduced lighting and electricity consumption in the evening but increased energy use in the now dark mornings-- wiping out the evening gains. That'sbecause the extra hour that daylight saving time adds in the evening isa hotter hour. "So if people get home an hour earlier in a wanner house, they turn on their air conditioning," theUniversity of Washington's Wolff said.E. But other studies do show energy gains. In an October 2021 daylight saving time report to Congress, mandated by the same 2021 energy act that extended daylight saving time, the U.S.Department of Energy asserted that springing forward does save energy. Extended daylight saving time saved 1.3 terawatt 太瓦 hours of electricity. That figure suggests that daylight savingtime reduces annual U.S. electricity consumption by 0.03 percent and overall energy consumption by 0.02 percent. While those percentages seem small, they could represent significant savingsbecause of the nation's enormous total energy use.F. What's more, savings in some regions are apparently greater than in others. California, for instance, appears to benefit most from daylight saving time--perhaps because its relatively mildweather encourages people to stay outdoors later. The Energy Department report found that daylight saving time resulted in an energy savings of one percent daily in the state.G. But Wolff, one of many scholars who contributed to the federal report, suggested that the numbers were subject to statistical variability 变化 and shouldn't be taken as hard facts. Anddaylight savings' energy gains in the U.S. largely depend on yourlocation in relation to the Mason-Dixon Line, Wolff said."The North might be a slight winner, because the North doesn't have asmuch air conditioning," he said. "But the South is a definite loser in terms of energy consumption. The South has more energy consumption under daylight saving."Daylight Saving Time: Healthy or Harmful?H. For decades advocates of daylight savings have argued that, energy savings or no, daylight saving time boosts health by encouraging active lifestyles--a claim Wolff and colleagues arecurrently putting to the test. "In a nationwide American time-use study, we're clearly seeing that, at the time of daylight saving time extension inthe spring, television watching issubstantially reduced and outdoor behaviors like jogging, walking, orgoing to the park are substantially increased," Wolff said. "That's remarkable, because of course the total amount ofdaylight in a given day is the same. "I. But others warn of ill effects. Till Roenneberg, a university professor in Munich 慕尼黑, Germany, said his studies show that our circadian 生理节奏的body clocks--set by light anddarkness--never adjust to gaining an "extra" hour of sunlight to the end of the day during daylight saving time.J. One reason so many people in the developed world are chronically 长期地overtired, he said, is that they suffer from"social jet lag. "In other words, their optimal circadian sleep periodsdon't accord with their actual sleep schedules. Shifting daylight from morning to evening only increases this lag, he said. "Light doesn't do the same things to the body in the morning and theevening. More light in the morning would advance the body clock, andthat would be good. But more light in the evening would even further delay the body clock. "K. Other research hints at even more serious health risks. A 2021 study concluded that, at least in Sweden, heart attack risks go up in the days just after the spring time change. "The mostlikely explanation to our findings is disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms," One expert told National Geographic News via email.Daylight Savings' Lovers and HatersL. With verdicts 定论 on the benefits, or costs, of daylight savings so split, it may be no surprise that the yearly time changes inspire polarized reactions. In the U.K., for instance, theLighter Later movement--part of 10:10,a group advocating cutting carbon emissions--argues for a sort of extreme daylight savings. First, they say,move standard time forward an hour, then keepobserving daylight saving time as usual--adding two hours ofevening daylight to what we currently consider standard time. The folks behind Standardtime, on the other hand, want to abolishdaylight saving time altogether, calling energy-efficiency claims "unproven. "M. National telephone surveys by Rasmussen Reports from spring 2021 and fall 2021 deliver the same answer.Most people just "don't think the time change is worth the hassle 麻烦的事 . "Forty-seven percent agreedwith that statement, while only 40 percent disagreed. But Seize the Daylight author David Prerau said his research on daylight saving time suggests most people arefond of it."I think if you ask most people if they enjoy having an extra hour of daylight in the evening eight months a year, the response would be pretty positive."段落匹配练习题选项：46. Daylight savings' energy gains might be various due to different climates.47. Disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms may be the best explanation to higher heart attack risks in the days after the spring time change.48. A research indicated that DST might not save energy by increasing energy use in the dark mornings, though it reduced lighting and electricity consumption in the evening.49. Germany took the lead in saving wardme resources by adopting the time changes and reducing artificiallighting.50. A university professor studied the effect of daylight saving time and sounded the alarm of its negative effects.51. Social jet lag can partly account for people's chronic fatigue syndrome in developed countries.52. The figure of a study in the U.S. suggested that DST could save a lot of energy nationally.53. Supporters of daylight savings have long considered daylight saving time does good to people's health.54. A group advocating cutting carbon emissions launches the Lighter Later movement to back a kind of extreme daylight savings.55. A scholar contributing to a federal report suggested that the amount of saved energy had something to do with geographic position.段落匹配练习题答案：46.F解析：题干意为，夏令时带来的能源收益可能会因为不同的气候而有差异。
2016.12六级(第一套)匹配题
Countries Rush for Upper Hand in AntarcticaA) On a glacier-filled island with fjords（峡湾）and elephant seals, Russia has built Antarctica’s first Orthodox church on a bill overlooking its research base. Less than an hour away by snowmobile. Chinese laborers have updated the Great Wall Station, a vital part of China’s plan to operate five basses on Antarctica, complete with an indoor badminton court and sleeping quarters for 150 people. Not to be outdone, India’s futuristic new Bharathi base, built on stills（桩子）using 134 interlocking shipping containers, resembles a spaceship. Turkey and Iran have announced plans to build bases, too.B) More than a century has passed since explorers raced to plant their flags at the bottom of the world, and for decades to come this continent is supposed to be protected as a scientific preserve, shielded from intrusions like military activities and mining . But an array of countries are rushing to assert greater influence here, with an eye not just towards the day those protective treaties expire, but also for the strategic and commercial that already exist.C) The newer players are stepping into what they view as a treasure house of resources. Some of the ventures focus on theAntarctic resources that are already up for grabs, like abundant sea life. South Korea, which operates state-of–the-art bases here, is increasing its fishing of krill（磷虾），found in abundance in the Southern Ocean, while Russia recently frustrated efforts to create one of the world’s largest ocean sanctuarie s here.D) Some scientists are examining the potential for harvesting icebergs form Antarctica, which is estimated to have the biggest reserves of fresh water on the planet. Nations are also pressing ahead with space research and satellite projects to expand their global navigation abilities.E) Building on a Soviet-era foothold, Russia is expanding its monitoring stations for Glonass, its version of the Global Positioning System(GPS). At least three Russian stations are already operating in Antarctica, part of its effort to challenge the dominance of the American GPS, and new stations are planned for sites like the Russian base, in the shadow of the Orthodox Church of the Holy Trinity.F) Elsewhere in Antarctica, Russian researchers boast of their recent discovery of a freshwater reserve the size of Lake Ontario after drilling through miles of solid ice. “You can see that we’re here to stay,” said Vladimir Cheberdak, 57, chief of the Bellingshausen Station, as he sipped tea under a portrait ofFabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, a high-ranking officer in the Imperial Russian Navy who explored the Antarctic coast in 1820.G) Antarctica’s mineral, oil and gas wealth are a longer-term prize. The treaty banning mining here, shielding coveted(令人垂诞的)reserves of iron ore, coal and chromium, comes up for review in 2048. Researchers recently found kimberlite(金伯利岩) deposits hinting at the existence of diamonds. And while assessments vary widely, geologists estimate that Antarctica holds at least 36 billion barrels of oil and natural gas.H) Beyond the Antarctic treaties, huge obstacles persist to tapping these resources, like drifting icebergs that could jeopardize offshore platforms. Then there is Antarctic’s remoteness, with some mineral deposits found in windswept locations on a continent that is larger the Europe and where winter temperatures hover around minus 55 degrees Celsius.I) But advances in technology might make Antarctica a lot more accessible three decades from now. And even before then, scholars warn, the demand for resources in an energy-hungry world could raise pressure to renegotiate Antarctica’s treaties, possibly allowing more commercial endeavours here well before the prohibitions against them expire. The research stations onKing George lsland offer a glimpse into the long game on this ice-blanketed continent as nations assert themselves, eroding the sway long held by countries like the United States, Britain. Australia and New Zealand.J) Being stationed in Antarctica involves adapting to life on the planet’s driest, windiest and coldest continent, yet each nation manages to make itself at home. Bearded Russian priests offer regular services at the Orthodox church for the 16 or so Russian speakers who spend the winter at the base, largely polar scientists in fields like glaciology and meteorology. Their number climbs to about 40 in the warmer summer months. China has arguably the fastest growing operations in Antarctica. It opened its fourth station last year and is pressing ahead with plans to build a fifth. It is building its second ice-breaking ship and setting up research drilling operations on an ice dome13,422 feet above sea level that is one the planet’s coldest places. Chinese officials say the expansion in Antarctica priorities scientific research. But they also acknowledge that concerns about “resource security” influence their moves.K) China’s newly renovated Great Wall Station on King George lsland makes the Russian and Chilean bases here seem outdated. ”We do weather monitoring here and other research.”Ning Xu, 53, the chief of the Chinese base, said over tea during a fierce blizzard(暴风雪) in late November. The large base he leads resembles a snowed-in college campus on holiday break, with the capacity to sleep more than 10 times the 13 people who were staying on through the Antarctic winter. Yong Yu, a Chinese microbiologist, showed off the spacious building, with empty desks under an illustrated timeline detailing the rapid growth of China’s Antarctic operations since the 1980s “We now fee l equipped to grow,” he said.L) As some countries expand operations in Antarctica, the United States maintains three year-round stations on the continent with more than 1,000 people during the southern hemisphere’s summer, including those at the Amundsen Scott station, built in 1956 at an elevation of 9,301 feet on a plateau at the South Pole. But US researchers quietly complain about budget restraints and having far fewer icebreakers the Russia, limiting the reach of the United States in Antarctica.M) Sc holars warn that Antarctica’s political drift could blur the distinction between military and civilian activities long before the continent’s treaties come up for renegotiation, especially in parts of Antarctica that are ideal for intercepting(拦截) signals from satellites or retasking satellite systems, potentiallyenhancing global electronic intelligence operations.N) Some countries have had a hard time here, Brazil opened a research station in 1984, but it was largely destroyed by a fire that killed two members of the navy in 2012, the same year that a diesel-laden Brazilian barge sank near the base. As if that were not enough. a Brazilian C-130 Hercules military transport plane has remained stranded near the runway of Chile’s air base here since it crash-landed in 2014.O) However, Brazil’s stretch of misfortune has created opportunities for China, with a Chinese company winning the $100 million contract in 2015 to rebuild the Brazilian station. P) Amid all the changes, Antarctica maintains its allure. South Korea opened its second Antarctic research base in 2014, describing it as a way to test robots developed by Korean researchers for use in extreme conditions. With Russia’s help, Belarus is preparing to build this first Antarctic base. Colombia said this year that it planned to join other South American nations with bases in Antarctica.Q) “The old days of the Antarctic being dominated by the interests and wishes of white men from European. Australasian and North American states are over.” Said Klaus Dodd s, a politics scholar at the University of London who specialises inAntarctica. “The reality is that Antarctica is geopolitically contested.”[J] 36. According to Chinese officials, their activities in Antarctica lay greater emphasis on scientific research.[C]37. Efforts to create one of the world’s largest ocean sanctuaries failed because of Russia’s obstruction.[E]38. With several monitoring stations operating in Antarctica, Russia is trying hard to counter America’s dominance in the field of worldwide navigational facilities.[G]39. According to geologists’ estimates. Antarctica has enormous reserves of oil and natural gas.[D]40. It is estimated that Antarctica boasts of the richest reserves of fresh water on earth.[I]41. The demand for energy resources may compel renegotiation of Antarctica’s treaties before their expiration. [B]42. Many countries are racing against each other to increase their business and strategic influence on Antarctica.[H]43. Antarctica’s harsh natural conditions constitute huge obstacles to the exploitation of its resources.[Q]44. With competition from many countries, Antarctica is no longer dominated by the traditional white nations.[L]45. American scientists complain about lack of sufficient money and equipment for their expansion in Antarctica.36. [J] 37. [C] 38. [E] 39. [G] 40. [D]41. [I] 42. [B] 43. [H] 44. [Q] 45. [L]。
2016年12月英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题（4）
Apps Designed for Distracted Drivers A． Marry Williams recalls the conversations he and his wife would have with their two daughters about the dangers of talking and texting while driving．．"It's always a concern," said Williams． "We just drilled it into their heads over and over until they said 'Okay, we get it,' and when we saw something [about the dangers of drivers texting] on TV we made sure they saw it, too．" B． Parents like Williams have good reason to worry． Half of teens say they tall on a cell phone while driving, a third say they swap text messages, and almost half say they've been a passenger in a vehicle with a teen driver whose phone use put them at risk, according to federal statistics． Teen drivers are more likely to get into a fatal crash than anyone under the age of 80, in part because their brains are still developing the system that evaluates risk． C． These days, however, there's an app for that, several of them, in fact． There are apps that prevent mobile-device use while driving, and some of them alert parents or employers when a user tries to beat the system．They've emerged on the market as alarm grows over the carnage caused by distracted driving． D． More than 3,300 people die and 420,000 are injured annually in crashes attributed to distracted drivers． But those numbers may be low because, other than a driver's admission of fault, it's a challenge to prove that distraction caused a crash． Among all drivers involved in fatal crashes, teens were the most likely to have been distracted, National Highway Traffic Administration data show． "They feel invincible," said Jurek Grabowski, director of research at the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety． "They have large social networks and they want to stay in contact with them．" E． Conversations on the go, texting, surfing the Internet and taking selfies (⾃拍) are such a habit among teens that studies show they underestimate the risk． Teens make up a significant percentage of the approximately 660,000 drivers who are having phone conversations or manipulating electronic devices while driving at any given moment during daylight hours in the United States． And most teenagers who chat, text or surf while driving are breaking the law． The District and 37 states--including Maryland and Virginia--ban novice drivers from talking on the phone while driving． The three local jurisdictions (管辖区) and 41 other states bar all drivers from sending and receiving text messages while driving． But respect for those laws is similar to that given the speed limit． F． "We need to almost turn this thing into a brick," David Coleman said recently, holding up his cell phone while sitting in a Bowie Starbucks． "It can't just be about texting． It has to be about e-mail, Facebook and no inappropriate calls．" Coleman is marketing director for Louisiana-based Cellcontrol, one of several companies competing for the chance to shut down people's mobile devices while they're driving． Most of the companies that sell cell phone service--Verizon, AT&T, Sprint and others--also provide apps that can limit access． G． Many of the apps are triggered when a GPS sensor detects that a vehicle is in motion, and some—such as AT&T's DriveMode---will alert parents or employers when the app has been turned off or disabled．Independent experts consider that a feature buyers should look for． "Especially for younger drivers． As clever as you can be, they will be more clever," said Leo McCloskey, a tech specialist for the Intelligent Transportation Society of America． "The best way to do it is to integrate the device with the vehicle so that you could have more precise control．" H． That precise control means that parents or employers can select the features they want to allow their drivers to use and block those that worry them． "It's important to have a solid oversight function so that use can be monitored by a fleet (车队) manager or parent," said Russ Rader of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety． "Cellcontrol is one of the better, most complete systems． TeenSafer is another one that we've looked at that works pretty well．．These products are going to be the most useful for fleet operators and for parents trying to control phone use by their driving teens． Both Cellcontrol and TeenSafer will report attempts to disrupt the system．" I． Businesses that send fleets of cars, vans or trucks onto the streets have shown increasing interest in those products, as juries have issued multimillion-dollar rewards to those injured or killed by distracted drivers who were on the job． J． Systems integrated into the vehicle are triggered when the car or truck begins to move． "We're not guessing based on a satellite, we're depending on the vehicle to tell us," said Cellcontrol's Coleman as he spent a morning demonstrating his company's product in Prince George's County． "Otherwise, how do I know you're not on a Greyhound bus or on a plane that has landed and is taxiing (滑⾏) to the gate?" K．Cellcontrol provides two options for connecting to a vehicle． One is a device the size of an E-Zpass transponder (电⼦收费应答器) that is glued to the windshield with the same adhesive material used to secure rearview mirrors． The more sophisticated choice plugs in to a vehicle's diagnostic computer port． The $129-system works with iPhones, Androids, BlackBerrys and Windows Mobile． L． The system involves an app that is downloaded to the phone of the driver--teenager or employee． The key to the system is software that can be installed on a home computer, tablet or mobile device that allows an authorized person--parent or boss--to customize what the driver is permitted to do, and to monitor compliance (遵从)． "We're not blocking the signal, we're allowing a protective policy to be brought into the device," he said． "The administrator has the option to make the policy as restrictive as possible, or not．" For example, phone use could be restricted to a hands-free device． Or calls could be restricted to an emergency number or a parent or office． Or parents could attempt to mandate (命令) that all passengers in the car driven by their teenager download the app． "You could decide this is the kids' car and we don't want a stupid sitting in the passenger's seat showing the driver YouTube videos," Coleman said． M． Coleman demonstrated how his phone was pre-programmed to go into safe mode when he drove, but when handed to a passenger it was fully operative． A second phone he brought along went into safe mode when the car was moving, regardless of whether it was in his hands or those of a passenger． Acknowledging that parents are dealing with a technology-savvy (精通科技的) generation and that employers exist in a technologically smart world, Coleman said, "We've built in some traps and fail-safes (故障安全装置) to notify the parent or employer．" N． McCloskey said that companies like Cellcontrol that provide integrated services are "where we need to go．" "The operating system of the phone itself can interact with the operating system of the vehicle in such a way that services can be authorized, services can bepresented, and services can be consumed all in a safe and predictable manner," McCloskey said． O． Although he is concerned about distracted driving, McCloskey thinks it as a relatively short-term problem．"In the medium to long term, as autonomous vehicles really start making a mark, all this goes away as a concern," he said．46． The deaths and injuries caused by distracted driving may be underestimated due to the difficulty to identify the role of distraction in an accident． 47． McCloskey believes that distracted driving will no longer be a problem with the emergence of autonomous vehicles． 48． Williams made every effort to raise his teens' awareness about the danger of phone use while driving． 49． Cellcontrol is recommended as one of the best systems available for those parents who worry about the safety of their driving teens． 50． Cellcontrol makes it possible that parents control the phone use of the passengers when their child's is the driver． 51． The laws in many parts of the US restrict phone use while driving, which are nevertheless poorly observed in practice． 52． Coleman demonstrated his company's product with two cell phones functioning in different ways． 53． Statistics show that phone use is a common phenomenon among teen drivers, which may lead to deadly traffic accidents． 54． Some companies suffered a huge economic loss due to their employees' distracted driving．55． The system of Cellcontrol can be integrated into a vehicle in two different ways．。
2016年英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题（5）
Getting Air Traffic under Control A) The shortest distance between two points is a straight line---unless you happen．to be traveling in an airplane．Commercial airliners around the world follow circuitous flight paths, waste time in holding patterns before landing and burn precious fuel taxiing (滑⾏) . Part of the blame can be placed on crowded airports and airspace, especially in heavily trafficked (交通繁忙的) areas like New York City．But delays and inefficiencies in air travel are due in large part to an outdated traffic-control system that still relies on slow, ground-based radar stations and repetitive voice communication． B) "At this' point, we're still operating with technology that dates back to World War II," says Marion Blakey, president of the Aerospace Industries Association and a former head of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ． "We’re sticking with cassette tapes when we should be moving to DVDs．" C) It's bad enough that this air-traffic-control system has led to pitiful performance: nearly 25% of U．S．flights were late in 2008． But inefficiencies in the air and on the ground caused by the system also mean fuel wasted and carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted at the very time when the air-travel industry is coming under scrutiny (审查) for its role in climate change． D) Though airlines contribute only about 2% of global carbon emissions, that figure is set to rise as air travel expands, especially in the developing world And for frequent travelers, flights can enlarge their personal carbon footprint (碳⾜迹)⼀a round-trip journey between New York City and London emits 1．5 metric tons of CO2 per passenger． "We're 2%, but we are a very visible 2%," says Paul Steele, who directs environmental initiatives for the International Air Transport Association (IATA) ． E) As the world prepares for the next U．N． Climate Change Conference, known as COP15, in Copenhagen in December, the air-travel industry will be under increasing pressure to cut its emissions---or pay a carbon tax． Though next-generation jet biofuels (⽣物燃料) made from algae (海藻) or coconuts tend to get all the green hype (⼤肆宣传) , the best immediate opportunity for the industry to control carbon emissions will be through improving fuel efficiency--and the best way to do that is to pull the airtraffic-control system into the digital 21 st century through what the FAA has named NextGen． "The overall goal of NextGen is to increase capacity to meet demand while at the same time not growing carbon emissions," says Vicki Cox, the FAA's senior vice president for NextGen． F) NextGen is the FAA's long-term plan to replace the current radar-based air-traffic-control system with one that operates using satellites and a global positioning system． (Europe is working on a similar upgrade with its Single European Sky initiative．． Instead of a radar system that updates the positions of planes every 12 seconds or so, NextGen will use satellite data to locate planes in real time, thanks to the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B ⼴播式⾃动相关监视) system． Instead of relying on time-consuming voice communication with a control tower, pilots will instantly know the location, speed and direction of the planes around them． It's not unlike the GPS system you might use in your car--if your GPS could tell you what every other vehicle on the road was doing all the time． G) "The new system gives pilots a heightened awareness of the airspace around them and helps controllers efficiently direct the tens of thousands of flights that crisscross (往返奔波) the country daily," says Steve Loranger, chief executive of ITT Corporation, which is developing the ADS-B system for the FAA) H) A satellite-based system like NextGen will allow for tighter, more direct flight paths--more A to B instead of A to C to B. Every minute cut from a flight plan means less fuel and less carbon emissions．And with jet fuel costing about $1．75 per gallon (46 cents per liter． , that could save the airlines millions． I) Much of those savings will come during approach (进场) and landing． Because the current system is less precise, controllers need to give planes plenty of room as they lock onto the runway, descending in a slow, stepped approach．NextGen will allow planes to make what is called a continuous-descent approach (CDA) , essentially letting them turn off their engines, saving tons of fuel and reducing pollutants． J) At the airport in Louisville, Kentucky, where UPS has been experimenting with a satellite-based control system, the shipper has been able to use CDA for landings and maximize the number of planes in the air at any given time． UPS estimates that the system has helped save 250 to 465 pounds (110 to 210 kg) of fuel per flight． "Making engines more efficient isn't easy or cheap," says Bob Smith, chief technology officer of Honeywell Aerospace, whose SmartPath precision-landing system will be part of NextGen． "But improving air-traffic management can be done just by optimizing the technology we already have．" K) The FAA says that by 2018, as NextGen spreads around the U．S．, the new system will reduce flight delays 35% to 40% and save almost a billion gallons of fuel． There should be safety benefits as well: in an ADS-B trial in Alaska, the accident rate for planes fell 47%． But the shift won't be cheap: the FAA estimates that NextGen will cost from $15 billion to $22 billion, with a comparable cost for airlines as they furnish their planes with new equipment． L) And not every airline expert is convinced that NextGen will live up to the FAA's promises, especially given the agency's management history． Even with a more efficient control system, the most heavily trafficked corridors may remain crowded because of sheer lack of runway space． "The satellite-based system is great, but it should have been put in place much earlier," says Mike Boyd, an airline-industry consultant based in Colorado． "I guarantee you, NextGen will not fix the delay problem．" M) Even if NextGen delivers impressive efficiency gains, the airline industry faces a long-term climate challenge． With global airline-passenger numbers expected to continuously rise in the future, efficiency improvements may barely compensate for overall growth． If the airline industry is really going to reduce carbon emissions--in September the IATA promised to cut emissions 50% from 2005 levels by 2050--it will need to scale up low-carbon biofuels． But aviation (航空⼯业) is well behind the automotive sector when it comes to feasible alternative fuels, and some environmentalists argue that the only sustainable solution is simply to fly less．"Efficiency isn't enough," says Richard Dyer, aviation campaigner for Friends of the Earth． "To go on raising emissions isn't acceptable．" N) Still, while high-speed trains can reduce the need for some short-distance flights, it's difficult to imagine the aviation sector shrinking． Expect airlines to be big purchasers of greenhouse-gas offsets if the upper limit to a global carbon is mandated in Copenhagen, while research continues on alternative fuels． O) However, modernizing an out-of-date air-traffic-control system makes sense even if the globe never warms another degree． "Ultimately, this is about a better travel experience over the long term," says John Kefaliotis, ITT's program manager for ADS-B. "We've all got better things to do than waste time--and everything else--in the air．"46． Express trains for short trips are unlikely to stop the air travel industry from developing in the future． 47． NextGen allows a plane to fly directly to its destination without a stop at a third place． 48． NextGen is something like the automotive GPS, but it can give pilots more information about what is going on around. 49． Some airline experts are doubtful about whether NextGen can really help solve the delay problem in air travel． 50． The current radar-based air-traffic-control system plays a significant role in delays and low efficiencies in air travel． 51． High efficiency achieved by NextGen is not considered a final solution to carbon emissions in the air travel industry． 52． Compared to the radar-based air-traffic-control system, NextGen enables a plane to descend in a different manner when landing． 53． In addition to the reduction in delays and fuel consumption, improved safety is another advantage of NextGen． 54． To update the air-traffic-control system is eventually meaningful in terms of a better travel experience． 55． At present, the most effective way for the airline industry to reduce carbon emissions is to adopt NextGen rather than biofuels．。
2016英语六级段落匹配练习及答案
2016英语六级段落匹配练习及答案推荐文章骂人的英语段落阅读热度：优美经典的英语段落热度：唯美简短的英语段落热度：优美简单的英语段落热度：优秀优美英语段落双语热度：段落匹配题为四六级考试的新题型。
下面是店铺带来的2016英语六级段落匹配练习及答案，欢迎阅读!2016英语六级段落匹配练习及答案精选Six Steps to Tackling Your Student Loans[A] Any payment is a good debt payment, but a strategy can be useful too-even if your strategy means opening the envelope.Open the envelope[B] This is the hardest thing to do. The bills come with the "Sallie Mae" or "Discover" logo on them and you toss them aside, hoping to deal with them when you feel less besieged (围攻). You know you started owing some amount- $20,000, $50,000, $100,000—and that the interest is piling up, but you don't know exactly how much or how. When faced with heavy debt, many people try to avoid seeing the numbers.[C] This doesn't work, even psychologically. Anyone who has let credit-card bills or mortgage bills pile up, 1reopened, knows that avoiding the envelope does not reduce your anxiety; it increases it. As those envelopes multiply, they take over your psychological state. In horror movies, it's like the monster in the room behind the door. You don't know what it looks like, but it keeps you scared and immobile. So, open the envelope.[D] Or, even better, log in online. All student loan providers have a web site where you can see what you owe, your interest rates, and your payment schedules. SallieMae. com is no-frills,but still allows you to see your loans on one screen, including your interest rates. Discover. corn also has a pretty basic site. Citibank has a more complex site. Get used to logging into these sites pretty often; ff you need motivation, think of it as visiting your money while it's in prison.[E] The websites all have one thing in common: they let you see how much you owe, and what your interest is, and they make it easy to pay-but they don't let you see how much your debt load is growing. This is a major motivating factor in paying down your loans. Identify your loans[F] Are your loans held by the federal government--usually through Sallie Mae--or through "private" lenders like Citibank or Discover? if you don't know who holds your loans, you can find out here, at the National Student Loan Data System.[G] Why do you need to know who holds your loans? This will make a difference to your payment options and your interest rates, if you have a federal loan, for instance, your interest rate is probably very low, around 32% ; ff you have private loans, the interest rates are likely to be much higher, around 48%. Federal loans also give you options like requesting forbearance (延期还贷) ff you're out of work or if your income is too low-handy for the times when you're down on your luck.Start seeing your debt in new ways[H] The websites of lenders are often limited and only have basic information. To really tackle your student loans, it can often be useful to visualize how much progress you're making. There are several ways to do that.[I] One really useful new free site is Tuition. io, which gathers information for all your loans in one place. You can see your debt in colorful charts, play around with repayment plans, and, onceyou start paying your loans, you can see the numbers start to fall. That can be very motivating.[J] For the same effect that you can customize yourself, try a Google Docs spreadsheet. There's a template that already exists for paying down loans; it has the unpromising title of "Loan amortization schedule by Vertex42. corn" but it has very handy calculators built in so that you can tweak your monthly payments to see how much progress you can make if you increase or decrease your payments in any given month. If you don't like that template, just create a Google Docs spreadsheet with the categories you need: date; loan name/number; loan interest rate; starting loan amount ( including how much you owe on that date) ; payment amount you made on that date; ending loan amount after that payment. After you have enough entries, you can start creating graphs; there are few things more satisfying than seeing that graph move downward as you pay off your debt.[K] If you want to see your loans in a larger context of your whole financial picture, LearnVest is a great mobile app for iPhone. It gathers all your information income, loans, credit card debt by linking to your accounts. It serves up useful graphs on your net worth, comparing your assets to what you owe -and there's nothing more motivating than seeing a "minus" sign next to your financial picture. LearnVest "also lets you track your spending, which may make it easier to see where to cut down on expenses so that you can put more into your loan payments. LearnVest also has a good website full of useful advice .Don't be afraid to scare yourself[L] Student loans can often be scary and that's Why you should slay them. The more you see how much you owe, and how fast your interest is rising, the more motivated you can be to fightback by paying those loans. One staffer, after she saw how much money she was wasting on interest payments, increased her student loan payments by $ 75 a month.[M] It can also be tempting to believe that your student debt is so big that nothing you do can ever make a dent in it. That's completely untrue. Only paying your loans will shrink them. It will take years, true. It will take even longer if you don't pay, or pay the minimum. There's only one outcome of shirking your loans: ending up with bigger loans. Then you're in an even bigger bind. No one is going to save you from student loans. Action counts.Choose a strategy[N] Any payment is a good payment, but a strategy can be very useful too. There are two aspects to loans :principal and interest .Principal is how much you've borrowed ,and the interest is what you're paying every month for the privilege of having borrowed that money. Your goal is to pay down as much of the principal as possible. Your chief enemy here is interest: it grows fast, and makes the principal recede more distantly.[O] So make sure you know the rank of your loans, in order from smallest to largest, and lowest interest to highest interest. Do whatever is possible to reduce the interest; as our columnist Helaine Olen points out, Sallie Mac offers you a 0. 25% reduction in your loan interest if you sign up for an automatic debit ( 借方 ) plan--just make sure the money is always going to be in your account. If you don't want to do that, follow Helaine's other piece of advice: you're smarter to pay off the loans with the higher interest rate flint. This will create the biggest impact. Another popular strategy is the "snowball" method, where you pay the most on the smallest debt owed. So if you have a $20,000 loan and a $10,000 loan, the "snowball" method means you will startpaying more towards the $10,000 loan. You'll see it disappear faster. These two methods don't always go together; so try what feels comfortable. The important thing is to see and track your progress.[P] If your income isn't enough, consider other methods of producing money: side projects, odd jobs, or selling things you don't need on eBay or Craigslist. For those whose parents can afford it, working out a joint payment plan can make sense. One graduate we know struck a savvy (精明的) deal with his parents: if he made the minimum student loan payment every month, they would contribute $100 toward his student loans. That's $100 he doesn't have to cut from his own budget. As a benefit, making bigger payments will help you pay down the principal of the loan, since the minimum payments often only end up reducing your interest, which balloons back later. Even $ 50 more a month can help.[Q] Here's an example: if you have a $ 20,000 loan, with a 4.2% interest, rate, you will end up paying an extra $ 2,814 in interest alone over six and a half years. If you increase your payment by only $ 50 a month, you'll cut that interest by $ 500 ; ff you can find a way to pay $ I00 more a month, you'll save nearly $ 800 in interest. That's $ 800 more in the bank, and $ 800 less wanted on pointless interest payments.Take it in stride[R] Most Americans owe some form of debt; learning how to handle it is a lifelong process. Most of all, don't beat yourself up if you're not perfect at paying down your loans. Some of the savviest financial players struggled for years with their own finances. We all learn in our own time and we rind what works for us and what doesn't. Accept your own progress.46. If you have a federal loan, you are allowed to pay back the loan later when you are fired.47. LearaVest informs you about your spending so that you can see where to save money to pay off your debt.48. Even for financial experts, financial problems may have taken them years to deal with.49. You are advised to start with the loans with the higher interest rate.50. Many Americans are in debt and learning how to handle it will take a lifetime.51. With Google Docs spreadsheet, you can create your own personalized debt graphs.52. If you don't have enough income, you are advised to try other ways of making money.53. Those student, loan providers' websites don't present the growth of your debt load.54. The result of inaction to your loans is to bring about bigger loans.55. When you toss away envelopes containing your bills, you actually feel more anxious about it.语篇分析46.If you have a federal loan.you are allowed to pay back the loan later when you are fired.详解如果你有联邦贷款，可以在失业时延期还款。
2016英语六级段落匹配题专项练习题(5)
大学英语四六级考试/模拟试题2016英语六级段落匹配题专项练习题(5)EarthquakesA) An earthquake is one of the most terrifying phenomena that nature can dish up. We generally think of the ground we stand on as “rock-solid”and completely stable. An earthquake can shatter (粉碎)that perception instantly, and often with extreme violence.B) Up until relatively recently, scientists only had unproven guesses as to what actually caused earthquakes. Even today there is still a certain amount of mystery surrounding them, but scientists have a much clearer understanding. There has been enormous progress in the past century. Scientists have identified the forces that cause earthquakes, and developed technology that can tell us an earthquake"s magnitude and origin. The next hurdle is to find a way of predicting earthquakes,so they don’t catch people by surprise. In this article, we’ll find out what causes earthquakes, and we’ll also find out why they can have such a devastating effect on us.C) An earthquake is a vibration(震动)that travels through the earth’s crust. Technically, a large truck that rumbles down the street is causing a mini-earthquake, if you feel your house shaking as it goes by; but we tend to think of earthquakes as events that affect a fairly large area, such as an entire city. All kinds of things can cause earthquakes: volcanic eruptions, meteor(流星)impacts, underground explosions (an underground nuclear test, for example), collapsing structures (such as a collapsing mine). But the majority of naturally-occurring earthquakes are caused by movements of the earth’s plates.D) We only hear about earthquakes in the news every once in a while, but they are actually an everyday occurrence on our planet. According to the United States Geological Survey, more than 3million earthquakes occur every year. That’s about 8,000 a day, or one every 11 seconds! The vast majority of these 3 million quakes are extremely weak. The law of probability also causes a good number of stronger quakes to happen in uninhabited places where no one feels them. It is the big quakes that occur in highly populated areasthat get our attention.E) Earthquakes have caused a great deal of property damage over the years, and they have claimed many lives. In the last hundred years alone, there have been more than 1.5 million earthquake-related fatalities. Usually, it’s not the shaking ground itself that claims lives; it’s the associated destruction of man-made structures and other natural disasters it causes, such as tsunamis, avalanches (雪崩)and landslides.F) The biggest scientific breakthrough in the history of seismology—the study of earthquakes—came in the middle of the 20th century, with the development of the theory of plate tectonics(筑造学).Scientists proposed the idea of plate tectonics to explain a number of peculiar phenomena on earth, such as the apparent movement of continents over time, the clustering of volcanic activity incertain areas and the presence of huge ridges at the bottom of the ocean.G) The basic theory is that the surface layer of the earth—the lithosphere—is comprised of many plates that slide over the lubricating (润滑的)asthenosphere layer. At the boundaries between these huge plates of soil and rock, three different things can happen.H) Plates can move apart. If two plates are moving apart from each other, hot, molten rock flows up from the layers of mantle below the lithosphere. This magma (岩浆) comes out on the surface (mostly at the bottom of the ocean), where it is called lava (熔岩).As the lava cools, it hardens to form new lithosphere material, fillingin the gap. This is called a divergent plate boundary.I) Plates can push together. If the two plates are moving toward each other, one plate typically pushes under the other one. This plate below sinks into the lower mantle layers, where it melts. At some boundaries where two plates meet, neither plate is in a position to push under the other, so they both push against each other to form mountains. The lines where plates push toward each other are called convergent plate boundaries.J) Plates slide against each other. At other boundaries, plates simply slide by each other—one moves north and one moves south, for example. While the plates don’t drift directly into each other at these transform boundaries, they are pushed tightly together. A great deal of tension builds at the boundary.K) We understand earthquakes a lot better than we did even 50 years ago, but we still can’t do much about them. They are caused by fundamental, powerful geological processes that are far beyond our control. These processes are also fairlyunpredictable, so it’s not possible at this time to tell people exactly when an earthquake is going to occur. The first detected earthquake waves will tell us that more powerful vibrations are on their way, but this only gives us a few minutes’warning, at most.L) So what can we do about earthquakes? The major advances over the past 50 years have been in preparedness, particularly in the field of construction engineering. In 1973, the Uniform Building Code, an international set of standardsfor building construction,7 added7 specifications7 to7 strengthen7 buildings7 against7 the7 force7 of7 earthquake7 waves.7 This7 includes7 strengthening7 support7 material7 as7 well7 as7 designingbuildings so they are flexible enough to absorb vibrations without falling or deteriorating. It’s very important to design structures that can undergo this sort of attack, particularly in earthquake -prone areas.M) Another component of preparedness is educating the public. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) and other government agencies have produced several brochures explaining the processes involved in an earthquake and giving instructions on how to prepare your house for a possible earthquake, as well as what to do when a quake hits.N) In the future, improvements in prediction and preparedness should further minimize the loss of life and property associated with earthquakes. But it will be a long time, if ever, before we’ll be ready for every substantial earthquake that might occur. Just like severe weather and disease, earthquakes are an unavoidable force generated by the powerful natural processes that shape our planet. All we can do is increase our understanding of the phenomenon and develop better ways to deal with it.1. Earthquake-related fatalities are usually caused by buildings，collapse and other ensuingnatural disasters, not by the shaking ground itself.2. Besides movements of the earth’s plates, other forces such as volcanic eruptions, meteor impacts and so on, can also cause earthquakes.3. Earthquakes actually occur every day; most of them are not big enough to get our attention.4. People generally think the ground beneath their feet is completely stable, but earthquakes shatter that idea in no time.5. We cannot prevent earthquakes but we can actively find better ways to face them.6. Earthquakes are hardly predictable, and people cannot be told when an earthquake is going to occur.7. Scientists have found out forces that cause earthquakes through years of efforts.8. Architects now have designed flexible buildings to minimize the damages of earthquakes.9. Scientists use the theory of plate tectonics to explain the apparent movement of continents over time.10. The convergent plate boundaries refer to the lines where plates push toward each other.文章精要地震危害巨大，了解地震对减少其带来的损失有着重要意义。
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2016年英语六级段落匹配训练题新改革的中，听力和阅读部分依然占据很高的分数比例，下面是网提供给大家关于英语六级段落匹配训练题，希望对同学们的备考有所帮助。
Paper--More than Meets the EyeA) We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades.B) It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.C) Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of these are very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based.Paper from WoodD) In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.E) A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.F) Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is "why is it left in the paper?" The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.G) It also means, of course, that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive, but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish!H) So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. "Acid-free" might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.I) Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on, the correct material then this is probably the only way.J) Incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end.Paper from RagK) Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. You will still need to purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives.L) A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.M) The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible.1. The corn-flake packet is cheaper than high grade card.2. There are a lot of materials which can be used for making paper, but the superiority ones are soft wood, cotton and rags.3. During the whole manufacturing process, the final product is made from a pulp of cellulose fibres.4. In order to make white paper and card, the makers will add bleach.5. Liguin is essential for the tree but it will make paper easy to break.6. Many paper producers will preserve lignin during manufacture, because leaving the lignin will make more paper from a tree.7. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials.8. If the lignin is removed from the paper, the paper will be more expensive.9. Although free of lignin, paper made from cotton and rag waste can also cost more money than wood pulp paper because there is much less cotton and rag than trees.10. What we can learn from "Paper from Rag" is that you had better buy archival materials from specialist suppliers.参考答案：文章精要本文主要介绍了我们平常所见所用的纸的复杂性，通过介绍用木头和破布料造纸的过程，使我们对纸的类别、属性有了更深入的了解。