网络互联网新媒体危机公关分析外文翻译文献
新媒体营销及危机公关(双语)
The marketing and crisis management in the era of new media 新媒体是相较传统媒体（报刊、电视、广播等）而言，以数字信息技术为基础，以互动为特点、具有创新形态的媒体，它是一个非常宽泛的概念，其本质是一种信息传播方式的革新。
Pc、手机、平板、网络电视等是新媒体的载体平台，而微博、微信、博客等则是新媒体的应用形式。
Compared to traditional media, new media (newspapers, television, radio, etc.) is based on the information technology. It is interactive and innovative. New media is a broad concept, which means a revolution of communication. The platform is consist of PC, mobile phone , tablet and network television. Besides, micro-blog , WeChat and blog are applied in the platform of new media. 新媒体传播快，影响广，对于企业的品牌管理活动提出了很大的挑战。
新媒体的核心精神便是互动与创新，新媒体用户热爱社交互动，分享，免费，强调参与感，注重用户体验，根据兴趣、价值观等进行分众，意见领袖在新媒体信息传播中起到了关键作用，运用新媒体进行品牌管理或企业传播时，考虑到新媒体的用户特性尤为重要。
New media delivers messages fast and widely, which results in a bigchallenge for the corporate brand management. The interactivity and innovation is the core spirit of new media. The customers of new media love social activity online, sharing, free and participation . They care about User Experience and form different groups according to interests and values. The opinion leaders on the internet play a important role in the information communication. In a word, we should take into account the characteristics of new media users, when we conduct brand management or corporate communication. 新媒体已经成为整合营销的重要平台，例如在康爱一生便是一款全渠道销售的产品，充分运用数字化手段，实现了数字方式与传统方式完美结合的整合营销方案，手机APP、二维码扫描、微博、微信等新媒体齐上阵，为康爱一生产品进行宣传，取得了很好的效果。
关于新兴网络传播媒介对社会生活的影响的浅析中英文对照
关于新兴网络传播媒介对社会生活的影响的浅析中英文对照About the emerging online media for analyses of Chinese and English language compared the influence of social life自从人类的诞生，新闻传播便随之而来。
从开始时的人内传播，人际传播，迈步扩展，后期便有了群体传播，组织传播及日益重要的大众传播。
Since the birth of mankind, the news spread comes. From within the man at the start of the spread, interpersonal communication, expanding step, later had spread, organizational communication and mass communication is becoming more and more important.传播无时不有，无处不在，传播通过的媒介手段便也日新月异，方式也层出不穷。
理论家麦克卢汉指出：“媒介即万物，万物皆媒介，而所有媒介都能与人体发生某种联系，如There is always transmitted and is everywhere, spread by means of media and also with each passing day, is also emerge in endlessly. Theorist Marshall McLuhan pointed out: "the medium is everything, everything is medium, and all media can be connected with the body, such as石斧是手的延伸，车轮是脚的延伸，书籍是眼的延伸，广播是耳的延伸，衣服是皮肤的延伸……新闻传播简而言之，就是新闻传播者对新闻信息源加以采集，通过新闻传播媒介传给Celts is an extension of the hands, the wheel is an extension of the foot, books are the extension of the eye, radio is an extension of the ear, the clothes are the extension of the skin... News spread in a nutshell, is news disseminator of news sources to collect, pass through the news media新闻收受者的过程。
社交网络与大众传媒外文文献翻译
社交网络与大众传媒外文文献翻译XXX een social orks and mass media。
Social orks have transformed the way people consume and share n。
and they have also XXX social orks on journalism。
advertising。
XXX.The rise of social orks has had XXX of news and n for ns of people。
This has put pressure on XXX social media as a way to XXX.However。
social media has also XXX。
The speed and volume of n on social orks can make it difficult for XXX。
social media algorithms can create filter bubbles that limit XXX.Advertising XXX。
XXX on social media is still a matter of XXX is less effective than nal advertising methods。
while others argue that it can be more targeted and cost-effective.Social XXX now use social media to XXX。
but it has also raised concerns about the influence of social media on XXX.Overall。
social orks have had XXX。
XXX。
it will be XXX。
网络危害 作文 英文
网络危害作文英文Cyberbullying is a major online threat, causing emotional distress and psychological harm to its victims.It can take the form of harassment, spreading rumors, or even threats of violence, and it often leads to feelings of isolation and fear.Phishing scams are another common danger on the internet, where individuals are tricked into providing sensitive information such as passwords, credit card numbers, or social security numbers. These scams can result in identity theft, financial loss, and compromised personal security.Malware, including viruses, worms, and Trojan horses, can infect computers and steal personal information, damage files, or even take control of the entire system. This can lead to significant financial and personal consequences for the victims.Online predators pose a serious threat to the safety of children and teenagers, as they use the internet to groom and exploit young individuals. These predators often pretend to be someone else in order to gain the trust of their victims, and can then manipulate them into engagingin harmful or dangerous activities.Fake news and misinformation spread rapidly across the internet, leading to confusion, division, and a lack of trust in reliable sources of information. This can have serious consequences for public discourse, decision-making, and social cohesion.Online addiction is a growing concern, as individuals become increasingly reliant on the internet for social interaction, entertainment, and validation. This can lead to neglect of real-life responsibilities, withdrawal from offline relationships, and a decline in mental and physical well-being.Privacy breaches occur when personal information is accessed, collected, or shared without consent, leading toa loss of control over one's own data. This can result in identity theft, financial exploitation, and invasion of personal space.Cyberstalking involves the use of the internet to harass, intimidate, or threaten someone, often leading to fear for one's safety and well-being. This form of harassment can be persistent and invasive, causing significant distress and disruption to the victim's life.。
网络舆论英文作文
网络舆论英文作文Internet public opinion is a complex and ever-changing phenomenon that has a significant impact on society. It is a reflection of people's attitudes, beliefs, and values, and it can shape public policy, influence public opinion, and even affect people's lives. In this essay, I will discuss some of the key aspects of internet public opinion and its impact on society.Firstly, internet public opinion is characterized byits speed and immediacy. With the rise of social media and other online platforms, people can express their opinions and share information instantaneously. This can lead to the rapid spread of rumors, misinformation, and even fake news. It can also create a sense of urgency and pressure to respond quickly, which can lead to knee-jerk reactions and hasty decisions.Secondly, internet public opinion is often driven by emotion rather than reason. People tend to reactemotionally to news and events, and this can lead to the spread of sensationalized or exaggerated stories. It can also create a polarizing effect, where people become entrenched in their beliefs and are unwilling to listen to opposing viewpoints. This can lead to a breakdown in civil discourse and a lack of constructive dialogue.Thirdly, internet public opinion can be influenced by various actors, including governments, corporations, and interest groups. These actors can use social media and other online platforms to shape public opinion and advance their agendas. They can also use bots and other automated tools to amplify their messages and drown out opposing viewpoints. This can create a distorted view of public opinion and undermine the democratic process.Finally, internet public opinion can have a significant impact on society. It can shape public policy and influence political decisions. It can also affect the reputation and credibility of individuals and organizations. In extreme cases, it can lead to harassment, bullying, and even violence. Therefore, it is important to be aware of thepower and potential consequences of internet public opinion and to approach it with caution and critical thinking.In conclusion, internet public opinion is a complex and dynamic phenomenon that has both positive and negative aspects. It can provide a platform for diverse voices and promote social change, but it can also spread misinformation, polarize public discourse, and undermine democracy. Therefore, it is important to approach internet public opinion with critical thinking, civility, and respect for diverse viewpoints.。
社交网络和大众媒体新媒体外文文献翻译2013年译文3000多字
文献出处：DAVID A. SIEGEL.Social Networks and the Mass Media[J] American Political Science Review.2013,107,(04) pp 786-805原文Social Networks and the Mass MediaSIEGELAbstract:How do global sources of information such as mass media outlets, state propaganda, NGOs, and national party leadership affect aggregate behavior? Prior work on this question has insufficiently considered the complex interaction between social network and mass media influences on individual behavior. By explicitly modeling this interaction, I show that social network structure conditions media's impact. Empirical studies of media effects that fail to consider this risk bias. Further, social network interactions can amplify media bias, leading to large swings in aggregate behavior made more severe when individuals can select into media matching their preferences. Countervailing media outlets and social elites with unified preferences can mitigate the effect of bias; however, media outlets promulgating antistatic quo bias have an advantage. Theoretical results such as these generate numerous testable hypotheses; I provide guidelines for deriving and testing hypotheses from the model and discuss several such hypotheses.Keywords: Business Models, Cloud Computing, Electronic Markets, Resource Sharing, Social networkEMERGENCE OF SOCIAL NETWORKS AND CLOUD COMPUTINGSocial networking has become an every day part of many peoples’ lives as evidenced by the huge user communities that are part of such networks. Facebook, for instance, was launched in February 2004 by Harvard under graduate students as an alternative to the traditional student directory. In tended to cover interaction between students at Universities–Facebook enables individuals to encourage others to joint he network through personalized invitations, friend suggestions and creation of specialist groups. Today Facebook has a much wider take up than just students at Universities. Facebook now facilitates interaction between people by enabling sharing of common interests, videos, photos, etc.Some social network populations exceed that of large countries, for example Facebook has over 350 million active users. Social networks provide a platform to facilitate communication and sharing between users, in an attempt to model real world relationships. Social networking has now also extended beyond communication between friends; for instance, there are a multitude of integrated applications that are now made available by companies, and some organizations use such applications, such as Facebook Connect to authenticate users, i.e. they utilize a user’s Facebook credentials rather than requiring their own credentials(for example the Calgary Airport authority in Canada uses Facebook Connect to grant access to their WiFi network). This ability to combine a third party application (including its local data) to authenticate users demonstrates the service-oriented approach to application development. By tapping into an already established community around a particular social networking platform, it becomes unnecessary to require users to register with another system.The structure of a Social Network is essentially the formation of a dynamic virtual community with inherent trust relationships between friends. (Szmigin et al., 2006) identify how “relationship marketing” (identified as referring to all marketing activities directed towards establishing, developing and maintaining successful relational exchanges) can be facilitated through the creation of on-line communities. They discuss how on-line communities can be used to facilitate interaction and bonding between consumer and suppliers, intermediate parties and specific brands. Similarly, (Shang et al., 2006) discuss how brand loyalty can be achieved through various types of participation within an on-line community (focusing specifically on the –a virtual community of Apple users in Taiwan). They discuss the motivation for individuals to promote certain products during on-line discussions (active participants) and for others to remain as lurkers (passive participants). The study particularly focuses on the incentives for participants to contribute to an on-line community, based on the perception of a user about the degree of relevance towards an object that is being discussed –focusing on both cognitive (based on utilitarian motive –concerning an individual’s concern with the cost and benefit of the product or service) and affective (a value-expressive motive, referring to an indiv idual’s interest in enhancing self-esteem or self-conception, and in projecting his/her desired self-image to the outside world through the product or service).It is also useful to understand, for instance, how such trust relationships could be used as a foundation for resource (information, hardware, services) sharing. Cloud environments aretypically focused on providing low level abstractions of computation or storage. Using this approach, a user is able to access (on a short term/rental basis) capacity that is owned by another person or business (generally over a computer network). In this way, a user is able to outsource their computing requirements to an external provider – limiting their exposure to cost associated with systems management and energy use. Computation and Storage Clouds are complementary and act as building blocks from which applications can be constructed –using a technique referred to as “mash-ups”. Storage Clouds are gaining popularity as a way to extend the capabilities of storage-limited devices such as phones and other mobile devices. There are also a multitude of commercial Cloud providers such as Amazon EC2/S3, Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure and also many smaller scale open clouds like Nimbus (Keahey et al., 2005) and Eucalyptus (Nurmi et al., 2009). A Social Cloud (Chard et al., 2010), on the other hand, is a scalable computing model in which virtualized resources contributed by users are dynamically provisioned amongst a group of friends. Compensation for use is optional as users may wish to share resources without payment, and rather utilize a reciprocal credit (or barter) based model (Andrade et al., 2010). In both cases guarantees are offered through customized Service Level Agreements (SLAs). In a sense, this model is similar to a Volunteer computing approach, in that friends share resources amongst each other for little to no gain. However, unlike Volunteer models there is inherent accountability through existing friend relationships. There are a number of advantages gained by leveraging social networking platforms, in particular one can gain access to huge user communities, can exploit existing user management functionality, and rely on pre-established trust formed through existing user relationships.The author thanks Jason Barabas, Jon Bendor, Ted Carmines, Jamie Druckman, John Freeman, Matt Golder, Sona Golder, Bob Jackson, Jenn Jerit, Kris Kanthak, Özge Kemahlioglu, Charlotte Lee, Valerie Martinez-Ebers, Adam Meirowitz, Scott McClurg, Will Moore, Chris Reenock, John Ryan, John Scholz, Jake Shapiro, Anand Sokhey, Jeff Staton, Jim Stimson, Craig Volden, Jon Woon, four very helpful anonymous reviewers, and audiences in the Political Economics group at the Stanford GSB, Political Science departments at FSU, GWU, Minnesota, Pittsburgh, and Stony Brook, and the Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy at UVa. Any errors are my own.To begin to answer this question, I develop a novel theory of aggregate opinion andbehavior. The theory considers a heterogeneous population of individuals who must choose between dichotomous options. It incorporates the interaction of social network and mass media influences at the individual level; its key assumption is that the more others choose an option, the more one is apt to do so as well. In the theory, social networks provide information about the choices of those to whom one is directly connected, while the mass media provide (potentially biased) information about aggregate choice. The theory thus applies to, for example, voter turnout and political participation (e.g., Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008; Lake and Huckfeldt 1998; Leighley 1990; McClurg 2003; Rolfe 2012), opinion formation (e.g., Beck et al. 2002; Druckman and Nelson 2003; Huckfeldt and Sprague 1995), protests and social movements (e.g., Kuran 1991; McAdam 1986), and vote choice (e.g., Beck 2002; Huckfeldt and Sprague 1995; Ryan 2011; Sinclair 2012; Sokhey and McClurg 2012).Three major results follow from this theory. All hold both when individuals treat media identically and when they select into media in line with their preferences. First, understanding the aggregate effect of the media generally requires considering social networks, because social network structure conditions media's impact. For example, additional weak ties between disparate social groups can reduce the media's impact, and the presence of unified social elites can eliminate the media's impact entirely in the aggregate. Empirical studies of media impact that fail to consider media's interaction with social networks risk bias.Second, social networks can amplify the effect of media bias. A biased media outlet that systematically under- or over-reports a poll of the population by a only a few percentage points can in some cases swing aggregate behavior (e.g., turnout or vote share) by over 20% in either direction due to positive feedback within the network. Open advocates in the media can have a yet larger impact even when not comparatively influential. Unified social elites limit the effect of media bias, but cannot fully counter an advocate; selection into media, made ever easier with technological improvements, tends to enhance the effect of bias. We should therefore expect media bias to become increasingly important to aggregate behavior.AN INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL THEORY OF AGGREGATE BEHAVIORThough I present a theory of aggregate behavior, it is based on individual-level assumptions informed by what we know about the way personal characteristics, social networks, and mass media outlets affect individual behavior. Due to this, the theory can explore the effect that interactions between these three factors have on aggregate behavior. As importantly, the theory incorporates empirically realistic heterogeneity across people in allthree factors.Additionally, people are exposed to individuals, groups, and organizations external to one's network, such as mass media outlets, state propaganda, national party leaders, NGOs, and Internet personalities. These outlets can provide information, increasing political knowledge.As this small sampling of large literatures indicates, individuals' decisions are influenced by the information they obtain via both local social networks and global media outlets. However, comparatively little scholarship has explored the three-way interaction of personal characteristics, social networks, and mediaIn the second type of bias, which I call advocacy, the media outlet simply states a preference for one of the options, providing no information about aggregate support. The goal in advocacy is to sway the population toward one or the other option. As before, many goals could underlie advocacy beyond just the support of a biased media outlet's preferences. Advocacy represents the editorial power of the media or the influence of an external actor; it is a "one-message" model (Zaller 1992).I focus my analysis in all three sections on the case in which one of the two options is the status quo, and all individuals begin supporting it. For political participation and social movements, the status quo is not participating. For opinion formation and vote choice, the status quo is an existing option such as a policy in place or an incumbent politician, as contrasted with an alternative such as a newly proposed policy or a challenging politician. For simplicity I subsequently call participation the option that is not the status quo; this should be read as "participation in support of" the option that is not the status quo in contexts other than political participation or social movements.In my analysis I simultaneously vary media strength, network properties, media bias, and, for two outlets, the strength of the L outlet. Though I keep my analysis to two biased outlets, it can easily be extended to multiple biased outlets with the addition of parameters dictating their relative strengths.译文社交网络和大众媒体西格尔摘要：大众媒体，有很多种类，比如有国家宣传、非政府组织和国家党领导等，诸如此类的环球资源等信息是如何影响聚合行为的呢?之前在这个问题上的一些探索研究，特别是关于社交网络之间的复杂的相互作用和大众媒体对个人行为的影响研究显得不够深入。
新媒体社交媒体营销外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：Elements of strategic social media marketing: A holisticframework（战略性社交媒体营销要素：整体框架）国外作者：Reto Felix, Philipp A. Rauschnabel, Chris Hinsch文献出处：《Journal of Business Research》,2017,70:118-126字数统计：英文2632单词，15772字符；中文5082汉字外文文献：Elements of strategic social media marketing:A holistic frameworkAbstract Social media marketing is an integral element of 21st-centurybusiness. However, the literature on social media marketing remains fragmented and is focused on isolated issues, such as tactics for effective communication. The curr research a pplies a qualitative,theory-building a pproach to develop a strategicfour generic dimensions of strategic social m ediaframework that articulatesmarketing. Social m edia marketing scope represents a range from defenders t osocial media marketing c ulture includes the poles o f conservatism andexplorers,modernism, social media marketing structures fall between hierarchies and networks, and social m edia marketing governance ranges from autocracy t o anarchy. B yproviding a comprehensive conceptualization and definition of strategic social mediaframework that e xpands beyondmarketing, this r esearch proposes a n integrativeextant marketing theory. Furthermore, managers can apply the framework to position their organizations on these four dimensions in a manner consistent with their overa corporate mission and objectives.Key Words: Strategic social media marketing; Holistic framework; New media; Definition of social media marketing; Social media strategy; Digital marketing1.IntroductionUnderstanding the role of social media in the context of marketing is critical f both researchers and managers (e.g. Fong & Burton, 2008; Kumar, Bezawada,2013). Most existingRishika, Janakiraman, &Kannan, 2016; Schultz &Peltier,studies focus on particular issues, such as purchase behavior (Chang, Yu, & Lu, 2015 Kumar et al., 2016; Relling, S chnittka, Sattler, & Johnen, 2016), customerrelationshipmanagement (Trainor, Andzulis, R app, & Agnihotri, 2014), brandmanagement (Asmussen, Harridge-March, Occhiocupo, & Farquhar, 2013),innovation management (Gebauer, Füller, & Pezzei, 2013), and employee recruitment (Sivertzen,Nilsen, & Olafsen, 2013). W hile these s tudies detail advancements inspecialized areas of social media knowledge in a marketing and management context, extant literature does not provide a holistic framework for social media marketing the strategic level. This deficiency is surprising because both academics (Labrecqu vor dem Esche, Mathwick, Novak, & Hofacker, 2013; Schultz & Peltier, 2013; Yadav& Pavlou, 2014) and practitioners (Divol, Edelman, & Sarrazin, 2012) acknowledge new complexities accompanying these m edia and agree that r esearch into s ocialsocial mediastrategicmedia marketing n eeds to be reconceptualized.In a nutshell,marketing remains an untested user interaction paradigm (Naylor, Lamberton, & West, 2012) with little published academic research.The current article aims to address this theoretically and managerially importan research gap by exploring the following two research questions: How is strategicsocial m edia marketing defined a nd conceptualized? and What factors demandsocial media marketing s trategy?an organization'swhen constructingconsiderationSpecifically, this research attempts to define the continua on which critical strat social media marketing decisions lie and to integrate them into a holistic framewor2.MethodologyThe study e mployed a two-stage r esearch design. The first stage c onsisted ofin-depth interviews (Fontana & Frey, 1998) with seven European social m ediaexperience in socialmarketing e xperts who possess b oth national and internationalmedia marketing. Following a purposive sampling strategy (Lincoln & Guba, 1985), experts were recruited according to their job position, experience, and direct expos to social media marketing practices in real industry settings. Seeking depth rather tthe qualitative research breadth, the sample size instage 1 was commensurate with-richparadigm in which relatively small sample sizes are used to generate informationdata (Patton, 1990). A ll informants agreed t o audiotape the i nterviews (between 25and 60 min), which resulted in 117 pages of double-spaced, verbatim transcripts.procedure c onsisted of a qualitative The second stage o f the data collectionsurvey of social media marketing experts (Miles & Huberman, 1994). The survey data were used not for confirmation but as a new and independent qualitative data source with a focus on triangulating the information obtained through the depth interview and online surveys (Jack & Raturi, 2006). Respondents came from a list of 265 social media marketing experts identified through managerially focused magazines, through interviews in business magazines, or because they were mentioned as knowledgeable and experienced experts in personal communication. E-mail requests were sent to allexperts along with two reminders, which resulted in 50 returned surveys (responserate = 18.9%). Seven data s ets w ere eliminated because o f incomplete a nswers orbecause social media marketing plays a minor role in the respondents' daily work. The final sample consisted of 43 respondents (age: m = 37; SD = 9 years; 74% male; 88% European) with various backgrounds in their position and/or industry.Table 1 Summary of stage 2 informantsCompany size (employees)< 50 14 (32.6%)50–99 5 (11.6%)100–499 3 (7.0%)500–9998 (18.6%)1000–4999 6 (14.0%)5000–10,000 3 (7.0%)>10,000 4 (9.3%)Social media marketing experience (in years)Average: 6.4 years1–2 5 (11.6%)3–519 (44.2%)6–812 (27.9%)9 and more 7 (16.3%)Percentage of working time associated with social mediaAverage: 52.8%<20%7 (16.3%)20–3910 (23.3%)40–59 6 (14.0%)60–79 3 (7%)80–10015 (34.9%)n/a 2 (4.7%)Age (in years)Average: 37< 30 9 (20.9%)30–3919 (44.2%)40–4910 (23.3%)50–59 5 (11.6%)Self-reported experience in…Means aSocial Media 6.2Social Media Marketing 5.9Marketing 5.7Customer Management 4.7Advertising 5.2Communications/Public Relations 5.6How much experience do you have in the following areas? (1 = no experience at aall; 7 = highly experienced)Respondents were asked to (1) define s ocial m edia marketing, (2) discussself-selected best and worst practice examples of social media marketing, (3) discusssuccess factors and success m etrics, and (4) d escribe their ideal implementation of-selected organization. The survey employed commonsocial media marketing in a self& Mcbride, 2009), s uch as addingdesign t echniques (Smyth, Dillman, C hristian,large answer fields and asking respondents to be as specific as possible, to increrespondents' motivation to provide detail.3.FindingsFig. 1 shows the strategic social media marketing framework with its four central dimensions.Fig. 1. Strategic social media marketing framework.social media marketing s cope addresses the question whether companies First,use social media marketing p redominantly for communication with one or a fewstakeholders or comprehensively (both externally and internally) as a genuine tool f Defenders use social m edia marketing primarily a s a one-waycollaboration.rather than communication tool t o entertainconsumers or to inform stakeholders,groups. Conversely, explorers are interested in integrating employees or communityan authentic social media marketing c ollaborationinteractionsbased on reciprocalwith many different stakeholders such as clients, employees, suppliers, andgovernment agents.between conservatism, Second, social media marketing c ulture distinguishesapproach t owhich is represented by an encapsulated,mass advertisingtraditional,social media marketing, and modernism, which is characterized by a more permeable,open, and flexible social media marketing culture.Third, social media marketing structure addresses the organization and departmentalization of the social media marketing assignment in the firm. Hierarchieapproach with a clearly defined s ocial media marketingstand for a centralizedassignee. Networks represent an organizational structure in which all employees are responsible for social media marketing, and thus a dedicated social media marketing director is no longer necessary.Fourth, social m edia marketing governance refers t o how the companyestablishes rules and guidelines and how social media marketing responsibilities ar controlledin the company. The extreme position of autocracy describes a situationwith precise regulations on who in the company is allowed to interact on social medi platforms. Conversely, anarchy represents a situation without any such rules o rguidelines.The current research focuses on the extremes of each continuum, but, in general, firms likely choose (intentionally or unintentionally) a position somewhere between the poles o n each dimension. For example, c ompanies need to find a position onsocial media marketing g overnance t hat neither regulates everything employees areallowed to say nor leaves t hem without any guidance on which to base their responsibilitiesor behaviors. Fig. 1 also suggests that d ecisions on social mediageneral(e.g.,marketing s hould i ndeed b e guided by the firm's internalinfluencersvision, mission, corporate goals, corporate culture, available resources), which in should be in line with external i nfluencers (e.g., communities, competition,government regulation).4.Discussion and implicationsThis research addresses the absence of a holistic framework for strategicsocialreveals several approachesmedia marketing. A review of the marketing l iteraturemanagementregarding aspects of strategicmarketing s uch as customer r elationship(e.g., Payne & Frow, 2005) or marketing organization (Workman, Homburg, &Gruner, 1998). However, few articles address the strategic marketing of social mediaand none put forth a holistic social media marketing framework.While extant research related to social media marketing investigates social media mostly through the lens of a particular marketing problem (e.g. Fong & Burton, 2008; Kim & Ko, 2012; Kumar et al., 2016) or witha focus on customers and communication (e.g., Chang et al., 2015), t he findings of this s tudy reveal f ourgeneral social m edia marketing dimensions that firms should address when conceptualizing or managing their strategic social media marketing approach. As the findings indicate, these dimensions are interdependent, and companies should strive position themselves on the four dimensions in an integrated way, rather than treati them as isolated, independent decisions.4.1.A new definition of social media marketingThis research suggests a new definition of social media marketing: Social media-functional concept that uses social media marketing is an interdisciplinary and cross(often in combination with other communications channels) to achieve organizational goals by creating value for stakeholders. On a strategic level, social media marketi covers an organization's decisions about social media marketing scope (ranging from defenders to explorers), culture (ranging from conservatism to modernism), structurto networks), and governance (ranging from autocracy to(ranging from hierarchiesanarchy).4.2.Implications for social media marketing scopeSocial media marketing provides firms with an opportunity to use social media to with customers, employees, communities, and other stakeholdersbuild relationships(i.e., when they act as explorers). At the same time, firms may choose to view soci media as simply another c ommunications channel through which they can pushwhen they act as defenders). Though potentiallyinformation to customers (i.e.,approach does nottake advantage of thefor c ustomers, the defendercreating valuewithin the network of customers,opportunitiesfor building r eal relationshipsemployees, interest groups, the government, and other stakeholders, as propagated by modern relationshipmarketing (Payne & Frow, 2005). However, the explorerstakeholders in theapproach may require firms to redefine the role o f differentorganization.4.3.Implications for social media marketing cultureManagement and organizational behavior researchers (Zheng et al., 2010) as well as marketing academics and practitioners (Deshpandé & Farley, 2004) recognize the-financial firmimportance of culture and organizational climate for financial and non performance. The current research emphasizes t he importance o f culture for s ocialmedia marketing. Companies engaging in social media marketing must acknowledgethat stakeholders can take control of and manipulate social media content (Labrecque et al., 2013). Thus, companies should contemplate t he trade-offs between anwhich provides m oreencapsulated social media marketing c ulture (conservatism),connect a nd engageand consumers' desire tobrand constructs,control of importantwith firms displaying a more progressive, permeable culture (i.e., modernism).4.4.Implications for social media marketing structureExtant marketing research investigates how the elements of marketing should besuch as formalization,characteristics,organized a ccording t o a firm's structural(e.g.,Olson, S later, & Hult, 2005). C onsequently,and specializationcentralization,and organizationalsocial m edia marketing structure focuses on responsibilitiesemployed to configure social media marketing. Whereas social mediahierarchiesmarketing governance pertains to who can or should say what in social media, social media marketing structure focuses on who has the responsibility to post and interac in these m edia. A s the informants emphasized, firms s hould i ntegratesocial mediaThe informantsmarketing in a way that fits with their o verarching strategies.or asets o f benefits that c an emerge from either a hierarchicalidentifieddifferentnetworked structure. However, they recommended that specific decisions about who has the responsibility to interact online with customers, activists, and pundits sh be formally discussed in the organization.4.5.Implications for social media marketing governancerights, and Research on governance usually investigates the structures,responsibilities among different employees in organizations (Freeman & Reed, 1983).-discipline of corporate governance, Information technology (IT) governance, as a subfocuses on specifying which individuals have the responsibility for making decisions on the use of IT (Brown & Grant, 2005). Whereas IT governance traditionally focuses-related purposes, social media can potentially be used byon the use of IT for work(company-granted a ccess) or unofficial(personalany employee in either officialaccount access) capacities. Therefore, the applicability of IT governance research is limited u se when extended to social m edia marketing. S ome companies havedeveloped the idea of educating e mployees about the personal a nd firm-related consequences of “undesirable” social media use through social mediamarketingguidelines andguidelines(Linke &Zerfass, 2013). However, building social mediagovernance into a holistic framework for social media marketing is novel. The role o employees in promoting brands in other contexts (and thus increasing firm value) is(Morhart, Herzog, & Tomczak, 2009).well represented in the academic literatureWeber Shandwick's (2014) recent s tudy reveals a n emerging movement termed“employee activism” in which one-third of the surveyed respondentswere socialwho defended their employers and advocated f or the firm online.media activistsEmployees may be better able to understand the needs of consumers and products that can meet those needs, and they can effectively advocate and promote the firm online. These technologiesall employees to champion the firm. Forhave allowed v irtuallyNordstrom has policies to provide e mployees withexample, the fashion r etailerof social media marketingThis applicationand expectations.knowledge, d irection,governance can increase the overall social media marketing s uccess o f the firm (Nordstrom, 2015; Ross, Beath, & Sebastian, 2015).5.Limitations and future researchavenues forfruitfulSeveral limitationsto the current study s uggest p otentiallyapproach r eveals four d imensions o f strategicfuture research. First, the qualitativesocial media marketing and identifies the extreme points of each dimension. However,of differentto identify the impactfuture researchcould u se quantitative approachespositions on each of these dimensions. Research could also investigate the influenc of each dimension on firm or social media marketing p erformance. For example,studies could try to isolate the effect of each dimension on outcome variables such2013) or, m ore specifically,newconsumer–brand engagement (Schultz & Peltier,is themedia brand engagement (Hennig-Thurau et al., 2010). A second limitationover-representation of European (especially German) informants in the analyses. Prior research d iscusses cross-cultural differences in consumers' u se of social m edia(Bernoff &Li, 2008; World Newsmedia Network, 2015). Furthermore, extantresearch advocates for the adaptation of social media content to the targeted cult(Tsai &Men, 2012). T hus, caution should b ebased on differingconsumer profilestaken in extrapolating the framework to other cultural contexts. Future research mig determine w hether aspects of cultural or economic context add dimensions t o theapproaches r egardingproposed f ramework or whether they simply require differentthe four dimensions.Future research should also investigate how other characteristics, such as cultur the type of firm (e.g., B2B vs. B2C), the industry (e.g., financial services vs.“idealadvertising agency), company size, or available resources, influence a firm'ssocial media marketing. Finally,position” on each of the dimensions o f strategic-regulatory bodies (e.g.,future research could investigate the role of regulatory or selfon social media marketing g overnance a ndWord of Mouth Marketing A ssociation)how firms can create v alue and form core competencies b y superseding t hese requirements.6.ConclusionThis study sheds light on the complex nature of strategic social media marketingis too complex to be managed and executedSocial m edia marketing, in practice,-functional collaborations exclusively by a single individual or even department. Crossalong the four d imensions o f social media marketing a re necessary to successfullynavigate in this dynamic arena.中文译文：战略性社交媒体营销要素：整体框架 摘要 社交媒体营销是21世纪商业的一个组成部分。
网络互联网新媒体危机公关分析外文翻译文献
网络互联网新媒体危机公关分析外文翻译文献网络互联网新媒体危机公关分析外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Blogging PR: An exploratory analysis of public relations weblogs Keywords:WeblogPublic relationsInteractivityUsabilityAbstract：Although there are ever more weblogs on the Internet, this is an area that has been little researched in public relations, and where they have been analyzed it has been as a tool for communication rather than a primary information source in the public relations body of knowledge. This paper provides an exploratory study of the structure and content of 67 blogs on public relations to determine what issues they deal with and whether they are a tool for the theoretical development of the ?eld. In addition to their content we have looked at the structure, usability and interactivity of the blogs.1. IntroductionBlogs are seen by some authors as major tools for online communication, whereas by others they are little more than experts’ opinion s on a given issue (Herrera & Celaya, 2006). They are such a recent medium (beginning in 1996) that the concept remains controversial and arguable (Barton, 2005). In any event their persuasive and informative function is of great relevance as they can obtain opinion leadership with a hugein?uence over public opinion. In this sense Sweetser and Metzgar (2007) have demonstrated that in crisis situations, people who read personal blogs have a lower perception of crisis for an organization.The rise of blogs seems to be unbridled and it is a phenomenon that is occurring in all knowledge ?e lds (Jenkins, 2006). There are currently over 60 million blogs in existence and 75,000 new ones each day (Cohen & Krishnamurthy, 2006). More than 14 million people worldwide keep a personal diary on the Internet and a further 100 million (one third of the active Web universe) read blogs habitually (Gordillo, 2007). Every six months theblogosphere population doubles, and it is today sixty times greater than three years ago. No communication medium has ever burgeoned so rapidly. Weblog writers produce 700,000 to 1.3million articles every day—almost one a second (Gordillo, 2007). Since their arrival blogs have been changing, as have their social perception, objectives and cultural, economic, political and media impact (Yang, 2007). Weblogs have diversi?ed and are developing in such diverse spheres as education, business, politics, journalism and public relations.According to Hallett (2005), the communicative use of weblogs in public relations has twofold foundations. On the one hand they enable professionals to analyze the market and ascertain the opinions of their audiences to gauge public opinion on a business, product or brand. On the other, they are a major technique for participating and giving opinions both personal and organizational, be it by posting co mments on other blogs or creating one’s own.This study, however, does not focus on analyzing corporateblogs, which are used as a public relations tool, but looks at blogs concerning public relations in which public relations or one of its activities is the main theme. Our aim is to analyze what public relations blogs are about, or what issues are dealt with in blog posts, in addition to any structural elements of this new communicative tool that may affect its ef?cacy to transmit information: objectives, structure and degree of usability, interactivity, and level of connectivity.2. MethodDatabases of public relations blogs are few and far between. One of the most comprehensive, and regularly updated, is the Online Public Relations directory, created by James H. Norton. We have chosen this database which encompasses a public relations blogs directory split into four categories: Public Relations General (67 blogs), Directories and Aggregators (7),Miscellaneous (3), and High-Tech PR (8). In order to avoid any bias resulting from the categorization criteria, for the purposes of this study we took 67 blogs from the Public Relations General category. The data collection was carried out between October 2006 and January 2007. Therefore, the sample selected for analysis consists of 67 blogs on public relations from around the world.For the data collection we drew up an analysis template that measures 50 items which were later categorized to create the main analysis variables. These variables were:(a) Author: The blogs were classi?ed as personal, organizational written by anemployee, and purely organizational and, therefore, impersonal.(b) Content: Analysis was carried out of both the issuesarising in the blog posts and the images or other resources. The content of blogs is tied up with its pursued objectives, which were also examined.(c) Interactivity: This measures the degree of user participation, according to the interactive resources available on the blog. These include: the option for external users to post comments or contact the blog author by e-mail, podcasting, audio and video downloads, sales of products and services, user surveys, and the possibility of subscribing.(d) Usability: This is a necessary requisite to develop ef?cient interactivity (Hallahan, 2001). This variable analyzes how easy it is to use the weblog for those who access it by means of: search engines on other blogs, internal search engines, list of previous ?les, list of most recent blog posts, and calendar.(e) Connectivity: This measures the extent to which the blog is linked to other websites, be it through other linked blogs or websites of interest.The analysis focuses on the descriptive statistical data on all of the items under study, in addition to the contingency tables and variable correlation. Given the characteristics of the study variables –largely nominal and ordinal –the Gamma index was used as the most suitable correlation index for the analysis.3. ResultsA look at the date when the blogs analyzed were created reveals that the lion’s share was set up very recently. Only 31.3% go back earlier than 2004. By contrast, 61.2% of the sample blogs were created between 2004 and the present. It was not possible to ascertain the creation date for ?ve blogs (7.5%).One of the de?ning paradigms of blogs is that they are written in real time. With this new medium we shall no longerspeak of frequency but of real time, of ongoing contributions. The upside of this is that they are more dynamic and enriched with a range of conversational styles, but they are lacking in contemplation (Orihuela, 2006). Despite these characteristics, over half of the blogs analyzed (53.7%) receive new blog posts around every ?ve days. Only 11.9% are updated or include new input on a daily basis.3.1. AuthorshipIn their study into corporate blogs Lee, Hwang, and Lee (2006) split them into ?ve categories: the employee blog, written by any worker in the company; the group b log, which is a workers’ blog kept not by one person alone but by aset of experts; the executive blog, written by management; the promotional blog, which is an impersonal corporate blog seeking to spark discussion on products and events; and lastly, the newsletter blog, which is also impersonal and aims to represent the company stance through its information. We have used this blog authorship classi?cation for our own study but brought it down to only three analysis categories: personal blogs, by public relations professionals; company blogs written by an employee, 2 either non-management or management; and public relations company blogs.The largest share (77.6%) of the blogs analyzed in this study is personal, written primarily by public relations professionals. Corporate blogs written by employees or management constitute a much smaller proportion (16.4%). Impersonal corporate blogs were by far the smallest group (4.5%). This data corroborates the fact that one of the main characteristics of blogs is that they are personal, and users seek this ‘human voice’ in their communication (Jenkins, 2006). Impersonal corporate blogsare not as widely accepted by the blogger community (Lee et al., 2006: p. 320) because they are seen as marketing tools or as simple ?lters from the public relations department.Table 1With regard to the type of personal blogs, these results match those found in other research. Herring, Scheidt, Bonus, and Wright (2004), in a study conducted in 2003 on a sample of 199 blogs, also observed that most blogs (70%) were personal. Indeed, according to this study, personal information is one of the de?ning characteristics of blogs.However, what is most striking in these results is the low percentage of corporate blogs written by employees, given the powerful communicative tool that they constitute for organizations. Some companies have caught on to their potential and encourage their staff to keep blogs. These contain personal, subjective communication that is not directly sent out by the company but by a third party who gives their own opinions and the information is therefore perceived as impartial and unbiased. However, the value of this type of communication lies not only in its impartiality but also in the personal information provided, which gives a human face to the company and builds up a positive community vision around it and its products (Lee et al., 2006).3.2. ContentTable 1 shows the main objectives of the blogs analyzed. As can be seen, most seek to comment upon topical affairs in public relations profession, as well as to voice personal opinions on these issues. Given that the blogs analyzed are largely personal, interest in the author’s contributions is understandable. Conversely, the low percentage of weblogs that aim to debate issues surrounding public relations theory is surprising.If we look at the c ontents we ?nd that 88.1% of the blogs analyzed contain comments on various aspects of public relations and 85.1% on other communicative affairs. Commentaries on blogs and communication in the blogosphere are also considerable (74.6%), albeit in a lower proportion. It is worth highlighting that comments on aspects of the author’s personal life, such as trips, hobbies, family and professional achievements, arise in 50.7% of the blogs. This reveals that weblogs are communicative tools with a strong personal emphasis in all areas discussed.Overall, this data suggests that blogs belonging to an organization are more serious and formal, in both their content and the blog posts. Moreover, they fundamentally provide information on their own company and publicize its website. This contrasts with personal blogs where the tone can range from the strictly formal to the colloquial.The results also reveal differences in the contents of professional and non-professional public relations blogs. The former explore issues in public relations and communication in general, as well as the blogosphere and the Internet. However, the blogs written by non-professionals provide opinions on advertising, television and other more informative aspects. These do not contain experiences b ut opinions and perception ofthe ?eld.Broadly speaking, there is no advertising on blogs. Although 41.8% of the sample includes banners, these are not advertising of the blog but traditionaladverts that have been added to blog posts to be highlighted, displayed or commented on from a marketing communications perspective. Therefore, they constitute advertising integrated into the user comments, with a high degree of subjectivity.Lastly, Table 2 shows the percentages of the main issues tackled in the blog posts on the weblogs analyzed. As is evident, 95.5% of the blogs discuss the blogosphere in their comments. These concern the importance of this new communicative tool, its characteristics and its use in public relations. The next most important are topics on Internet communication, in addition to the theory and practice of public relations, albeit from more of a professional than an academic or research-based stance.Table 2译文：博客公关：博客公共关系的探索性分析关键词：博客公共关系互动性可用性摘要：尽管微博在互联网上日益流行，但这仍是一个公共关系中很少涉足研究的领域。
新媒体外文翻译文献
新媒体外文翻译文献随着信息技术的飞速发展，新媒体在全球范围内迅速崛起，成为了人们获取信息、交流互动和娱乐消遣的重要渠道。
在学术研究领域，关于新媒体的研究也日益增多，外文文献在这一领域的贡献不容忽视。
新媒体的定义和范畴在不同的研究中存在一定的差异。
一些学者将其定义为基于数字技术、网络技术和移动通讯技术等手段，通过互联网、无线通信网、卫星等渠道以及电脑、手机、数字电视机等终端，向用户提供信息和服务的传播形态。
而另一些学者则从更广泛的角度出发，认为新媒体不仅包括技术层面的创新，还涵盖了由此带来的社会、文化和经济等方面的变革。
在外文文献中，对于新媒体的特点和优势有着深入的探讨。
新媒体具有互动性强的特点，用户不再仅仅是信息的接收者，更是信息的创造者和传播者。
这种互动性打破了传统媒体的单向传播模式，使信息传播更加多元和个性化。
例如，社交媒体平台让用户能够轻松地分享自己的观点、经验和作品，同时也能够及时地与他人进行交流和反馈。
此外，新媒体还具有信息传播速度快、覆盖范围广的优势。
一条新闻或消息可以在瞬间传遍全球，让人们能够及时了解到世界各地的动态。
新媒体对社会各个领域的影响也是外文文献研究的重点之一。
在教育领域，在线教育平台的兴起为学习者提供了更加便捷和灵活的学习方式，打破了时间和空间的限制。
学生可以通过网络课程获取优质的教育资源，与世界各地的教师和同学进行互动交流，提高学习效果。
在商业领域，新媒体为企业提供了新的营销渠道和推广方式。
企业可以利用社交媒体、电子商务平台等进行产品推广和品牌建设，与消费者建立更加紧密的联系，了解市场需求和消费者反馈。
然而，新媒体的发展也带来了一些挑战和问题。
其中，信息过载是一个突出的问题。
由于新媒体平台上的信息数量庞大且更新迅速，用户往往难以筛选出有价值的信息，容易陷入信息的海洋中感到迷茫和困惑。
此外，虚假信息和谣言的传播也是新媒体面临的严峻挑战。
一些不良分子利用新媒体的传播速度快、范围广的特点，散布虚假信息和谣言，造成社会恐慌和不良影响。
互联网导致问题英语作文
互联网导致问题英语作文English:The rise of the internet has brought about a myriad of issues in today's society. One of the most prominent problems is the proliferation of fake news and misinformation, which can easily spread and deceive large numbers of people. Social media platforms have become breeding grounds for misinformation, where individuals can easily share and spread false information without proper fact-checking. This not only muddles the truth but also creates division and confusion among the public. Additionally, the internet has also given rise to cyberbullying and online harassment, where individuals can easily hide behind screens and target others with hurtful and harmful messages. This has led to mental health issues for many individuals, especially the younger generation who are more susceptible to online negativity. Furthermore, privacy concerns have also become a major issue with the internet, as personal information can be easily accessed and exploited by malicious actors. Overall, while the internet has brought about immense benefits and opportunities, it has also led to a host ofproblems that need to be addressed in order to create a safer and more trustworthy online environment.中文翻译:互联网的兴起给今天的社会带来了无数问题。
网络舆情分析英语作文
网络舆情分析英语作文With the rapid development of the Internet, onlinepublic opinion has become an important part of people'sdaily life. As a powerful tool for communication and information dissemination, the Internet has greatly facilitated the spread of public opinion. However, the prevalence of fake news, rumors and other negative information has also posed a great challenge to the management of online public opinion.Online public opinion analysis is an effective way to understand the public's attitudes and opinions towards certain events or issues. It involves collecting and analyzing data from various online platforms, such associal media, news websites, forums, and blogs. By monitoring and analyzing online public opinion, governments, businesses, and organizations can gain valuable insightsinto the public's needs, preferences, and concerns, and make informed decisions accordingly.For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, online public opinion analysis played a crucial role in helping governments and health organizations to respond to the outbreak. By monitoring social media and other online platforms, they were able to identify and address misinformation and rumors, and provide accurate and timely information to the public. This helped to improve public trust and confidence in the government's response to the crisis.However, online public opinion analysis also faces many challenges. One of the biggest challenges is the prevalence of fake news and rumors, which can easily spread and cause panic and confusion among the public. Another challenge is the difficulty of accurately identifying and analyzing public opinion, as people often express their opinions in different ways and on different platforms.To address these challenges, it is important to establish a comprehensive and effective system for online public opinion analysis. This system should include advanced technologies and tools for data collection andanalysis, as well as trained professionals who can accurately interpret and analyze the data. It should also involve collaboration between different sectors, including government, industry, and academia, to ensure that the insights gained from online public opinion analysis are effectively applied to decision-making.In conclusion, online public opinion analysis is a powerful tool for understanding the public's attitudes and opinions towards certain events or issues. By monitoring and analyzing online public opinion, governments, businesses, and organizations can gain valuable insights into the public's needs, preferences, and concerns, and make informed decisions accordingly. However, to fully realize the potential of online public opinion analysis, it is important to address the challenges and establish a comprehensive and effective system for data collection and analysis.。
新媒体外文文献翻译2014年译文3700字
文献出处：Jones Robert, The origin and development of new media [J]. International Review of Business, 2014, 7(2): 157-169.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。
）原文The origin and development of new mediaJones RobertAbstractThe concept of new media is distinguished from the mass media. New media research fields regards it as a new research field which is different with the mass media. Academic researches on new media follow the path of mass communication research in later development in the process of becoming the new force of original communication research paradigm shift.Key words: New media; Mass communication1 IntroductionIn the current communication field, the concept of "new media", is well known. The concept of scientific and new media research would be able to form independent, academia or opinions vary, unable to agree. Many new media researchers just coping with new media technology emerge in endlessly, and for the scientific nature of the new media and new media itself is the lack of attention.2 How to understand new mediaIn 2000, the international academia about the mainstream of the new media research journal "new media and social issue one year discovers language wrote:" we recognize that the new media is the concept of a relatively vulnerable, but it points out the focus on technology, media, are intertwined with social life affect the importance of the potential for change." Although the "new media" is a relative concept, but it has some common into the culvert. For example, the government set woven (NGO) thisconcept, is literally a negative there is no clear concept, referring to the originally used by the media, but when everyone to use this concept, it has specific connotation. At present, the understanding of the new media generally there are two different perspectives.2.1The longitudinal historical perspectiveIn May of 2008, the international communication association conference prelude to held in Montreal, with "of the long history of the New media: in context of contemporary and future development" the topic of the issue of five points: (1) the discussion of "the Old and New media (Media History Old & New)", and more New media and has a long history of media;(2) "history compilation and New media (Historiography & New)", to reflect on New media research history -- how we understand the terminology used in the New media, we need to do our what changes in the existing ideology;(3) "culture, the meaning and Codes (Cultures, Meanings & Codes)", the new concept of media and cultural implications and the relationship between the excavated in a large amount has not been the history of new media;(4) "system, group, weave and network (Institutions, Organizations & Networks)", focus on new media history developing latent in the invention and use of the structural factors behind the media;(5) "books written History of new media (Doing NewMedia History)", think about how to write new media History.The emphasis on the longitudinal historical perspective, the reason has the following three points: (1) the concept of "new media" itself is timeliness, but the media with history phase reference is the so-called "new media".(2) as a "new media" in the field of research is in the specific historical context, especially at a particular stage of medium development history, its connotation and denotation of relative stability. Can be seen from the foreign literature, 70 s ~ 80 s of the 20th century, this concept is used to refer to cannot be incorporated into new media phenomenon of traditional mass communication category. Before this, new media, there is no clear, (3) the research involves the evolution of media and new media revolution or theology and mutation. Only with longitudinal historical perspective, can grasp new media phenomenon and its implications.2.2 The horizontal Angle of viewFrom the perspective of the history of media of longitudinal, new media is relative, and in a specific historical period, new media is a concept of time. Within a certain period of time, the connotation of the new media should have a relatively stable. such as more detailed instructions, gives a definition of new media based on digital technology and Internet technology, new media form of new technologies such as mobile communication technology, hardware and software and information service mode, such as Internet TV, mobile TV, mobile TV, virtual communities, blogs, podcasts, search engines, such as simple polymerization (RSS).Abroad can be roughly divided into two categories: the definition of a class definition focuses on media form and the technical characteristics of the new media.For example, Bohr defines new communication technologies For the time of the "big about 25 kinds of transmission equipment hereinafter referred to as";(Ron Rice) emphasizes two-way transmission ability of computer and telecommunication technologies, new media is defined as such transmission technology - "contains computing power (or host) microprocessor, can allow or promote the interaction between users or between the user and information".(2) another definition is the technology in the study of the influence of the formation of the "social", think that the understanding of new media to transcend to the media attention, in the form of technology study of media technology and human behavior and the interaction of social structure. Steve Jones wrote in the introduction to the new media encyclopedia: "in the definition of new media, the only perfect undoubtedly comes from the comprehensive understanding of history, technology and society". In the new media handbook, a version of the preface, the editors put forward a framework to understand new media, think new media means transmission technology and its related social scene, which includes the following several aspects: "extending our transmission capacity equipment; using these devices for the spread of activities and practices; around the above equipment and practice form of social organization and practice. Today the cultural meaning of the new media also gradually attention by researchers,this framework gradually became plump perfect. Both the class definition is the product of new media research in different periods, the two complement each other. The first type definition to describe the technical characteristics of the new media, is basic to an understanding of the rich connotation of new media, new media also made clear a period to study media objects; the second definition based on this, understand the media framework is given and the general direction.At the same time, the understanding of "new media" critical question is: where is the new media "new"? It is also a new media researchers abroad had a warm discussion questions. Barr and Merry put forward in the "new media" : "new" refers to the media for the first time in the form itself, or the media shape caused by the social, legal, political, economic and cultural communication of the new changes? This "new" refers to the engineering and technical personnel as the "new", or ordinary people to understand the "new"?" New" refers to the new extension of the original media transmission ability, or fundamental change or even completely replace?" New media" as a concept connotation is rich of polymerization, referred to in the study of diversity and complexity of the make we cannot simply answer the above questions, but in the concrete research inevitably have to face it.3 New media is derivedAs we know, the new media in the 20th century, 60 ~ 70 s gradually has its relatively fixed referred to. Here, we will be in the origin of the development of new media in the media to examine its specific historical connotation. The long history of human media is full of evolution and revolution of alternating, like a long river slowly has rapids. Our age is a medium of change. In the second half of the 19th century as a starting point to comb through the medium of change is a relatively reasonable choice. In the history of human communication, should occupy the important position in the second half of the 19th century, the telegraph, telephone, the phonograph, the motion and other important communication technologies. In 1836, Morse developed the famous Morse code, and the next year to develop the world's first transfer of "dot" and "stroke" symbol machine, named "telegraph". The invention of the telegraph is firstapplied in electric power remote communication, constitute the cornerstone of modern communication, since then, the rapid development of "transmission line lightning", formed the huge communications network. Since that time, almost one and a half centuries "every 25 years is an important stage", such as cable of around 1850, 1850 and 1880 of the telephone, the transmission of electromagnetic waves around 1900, 1920 and 1930, the radio broadcasting and television from 1950 to 1960, the last is starting in the 70 s of the new media.70 s ~ 80 s, the first is called the new media, cable television, communications, video recorders, selective satellite receiving equipment and budding computer intermediary spread, etc. Communication scholars noticed that these cannot be incorporated into mass communication studied within the framework of the media. The communication equipment and its spread phenomenon shows its characteristics different from the traditional mass media, such as different from the focus of the linear one-way transmission, interactivity, etc. We want to computer intermediary spread, for example, the computer intermediary spread than other new media interactive stronger at that time, and is closely related to today's new media forms. Early cause is the main focus of the research institutions (such as university of rich set of aggregation concept, referred to in the study of diversity and complexity of the make we cannot simply answer the above questions, but in specific studies inevitably have to face it.4 The formation of new media research fieldNew media studies in the past 30 years gradually formed an independent field of study, as opposed to the traditional mass media field, at the same time with the traditional research of cross, the continuation and inheritance, and with the public social transition process related to the differentiation of the information society.The 80 s to the 1970 s and early '90 s, there emerge some famous scholars, who have a great influence on new media research: author of post-industrial society, Daniel bell, for the first time put forward the concept of "information industry" civilized form historians may visit loyal husband, author of technological society, Jacques YiLvEr, author ofcontrol revolution, bonitos and puts forward the concept of "knowledge industry" fritz mach up and others.In general, the research achievements of these early focus on elucidating the macro level, the lack of specific empirical research, in 1970, Herbert - Scott ham report social impact of communication technology as an example, the author in the opening picture is pointed out that at present about the impact of communication technology in the future social discourse should be understood as a guess, and put forward to public policy makers and the possible problems. It is worth mentioning that continues today and is closely related to today's new media studies computer intermediary spread, because do not conform to the interpersonal communication, mass communication, the distinction between didn't first get all the attention in the field of communication, but was concerned by other disciplines, such as social psychology, political science, sociology, pedagogy, management, information science, library science, etc. Many of their discovery could help to the understanding of the communication field of computer intermediary.(j. Short) such as straw, for example, in 1970, British scholar of transmission research team, from the perspective of psychology to experimental method was developed for the determination of subjects with different media "telepresence" society, at the same time in "the social psychology of telecommunications transmission," said teleconferencing systems can be made by the "social telepresence" (social presence) to evaluate, the so-called "social face theory" are put forward. Similarly, Future research of California (Institute for the Future) of rob (Robert Johansen) and his colleagues put forward the concept of "remote sensing" (talked).Overall, the early computer intermediary spread attention is a personal, interpersonal and communication within the organization, on a personal level focus on how the person's psychology, attitudes, behavior is affected by the computer mediation; In organizational communication level basic task oriented, such as effective decision-making in the community, improve the work efficiency, etc.In 1984, Ronald (Ronaid e. Rice) et al., editor of The new media, Communication, Research and technology "(The NewMedia: Communication, Research, and Technology) published a book.' in the preface the author points out: the intent of thebook is to remind the communication researchers, namely, micro processing technology, emerging technologies such as cable TV, satellite communication research is of great significance for communication studies. The selected papers in the book are mostly in traditional media effects research path, computer, telecom meeting how to affect the social structure and relationships. In 1986, Rogers, e. m. Rogers) in his book "the new Media transmission Technology: social" (Communication Technology: The New Media in Society) book, introduction to the use of new Communication technologies and history, to explore the interactive new Media to individuals, organizations and social life have put forward the basic problem. In 1988, another new media Research book "Research method and the new media" (Research, the Methods and the New Media) published, the content involves the particularity of new media Research, problems and solutions, and new media Research demands for the path of innovation theory and new research ethics.译文新媒体的起源与发展罗伯特·琼斯摘要新媒体是与大众媒体相区别的概念; 新媒体研究领域作为与大众传播研究相区别的领域而出现。
避免网络舆情发酵英文作文
避免网络舆情发酵英文作文英文：As we all know, the internet has become an important tool for people to express their opinions and emotions. However, sometimes these opinions and emotions can lead to the formation of negative online public opinion, which can have a negative impact on individuals, businesses, and even society as a whole. Therefore, it is important to take measures to avoid the escalation of online public opinion.Firstly, it is important to monitor online public opinion in real-time. This can be done by setting up a special team to monitor and analyze online public opinion, using professional tools to collect and analyze data, and keeping track of the latest trends and hot topics.Secondly, it is important to respond to negative online public opinion in a timely and appropriate manner. This can be done by actively participating in online discussions,clarifying misunderstandings, and providing accurate information to the public.Thirdly, it is important to establish a good reputation and credibility in the online community. This can be done by providing high-quality products and services, being transparent and honest, and actively communicating with customers and the public.In addition, it is important to avoid actions that may trigger negative online public opinion. For example, businesses should avoid making false or exaggerated claims, engaging in unethical practices, or ignoring customer feedback.Overall, the key to avoiding the escalation of online public opinion is to be proactive, transparent, and responsive. By monitoring online public opinion, responding to negative feedback, establishing a good reputation, and avoiding actions that may trigger negative feedback, we can effectively manage online public opinion and prevent it from becoming a negative force.中文：众所周知，互联网已成为人们表达观点和情感的重要工具。
网络发展对新闻的影响英语作文
网络发展对新闻的影响英语作文英文回答：The development of the internet has had a significant impact on the way news is consumed and disseminated. Firstly, the internet has revolutionized the speed at which news is delivered. In the past, people relied on newspapers or television broadcasts for their daily news updates. However, with the advent of the internet, news can now be accessed instantly with just a few clicks. For example, when a major event occurs, such as a natural disaster or a political scandal, news websites and social media platforms are flooded with real-time updates, allowing people to stay informed at all times.Secondly, the internet has given rise to citizen journalism. In the past, news reporting was largely controlled by professional journalists working for established news organizations. However, with the rise of social media platforms and blogging websites, ordinaryindividuals now have the power to report and share news stories. This has led to a more diverse range of perspectives and voices in the news landscape. For instance, during the Arab Spring protests in 2011, citizens usedsocial media platforms like Twitter and Facebook to document and share their experiences, providing a uniqueand unfiltered view of the events.Furthermore, the internet has enabled news to reach a global audience. In the past, news was primarily consumed within a local or national context. However, with the internet, news stories can be accessed by people all overthe world. This has led to a greater awareness and understanding of global issues. For example, a news article about climate change published by a local news outlet can now be read by individuals in different countries, sparking international discussions and collaborations to address the issue.However, the internet has also brought about challenges in the realm of news. Firstly, the rise of fake news has become a major concern. With the ease of sharinginformation online, false or misleading news stories can quickly spread and deceive readers. This has led to a decline in trust in traditional news sources and has made it more difficult for readers to discern between reliable and unreliable information. For instance, during the 2016 U.S. presidential election, there were numerous instances of fake news stories being shared on social media, influencing public opinion.Additionally, the internet has led to a decline in traditional news outlets. With the availability of free news content online, many people are no longer willing to pay for newspapers or subscribe to news channels. This has resulted in a decline in revenue for traditional news organizations, leading to job cuts and a reduction in journalistic quality. For example, many newspapers have had to downsize or shut down entirely due to the shift towards online news consumption.In conclusion, the internet has had a profound impact on the news industry. It has revolutionized the speed of news delivery, empowered citizen journalism, and allowednews to reach a global audience. However, it has also brought challenges such as the spread of fake news and the decline of traditional news outlets. It is important for individuals to be critical consumers of news and to support reliable and trustworthy sources.中文回答：互联网的发展对新闻的传播和消费方式产生了重大影响。
网络舆论-英语写作范文带翻译
网络舆论-英语写作范文带翻译Do you still remember the “Guo Meimei Scandal” which has aroused national fury and mistrust toward Red Cross Society of China in 2020? However, it was just a start of the influence of network public opinion of China in changing the society. Now, nearly every day or two, there will be a new event heatedly commented by Chinese netizens through online facilities.Actually, network public opinion is the co-product of the interaction between two factors. For one thing, the highly developed internet has brought the explosion of information to everybody’s life. Each piece of information can potentially be an “event”. For another thing, democratic consciousness has grown stronger in minds of Chinese people. Network is the democratic outlet where their free speech can be fully realized.Now, network public opinion has become the constructive power for a better society, which has been acknowledged byall levels of governments. With overwhelming influence and massive power, it will help a lot in constructing Chinese social equity, including improving Chinese democracy, promoting anti-corruption; bring in judicial fairness, and etc.你还记得“郭美美丑闻”，这已经引起了国家的愤怒和对中国红十字会的不信任2020？不过，这仅仅一个开始，中国网络舆论的影响在改变社会。
网络带来的危害作文 英文
网络带来的危害作文英文Title: The Hazards Brought by the Internet。
In the modern era, the internet has become an indispensable part of our lives, revolutionizing the way we communicate, work, and access information. However, along with its numerous benefits, the internet also brings forth a myriad of hazards that pose significant challenges to individuals and society as a whole.One of the foremost dangers of the internet is cybercrime. With the vast amount of personal and sensitive information stored online, individuals are increasingly vulnerable to identity theft, financial fraud, and other forms of cyber attacks. Hackers exploit weaknesses in security systems to gain unauthorized access to private data, causing financial losses and emotional distress to victims. Moreover, cybercriminals often operate across borders, making it difficult for law enforcement agencies to track and apprehend them.Another hazard associated with the internet is the proliferation of misinformation and fake news. The ease of publishing and sharing content online has led to the spread of false information at an unprecedented rate. This misinformation not only undermines public trust in traditional media but also poses serious threats to democracy and social cohesion. People may be misled by fabricated stories and manipulated images, leading to misguided beliefs and decisions with far-reaching consequences.Furthermore, the internet has facilitated the rise of cyberbullying and online harassment. Social media platforms provide a virtual space where individuals can communicate and interact, but they also serve as breeding grounds for abusive behavior and cyberbullying. Victims of online harassment often suffer from psychological trauma and may even resort to self-harm or suicide. Moreover, the anonymity afforded by the internet emboldens perpetrators to engage in malicious behavior without fear of consequences.In addition to these individual-level hazards, the internet also poses broader societal challenges. Thedigital divide, for example, exacerbates existing inequalities by limiting access to online resources and opportunities for marginalized communities. Those without reliable internet access are at a disadvantage in terms of education, employment, and civic engagement, widening the gap between the haves and the have-nots.Moreover, the internet has transformed the nature of privacy in the digital age. With the widespread collection and monetization of personal data by tech companies, individuals have little control over their online privacy. This erosion of privacy rights not only undermines individual autonomy but also raises concerns about surveillance and government intrusion into citizens' lives.In conclusion, while the internet has brought about remarkable advancements in communication and connectivity, it also poses significant hazards to individuals and society. From cybercrime and misinformation tocyberbullying and privacy concerns, the dangers of the internet are multifaceted and complex. Addressing these hazards requires collective efforts from governments, tech companies, and individuals to safeguard the integrity and security of the online world while promoting responsible internet use. Only through collaboration and vigilance can we mitigate the risks and maximize the benefits of the digital age.。
政府危机公关外文文献翻译中英文
政府危机公关外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：M Bowden. The Research of Government Crisis Public Relations under New Media Environment[J]. Public Relations Review, 2015, 3(1):72-79.英文原文The Research of Government Crisis Public Relations under New MediaEnvironmentM BowdenAbstractA feature of today’s society is that many kinds of contradictions coexist, and the frequent occurrence of social conflicts is also a major reason for the government’s crisis. On the other hand, the new media environment is also undergoing rapid changes. When facing a complex media environment, can The proper handling of crisis events is a major test of the current government's ability to govern. This article focuses on the analysis of the principled kernel dealing with crisis public relations, and changes the perspective that most researchers focus on the changes in the new media environment and puts forward their own innovation insights.Keywords: government crisis public relations; media environment; confidence; sincerity; determinationThe government crisis public relations under the new media environment is a problem that should be highly regarded by every government department. On the one hand, there are frequent mass crisis events during the transition period, SARS panic spread, earthquakes, milk powder incidents and other constant crisis events. The government’s ability to govern and social stability are both a severe test; on the other hand, the human society in the 21st century has entered a new era of information. People’s sources o f information are shifting from traditional television and newspapers to Internet, mobile phones, and electronics. Books and other emerging media. Microblogs, forums, communities, and other brand-new information exchange methods have enabled the government's official document release and foreign public relations to enter a new model. Based on the above two points, the government's crisis public relations has become a hot topic for various scholars.Conceptual analysisBefore analyzing the government crisis public relations, we must first clarify the concept of the crisis. According to the American scholar Rosenthal’s definition of the crisis: the crisis is a serious threat to the basic values of a social system and the structure of the code of conduct, and in the case of high time pressure and uncertainty, the key decision-making events must be made . The characteristics of a crisis are sudden, harmful, uncertain, and two-sided. The danger brought about by acrisis is very serious. Therefore, a full understanding of the meaning and characteristics of the crisis is the primary precondition for handling the crisis.The so-called government crisis public relations is the science and art of government to optimize the social psychological environment, influence the public, and resolve the crisis by means of communication, shaping the image, balancing interests, and coordinating relationships in order to survive and develop smoothly in the state of crisis. . Government crisis public relations is a kind of public administrative management process and behavior. Its important function is to provide the public with real and timely information on crisis events, and take various measures to minimize the harm of the crisis in order to win the public to the government. The understanding, support, and cooperation of public policies and emergency measures are necessary to further mobilize and mobilize social resources to lay the groundwork for the handling of crisis events.Misunderstanding of government crisis public relationsNegative processingThe negative treatment is the consistent attitude of many government officials to the crisis. They tend to be lucky for the crisis, and it is better not to happen. Once it happens, it adopts a containment method. It is as silent and silent as possible. Nothing happened. In fact,this is a deception. What's more, under the current media environment so developed, the government is in the supervision of every public. Weibo, video podcasting, these invisible eyes are constantly observing every corner of society, and it is impossible to ignore what has already happened.As for the crisis of luck, it is naive and the crisis is inevitable. American political scientist Huntington pointed out: "A highly traditional society and a society that has achieved modernization are socially stable and orderly, and a society that is undergoing rapid social changes and modernization of the social system transition. (Transitional society) is often full of various social conflicts and turbulence. Social conflicts occur frequently and various cultures interweave. It is inevitable that there will be some sudden crisis events. The negative thought is that the government must first overcome the crisis public relations and face the crisis. It is the right attitude to deal with the crisis.Too much effort in public relationsWith the rapid changes in the information age, the government has now fully realized. Therefore, some new public relations tools have been used. Officials open Weibo, answer online public questions, and public online videos, or sponsor various network draft events. , participate in the title television program to promote the city image and so on. These are the government's response measures under the new media environment.They can be described as flourishing, contending, and playing a positive role from the point of view of propaganda. Of course, we should fully recognize the impact of changes in the media environment on the public relations of the government crisis. Many scholars have also conducted a lot of research on the challenges posed by the government in response to the new network environment and media environment, and have put forward a lot of feasible suggestions. The government should take into account the changes in the media environment of public opinion while adopting a series of new methods to deal with it, advancing with the times, and taking the road of e-government. But we can't put the cart before the horse, we can only make fuss about ways and methods, and work hard, but instead ignore the essence of the government's crisis public relations: what kind of state of mind should the government treat the crisis?The Crisis Interpretation of Government Crisis Public RelationsWhen we interpret the core of government crisis public relations, we first classify the crisis and then classify it. According to the definition and characteristics of the crisis, combined with examples of crisis events that have occurred in recent years in China, we have divided the current crisis events into three categories: First, disasters, mainly natural disasters, earthquakes, forest fires, and volcanic eruptions. , tsunami, floods, windstorms, etc. Second, accidents mainly refer to serious accidents caused by human factors, such as mine accidents, food safety accidents,traffic accidents, construction accidents, medical frauds, public safety accidents, and public health incidents. The third is behavior, mainly referring to the misconduct of the staff of government agencies, causing some wrongdoings of evils, officials bribing bribes, using power for personal gains, breaking the law, and so on. Each of the three types of crisis has its own characteristics, and it is also different when it comes to crisis public relations. It should be categorized and interpreted.Disaster Crisis Public Relations - ConfidenceThe most striking feature of disasters is sudden and destructive. Once a natural disaster occurs, it is highly destructive, and the number of people involved is large. The affected area is wide, and the peopl e’s psychological vulnerability is scary. At this time, the public relations requirement for the government’s crisis is to express confidence. If the government is indiscriminate, the public will become more panicked. This panic will make the vicious impact of the disaster even worse. Only when the government handles these kinds of crises is full of confidence. The people can feel pragmatic and can actively cooperate with the government to develop a series of measures for self-rescue and reconstruction after the disaster. Therefore, all public relations activities of the government should be conducted around confidence, showing full confidence in dealing with disasters and using confidence to inspire the spirits of disaster-stricken people to rebuild.The scope of the earthquake affected by the earthquake, the number of people involved, and the seriousness of the situation do not need to be recounted. People talk about it today. In the face of the earthquake, the government achieved victory in earthquake relief with confidence. The first time, calm and calm, immediate deployment of earthquake relief work. The media around the world have given very high appraisals of the government’s confidence and ability in the face of this crisis. Facts have also proved that the confidence shown by the government in dealing with the crisis has infected every disaster-stricken people, made them courageous to save themselves, and strengthened their faith in reliving the tree. It is the best form of patriotic education. It can be seen that confidence is the core of the government’s handling of disaster-related crisis events. The government should conduct a series of public relations activities with confidence and rely on the current public opinion environment to promote people’s confidence in production and life as soon as possible so as to minimize disaster losses.Accident Crisis Public Relations - SincerityThe difficulty in dealing with accidental crises is that they are most afraid of rumours. People tend to hear the truth about the causes of accidents, the number of casualties, and property losses. Rumors have spread that the damage from such rumours is sometimes harder to repair than the accident itself. The public will therefore respond to thegovernment. Suspicion, followed by the government's rescue measures to resist emotions, affecting the process of accident relief, causing unnecessary losses. Therefore, the core of the accident-crisis crisis public relations is sincere. After the accident, the government should honestly announce the relevant data and the rescue process, indicating that the government's sincerity in dealing with the accident has given the people a true account and statement, and cannot adopt a containment method. Cover and cover up. The facts are indisputable. Everyone has the right to know facts. Covering can only hurt the hearts of the people. This kind of loss is more difficult to make up than the material loss. Sincerely, it is the starting point for the government to carry out the public relations crisis of accidents. It sincerely shows that the government can recognize its own mistakes and admit mistakes so that it can correct mistakes in its future work.Behavior Crisis Public Relations - DeterminationThe biggest feature of the behavioral crisis compared to the other two types of crisis is that it hurts people’s hearts. Due to the personal bad behavior of government workers, people have doubts about the impartiality of the government's work integrity, which runs counter to the government's view of promoting efficient and clean service-oriented government. Therefore, when the government responds to this kind of crisis, it should show its determination and must severely punish this kindof behavior. It must take resolute measures to put an end to this phenomenon, seek to restore the good image of the government, and provide the people with a fair and equitable working environment. The handling of such crises is also the most difficult and sensitive. It is also a serious problem facing our Party. In the face of common people’s doubts, governments at all levels should decisively express their resolve to deal with it, resolutely implement the principle of equality before the law, publicly review relevant cases, use the new media environment, carry out various public relations activities, and openly accept public opinions. Supervision allows the administrative power to operate well.In short, when the government engages in public relations activities in the event of a crisis, if it can adhere to the principle of faith, sincerity, and determination, and then compares the heart and mind with the characteristics of the new media environment, and improves and innovates in ways and means, we believe that we can certainly achieve positive and optimistic results. , get public support and form a good relationship between the government and the public.中文译文新媒体环境下政府危机公关研究作者：M Bowden摘要当今社会的一个特点是多种矛盾并存, 社会矛盾的频发也是政府遭遇危机的一个主要原因, 另一方面全新的媒体环境也在发生快速的变化,在面对复杂的媒体环境时,能否妥善处理危机事件,是目前政府执政能力的一大考验。
关于新媒体的外文文献
关于新媒体的外文文献With the emergence of new media, people can now connect with each other more easily than ever before. In recent years, the internet has become the most powerful tool for communication and information sharing. Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have transformed theway we interact with each other. This paper will provide an overview of the impact of new media on society.Firstly, new media has revolutionized the way we access information. The internet has become the most popularplatform for accessing information, and search engines like Google have made it easy to find information on any topic. Social media has also played a significant role in the dissemination of news and information. Through social media, individuals can share news, opinions, and updates with their friends and followers. The ability to share informationquickly and easily has made it easier for people to stay informed.Secondly, new media has changed the way we communicate. Social media has made it easier for people to connect with each other, regardless of their location. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have become the primary way for people to communicate with their friends, family, and colleagues. These platforms have also made it easier for people to meet and socialize with new people, creating new opportunities for social interaction.Thirdly, new media has affected the way businesses operate. The rise of e-commerce has made it easier forbusinesses to sell their products and services online. Social media has also become an important marketing tool, allowing businesses to access a wider audience and connect with new customers. The ability to interact with customers and potential customers directly has become a crucial aspect of business success in the digital age.In conclusion, the impact of new media on society has been profound. The internet and social media have transformed the way we access information, communicate with each other, and conduct business. While there are certainly challenges associated with new media, its benefits are undeniable. As we continue to embrace new technologies, it is important that we also consider the impact they have on our lives and our communities.。
新媒体外文翻译文献
新媒体外文翻译文献文献信息：文献标题：The effect of new media on consumer media usage: An empirical study in South Korea（新媒体对消费者媒体使用的影响：韩国的实证研究）国外作者：ongRoul Woo，Jae Young Choi，Jungwoo Shin，Jongsu Lee 文献出处：《Technological Forecasting and Social Change》,2014,89(1):3-11字数统计：英文2191单词，12445字符；中文4024汉字外文文献：The effect of new media on consumer media usage:An empirical study in South KoreaAbstract The advent and proliferation of the Internet (a form of new media) have heavily influenced consumers' media usage behavior and a number of other social, political, cultural, and economic outcomes. The recent introduction of smart mobile media, including smartphones and tablets, is expected to similarly affect these issues. This study empirically analyzes how the advent of the Internet and smart mobile media affects Korean consumers' media usage behavior, seeking to provide a means to anticipate the ripple effect to societal outcomes related to the evolution of new media in Korea. We modeled consumers' media usage behavior and conducted preference and simulation analyses using data gleaned from a survey of consumers' media behavior and a Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Values (MDCEV) model. The results of the analyses illustrate how consumer preferences regarding old and new media differ in terms of sociodemographic variables. Moreover, the analyses revealed that whereas the advent of the Internet has negatively influenced consumers' use of old media, the arrival of smart mobile media has had a synergistic effect on television use. As a result, the advent of mobile media increased the use of television,but decreased use of other forms of old media.Keywords: New media; Media usage behavior; Preference analysis; Scenario analysis; Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value model1.IntroductionMedia are continuously evolving (Stöber, 2004). Although early forms of media (e.g., mail, telegram, telephone) were used primarily to exchange simple messages, the advent of mass media like newspapers and magazines allowed media to be used to deliver vast amounts of information to a large and unspecified audience. When electronic media like radio and TV became popular during the early 20th century, they were used to deliver a substantial amount of information to recipients in real time. Most recently, however, digital media (e.g., the Internet, mobile technology) have fundamentally altered the media environment. Specifically, the advent of digital media has facilitated the fast and easy consumption, retention, and sharing of a significant amount of information between multiple users.To differentiate these from analog media, such as newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, many scholars and professionals have referred to digital media as “new media.”Although researchers have defined new media in a wide variety of ways, we define new media as digital media capable of saving, handling, delivering, and exchanging information through digital binary codes (Negroponte, 1996; Flew, 2002; Manovich, 2003; Jenkins, 2006). The emergence of new media has become institutionalized in our society, fundamentally changing our methods of exchanging information and the consumer behaviors of media usage. It has also had a significant effect on many social, political, cultural, and economic activities (Stöber, 2004).Researchers have long-studied the influence of media evolution on societal outcomes, with a particular emphasis on the advent and proliferation of the Internet. Some of the most notable studies in this domain have explored the influence of the Internet on traditional media usage (Bromley and Bowles, 1995; Mokhtari et al., 2009), social relations (Haythornthwaite, 2002; Brignall and Van Valey, 2005; Amichai-Hamburger and Hayat, 2011), the economy (Litan and Rivlin, 2001; Lucasand Sylla, 2003), politics (Farrell, 2012), education (Agarwal and Day, 1998; Arsham, 2002), and corporate marketing (Avlonitis and Karayanni, 2000; Hennig-Thurau et al., 2010).The arrival and development of new media in the 21st century have put pressure on companies and governments to understand the Internet and use it in accordance with their specific objectives. For example, companies largely sought to leverage the Internet to maximize the effectiveness of their marketing efforts. Similarly, governments sought to use the Internet to efficiently publicize policies. Given the extent to which organizations in both the private and public sectors have used the Internet to achieve specific objectives, many researchers have worked to identify the implications of their Internet usage. For example, Bhatnagar and Ghose (2004) found that Internet retailers could use customers' Internet search patterns according to demographic characteristics and product types to cultivate store loyalty among those customers. Naik and Peters (2009) also illustrated Internet use for marketing purposes, empirically showing that the development of a marketing scheme that is comprised of the appropriate mix of print-, television-, radio-, and Internetbased messages can efficiently build customer loyalty. In a similar vein, Lin et al. (2013) analyzed consumers' simultaneous usage of these four media types and found that media campaigns that leverage both old and new media are most effective.Similar to the Internet, the recent introduction of personal mobile smart devices has contributed to the evolution of media usage. This is particularly notable, given that smart device usage is spreading at a faster rate than older media (MIT Technology Review, 2012). This proliferation of new media will allow people to easily access and share massive amounts of digitized information anywhere and at any time.Despite these developments, most research in this domain has been focused on predicting and measuring the preference and demand for smart media products and services (Chen and Hsieh, 2012; Choi et al., 2013; Park et al., 2013; Lee, 2014). Though useful in its own right, this line of research has failed to consider the ways in which the development of new media has affected a number of salient socioeconomic outcomes. To address this gap, we analyze the ways in which Internetbased newmedia, digital media broadcasting (DMB), and older forms of media (e.g., magazines, television) affect certain societal outcomes. Specifically, in this paper, we use a Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) model and scenario simulations to investigate Korean consumers' media usage, designed to forecast the socioeconomic effects related to the evolution of new media.In addition, we explore how the emergence of new media affects the use of old media. Jenkins (2006) argued that new media has a tendency to incite drastic changes. For example, when new media emerge, they tend to displace old media, changing consumers' media consumption habits. Therefore, before it is possible to understand the socio-economic effects of new media emergence, it is first necessary to explore and understand changes in consumers' media usage behavior resulting from the advent of the Internet and other digital media.2.Background2.1.Definition and classification of new mediaResearchers have defined new media in a number of different ways, so there is currently no consensus with regard to how to conceptualize new media. For the purposes of the current study, we define new media as digital media capable of saving, handling, delivering, and exchanging information through digital binary codes. This definition suggests that new media facilitate not only the free exchange of digitalized information in compressed form, but also user interaction. Using this definition as a guide, and in accordance with definitions proposed by Jenkins (2006), we can categorize computers, the Internet, and smart mobile devices as new media. Comparatively, we can categorize print, television, and radio as old media. For the purposes of this research, we will analyze consumers' usage behavior for seven forms of media: newspapers, magazines, radio, television, computer-based Internet, mobile Internet, and DMB. Using these definitions, we categorize newspapers, magazines, radio, and television as old media; and the Internet, mobile Internet, and DMB as new media.2.2.New media usage in KoreaAccording to the International Telecommunication Union (2013), Korea ranks first in the world in information and communication technology readiness, usage, and capability as of 2013. In addition, other organizations reported that Korea also ranked first in terms of Internet penetration (97.2%; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2012), and second in terms of smartphone penetration (73.0%; Our Mobile Planet, 2013). These figures indicate that Korea is characterized by the most widespread and pervasive use of the Internet, smart devices, and other new media globally. As such, Korean consumers represent the most active group in terms of new media use. Given the degree to which the Korean population uses new media, new media-related industries experience continuous growth with the support of policies developed by the Korean government. The Korean case allows an illustration of the changes in media usage following the diffusion of new media, therefore facilitating a forecast of changes in the social, political, cultural, and economic dynamics of the country.3.Model specificationsThis study uses Bhat's (2005, 2008) Multiple DiscreteContinuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) to analyze consumers' media usage behavior. The MDCEV model consists of the utility according to the consumers' choice and its corresponding usage in combination under random utility theory. The MDCEV model considers both product choice and usage behavior simultaneously, and is used in various fields. Its use is especially widespread in the transportation field to model household vehicle type holdings and its mileage (e.g., Bhat and Sen, 2006; Ahn et al., 2008; Shin et al., 2012). This study uses the MDCEV model to analyze consumer's media choice and usage time together. More specifically, we leveraged a mixed MDCEV model, which reflects heterogeneity among consumers' media preferences and usage through distribution to each parameter (Bhat, 2005, 2008; Ahn et al., 2008; Shin et al., 2012).The mixed MDCEV is difficult to estimate with classical maximum likelihood methods. Therefore, we used a Bayesian estimation method to accommodate the computational complexity of the estimation process associated with the mixedMDCEV. The advantage of the Bayesian estimation method is that it is capable of solving local optimal solution problems using the initial value. In contrast, the maximum likelihood estimation method is a classical estimation method (Allenby and Rossi, 1998; Huber and Train, 2001; Edwards and Allenby, 2003; Train, 2003). Bhat (2005, 2008) published detailed information about the MDCEV model.4.Concluding remarksThe introduction of new media has affected consumer media usage behavior in a number of ways. In addition, the recent emergence of smart mobile media has significantly affected the dynamics of the current media market. Given these effects, we sought to provide a means for forecasting the effects of introducing new media into an existing media market as well as how the introduction of new media could affect the ways in which communication technologies evolve. Specifically, we leveraged MCR data in an MDCEV model to analyze (a) consumer preferences for old and new media alternatives, and (b) the ripple effect of the introduction of new media on the existing media market.Our results revealed that generally, consumers are more interested in emergent mobile media (e.g., mobile Internet and DMB) than other forms of media. More specifically, our results showed that younger consumers tend to gravitate towards mobile Internet, DMB, and radio because they are familiar with mobile devices. Given this, when the Korean government or companies promote new policies or products/services to younger consumers, it may be useful for them to use mobile media as the primary communication channel. Our results also showed that consumers with more education tended to prefer Internet and print media, indicating that these channels are important conduits for circulating information for the educated. In addition, consumers with higher household incomes tended to report a preference for using the Internet and mobile Internet media. Similarly, early adopters indicated that they preferred to use, in order of decreasing preference, mobile Internet, traditional Internet, and television. Consumers with higher levels of brand-loving tendency reported a preference for mobile Internet, television, traditional Internet, print media,and DMB. Taken together, these results provide useful guidance for companies to effectively engage with target audiences in the era of new media. Finally, our estimation of satiation parameters indicated that mobile media alternatives have greater market potential than those that cannot be used in a mobile sense.Further, our scenario analyses showed that the introduction of the Internet and mobile media generally negatively affects consumer usage of television, radio, and print media. Although they both have this effect, the introduction of the Internet into an extant media market has more substantial effects than the introduction of mobile media. Interestingly, our analyses suggested that when mobile media are introduced, the likelihood of a consumer choosing or using traditional Internet, radio, and print media decreases, but the probability of choice and usage for television increases. This result may indicate that Internet usage patterns have partially shifted from the personal computer context to the mobile context. This result may also suggest that there exists a synergistic effect between mobile media and television, as high-quality content can be used on these two media in concert.Although our results provide a wealth of useful information for government organizations and companies related to targeted marketing and media usage, this study is subject to a few limitations. First, the introduction of new media into extant media markets can generate substitution and complementary relationships between old and new media. However, the MDCEV model employed to perform the analyses was unable to account for these relationships directly. Moreover, our scenario analyses only evaluate substitution and complementary relationships between old and new media indirectly. Second, although Korean mobile media consumption has grown exponentially since 2011, we were unable to account for this growth in our analysis due to the lack of current data. In spite of these shortcomings, the results of this study can be used effectively to establish government policies or market products and services in countries in which new media are pervasive.中文译文：新媒体对消费者媒体使用的影响：韩国的实证研究摘要互联网的出现和传播（一种新媒体的形式）严重影响了消费者的媒体使用行为和其他一些社会、政治、文化和经济成果。
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网络互联网新媒体危机公关分析外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Blogging PR: An exploratory analysis of public relations weblogs Keywords:WeblogPublic relationsInteractivityUsabilityAbstract：Although there are ever more weblogs on the Internet, this is an area that has been little researched in public relations, and where they have been analyzed it has been as a tool for communication rather than a primary information source in the public relations body of knowledge. This paper provides an exploratory study of the structure and content of 67 blogs on public relations to determine what issues they deal with and whether they are a tool for the theoretical development of the field. In addition to their content we have looked at the structure, usability and interactivity of the blogs.1. IntroductionBlogs are seen by some authors as major tools for online communication, whereas by others they are little more than experts’ opinions on a given issue (Herrera & Celaya, 2006). They are such a recent medium (beginning in 1996) that the concept remains controversial and arguable (Barton, 2005). In any event their persuasive and informative function is of great relevance as they can obtain opinion leadership with a huge influence over public opinion. In this sense Sweetser and Metzgar (2007) have demonstrated that in crisis situations, people who read personal blogs have a lower perception of crisis for an organization.The rise of blogs seems to be unbridled and it is a phenomenon that is occurring in all knowledge fie lds (Jenkins, 2006). There are currently over 60 million blogs in existence and 75,000 new ones each day (Cohen & Krishnamurthy, 2006). More than 14 million people worldwide keep a personal diary on the Internet and a further 100 million (one third of the active Web universe) read blogs habitually (Gordillo, 2007). Every six months theblogosphere population doubles, and it is today sixty times greater than three years ago. No communication medium has ever burgeoned so rapidly. Weblog writers produce 700,000 to 1.3million articles every day—almost one a second (Gordillo, 2007). Since their arrival blogs have been changing, as have their social perception, objectives and cultural, economic, political and media impact (Yang, 2007). Weblogs have diversified and are developing in such diverse spheres as education, business, politics, journalism and public relations.According to Hallett (2005), the communicative use of weblogs in public relations has twofold foundations. On the one hand they enable professionals to analyze the market and ascertain the opinions of their audiences to gauge public opinion on a business, product or brand. On the other, they are a major technique for participating and giving opinions both personal and organizational, be it by posting co mments on other blogs or creating one’s own.This study, however, does not focus on analyzing corporate blogs, which are used as a public relations tool, but looks at blogs concerning public relations in which public relations or one of its activities is the main theme. Our aim is to analyze what public relations blogs are about, or what issues are dealt with in blog posts, in addition to any structural elements of this new communicative tool that may affect its efficacy to transmit information: objectives, structure and degree of usability, interactivity, and level of connectivity.2. MethodDatabases of public relations blogs are few and far between. One of the most comprehensive, and regularly updated, is the Online Public Relations directory, created by James H. Norton. We have chosen this database which encompasses a public relations blogs directory split into four categories: Public Relations General (67 blogs), Directories and Aggregators (7),Miscellaneous (3), and High-Tech PR (8). In order to avoid any bias resulting from the categorization criteria, for the purposes of this study we took 67 blogs from the Public Relations General category. The data collection was carried out between October 2006 and January 2007. Therefore, the sample selected for analysis consists of 67 blogs on public relations from around the world.For the data collection we drew up an analysis template that measures 50 items which were later categorized to create the main analysis variables. These variables were:(a) Author: The blogs were classified as personal, organizational written by anemployee, and purely organizational and, therefore, impersonal.(b) Content: Analysis was carried out of both the issues arising in the blog posts and the images or other resources. The content of blogs is tied up with its pursued objectives, which were also examined.(c) Interactivity: This measures the degree of user participation, according to the interactive resources available on the blog. These include: the option for external users to post comments or contact the blog author by e-mail, podcasting, audio and video downloads, sales of products and services, user surveys, and the possibility of subscribing.(d) Usability: This is a necessary requisite to develop efficient interactivity (Hallahan, 2001). This variable analyzes how easy it is to use the weblog for those who access it by means of: search engines on other blogs, internal search engines, list of previous files, list of most recent blog posts, and calendar.(e) Connectivity: This measures the extent to which the blog is linked to other websites, be it through other linked blogs or websites of interest.The analysis focuses on the descriptive statistical data on all of the items under study, in addition to the contingency tables and variable correlation. Given the characteristics of the study variables –largely nominal and ordinal –the Gamma index was used as the most suitable correlation index for the analysis.3. ResultsA look at the date when the blogs analyzed were created reveals that the lion’s share was set up very recently. Only 31.3% go back earlier than 2004. By contrast, 61.2% of the sample blogs were created between 2004 and the present. It was not possible to ascertain the creation date for five blogs (7.5%).One of the defining paradigms of blogs is that they are written in real time. With this new medium we shall no longer speak of frequency but of real time, of ongoing contributions. The upside of this is that they are more dynamic and enriched with a range of conversational styles, but they are lacking in contemplation (Orihuela, 2006). Despite these characteristics, over half of the blogs analyzed (53.7%) receive new blog posts around every five days. Only 11.9% are updated or include new input on a daily basis.3.1. AuthorshipIn their study into corporate blogs Lee, Hwang, and Lee (2006) split them into five categories: the employee blog, written by any worker in the company; the group blog, which is a workers’ blog kept not by one person alone but by aset of experts; the executive blog, written by management; the promotional blog, which is an impersonal corporate blog seeking to spark discussion on products and events; and lastly, the newsletter blog, which is also impersonal and aims to represent the company stance through its information. We have used this blog authorship classification for our own study but brought it down to only three analysis categories: personal blogs, by public relations professionals; company blogs written by an employee, 2 either non-management or management; and public relations company blogs.The largest share (77.6%) of the blogs analyzed in this study is personal, written primarily by public relations professionals. Corporate blogs written by employees or management constitute a much smaller proportion (16.4%). Impersonal corporate blogs were by far the smallest group (4.5%). This data corroborates the fact that one of the main characteristics of blogs is that they are personal, and users seek this ‘human voice’ in their communication (Jenkins, 2006). Impersonal corporate blogs are not as widely accepted by the blogger community (Lee et al., 2006: p. 320) because they are seen as marketing tools or as simple filters from the public relations department.Table 1With regard to the type of personal blogs, these results match those found in other research. Herring, Scheidt, Bonus, and Wright (2004), in a study conducted in 2003 on a sample of 199 blogs, also observed that most blogs (70%) were personal. Indeed, according to this study, personal information is one of the defining characteristics of blogs.However, what is most striking in these results is the low percentage of corporate blogs written by employees, given the powerful communicative tool that they constitute for organizations. Some companies have caught on to theirpotential and encourage their staff to keep blogs. These contain personal, subjective communication that is not directly sent out by the company but by a third party who gives their own opinions and the information is therefore perceived as impartial and unbiased. However, the value of this type of communication lies not only in its impartiality but also in the personal information provided, which gives a human face to the company and builds up a positive community vision around it and its products (Lee et al., 2006).3.2. ContentTable 1 shows the main objectives of the blogs analyzed. As can be seen, most seek to comment upon topical affairs in public relations profession, as well as to voice personal opinions on these issues. Given that the blogs analyzed are largely personal, interest in the author’s contributions is understandable. Conversely, the low percentage of weblogs that aim to debate issues surrounding public relations theory is surprising.If we look at the c ontents we find that 88.1% of the blogs analyzed contain comments on various aspects of public relations and 85.1% on other communicative affairs. Commentaries on blogs and communication in the blogosphere are also considerable (74.6%), albeit in a lower proportion. It is worth highlighting that comments on aspects of the author’s personal life, such as trips, hobbies, family and professional achievements, arise in 50.7% of the blogs. This reveals that weblogs are communicative tools with a strong personal emphasis in all areas discussed.Overall, this data suggests that blogs belonging to an organization are more serious and formal, in both their content and the blog posts. Moreover, they fundamentally provide information on their own company and publicize its website. This contrasts with personal blogs where the tone can range from the strictly formal to the colloquial.The results also reveal differences in the contents of professional and non-professional public relations blogs. The former explore issues in public relations and communication in general, as well as the blogosphere and the Internet. However, the blogs written by non-professionals provide opinions on advertising, television and other more informative aspects. These do not contain experiences b ut opinions and perception of the field.Broadly speaking, there is no advertising on blogs. Although 41.8% of the sample includes banners, these are not advertising of the blog but traditionaladverts that have been added to blog posts to be highlighted, displayed or commented on from a marketing communications perspective. Therefore, they constitute advertising integrated into the user comments, with a high degree of subjectivity.Lastly, Table 2 shows the percentages of the main issues tackled in the blog posts on the weblogs analyzed. As is evident, 95.5% of the blogs discuss the blogosphere in their comments. These concern the importance of this new communicative tool, its characteristics and its use in public relations. The next most important are topics on Internet communication, in addition to the theory and practice of public relations, albeit from more of a professional than an academic or research-based stance.Table 2译文：博客公关：博客公共关系的探索性分析关键词：博客公共关系互动性可用性摘要：尽管微博在互联网上日益流行，但这仍是一个公共关系中很少涉足研究的领域。