大众媒体新媒体外文翻译文献综述
大众媒介变化的英语作文
大众媒介变化的英语作文The Evolving Landscape of Mass MediaThe world of mass media has undergone a profound transformation in recent decades, driven by the rapid advancements in technology and the ever-changing preferences of consumers. From the traditional print media to the digital realm, the landscape of mass communication has been reshaped, presenting both challenges and opportunities for individuals, businesses, and society as a whole.One of the most significant shifts in mass media has been the rise of digital platforms. The internet has revolutionized the way information is accessed, shared, and consumed. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have become powerful tools for individuals to express their thoughts, share their experiences, and engage with a global audience. These platforms have democratized the dissemination of information, allowing anyone with an internet connection to become a content creator and influencer.The proliferation of digital media has also had a profound impact on traditional forms of mass media. Newspapers and magazines, oncethe primary sources of news and information, have had to adapt to the digital age. Many have transitioned to online platforms, offering a more interactive and multimedia-rich experience for their readers. The speed and accessibility of digital news have challenged the traditional news cycle, with breaking news and real-time updates becoming the norm.Moreover, the rise of streaming services and on-demand content has transformed the entertainment industry. Platforms like Netflix, Hulu, and Amazon Prime have disrupted the traditional television model, allowing viewers to consume content at their own convenience and on a variety of devices. This shift has led to the development of high-quality, binge-worthy content that caters to the diverse preferences of viewers.The changes in mass media have also had a significant impact on the way businesses and organizations communicate with their target audience. Digital marketing and social media have become essential tools for brands to reach and engage with their customers. Platforms like YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok have become powerful channels for businesses to showcase their products, share their brand stories, and build strong relationships with their audience.However, the evolving landscape of mass media is not without its challenges. The abundance of information available online has led tothe spread of misinformation and fake news, which can have serious consequences for individuals and society. The need for media literacy and critical thinking skills has become increasingly important, as consumers must navigate the vast array of information sources and discern fact from fiction.Additionally, the shift towards digital media has raised concerns about data privacy and the ethical use of personal information. Consumers are becoming more aware of the ways in which their data is collected and used by tech companies and digital platforms, leading to a growing demand for greater transparency and accountability.In conclusion, the evolution of mass media has transformed the way we access, consume, and share information. The rise of digital platforms has democratized communication, offering new opportunities for individuals and businesses to connect and engage with their audiences. However, this transformation has also brought about challenges, such as the spread of misinformation and the need for greater data privacy protections. As we navigate this ever-changing landscape, it is crucial that we embrace the positive aspects of mass media while addressing the emerging challenges to ensure a more informed and responsible society.。
大众媒体 英文作文
大众媒体英文作文The mass media is everywhere in our daily lives. From newspapers to TV shows, from social media to advertising, we are constantly bombarded with information and entertainment. It's hard to escape the influence of the media, and it shapes our opinions and beliefs in ways we may not even realize.We are often told that the media is a powerful tool for shaping public opinion, and this is certainly true. Whether it's through biased reporting, sensationalist headlines, or carefully crafted advertising campaigns, the media has the ability to sway public opinion and influence our behavior.But the media is also a reflection of society, and it can be a force for good. It can shine a light on important issues, give a voice to the marginalized, and hold those in power accountable. It can also bring people together, creating a sense of community and shared experience.At the same time, the media can also be a source of division and conflict. It can spread misinformation and perpetuate stereotypes, creating fear and mistrust. It can also be a platform for hate speech and extremism, amplifying the voices of those who seek to divide us.In conclusion, the mass media is a complex and powerful force in our lives. It has the ability to shape public opinion, reflect society, and both unite and divide us.It's important to be critical consumers of media, to seek out diverse perspectives, and to use the media as a force for positive change.。
大众媒体对社会的影响英语作文
大众媒体对社会的影响英语作文The Impact of Mass Media on SocietyMass media plays an essential role in our modern society. It has the power to shape our perceptions, influence our beliefs, and impact our behavior. The influence of mass media on society is profound and multifaceted, affecting various aspects of our lives.Firstly, mass media serves as a primary source of information. Through newspapers, television, radio, and the internet, media outlets provide us with news and updates about local and global events. This constant flow of information helps us stay informed and aware of the world around us. However, it also means that the media has the power to control the narrative and influence public opinion.Secondly, mass media has a significant impact on shaping cultural norms and values. T elevision shows, movies, and music videos often portrayal certain lifestyles, behaviors, and beliefs, which can influence societal standards. For instance, the portrayal of unrealistic body images in the media can lead to body dissatisfaction and low self-esteem among individuals.Furthermore, mass media plays a crucial role in shaping political discourse. It provides a platform for political candidates to express their views, and it also influences public opinion through biased reporting and commentary. The media's influence on political elections and policy-making cannot be underestimated.Moreover, mass media has transformed the way we communicate and interact with one another. Social media platforms have created virtual communities, allowing people to connect globally and share their thoughts and experiences. While this has many positive aspects, such as promoting social awareness and activism, it also has negative consequences, such as online bullying and the spread of misinformation.In addition, mass media has a profound impact on consumer behavior. Advertising and marketing strategies influence our purchasing decisions, often manipulating our desires and creating false needs. This can lead to materialism and excessive consumption, which have negative environmental and social implications.Lastly, mass media can both reflect and perpetuate societal inequalities. It has the power to reinforce stereotypes and biases, thereby contributing to discrimination and social divisions. Representation matters, and the media should strive for diversity and inclusivity to promote a more equitable society.In conclusion, the influence of mass media on society is undeniable. It shapes our perceptions, beliefs, and behavior, and has both positive and negative consequences. As consumers of media, it is crucial to be critical and discerning, while also advocating for responsible and ethical media practices. Only through awareness and action can we harness thepotential of mass media to create a better and more inclusive society.。
社交网络和大众媒体新媒体外文文献翻译2013年译文3000多字
文献出处：DAVID A. SIEGEL.Social Networks and the Mass Media[J] American Political Science Review.2013,107,(04) pp 786-805原文Social Networks and the Mass MediaSIEGELAbstract:How do global sources of information such as mass media outlets, state propaganda, NGOs, and national party leadership affect aggregate behavior? Prior work on this question has insufficiently considered the complex interaction between social network and mass media influences on individual behavior. By explicitly modeling this interaction, I show that social network structure conditions media's impact. Empirical studies of media effects that fail to consider this risk bias. Further, social network interactions can amplify media bias, leading to large swings in aggregate behavior made more severe when individuals can select into media matching their preferences. Countervailing media outlets and social elites with unified preferences can mitigate the effect of bias; however, media outlets promulgating antistatic quo bias have an advantage. Theoretical results such as these generate numerous testable hypotheses; I provide guidelines for deriving and testing hypotheses from the model and discuss several such hypotheses.Keywords: Business Models, Cloud Computing, Electronic Markets, Resource Sharing, Social networkEMERGENCE OF SOCIAL NETWORKS AND CLOUD COMPUTINGSocial networking has become an every day part of many peoples’ lives as evidenced by the huge user communities that are part of such networks. Facebook, for instance, was launched in February 2004 by Harvard under graduate students as an alternative to the traditional student directory. In tended to cover interaction between students at Universities–Facebook enables individuals to encourage others to joint he network through personalized invitations, friend suggestions and creation of specialist groups. Today Facebook has a much wider take up than just students at Universities. Facebook now facilitates interaction between people by enabling sharing of common interests, videos, photos, etc.Some social network populations exceed that of large countries, for example Facebook has over 350 million active users. Social networks provide a platform to facilitate communication and sharing between users, in an attempt to model real world relationships. Social networking has now also extended beyond communication between friends; for instance, there are a multitude of integrated applications that are now made available by companies, and some organizations use such applications, such as Facebook Connect to authenticate users, i.e. they utilize a user’s Facebook credentials rather than requiring their own credentials(for example the Calgary Airport authority in Canada uses Facebook Connect to grant access to their WiFi network). This ability to combine a third party application (including its local data) to authenticate users demonstrates the service-oriented approach to application development. By tapping into an already established community around a particular social networking platform, it becomes unnecessary to require users to register with another system.The structure of a Social Network is essentially the formation of a dynamic virtual community with inherent trust relationships between friends. (Szmigin et al., 2006) identify how “relationship marketing” (identified as referring to all marketing activities directed towards establishing, developing and maintaining successful relational exchanges) can be facilitated through the creation of on-line communities. They discuss how on-line communities can be used to facilitate interaction and bonding between consumer and suppliers, intermediate parties and specific brands. Similarly, (Shang et al., 2006) discuss how brand loyalty can be achieved through various types of participation within an on-line community (focusing specifically on the –a virtual community of Apple users in Taiwan). They discuss the motivation for individuals to promote certain products during on-line discussions (active participants) and for others to remain as lurkers (passive participants). The study particularly focuses on the incentives for participants to contribute to an on-line community, based on the perception of a user about the degree of relevance towards an object that is being discussed –focusing on both cognitive (based on utilitarian motive –concerning an individual’s concern with the cost and benefit of the product or service) and affective (a value-expressive motive, referring to an indiv idual’s interest in enhancing self-esteem or self-conception, and in projecting his/her desired self-image to the outside world through the product or service).It is also useful to understand, for instance, how such trust relationships could be used as a foundation for resource (information, hardware, services) sharing. Cloud environments aretypically focused on providing low level abstractions of computation or storage. Using this approach, a user is able to access (on a short term/rental basis) capacity that is owned by another person or business (generally over a computer network). In this way, a user is able to outsource their computing requirements to an external provider – limiting their exposure to cost associated with systems management and energy use. Computation and Storage Clouds are complementary and act as building blocks from which applications can be constructed –using a technique referred to as “mash-ups”. Storage Clouds are gaining popularity as a way to extend the capabilities of storage-limited devices such as phones and other mobile devices. There are also a multitude of commercial Cloud providers such as Amazon EC2/S3, Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure and also many smaller scale open clouds like Nimbus (Keahey et al., 2005) and Eucalyptus (Nurmi et al., 2009). A Social Cloud (Chard et al., 2010), on the other hand, is a scalable computing model in which virtualized resources contributed by users are dynamically provisioned amongst a group of friends. Compensation for use is optional as users may wish to share resources without payment, and rather utilize a reciprocal credit (or barter) based model (Andrade et al., 2010). In both cases guarantees are offered through customized Service Level Agreements (SLAs). In a sense, this model is similar to a Volunteer computing approach, in that friends share resources amongst each other for little to no gain. However, unlike Volunteer models there is inherent accountability through existing friend relationships. There are a number of advantages gained by leveraging social networking platforms, in particular one can gain access to huge user communities, can exploit existing user management functionality, and rely on pre-established trust formed through existing user relationships.The author thanks Jason Barabas, Jon Bendor, Ted Carmines, Jamie Druckman, John Freeman, Matt Golder, Sona Golder, Bob Jackson, Jenn Jerit, Kris Kanthak, Özge Kemahlioglu, Charlotte Lee, Valerie Martinez-Ebers, Adam Meirowitz, Scott McClurg, Will Moore, Chris Reenock, John Ryan, John Scholz, Jake Shapiro, Anand Sokhey, Jeff Staton, Jim Stimson, Craig Volden, Jon Woon, four very helpful anonymous reviewers, and audiences in the Political Economics group at the Stanford GSB, Political Science departments at FSU, GWU, Minnesota, Pittsburgh, and Stony Brook, and the Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy at UVa. Any errors are my own.To begin to answer this question, I develop a novel theory of aggregate opinion andbehavior. The theory considers a heterogeneous population of individuals who must choose between dichotomous options. It incorporates the interaction of social network and mass media influences at the individual level; its key assumption is that the more others choose an option, the more one is apt to do so as well. In the theory, social networks provide information about the choices of those to whom one is directly connected, while the mass media provide (potentially biased) information about aggregate choice. The theory thus applies to, for example, voter turnout and political participation (e.g., Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008; Lake and Huckfeldt 1998; Leighley 1990; McClurg 2003; Rolfe 2012), opinion formation (e.g., Beck et al. 2002; Druckman and Nelson 2003; Huckfeldt and Sprague 1995), protests and social movements (e.g., Kuran 1991; McAdam 1986), and vote choice (e.g., Beck 2002; Huckfeldt and Sprague 1995; Ryan 2011; Sinclair 2012; Sokhey and McClurg 2012).Three major results follow from this theory. All hold both when individuals treat media identically and when they select into media in line with their preferences. First, understanding the aggregate effect of the media generally requires considering social networks, because social network structure conditions media's impact. For example, additional weak ties between disparate social groups can reduce the media's impact, and the presence of unified social elites can eliminate the media's impact entirely in the aggregate. Empirical studies of media impact that fail to consider media's interaction with social networks risk bias.Second, social networks can amplify the effect of media bias. A biased media outlet that systematically under- or over-reports a poll of the population by a only a few percentage points can in some cases swing aggregate behavior (e.g., turnout or vote share) by over 20% in either direction due to positive feedback within the network. Open advocates in the media can have a yet larger impact even when not comparatively influential. Unified social elites limit the effect of media bias, but cannot fully counter an advocate; selection into media, made ever easier with technological improvements, tends to enhance the effect of bias. We should therefore expect media bias to become increasingly important to aggregate behavior.AN INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL THEORY OF AGGREGATE BEHAVIORThough I present a theory of aggregate behavior, it is based on individual-level assumptions informed by what we know about the way personal characteristics, social networks, and mass media outlets affect individual behavior. Due to this, the theory can explore the effect that interactions between these three factors have on aggregate behavior. As importantly, the theory incorporates empirically realistic heterogeneity across people in allthree factors.Additionally, people are exposed to individuals, groups, and organizations external to one's network, such as mass media outlets, state propaganda, national party leaders, NGOs, and Internet personalities. These outlets can provide information, increasing political knowledge.As this small sampling of large literatures indicates, individuals' decisions are influenced by the information they obtain via both local social networks and global media outlets. However, comparatively little scholarship has explored the three-way interaction of personal characteristics, social networks, and mediaIn the second type of bias, which I call advocacy, the media outlet simply states a preference for one of the options, providing no information about aggregate support. The goal in advocacy is to sway the population toward one or the other option. As before, many goals could underlie advocacy beyond just the support of a biased media outlet's preferences. Advocacy represents the editorial power of the media or the influence of an external actor; it is a "one-message" model (Zaller 1992).I focus my analysis in all three sections on the case in which one of the two options is the status quo, and all individuals begin supporting it. For political participation and social movements, the status quo is not participating. For opinion formation and vote choice, the status quo is an existing option such as a policy in place or an incumbent politician, as contrasted with an alternative such as a newly proposed policy or a challenging politician. For simplicity I subsequently call participation the option that is not the status quo; this should be read as "participation in support of" the option that is not the status quo in contexts other than political participation or social movements.In my analysis I simultaneously vary media strength, network properties, media bias, and, for two outlets, the strength of the L outlet. Though I keep my analysis to two biased outlets, it can easily be extended to multiple biased outlets with the addition of parameters dictating their relative strengths.译文社交网络和大众媒体西格尔摘要：大众媒体，有很多种类，比如有国家宣传、非政府组织和国家党领导等，诸如此类的环球资源等信息是如何影响聚合行为的呢?之前在这个问题上的一些探索研究，特别是关于社交网络之间的复杂的相互作用和大众媒体对个人行为的影响研究显得不够深入。
大众传媒导论英语作文
大众传媒导论英语作文The rise of mass media has been a transformative force in modern society, shaping the way we communicate, consume information, and interact with the world around us. Mass media encompasses a diverse range of platforms, from traditional print and broadcast media to the ever-evolving digital landscape of the internet and social media. Understanding the fundamental principles and impact of mass media is crucial in navigating the complex and rapidly changing information landscape of the 21st century.At its core, mass media refers to the various channels and technologies used to disseminate information, entertainment, and advertising to a large, often geographically dispersed audience. This includes newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the internet, each with its own unique characteristics and capabilities. The key distinguishing feature of mass media is its ability to reach a vast number of people simultaneously, breaking down the traditional barriers of time and space that once constrained the flow of information.One of the primary functions of mass media is to inform the public. News outlets, whether print, broadcast, or digital, play a crucial role in shaping our understanding of current events, political developments, and social issues. By gathering and disseminating information from a variety of sources, mass media serves as a vital link between the public and the institutions, organizations, and individuals that shape our world. The power of mass media to influence public opinion and set the agenda for public discourse cannot be overstated, and this responsibility carries with it an ethical obligation to uphold principles of accuracy, fairness, and objectivity.In addition to its informative role, mass media also serves as a platform for entertainment and cultural expression. Television, film, music, and the arts have all found a home within the mass media landscape, providing audiences with a diverse array of content that caters to a wide range of interests and tastes. The entertainment industry, in particular, has become increasingly intertwined with mass media, leveraging its reach and influence to shape popular culture and influence consumer behavior.The rise of digital media, spearheaded by the internet and the proliferation of social media platforms, has radically transformed the landscape of mass communication. The internet has democratized the means of content creation and distribution, empowering individuals and communities to share their stories, ideas, andperspectives with a global audience. Social media, in turn, has facilitated the rapid dissemination of information, the formation of online communities, and the emergence of new forms of social and political engagement.However, the digital revolution has also brought with it a host of challenges and ethical considerations. The ease with which information can be shared online has given rise to the phenomenon of "fake news," where misinformation and disinformation can spread rapidly and undermine the credibility of traditional media sources. The personalization of content algorithms on social media platforms has the potential to create echo chambers and filter bubbles, reinforcing existing biases and limiting exposure to diverse perspectives.Moreover, the collection and use of personal data by digital media companies has raised significant concerns about privacy, surveillance, and the manipulation of consumer behavior. The power wielded by tech giants in shaping the flow of information and the public discourse has led to calls for greater regulation and accountability within the digital media landscape.Despite these challenges, the transformative potential of mass media remains undeniable. The democratization of content creation and the global reach of digital platforms have empowered marginalizedvoices and fostered greater diversity and representation in the media landscape. The ability of mass media to facilitate cross-cultural exchange, promote social and political activism, and drive technological innovation has the power to shape the course of human progress.In conclusion, the study of mass media is essential in understanding the complex and rapidly evolving information landscape of the 21st century. By exploring the historical development, technological advancements, and societal impact of mass media, we can better navigate the opportunities and challenges presented by this dynamic and influential field. As the role of mass media continues to evolve, it is incumbent upon us to engage critically and ethically with the power it wields, ensuring that it remains a force for positive change and the betterment of humanity.。
新媒体社交媒体营销外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：Elements of strategic social media marketing: A holisticframework（战略性社交媒体营销要素：整体框架）国外作者：Reto Felix, Philipp A. Rauschnabel, Chris Hinsch文献出处：《Journal of Business Research》,2017,70:118-126字数统计：英文2632单词，15772字符；中文5082汉字外文文献：Elements of strategic social media marketing:A holistic frameworkAbstract Social media marketing is an integral element of 21st-centurybusiness. However, the literature on social media marketing remains fragmented and is focused on isolated issues, such as tactics for effective communication. The curr research a pplies a qualitative,theory-building a pproach to develop a strategicfour generic dimensions of strategic social m ediaframework that articulatesmarketing. Social m edia marketing scope represents a range from defenders t osocial media marketing c ulture includes the poles o f conservatism andexplorers,modernism, social media marketing structures fall between hierarchies and networks, and social m edia marketing governance ranges from autocracy t o anarchy. B yproviding a comprehensive conceptualization and definition of strategic social mediaframework that e xpands beyondmarketing, this r esearch proposes a n integrativeextant marketing theory. Furthermore, managers can apply the framework to position their organizations on these four dimensions in a manner consistent with their overa corporate mission and objectives.Key Words: Strategic social media marketing; Holistic framework; New media; Definition of social media marketing; Social media strategy; Digital marketing1.IntroductionUnderstanding the role of social media in the context of marketing is critical f both researchers and managers (e.g. Fong & Burton, 2008; Kumar, Bezawada,2013). Most existingRishika, Janakiraman, &Kannan, 2016; Schultz &Peltier,studies focus on particular issues, such as purchase behavior (Chang, Yu, & Lu, 2015 Kumar et al., 2016; Relling, S chnittka, Sattler, & Johnen, 2016), customerrelationshipmanagement (Trainor, Andzulis, R app, & Agnihotri, 2014), brandmanagement (Asmussen, Harridge-March, Occhiocupo, & Farquhar, 2013),innovation management (Gebauer, Füller, & Pezzei, 2013), and employee recruitment (Sivertzen,Nilsen, & Olafsen, 2013). W hile these s tudies detail advancements inspecialized areas of social media knowledge in a marketing and management context, extant literature does not provide a holistic framework for social media marketing the strategic level. This deficiency is surprising because both academics (Labrecqu vor dem Esche, Mathwick, Novak, & Hofacker, 2013; Schultz & Peltier, 2013; Yadav& Pavlou, 2014) and practitioners (Divol, Edelman, & Sarrazin, 2012) acknowledge new complexities accompanying these m edia and agree that r esearch into s ocialsocial mediastrategicmedia marketing n eeds to be reconceptualized.In a nutshell,marketing remains an untested user interaction paradigm (Naylor, Lamberton, & West, 2012) with little published academic research.The current article aims to address this theoretically and managerially importan research gap by exploring the following two research questions: How is strategicsocial m edia marketing defined a nd conceptualized? and What factors demandsocial media marketing s trategy?an organization'swhen constructingconsiderationSpecifically, this research attempts to define the continua on which critical strat social media marketing decisions lie and to integrate them into a holistic framewor2.MethodologyThe study e mployed a two-stage r esearch design. The first stage c onsisted ofin-depth interviews (Fontana & Frey, 1998) with seven European social m ediaexperience in socialmarketing e xperts who possess b oth national and internationalmedia marketing. Following a purposive sampling strategy (Lincoln & Guba, 1985), experts were recruited according to their job position, experience, and direct expos to social media marketing practices in real industry settings. Seeking depth rather tthe qualitative research breadth, the sample size instage 1 was commensurate with-richparadigm in which relatively small sample sizes are used to generate informationdata (Patton, 1990). A ll informants agreed t o audiotape the i nterviews (between 25and 60 min), which resulted in 117 pages of double-spaced, verbatim transcripts.procedure c onsisted of a qualitative The second stage o f the data collectionsurvey of social media marketing experts (Miles & Huberman, 1994). The survey data were used not for confirmation but as a new and independent qualitative data source with a focus on triangulating the information obtained through the depth interview and online surveys (Jack & Raturi, 2006). Respondents came from a list of 265 social media marketing experts identified through managerially focused magazines, through interviews in business magazines, or because they were mentioned as knowledgeable and experienced experts in personal communication. E-mail requests were sent to allexperts along with two reminders, which resulted in 50 returned surveys (responserate = 18.9%). Seven data s ets w ere eliminated because o f incomplete a nswers orbecause social media marketing plays a minor role in the respondents' daily work. The final sample consisted of 43 respondents (age: m = 37; SD = 9 years; 74% male; 88% European) with various backgrounds in their position and/or industry.Table 1 Summary of stage 2 informantsCompany size (employees)< 50 14 (32.6%)50–99 5 (11.6%)100–499 3 (7.0%)500–9998 (18.6%)1000–4999 6 (14.0%)5000–10,000 3 (7.0%)>10,000 4 (9.3%)Social media marketing experience (in years)Average: 6.4 years1–2 5 (11.6%)3–519 (44.2%)6–812 (27.9%)9 and more 7 (16.3%)Percentage of working time associated with social mediaAverage: 52.8%<20%7 (16.3%)20–3910 (23.3%)40–59 6 (14.0%)60–79 3 (7%)80–10015 (34.9%)n/a 2 (4.7%)Age (in years)Average: 37< 30 9 (20.9%)30–3919 (44.2%)40–4910 (23.3%)50–59 5 (11.6%)Self-reported experience in…Means aSocial Media 6.2Social Media Marketing 5.9Marketing 5.7Customer Management 4.7Advertising 5.2Communications/Public Relations 5.6How much experience do you have in the following areas? (1 = no experience at aall; 7 = highly experienced)Respondents were asked to (1) define s ocial m edia marketing, (2) discussself-selected best and worst practice examples of social media marketing, (3) discusssuccess factors and success m etrics, and (4) d escribe their ideal implementation of-selected organization. The survey employed commonsocial media marketing in a self& Mcbride, 2009), s uch as addingdesign t echniques (Smyth, Dillman, C hristian,large answer fields and asking respondents to be as specific as possible, to increrespondents' motivation to provide detail.3.FindingsFig. 1 shows the strategic social media marketing framework with its four central dimensions.Fig. 1. Strategic social media marketing framework.social media marketing s cope addresses the question whether companies First,use social media marketing p redominantly for communication with one or a fewstakeholders or comprehensively (both externally and internally) as a genuine tool f Defenders use social m edia marketing primarily a s a one-waycollaboration.rather than communication tool t o entertainconsumers or to inform stakeholders,groups. Conversely, explorers are interested in integrating employees or communityan authentic social media marketing c ollaborationinteractionsbased on reciprocalwith many different stakeholders such as clients, employees, suppliers, andgovernment agents.between conservatism, Second, social media marketing c ulture distinguishesapproach t owhich is represented by an encapsulated,mass advertisingtraditional,social media marketing, and modernism, which is characterized by a more permeable,open, and flexible social media marketing culture.Third, social media marketing structure addresses the organization and departmentalization of the social media marketing assignment in the firm. Hierarchieapproach with a clearly defined s ocial media marketingstand for a centralizedassignee. Networks represent an organizational structure in which all employees are responsible for social media marketing, and thus a dedicated social media marketing director is no longer necessary.Fourth, social m edia marketing governance refers t o how the companyestablishes rules and guidelines and how social media marketing responsibilities ar controlledin the company. The extreme position of autocracy describes a situationwith precise regulations on who in the company is allowed to interact on social medi platforms. Conversely, anarchy represents a situation without any such rules o rguidelines.The current research focuses on the extremes of each continuum, but, in general, firms likely choose (intentionally or unintentionally) a position somewhere between the poles o n each dimension. For example, c ompanies need to find a position onsocial media marketing g overnance t hat neither regulates everything employees areallowed to say nor leaves t hem without any guidance on which to base their responsibilitiesor behaviors. Fig. 1 also suggests that d ecisions on social mediageneral(e.g.,marketing s hould i ndeed b e guided by the firm's internalinfluencersvision, mission, corporate goals, corporate culture, available resources), which in should be in line with external i nfluencers (e.g., communities, competition,government regulation).4.Discussion and implicationsThis research addresses the absence of a holistic framework for strategicsocialreveals several approachesmedia marketing. A review of the marketing l iteraturemanagementregarding aspects of strategicmarketing s uch as customer r elationship(e.g., Payne & Frow, 2005) or marketing organization (Workman, Homburg, &Gruner, 1998). However, few articles address the strategic marketing of social mediaand none put forth a holistic social media marketing framework.While extant research related to social media marketing investigates social media mostly through the lens of a particular marketing problem (e.g. Fong & Burton, 2008; Kim & Ko, 2012; Kumar et al., 2016) or witha focus on customers and communication (e.g., Chang et al., 2015), t he findings of this s tudy reveal f ourgeneral social m edia marketing dimensions that firms should address when conceptualizing or managing their strategic social media marketing approach. As the findings indicate, these dimensions are interdependent, and companies should strive position themselves on the four dimensions in an integrated way, rather than treati them as isolated, independent decisions.4.1.A new definition of social media marketingThis research suggests a new definition of social media marketing: Social media-functional concept that uses social media marketing is an interdisciplinary and cross(often in combination with other communications channels) to achieve organizational goals by creating value for stakeholders. On a strategic level, social media marketi covers an organization's decisions about social media marketing scope (ranging from defenders to explorers), culture (ranging from conservatism to modernism), structurto networks), and governance (ranging from autocracy to(ranging from hierarchiesanarchy).4.2.Implications for social media marketing scopeSocial media marketing provides firms with an opportunity to use social media to with customers, employees, communities, and other stakeholdersbuild relationships(i.e., when they act as explorers). At the same time, firms may choose to view soci media as simply another c ommunications channel through which they can pushwhen they act as defenders). Though potentiallyinformation to customers (i.e.,approach does nottake advantage of thefor c ustomers, the defendercreating valuewithin the network of customers,opportunitiesfor building r eal relationshipsemployees, interest groups, the government, and other stakeholders, as propagated by modern relationshipmarketing (Payne & Frow, 2005). However, the explorerstakeholders in theapproach may require firms to redefine the role o f differentorganization.4.3.Implications for social media marketing cultureManagement and organizational behavior researchers (Zheng et al., 2010) as well as marketing academics and practitioners (Deshpandé & Farley, 2004) recognize the-financial firmimportance of culture and organizational climate for financial and non performance. The current research emphasizes t he importance o f culture for s ocialmedia marketing. Companies engaging in social media marketing must acknowledgethat stakeholders can take control of and manipulate social media content (Labrecque et al., 2013). Thus, companies should contemplate t he trade-offs between anwhich provides m oreencapsulated social media marketing c ulture (conservatism),connect a nd engageand consumers' desire tobrand constructs,control of importantwith firms displaying a more progressive, permeable culture (i.e., modernism).4.4.Implications for social media marketing structureExtant marketing research investigates how the elements of marketing should besuch as formalization,characteristics,organized a ccording t o a firm's structural(e.g.,Olson, S later, & Hult, 2005). C onsequently,and specializationcentralization,and organizationalsocial m edia marketing structure focuses on responsibilitiesemployed to configure social media marketing. Whereas social mediahierarchiesmarketing governance pertains to who can or should say what in social media, social media marketing structure focuses on who has the responsibility to post and interac in these m edia. A s the informants emphasized, firms s hould i ntegratesocial mediaThe informantsmarketing in a way that fits with their o verarching strategies.or asets o f benefits that c an emerge from either a hierarchicalidentifieddifferentnetworked structure. However, they recommended that specific decisions about who has the responsibility to interact online with customers, activists, and pundits sh be formally discussed in the organization.4.5.Implications for social media marketing governancerights, and Research on governance usually investigates the structures,responsibilities among different employees in organizations (Freeman & Reed, 1983).-discipline of corporate governance, Information technology (IT) governance, as a subfocuses on specifying which individuals have the responsibility for making decisions on the use of IT (Brown & Grant, 2005). Whereas IT governance traditionally focuses-related purposes, social media can potentially be used byon the use of IT for work(company-granted a ccess) or unofficial(personalany employee in either officialaccount access) capacities. Therefore, the applicability of IT governance research is limited u se when extended to social m edia marketing. S ome companies havedeveloped the idea of educating e mployees about the personal a nd firm-related consequences of “undesirable” social media use through social mediamarketingguidelines andguidelines(Linke &Zerfass, 2013). However, building social mediagovernance into a holistic framework for social media marketing is novel. The role o employees in promoting brands in other contexts (and thus increasing firm value) is(Morhart, Herzog, & Tomczak, 2009).well represented in the academic literatureWeber Shandwick's (2014) recent s tudy reveals a n emerging movement termed“employee activism” in which one-third of the surveyed respondentswere socialwho defended their employers and advocated f or the firm online.media activistsEmployees may be better able to understand the needs of consumers and products that can meet those needs, and they can effectively advocate and promote the firm online. These technologiesall employees to champion the firm. Forhave allowed v irtuallyNordstrom has policies to provide e mployees withexample, the fashion r etailerof social media marketingThis applicationand expectations.knowledge, d irection,governance can increase the overall social media marketing s uccess o f the firm (Nordstrom, 2015; Ross, Beath, & Sebastian, 2015).5.Limitations and future researchavenues forfruitfulSeveral limitationsto the current study s uggest p otentiallyapproach r eveals four d imensions o f strategicfuture research. First, the qualitativesocial media marketing and identifies the extreme points of each dimension. However,of differentto identify the impactfuture researchcould u se quantitative approachespositions on each of these dimensions. Research could also investigate the influenc of each dimension on firm or social media marketing p erformance. For example,studies could try to isolate the effect of each dimension on outcome variables such2013) or, m ore specifically,newconsumer–brand engagement (Schultz & Peltier,is themedia brand engagement (Hennig-Thurau et al., 2010). A second limitationover-representation of European (especially German) informants in the analyses. Prior research d iscusses cross-cultural differences in consumers' u se of social m edia(Bernoff &Li, 2008; World Newsmedia Network, 2015). Furthermore, extantresearch advocates for the adaptation of social media content to the targeted cult(Tsai &Men, 2012). T hus, caution should b ebased on differingconsumer profilestaken in extrapolating the framework to other cultural contexts. Future research mig determine w hether aspects of cultural or economic context add dimensions t o theapproaches r egardingproposed f ramework or whether they simply require differentthe four dimensions.Future research should also investigate how other characteristics, such as cultur the type of firm (e.g., B2B vs. B2C), the industry (e.g., financial services vs.“idealadvertising agency), company size, or available resources, influence a firm'ssocial media marketing. Finally,position” on each of the dimensions o f strategic-regulatory bodies (e.g.,future research could investigate the role of regulatory or selfon social media marketing g overnance a ndWord of Mouth Marketing A ssociation)how firms can create v alue and form core competencies b y superseding t hese requirements.6.ConclusionThis study sheds light on the complex nature of strategic social media marketingis too complex to be managed and executedSocial m edia marketing, in practice,-functional collaborations exclusively by a single individual or even department. Crossalong the four d imensions o f social media marketing a re necessary to successfullynavigate in this dynamic arena.中文译文：战略性社交媒体营销要素：整体框架 摘要 社交媒体营销是21世纪商业的一个组成部分。
关于大众媒体的总结英语作文
关于大众媒体的总结英语作文In today's society, mass media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion, disseminating information, and influencing social and cultural trends. From traditional forms of media such as newspapers, radio, and television to the modern digital platforms like social media and online news outlets, the impact of mass media on our daily lives is undeniable. In this article, we will explore the various aspects of mass media and its significance in contemporary society.First and foremost, mass media serves as a powerful tool for communication and information dissemination. Through newspapers, magazines, television, and the internet, people can access a wide range of news, entertainment, and educational content. This not only keeps the public informed about current events and developments but also allows for the exchange of ideas and opinions on various issues. Furthermore, mass media provides a platform for individuals and organizations to voice their concerns, advocate for social change, and raise awareness about important issues.In addition to its role in communication, mass media also influences public opinion and shapes societal norms. The portrayal of certain groups or individuals in the media can impact how they are perceived by the public, leading to changes in attitudes and behaviors. Moreover, mass media has the power to set the agenda for public discourse by highlighting certain topics and downplaying others. This ability to frame discussions and influence public opinion gives mass media a significant role in shaping cultural and social norms.Furthermore, mass media serves as a vehicle for entertainment and cultural expression. Through television shows, films, music, and online content, mass media provides a source of leisure and enjoyment for people of all ages. It also allows for the sharing of diverse cultural perspectives and artistic creations, contributing to the richness and diversity of global culture.However, it is important to recognize that mass media also has its limitations and potential drawbacks. The rise of fake news, misinformation, and sensationalized contenthas raised concerns about the credibility and reliability of media sources. Additionally, the power of mass media to shape public opinion and influence societal norms can be used for unethical purposes, such as promoting biased or discriminatory narratives.In conclusion, mass media plays a multifaceted and influential role in contemporary society. It serves as a vital means of communication, information dissemination, and cultural expression, while also influencing public opinion and societal norms. However, it is essential to critically evaluate the content and sources of mass media to ensure that it serves the public interest and upholds ethical standards. As technology continues to evolve, the impact of mass media will undoubtedly continue to shape our world in profound ways.。
新媒体中英文对照外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：The effect of new media on consumer media usage: An empirical study in South Korea（新媒体对消费者媒体使用的影响：韩国的实证研究）国外作者：ongRoul Woo，Jae Young Choi，Jungwoo Shin，Jongsu Lee 文献出处：《Technological Forecasting and Social Change》,2014,89(1):3-11 字数统计：英文 2191 单词，12445 字符；中文 4024 汉字外文文献：The effect of new media on consumer media usage:An empirical study in South KoreaAbstract The advent and proliferation of the Internet (a form of new media) have heavily influenced consumers' media usage behavior and a number of other social, political, cultural, and economic outcomes. The recent introduction of smart mobile media, including smartphones and tablets, is expected to similarly affect these issues. This study empirically analyzes how the advent of the Internet and smart mobile media affects Korean consumers' media usage behavior, seeking to provide a means to anticipate the ripple effect to societal outcomes related to the evolution of new media in Korea. We modeled consumers' media usage behavior and conducted preference and simulation analyses using data gleaned from a survey of consumers' media behavior and a Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Values (MDCEV) model. The results of the analyses illustrate how consumer preferences regarding old and new media differ in terms of sociodemographic variables. Moreover, the analysesrevealed that whereas the advent of the Internet has negatively influenced consumers' use of old media, the arrival of smart mobile media has had a synergistic effect on television use. As a result, the advent of mobile media increased the use of television, but decreased use of other forms of old media.Keywords: New media; Media usage behavior; Preference analysis; Scenario analysis; Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value model1.IntroductionMedia are continuously evolving (Stöber, 2004). Although early forms of media (e.g., mail, telegram, telephone) were used primarily to exchange simple messages, the advent of mass media like newspapers and magazines allowed media to be used to deliver vast amounts of information to a large and unspecified audience. When electronic media like radio and TV became popular during the early 20th century, they were used to deliver a substantial amount of information to recipients in real time. Most recently, however, digital media (e.g., the Internet, mobile technology) have fundamentally altered the media environment. Specifically, the advent of digital media has facilitated the fast and easy consumption, retention, and sharing of a significant amount of information between multiple users.To differentiate these from analog media, such as newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, many scholars and professionals have referred to digital media as “new media.” Although researchers have defined new media in a wide variety of ways, we define new media as digital media capable of saving, handling, delivering, and exchanging information through digital binary codes (Negroponte, 1996; Flew, 2002; Manovich, 2003; Jenkins, 2006). The emergence of new media has become institutionalized in our society, fundamentally changing our methods of exchanging information and the consumer behaviors of media usage. It has also had a significant effect on many social, political, cultural, and economic activities (Stöber, 2004).Researchers have long-studied the influence of media evolution on societal outcomes, with a particular emphasis on the advent and proliferation of the Internet. Some of the most notable studies in this domain have explored the influence of the Internet on traditional media usage (Bromley and Bowles, 1995; Mokhtari et al., 2009), social relations (Haythornthwaite, 2002; Brignall and Van Valey, 2005; Amichai-Hamburger and Hayat, 2011), the economy (Litan and Rivlin, 2001; Lucas and Sylla, 2003), politics (Farrell, 2012), education (Agarwal and Day, 1998; Arsham, 2002), and corporate marketing (Avlonitis and Karayanni, 2000; Hennig-Thurau et al., 2010).The arrival and development of new media in the 21st century have put pressure on companies and governments to understand the Internet and use it in accordance with their specific objectives. For example, companies largely sought to leverage the Internet to maximize the effectiveness of their marketing efforts. Similarly, governments sought to use the Internet to efficiently publicize policies. Given the extent to which organizations in both the private and public sectors have used the Internet to achieve specific objectives, many researchers have worked to identify the implications of their Internet usage. For example, Bhatnagar and Ghose (2004) found that Internet retailers could use customers' Internet search patterns according to demographic characteristics and product types to cultivate store loyalty among those customers. Naik and Peters (2009) also illustrated Internet use for marketing purposes, empirically showing that the development of a marketing scheme that is comprised of the appropriate mix of print-, television-, radio-, and Internetbased messages can efficiently build customer loyalty. In a similar vein, Lin et al. (2013) analyzed consumers' simultaneous usage of these four media types and found that media campaigns that leverage both old and new media are most effective.Similar to the Internet, the recent introduction of personal mobile smart devices has contributed to the evolution of media usage. This is particularly notable, given that smart device usage is spreading at a faster rate than older media (MIT Technology Review, 2012). This proliferation of new media will allow people toeasily access and share massive amounts of digitized information anywhere and at any time.Despite these developments, most research in this domain has been focused on predicting and measuring the preference and demand for smart media products and services (Chen and Hsieh, 2012; Choi et al., 2013; Park et al., 2013; Lee, 2014). Though useful in its own right, this line of research has failed to consider the ways in which the development of new media has affected a number of salient socioeconomic outcomes. To address this gap, we analyze the ways in which Internetbased new media, digital media broadcasting (DMB), and older forms of media (e.g., magazines, television) affect certain societal outcomes. Specifically, in this paper, we use a Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) model and scenario simulations to investigate Korean consumers' media usage, designed to forecast the socioeconomic effects related to the evolution of new media.In addition, we explore how the emergence of new media affects the use of old media. Jenkins (2006) argued that new media has a tendency to incite drastic changes. For example, when new media emerge, they tend to displace old media, changing consumers' media consumption habits. Therefore, before it is possible to understand the socio-economic effects of new media emergence, it is first necessary to explore and understand changes in consumers' media usage behavior resulting from the advent of the Internet and other digital media.2.Background2.1.Definition and classification of new mediaResearchers have defined new media in a number of different ways, so there is currently no consensus with regard to how to conceptualize new media. For the purposes of the current study, we define new media as digital media capable of saving, handling, delivering, and exchanging information through digital binary codes. Thisdefinition suggests that new media facilitate not only the free exchange of digitalized information in compressed form, but also user interaction. Using this definition as a guide, and in accordance with definitions proposed by Jenkins (2006), we can categorize computers, the Internet, and smart mobile devices as new media. Comparatively, we can categorize print, television, and radio as old media. For the purposes of this research, we will analyze consumers' usage behavior for seven forms of media: newspapers, magazines, radio, television, computer-based Internet, mobile Internet, and DMB. Using these definitions, we categorize newspapers, magazines, radio, and television as old media; and the Internet, mobile Internet, and DMB as new media.2.2.New media usage in KoreaAccording to the International Telecommunication Union (2013), Korea ranks first in the world in information and communication technology readiness, usage, and capability as of 2013. In addition, other organizations reported that Korea also ranked first in terms of Internet penetration (97.2%; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2012), and second in terms of smartphone penetration (73.0%; Our Mobile Planet, 2013). These figures indicate that Korea is characterized by the most widespread and pervasive use of the Internet, smart devices, and other new media globally. As such, Korean consumers represent the most active group in terms of new media use. Given the degree to which the Korean population uses new media, new media-related industries experience continuous growth with the support of policies developed by the Korean government. The Korean case allows an illustration of the changes in media usage following the diffusion of new media, therefore facilitating a forecast of changes in the social, political, cultural, and economic dynamics of the country.3.Model specificationsThis study uses Bhat's (2005, 2008) Multiple DiscreteContinuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) to analyze consumers' media usage behavior. The MDCEV model consists of the utility according to the consumers' choice and its corresponding usage in combination under random utility theory. The MDCEV model considers both product choice and usage behavior simultaneously, and is used in various fields. Its use is especially widespread in the transportation field to model household vehicle type holdings and its mileage (e.g., Bhat and Sen, 2006; Ahn et al., 2008; Shin et al., 2012). This study uses the MDCEV model to analyze consumer's media choice and usage time together. More specifically, we leveraged a mixed MDCEV model, which reflects heterogeneity among consumers' media preferences and usage through distribution to each parameter (Bhat, 2005, 2008; Ahn et al., 2008; Shin et al., 2012).The mixed MDCEV is difficult to estimate with classical maximum likelihood methods. Therefore, we used a Bayesian estimation method to accommodate the computational complexity of the estimation process associated with the mixed MDCEV. The advantage of the Bayesian estimation method is that it is capable of solving local optimal solution problems using the initial value. In contrast, the maximum likelihood estimation method is a classical estimation method (Allenby and Rossi, 1998; Huber and Train, 2001; Edwards and Allenby, 2003; Train, 2003). Bhat (2005, 2008) published detailed information about the MDCEV model.4.Concluding remarksThe introduction of new media has affected consumer media usage behavior in a number of ways. In addition, the recent emergence of smart mobile media has significantly affected the dynamics of the current media market. Given these effects, we sought to provide a means for forecasting the effects of introducing new media into an existing media market as well as how the introduction of new media could affect the ways in which communication technologies evolve. Specifically, we leveraged MCR data in an MDCEV model to analyze (a) consumer preferences forold and new media alternatives, and (b) the ripple effect of the introduction of new media on the existing media market.Our results revealed that generally, consumers are more interested in emergent mobile media (e.g., mobile Internet and DMB) than other forms of media. More specifically, our results showed that younger consumers tend to gravitate towards mobile Internet, DMB, and radio because they are familiar with mobile devices. Given this, when the Korean government or companies promote new policies or products/services to younger consumers, it may be useful for them to use mobile media as the primary communication channel. Our results also showed that consumers with more education tended to prefer Internet and print media, indicating that these channels are important conduits for circulating information for the educated. In addition, consumers with higher household incomes tended to report a preference for using the Internet and mobile Internet media. Similarly, early adopters indicated that they preferred to use, in order of decreasing preference, mobile Internet, traditional Internet, and television. Consumers with higher levels of brand-loving tendency reported a preference for mobile Internet, television, traditional Internet, print media, and DMB. Taken together, these results provide useful guidance for companies to effectively engage with target audiences in the era of new media. Finally, our estimation of satiation parameters indicated that mobile media alternatives have greater market potential than those that cannot be used in a mobile sense.Further, our scenario analyses showed that the introduction of the Internet and mobile media generally negatively affects consumer usage of television, radio, and print media. Although they both have this effect, the introduction of the Internet into an extant media market has more substantial effects than the introduction of mobile media. Interestingly, our analyses suggested that when mobile media are introduced, the likelihood of a consumer choosing or using traditional Internet, radio, and print media decreases, but the probability of choice and usage for television increases. This result may indicate that Internet usage patterns have partially shifted from the personal computer context to the mobile context. This result may also suggest thatthere exists a synergistic effect between mobile media and television, as high-quality content can be used on these two media in concert.Although our results provide a wealth of useful information for government organizations and companies related to targeted marketing and media usage, this study is subject to a few limitations. First, the introduction of new media into extant media markets can generate substitution and complementary relationships between old and new media. However, the MDCEV model employed to perform the analyses was unable to account for these relationships directly. Moreover, our scenario analyses only evaluate substitution and complementary relationships between old and new media indirectly. Second, although Korean mobile media consumption has grown exponentially since 2011, we were unable to account for this growth in our analysis due to the lack of current data. In spite of these shortcomings, the results of this study can be used effectively to establish government policies or market products and services in countries in which new media are pervasive.中文译文：新媒体对消费者媒体使用的影响：韩国的实证研究摘要互联网的出现和传播（一种新媒体的形式）严重影响了消费者的媒体使用行为和其他一些社会、政治、文化和经济成果。
以大众传媒变迁写英语作文
以大众传媒变迁写英语作文The Evolving Landscape of Mass MediaThe world we live in today is vastly different from the one our parents and grandparents experienced. The rapid advancements in technology have transformed the way we access and consume information. The evolution of mass media has been a driving force behind this remarkable change, shaping the way we communicate, entertain ourselves, and stay informed.In the past, traditional media such as newspapers, radio, and television were the primary sources of news and entertainment. These channels were controlled by a few major players, and the flow of information was largely one-way, from the media to the audience. However, the digital revolution has ushered in a new era of mass media, characterized by unprecedented accessibility, interactivity, and personalization.The internet has emerged as the dominant platform for media consumption, revolutionizing the way we access and interact with information. Online news portals, social media platforms, and streaming services have become the go-to sources for millions ofpeople around the world. The ability to instantly share and consume content has transformed the way we stay informed and entertained.One of the most significant changes in the mass media landscape is the rise of social media. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have democratized the dissemination of information, allowing individuals to become both consumers and producers of content. This has led to the proliferation of citizen journalism, where ordinary people can report on events and share their perspectives with a global audience.The impact of social media on mass media cannot be overstated. It has not only changed the way we consume news and entertainment but also the way we interact with each other. Social media has become a powerful tool for political and social activism, enabling individuals and groups to mobilize and amplify their voices on a global scale.Moreover, the advent of streaming services has revolutionized the way we consume entertainment. Platforms like Netflix, Hulu, and Amazon Prime have disrupted the traditional television industry, offering on-demand access to a vast library of movies, TV shows, and original content. This has led to a shift in viewing habits, with more people opting for personalized, on-demand entertainment over traditional cable or satellite television.The changing landscape of mass media has also had a significant impact on the business models of media organizations. The decline of print media and the rise of digital advertising have forced traditional media companies to adapt and evolve their strategies to remain relevant and financially viable. Many have embraced digital platforms, developing innovative ways to monetize their content and reach new audiences.However, the rapid transformation of mass media has also brought about some challenges. The proliferation of fake news and misinformation on social media platforms has raised concerns about the reliability and trustworthiness of information. This has led to a growing emphasis on media literacy and the importance of critical thinking when consuming news and content online.Furthermore, the concentration of power in the hands of a few tech giants that dominate the digital media landscape has raised questions about the need for greater regulation and oversight to ensure a diverse and pluralistic media ecosystem.In conclusion, the evolution of mass media has been a transformative force, reshaping the way we access, consume, and interact with information. While the digital revolution has brought about many benefits, it has also presented new challenges that must beaddressed to ensure a healthy and vibrant media landscape for generations to come. As we navigate this rapidly changing environment, it is crucial that we remain vigilant, informed, and engaged in the ongoing dialogue about the future of mass media.。
对大众媒体的看法英语作文
The Impact and Perspective of Mass Mediain Modern SocietyIn today's fast-paced and interconnected world, mass media plays a pivotal role in shaping public opinion and influencing social norms. Encompassing a diverse range of platforms such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and the internet, mass media has the remarkable ability to disseminate information, entertainment, and advertising to vast audiences with unprecedented speed and reach.The influence of mass media is both profound and pervasive. It has the power to inform and educate, shaping individuals' understanding of the world and their place within it. Whether it's reporting on breaking news, providing analysis and commentary on current events, or offering insights into diverse cultures and perspectives, mass media acts as a critical source of information for society.However, the influence of mass media is not always positive. Sometimes, it can perpetuate stereotypes and biases, leading to the marginalization of certain groups or the amplification of divisive rhetoric. Furthermore, withthe rise of social media and the 24-hour news cycle, there is an increasing tendency for mass media to prioritize sensationalism and clickbait over substance and accuracy, leading to a decline in journalistic ethics and the quality of reporting.Despite these challenges, mass media remains an essential tool for promoting social change and progress. It has the power to raise awareness about important issues, mobilize support for social causes, and create platformsfor marginalized voices to be heard. For instance, the media has played a crucial role in campaigns for social justice, environmental protection, and human rights, helping to bring about positive changes in society.Moreover, mass media has the potential to connect people across distances and cultures, fostering a sense of community and shared understanding. Through shared experiences and narratives, mass media can break down barriers and foster mutual respect and understanding between different groups, leading to a more inclusive and tolerant society.In conclusion, mass media is a powerful force in modern society, with the ability to shape public opinion,influence social norms, and promote positive change. However, it is also important to recognize its limitations and biases, and to strive for more balanced, accurate, and ethical reporting. As we navigate the future of mass media, it will be crucial to maintain a critical eye and a commitment to promoting diversity, inclusivity, andaccuracy in the dissemination of information and ideas.**大众媒体在现代社会的影响与看法**在当今快节奏且高度互联的世界中，大众媒体在塑造公众意见和影响社会规范方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
大众媒体的影响英语作文
大众媒体的影响英语作文The influence of mass media is profound in today's society. Mass media has the power to shape public opinion, influence people's behavior, and spread information on a global scale. With the rise of social media platforms and digital content, the impact of mass media has become even more pervasive. People are constantly bombarded with news, advertisements, and entertainment through various mediums such as television, radio, newspapers, and the internet. This constant exposure to mass media can have both positive and negative effects.One of the biggest advantages of mass media is its ability to disseminate information quickly and efficiently. News can reach people in realtime, allowing for greater awareness of current events and issues. Mass media also plays a crucial role in shaping public discourse and holding those in power accountable. Through investigative journalism and indepth reporting, mass media can bring attention to social injustices and spark public debate.On the other hand, the influence of mass media can also be detrimental. The rise of fake news and misinformation has led to a decrease in trust in traditional media sources. Mass media can also perpetuate stereotypes and promote unrealistic beauty standards, leading to issues such as low selfesteem and body image issues in society. Additionally, the constant bombardment of advertisements can lead to consumerism and materialism, driving people to make unnecessary purchases and contribute to environmental degradation.In conclusion, the influence of mass media is undeniable in today's digital age. While mass media has the power to inform, educate, and entertain, it also comes with a responsibility to ensure accuracy, diversity, and ethical reporting. It is important for individuals to consume media critically and be aware of the potential biases and agendas of media sources. By being mindful of the influence of mass media, we can work towards creating a more informed and responsible society.。
新媒体外文文献翻译2014年译文3700字
文献出处：Jones Robert, The origin and development of new media [J]. International Review of Business, 2014, 7(2): 157-169.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。
）原文The origin and development of new mediaJones RobertAbstractThe concept of new media is distinguished from the mass media. New media research fields regards it as a new research field which is different with the mass media. Academic researches on new media follow the path of mass communication research in later development in the process of becoming the new force of original communication research paradigm shift.Key words: New media; Mass communication1 IntroductionIn the current communication field, the concept of "new media", is well known. The concept of scientific and new media research would be able to form independent, academia or opinions vary, unable to agree. Many new media researchers just coping with new media technology emerge in endlessly, and for the scientific nature of the new media and new media itself is the lack of attention.2 How to understand new mediaIn 2000, the international academia about the mainstream of the new media research journal "new media and social issue one year discovers language wrote:" we recognize that the new media is the concept of a relatively vulnerable, but it points out the focus on technology, media, are intertwined with social life affect the importance of the potential for change." Although the "new media" is a relative concept, but it has some common into the culvert. For example, the government set woven (NGO) thisconcept, is literally a negative there is no clear concept, referring to the originally used by the media, but when everyone to use this concept, it has specific connotation. At present, the understanding of the new media generally there are two different perspectives.2.1The longitudinal historical perspectiveIn May of 2008, the international communication association conference prelude to held in Montreal, with "of the long history of the New media: in context of contemporary and future development" the topic of the issue of five points: (1) the discussion of "the Old and New media (Media History Old & New)", and more New media and has a long history of media;(2) "history compilation and New media (Historiography & New)", to reflect on New media research history -- how we understand the terminology used in the New media, we need to do our what changes in the existing ideology;(3) "culture, the meaning and Codes (Cultures, Meanings & Codes)", the new concept of media and cultural implications and the relationship between the excavated in a large amount has not been the history of new media;(4) "system, group, weave and network (Institutions, Organizations & Networks)", focus on new media history developing latent in the invention and use of the structural factors behind the media;(5) "books written History of new media (Doing NewMedia History)", think about how to write new media History.The emphasis on the longitudinal historical perspective, the reason has the following three points: (1) the concept of "new media" itself is timeliness, but the media with history phase reference is the so-called "new media".(2) as a "new media" in the field of research is in the specific historical context, especially at a particular stage of medium development history, its connotation and denotation of relative stability. Can be seen from the foreign literature, 70 s ~ 80 s of the 20th century, this concept is used to refer to cannot be incorporated into new media phenomenon of traditional mass communication category. Before this, new media, there is no clear, (3) the research involves the evolution of media and new media revolution or theology and mutation. Only with longitudinal historical perspective, can grasp new media phenomenon and its implications.2.2 The horizontal Angle of viewFrom the perspective of the history of media of longitudinal, new media is relative, and in a specific historical period, new media is a concept of time. Within a certain period of time, the connotation of the new media should have a relatively stable. such as more detailed instructions, gives a definition of new media based on digital technology and Internet technology, new media form of new technologies such as mobile communication technology, hardware and software and information service mode, such as Internet TV, mobile TV, mobile TV, virtual communities, blogs, podcasts, search engines, such as simple polymerization (RSS).Abroad can be roughly divided into two categories: the definition of a class definition focuses on media form and the technical characteristics of the new media.For example, Bohr defines new communication technologies For the time of the "big about 25 kinds of transmission equipment hereinafter referred to as";(Ron Rice) emphasizes two-way transmission ability of computer and telecommunication technologies, new media is defined as such transmission technology - "contains computing power (or host) microprocessor, can allow or promote the interaction between users or between the user and information".(2) another definition is the technology in the study of the influence of the formation of the "social", think that the understanding of new media to transcend to the media attention, in the form of technology study of media technology and human behavior and the interaction of social structure. Steve Jones wrote in the introduction to the new media encyclopedia: "in the definition of new media, the only perfect undoubtedly comes from the comprehensive understanding of history, technology and society". In the new media handbook, a version of the preface, the editors put forward a framework to understand new media, think new media means transmission technology and its related social scene, which includes the following several aspects: "extending our transmission capacity equipment; using these devices for the spread of activities and practices; around the above equipment and practice form of social organization and practice. Today the cultural meaning of the new media also gradually attention by researchers,this framework gradually became plump perfect. Both the class definition is the product of new media research in different periods, the two complement each other. The first type definition to describe the technical characteristics of the new media, is basic to an understanding of the rich connotation of new media, new media also made clear a period to study media objects; the second definition based on this, understand the media framework is given and the general direction.At the same time, the understanding of "new media" critical question is: where is the new media "new"? It is also a new media researchers abroad had a warm discussion questions. Barr and Merry put forward in the "new media" : "new" refers to the media for the first time in the form itself, or the media shape caused by the social, legal, political, economic and cultural communication of the new changes? This "new" refers to the engineering and technical personnel as the "new", or ordinary people to understand the "new"?" New" refers to the new extension of the original media transmission ability, or fundamental change or even completely replace?" New media" as a concept connotation is rich of polymerization, referred to in the study of diversity and complexity of the make we cannot simply answer the above questions, but in the concrete research inevitably have to face it.3 New media is derivedAs we know, the new media in the 20th century, 60 ~ 70 s gradually has its relatively fixed referred to. Here, we will be in the origin of the development of new media in the media to examine its specific historical connotation. The long history of human media is full of evolution and revolution of alternating, like a long river slowly has rapids. Our age is a medium of change. In the second half of the 19th century as a starting point to comb through the medium of change is a relatively reasonable choice. In the history of human communication, should occupy the important position in the second half of the 19th century, the telegraph, telephone, the phonograph, the motion and other important communication technologies. In 1836, Morse developed the famous Morse code, and the next year to develop the world's first transfer of "dot" and "stroke" symbol machine, named "telegraph". The invention of the telegraph is firstapplied in electric power remote communication, constitute the cornerstone of modern communication, since then, the rapid development of "transmission line lightning", formed the huge communications network. Since that time, almost one and a half centuries "every 25 years is an important stage", such as cable of around 1850, 1850 and 1880 of the telephone, the transmission of electromagnetic waves around 1900, 1920 and 1930, the radio broadcasting and television from 1950 to 1960, the last is starting in the 70 s of the new media.70 s ~ 80 s, the first is called the new media, cable television, communications, video recorders, selective satellite receiving equipment and budding computer intermediary spread, etc. Communication scholars noticed that these cannot be incorporated into mass communication studied within the framework of the media. The communication equipment and its spread phenomenon shows its characteristics different from the traditional mass media, such as different from the focus of the linear one-way transmission, interactivity, etc. We want to computer intermediary spread, for example, the computer intermediary spread than other new media interactive stronger at that time, and is closely related to today's new media forms. Early cause is the main focus of the research institutions (such as university of rich set of aggregation concept, referred to in the study of diversity and complexity of the make we cannot simply answer the above questions, but in specific studies inevitably have to face it.4 The formation of new media research fieldNew media studies in the past 30 years gradually formed an independent field of study, as opposed to the traditional mass media field, at the same time with the traditional research of cross, the continuation and inheritance, and with the public social transition process related to the differentiation of the information society.The 80 s to the 1970 s and early '90 s, there emerge some famous scholars, who have a great influence on new media research: author of post-industrial society, Daniel bell, for the first time put forward the concept of "information industry" civilized form historians may visit loyal husband, author of technological society, Jacques YiLvEr, author ofcontrol revolution, bonitos and puts forward the concept of "knowledge industry" fritz mach up and others.In general, the research achievements of these early focus on elucidating the macro level, the lack of specific empirical research, in 1970, Herbert - Scott ham report social impact of communication technology as an example, the author in the opening picture is pointed out that at present about the impact of communication technology in the future social discourse should be understood as a guess, and put forward to public policy makers and the possible problems. It is worth mentioning that continues today and is closely related to today's new media studies computer intermediary spread, because do not conform to the interpersonal communication, mass communication, the distinction between didn't first get all the attention in the field of communication, but was concerned by other disciplines, such as social psychology, political science, sociology, pedagogy, management, information science, library science, etc. Many of their discovery could help to the understanding of the communication field of computer intermediary.(j. Short) such as straw, for example, in 1970, British scholar of transmission research team, from the perspective of psychology to experimental method was developed for the determination of subjects with different media "telepresence" society, at the same time in "the social psychology of telecommunications transmission," said teleconferencing systems can be made by the "social telepresence" (social presence) to evaluate, the so-called "social face theory" are put forward. Similarly, Future research of California (Institute for the Future) of rob (Robert Johansen) and his colleagues put forward the concept of "remote sensing" (talked).Overall, the early computer intermediary spread attention is a personal, interpersonal and communication within the organization, on a personal level focus on how the person's psychology, attitudes, behavior is affected by the computer mediation; In organizational communication level basic task oriented, such as effective decision-making in the community, improve the work efficiency, etc.In 1984, Ronald (Ronaid e. Rice) et al., editor of The new media, Communication, Research and technology "(The NewMedia: Communication, Research, and Technology) published a book.' in the preface the author points out: the intent of thebook is to remind the communication researchers, namely, micro processing technology, emerging technologies such as cable TV, satellite communication research is of great significance for communication studies. The selected papers in the book are mostly in traditional media effects research path, computer, telecom meeting how to affect the social structure and relationships. In 1986, Rogers, e. m. Rogers) in his book "the new Media transmission Technology: social" (Communication Technology: The New Media in Society) book, introduction to the use of new Communication technologies and history, to explore the interactive new Media to individuals, organizations and social life have put forward the basic problem. In 1988, another new media Research book "Research method and the new media" (Research, the Methods and the New Media) published, the content involves the particularity of new media Research, problems and solutions, and new media Research demands for the path of innovation theory and new research ethics.译文新媒体的起源与发展罗伯特·琼斯摘要新媒体是与大众媒体相区别的概念; 新媒体研究领域作为与大众传播研究相区别的领域而出现。
大众媒体的变迁英语作文
大众媒体的变迁英语作文The Evolution of Mass MediaIn the tapestry of human communication, mass media has long been a vibrant thread that weaves together the fabric of society. Over the years, it has undergone a remarkable transformation, evolving from simple town criers and printed newspapers to the digital behemoths of today.The inception of mass media can be traced back to the advent of the printing press in the 15th century, which allowed for the mass production of books and pamphlets, democratizing access to information. Fast forward to the 20th century, and the rise of radio and television brought about a new era of mass communication, where news and entertainment could be disseminated to the masses in real-time.However, it was the advent of the internet in the late20th century that truly revolutionized mass media. The internet has broken down geographical barriers, allowing for the instantaneous sharing of information across the globe. Social media platforms, in particular, have given individuals the power to broadcast their thoughts and experiences to a worldwide audience, challenging the traditional gatekeepers of information.The digital age has also led to the rise of citizen journalism, where ordinary people can report news and sharestories that might otherwise go untold. This has democratized the media landscape, giving a voice to the voiceless and fostering a more inclusive dialogue.Yet, this evolution has not been without its challenges. The proliferation of fake news and the spread of misinformation have become pressing issues, as the ease of content creation and sharing can sometimes lead to the dissemination of falsehoods. Additionally, the concentration of media ownership in the hands of a few corporations has raised concerns about the diversity of viewpoints and the potential for manipulation of public opinion.Looking to the future, the landscape of mass media continues to shift with the advent of new technologies such as artificial intelligence and virtual reality. These innovations promise to further personalize and immersive the media experience, offering new ways for audiences to engage with content.In conclusion, the evolution of mass media from its humble beginnings to the digital age has been a journey of expanding horizons and increasing inclusivity. While challenges such as misinformation and media concentration persist, the potential for innovation and the promise of a more connected world offer a hopeful outlook for the future of mass media.。
mass media(大众传媒)
Mass mediaMass media are institutions of mass communication; they serve as the channels through which messages are passed from the source to the destination. From the founding of the United States to the present day, mass media have played an important role in nearly all the important events of the nation. Nowadays, new media has become a significant element in everyday life. The global network of the Internet connects people and information via computers. Mass media unquestionably influence every dimension of people’s lives.Mass media denotes a section of the media specifically designed to reach a large audience. The term was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks,mass-circulation newspapers and magazines. However, some forms of mass media such as books and manuscripts had already been in use for centuries.Mass media includes Internet media (like blogs, message boards, podcasts, and video sharing) because individuals now have a means to exposure that is comparable in scale to that previously restricted to a select group of mass media producers. The communications audience has been viewed by some commentators as forming a mass society with special characteristics, notably atomization or lack of social connections, which render it especially susceptible to the influence of modern mass-media techniques such as advertising and propaganda.The term public media is less used and is defined as "media whose mission is to serve or engage a public." Marshall McLuhan, one of the biggest critics in media's history, brought up the idea that "the medium is the message".Mass media are very important tools of communication, through which information is passed to even the farthest end of the world. They enable us to communicate with each other by helping us to overcome the barriers of time and apace.Kinds1、TVAfter World War II, people’s homeswere invaded by a powerful new force --television. The idea of seeing "live" showsin the living room was immediatelyattractive. The effects of this powerfulmedium are still being measured.Television has developed since World WarII into the most popular medium in the USand UK, one that has had great influenceon American way of life. Virtually everyAmerican household -- 98% in 1999 -- has at least one TV set. Seven in ten Englishmen in 1991 reported getting most of their news from TV. Three large privately-owned networks -- NBC, CBS and ABC -- claimed 90 percent of the TV market from the 1950s through the 1970s with free broadcasts.Cable TelevisionHowever, the rapid spread of pay cable TV in the 1980s broke the hegemony of the big three. By 1999, close to 70% of American households had subscribed to cable TV. Cable TV, carried by coaxial and fiber-optic cables, originated in 1948 to better serve individuals in mountainous or geographically remote areas who could not receive over-the-air TV stations. The genesis of cable as it is known today stems from development of the domestic communications satellite, approved by the Federal Communications Commission in January 1973.The new technology offered cable programmers a cost-effective method of national and international distribution. In December 1975, Home Box Office, an all-movie channel owned by Time, Inc., became the first programmer to distribute its signal via satellite. The next service to use the satellite was a local television station in Atlanta owned by Ted Turner. It became known as the first "superstation," bouncing its signal off a satellite to reach a nationwide audience. The same technology allowed Turner in 1980 to found the Cable News Network, CNN, the world's first 24-hour all-news channel. By early 1993, MTV, the leading American rock music TV network, had an audience of 46 million in the United States and 32 other countries. Cable television has also been successfully used to reach very defined audiences. Beginning in the late 1970s, a growing number of U.S. cable systems began "narrowcasting" or offering television programming with an entire channel tailored to a narrow section of the audience.Advancing digital technology and increasing wiring of U.S. cities with fiber-optic cable that permits massive transmission of digital signals are giving cable TV subscribers a host of new interactive services. The convergence of the computer with TV is permitting a host of new "interactive" services in which the viewer no longer watches passively, for example "Movies on demand" which allows a viewer to choose between several thousand videos is one interactive service. Another example is "shop-at-home" channels.Public TelevisionU.S. public television stations are independent and serve community needs. All public television organizations are linked nationally, however, through three national organizations: the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), created by Congress in 1967 to channel federal government funding to stations and independent producers; the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), formed in 1969 and which today distributes programming and operates the satellite system linking all public TV stations; and the Association of Public Television Stations (APTS), which helps member public TV stations with research and planning. In addition to these public TV stations, there area growing number of noncommercial stations run by Christian evangelistic ministries, which are, for the most part, supported by donations from viewers and member churches.2、MagazinesThe late 1800s saw the start of opinion journals still influential a century later, including the Atlantic Monthly, the Nation, and Harper's. The largest readerships were won, however, by magazines that catered to people's increasing leisure time and appetite for consumer goods, magazines such as Cosmopolitan, the Ladies Home Journal, and the Saturday Evening Post. Publishers were no longer just selling reading material; they were selling readers to advertisers. Because newspapers reached only local audiences, popular magazines attracted advertisers eager to reach a national audience for their products. By the early 1900s, magazines had become major marketing devices.At the same time, a new breed of newspaper and magazine writer was exposing social corruption. Called "muckrakers," these writers sparked public pressure for government and business reforms. Yet magazines did not truly develop as a powerful shaper of news and public opinion until the 1920s and 1930s, with the start of the news weeklies. Time was launched in 1923 by Henry Luce (1898-1967). Intended for people too busy to keep up with a daily newspaper, Time was the first magazine to organize news into separate departments such as national affairs, business and science. Newsweek, using much the same format, was started in 1933. Other prominent news weeklies are Business Week and U.S. News and World Report.Magazine publishers have increasingly tried to appeal to clearly-defined audiences. Computer technology has helped publishers to target special-interest audiences. As a result of this specialization, the number of periodicals published in the United States jumped from 6,960 in 1970 to close to 10,000 in 1999.3、RadioThe beginning of regularcommercially licensed sound broadcastingin the United States in 1920 ended theprint monopoly over the media andopened the doors to the more immediateand pervasive electronic media. By 1928,the United States had three national radionetworks - two owned by NBC (theNational Broadcasting Company), and oneby CBS (the Columbia BroadcastingSystem).Though mostly listened to for entertainment, radio's instant, on-the-spot reports of dramatic events drew huge audiences throughout the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War II. President Franklin Roosevelt recognized the potential of radio to reach the American public, and during his four terms (1933-1945), his radio "fireside chats" informed the nation on the progress of policies to counter the Depression and on developments during World War II. After World War II, television's visual images replaced the audio-only limitation of radio as the predominant entertainment and news vehicle. Radio adapted to the new situation by replacing entertainment programs with a format of music interspersed with news and features. In the 1950s, automobile manufacturers began offering car radios as standard accessories, and radio received a big boost as Americans tuned in their car radios as they drove to and from work.The expansion and dominance of FM radio, which has better sound quality but a more limited range than traditional AM, represented the major technical change in radio in the 1970s and 1980s. FM radio, aided by the invention of ever smaller portable radios and inexpensive "Walkman" headsets, dominates music programs, while AM has shifted to "talk" and news formats. Barely in existence 25 years ago, "talk radio," in which celebrities and experts from various fields answer listener "call-in" questions and offer their advice on various topics, has grown spectacularly in recent years. It has contributed to the comeback of AM radio. Both FM and AM radio have become increasingly specialized. Music formats, for instance, comprise a variety of specializations -- the top five in 1991 being "country and western," "adult contemporary," "top 40," "religious" and "oldies."In an era in which TV is clearly the glamour medium, the reach of radio is still awesome. Ninety-nine percent of American households in 1999 had at least one radio; the average is five per household. Every day, radio reaches 80 percent of the U.S. population at one time or another. Revenues more than doubled from $8.4 billion in 1990 to more than $17 billion in 1999.In 1998, the number of U.S. commercial radio stations had grown to 4,793 AM stations and 5,662FM stations. In addition, there are 1,460 public radio stations in the United States. Most of these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by public and/or private funds, subscriptions and some underwriting. NPR (National Public Radio) was incorporated in February 1970 under the 1967 Public Broadcasting Act. NPR was created to provide leadership in national newsgathering and production and to act as a permanent nationwide interconnection of noncommercial stations.4、NewspaperThe first U.S. newspaper, PublickOccurrences: Both Foreign andDomestick, first published on September25, 1690 lasted only one day before itwas suppressed by British colonialauthorities. Other newspapers quicklysprang up, however, and by 1730, thecolonial press had gained sufficientstature to seriously challenge Britishgovernors. Historians consider the birthof America's free-press tradition to havebegun with the 1734 trial of John PeterZenger for seditious libel. After theRevolutionary War (1775-1783), thisconcept found a home in the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The First Amendment states: "Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of speech or of the press..." These 14 words made it possible for a free press to develop over the next two centuries as one of America's strongest watchdogs over government actions and protectors of individual rights. In fact, one of America's greatest political journalists was one of its first, Thomas Paine. Paine's stirring writings urging independence made him the most persuasive "media" figure of the American Revolution against Britain in 1776.By the early 1800s, the United States had entered a period of swift technological progress that marked the real beginning of the "modern media." The inventions of the steamship, the railroad and telegraph brought communications out of the age of windpower and horses. The high-speed printing press was developed, driving down the cost of printing. Expansion of the educational system taught more Americans to read. Publishers realized that a profitable future belonged to cheap newspapers with large readerships and increased advertising. The press went from a small upper class readership to mass readership in just a few years. It was a time that shaped a breed of editors who set the standard for generations of Americanjournalists. Many of these men were hard-headed reformers who openly sided with the common men, opposed slavery and backed expansion of the frontier. They combined idealism with national pride, and their papers became the means by which great masses of new immigrants were taught the American way of life.By the 1820s, about 25 dailies and more than 400 weeklies were being published in the United States. Horace Greeley founded the New York Tribune in 1841, and it quickly became the most influential newspaper in America. Other important dailies, such as the New York Times, Baltimore Sun, and Chicago Tribune were founded in the 1850s. Two media giants, Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, began building their newspaper empires after the Civil War (1861-1865). Their fierce competition produced "yellow journalism" -- sensational and often inaccurate reporting aimed at attracting readers. "Chain" newspapers under the same ownership became a dominant feature in the early 20th century. In addition to the front-running Hearst chain, the Scripps-Howard and Cowles chains grew following World War I. That trend accelerated after World War II, and in 1990, a total of 135 groups owned 1,228 daily newspapers, accounting for about 75 percent of all U.S. dailies. In 1971, there had been 66 cities with two or more dailies owned by separate companies, while in 1995 there were only 36.In spite of the serious competition from television after World War II, more than two-thirds of American adults read a daily newspaper on an average weekday. The top five daily newspapers by circulation are: the Wall Street Journal, USA Today, the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and the Washington Post. The number of dailies dropped from 1,763 in 1946 to 1,438 in 1999. However, the number of Sunday papers rose from 497 in 1946 to 905 in 1999, bringing total daily and Sunday papers to 2,388. This figure represents the highest number of newspapers with the highest total circulation -- 115 million -- for any country in the world.Today, American newspapers face competition not only from network TV, but from a whole spectrum of targeted and specialized media, including personalized web services, local cable programming, interactive television, special-interest publications, catalogs and other direct-mail initiatives. Newspapers are relying on new technology to meet the challenge. Through the Internet, electronic newspapers can be transmitted to hand-held computers and printed using personal computers.FunctionMass media function in various ways. Below are listed the most commonly seen.First, mass media keep us well informed of the happenings of the world which would otherwise remain unknown.Second, mass media persuade us mostly through advertisements. As we can see, newspapers, magazines and TV are filled with all kinds of colourful, persuasive advertisements which tempt us to buy their products.Third, mass media give us entertainment. Television and radio broadcasting provide us with a big variety of programmes every day. Films, books, magazines, etc. give us daily amusement.In a word, mass media will be all the more important in the future and their fufietions will enormously expand. Limited by apace, only a few examples are mentioned here.。
关于大众媒体的总结英语作文
关于大众媒体的总结英语作文The Impact of Mass MediaMass media, encompassing television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and the internet, plays a pivotal role in today's world. It has the power to shape opinions, influence behaviors, and disseminate information on a vast scale. The influence of mass media is profound and cannot be ignored.Firstly, mass media is a powerful tool for informing the public. It provides a platform for news and current affairs, keeping the general populace informed of happenings around the globe. News programs, newspapers, and online news sources constantly update their content, ensuring that the latest news and developments are accessible to everyone.Secondly, mass media shapes public opinion. Through editorials, opinion polls, and commentary, the media can sway public opinion towards certain viewpoints or causes. This influence is often subtle and indirect, yet it is significant in determining public sentiment and policy decisions.Moreover, mass media entertains and educates. Television programs, movies, and music videos provide hours of entertainment, while educational programs and documentaries expand our knowledge and understanding of the world. The media not only entertains us but also educates us about diverse cultures, histories, and perspectives.However, the influence of mass media is not always positive. Sometimes, it can promote negative behaviors and stereotypes. The media's portrayal of certain groups or individuals can influence public perception and create biases. Additionally, excessive exposure to media can lead to addiction and unhealthy habits such as binge-watching or excessive scrolling.In conclusion, mass media has a significant impact on society. It informs, educates, entertains, and shapes public opinion. However, we must also be mindful of its potential negatives and strive to consume media responsibly. By being critical consumers of media, we can ensure that its influence is positive and beneficial.大众媒体的影响大众媒体，包括电视、广播、报纸、杂志和互联网，在当今世界中扮演着至关重要的角色。
新媒体外文文献翻译最新译文3000多字
新媒体外文文献翻译最新译文3000多字文献出处：Kahn R. Commercial space interior design in the new media art [J]. New media & society, 2021,12(5): 87-97. 原文Commercial space interior design in the new media artKahn RAbstractNew media technology and new media art has brought new development spacefor contemporary art and design, it not only changed the traditional form of artistic creation and performance, has also created a new aesthetic experience. The emergence of new media art is broke through the limitation of thetraditional information media, in a whole new way of communication and interaction, constantly enrich people's visual experience, affects the way people live. New media art, in succession on the basis of some concept and characteristics of traditional art, the use of new technology and new artistic thinking innovation and make it with a new artistic features and aesthetic rule. The rapid development of new media and new media art, make its and other new technology, new art, gradually permeated every aspect of People's Daily life, also in different field of art and design has a considerable influence and impact on commercial space design is one of the important items. Keywords: new media art, commercial space design, interior design 1 IntroductionNew media art, as a kind of new science and technology and art means start seeping into the modern commercial space design. In People's Daily life has been completely replaced by sign language and imitating the visual semantic environment, the development, and innovation of new media art, and profound changes the traditional media art forms. And the resulting a series of new media art forms and consciously or unconsciously to the design of commercial space methods produced the profound influence. In the new media art in idea,art form, or creative ways can be called a revolution art, also, new media art injected \vitality\for commercial space design, and the influence of new media art, modern commercial space design is changing consciously or unconsciously.2 Literature reviewNew media (New media) concept in 1967 by American gold mark was the firstto put forward. The so-called new media is compared with the traditional media. Since then, different scholars from different angles about the concept of newmedia to understand: the scholar thinks, new media is a relative concept, the new media usually refers to the time later, to appear on the function or there is some difference with both media according to the characteristic of media; Also some scholars from the view of the new media has the characteristics of digital think that based on digital technology in the field of media use of new media form is new media; Some scholars also see the new media of the Internet technology applied to rely on, new media is based on the Internet to implement many-to-many or point-to-point transmission, which has the function of interact with the user interactions such as media style. The new media theorist, Norwich discuss is indications in the book of new media language on the basis of the computer of the significance of the new media. Norwich viewed our time in a critical period of a new media revolution, all types of media, are deeply influenced by computer media. Some experts put forward new media means that constitute the basic elements of different from the traditional media forms of media. 3 The development of new media art and its artistic features 3.1 The development of new media artSince the 20th century, modern science and technology rapid development, changed the way people see the world, to know the world, also affect the people and society, and others, and the environmental communication mode and thinking habits, at the same time, the progress of science and technology also promotes the development of philosophy and aesthetics thought, in the field of social science, modernism and post-modernism ideological trend beginning, information science and technology revolution and promoted, such as telecommunications, radio and television, the production of new technology such as computer and Internet, makes great changes have taken place in information dissemination tool in the, this, work together to promote the innovation and development of art and art form of diversification.New media art in the 20th century, art and technology innovation and development under the macro background of birth. Known as \show any video projector, was in 1962, created by korean-american artist name June Paik installation art works; “Reada ble city\is a way for a city to instant readable image text of interactive computer device, in 1988, completed by lattice Ronnie Vader creation; In 1996, Christopher try to Berlin tower packing art practice confusing, surprise; Costa, application of digital technology in 1999 \these new technologies and new ideas become the dominant form of contemporary artists to show themselves, to give people a kind of new aesthetic standard, bring a kind of brand-new, with traditional visual experience completely different visual experience.The development of new media art profoundly embodies the perfect combination of science and art, science and technology in a certain extent affect and promote the generation and development of art, artistic development and results also promote and influence the progress of science and development. Can say, new media art has become widespread in the sense of scientific technology practice and the combination of art and culture, new media artbroke through the traditional art creation technique and standard, the science and technology and the new medium of information dissemination of and rely on, make new media art can build on fresh and special atmosphere, the breakthrough and innovation constitute the unique artistic connotation of new media art.3.2 The characteristics of new media art InteractiveNew media art \of interactive technology and art.Interaction isessentially two-way transmission of information and communication, interactive changed the way traditional one-way information dissemination media, the audience is no longer a passive receiver. New media art with the aid of advanced technology, make communication between people and the media of materialized and influence each other, the real-time interactive features of new media art, expand the art activities, to enrich the content of the worksof art, innovation mode of artistic creation. NonlinearNonlinear editing system adopted by the special vocabulary, is against the traditional linear editing mode. In the process of traditional linear editing, is usually in chronological order to material search and the recording,editing and nonlinear editing method to random record or read information, breaking the original information edit form. New media art creation idea and performance forms, draw lessons from this kind of flexible, open and dynamic information edit form, reflect the nonlinear characteristics of narrative art. Virtual sexWith digital technology to achieve the new media art of time and space of virtual reality. New media art with the help of digital, we reconstruct the familiar perception of the environment, make the audience's perception system into quite a degree of the actual situation of scene, virtual sex: the transformation of the relationship between art and life is no longer theartistic life in return, but life imitating art. 4 Apply to commercial space interior design of the new media art 4.1 The modern commercial spaceAlong with the development of commodity economy and the society, the modern commercial space in terms of scale, function and diversity are far beyond the category of the past, \developed into a set of shopping, entertainment, leisure is a body comprehensive architectural space, to meet customers different business needs, commercial space and become a part of the city's public communication space, for information exchange, distributed inthe city, and facilitate the people in social activities. Commercial space along with the rapid development of social economy, the scale size expanded significantly, complete functions gradually perfect, in order to satisfy the functional requirements of commercial space, rich commercial space ofspiritual experience, give priority to in order to meet the goods display, in order to promote product sales for the purpose of space environment design, commercial space design was born. Commercial space design and people's ability to affect the environment function, visual order given environment ability and the ability toimprove the quality of human environment and the decoration level isclosely linked. Modern commercial space design should be on the premise ofmeet the demand of business development, set up business platform, combining innovation and modernity, build a satisfy people business activities of the space environment. 4.2 The combination of new media art and commercial space designNew media art is the product of science and technology and art interactive fusion, has realized the unity of science and technology and artistic thinking. The two sides of the science and art are not necessarily antagonistic. On the contrary, in most cases is the dialectical unification between the two. The progress of science and technology, provides the realistic conditions for the development of art and technology, and the progress of art, in turn, the cause for reflection and summary, science and technology set new requirements forthe development of science and technology and the reference coordinates at the same time, and to provide scientific and technological progress theintellectual support and spiritual sustenance.New media art technology personalized aesthetic pursuit, just the response to the current commercial space design of new technology, and the design ofthe mass aesthetic appeal. Technology constantly updated and progressive sense of art, provides the commercial space design of perfect combination of art and practical design, commercial space in the novel with the help of science and technology progress to create fantasy, having a unique style of the spaceenvironment at the same time, both in art and design meets the needs of people to make effective response to this proposition. Under the influence of new media art, works of modern commercial space design first need to new media art aesthetic, artistic thinking as a guide, to establish the ideas and methods of commercial space design, this also is the soul of the design and the kernel, and then by technical means, to find the most clever and perfect solution, to complete the design work. Artistic thinking is the spirit and soul of the new media art, technology is the new media art of bone and flesh, the two complement each other, to promote the innovation and practice of the new media art.Using advanced technology, new media art has realized the multidimensional nature of the display, virtualization and intuitive. New media art images or boring text感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
大众传媒的变化英语作文
大众传媒的变化英语作文The Evolving Landscape of Mass MediaThe world of mass media has undergone a remarkable transformation in recent decades, driven by the rapid advancements in technology and the ever-changing preferences of the audience. From the traditional print media to the digital age, the landscape of mass communication has been reshaped, presenting both challenges and opportunities for individuals, businesses, and society as a whole.One of the most significant changes in the mass media landscape has been the rise of digital platforms. The internet has revolutionized the way information is disseminated and consumed. Online news portals, social media platforms, and streaming services have become the primary sources of news and entertainment for a vast majority of the population. This shift has had a profound impact on the traditional media industry, forcing newspapers, magazines, and television networks to adapt and evolve their business models to remain relevant.The proliferation of digital media has also led to a democratization of content creation and distribution. Individuals now have the abilityto share their thoughts, opinions, and experiences with a global audience through blogs, vlogs, and social media. This has given rise to a new generation of influencers and content creators who have amassed significant followings and have become powerful voices in their respective niches. This democratization of media has empowered individuals to have a greater say in the narratives that shape our society.Another significant change in the mass media landscape is the increasing emphasis on personalization and targeted content. Digital platforms, powered by sophisticated algorithms, are able to tailor the content and advertisements presented to each individual user based on their browsing history, interests, and preferences. This has led to a more personalized and engaging user experience, but it has also raised concerns about the potential for echo chambers and the creation of filter bubbles, where individuals are exposed to a limited range of perspectives and ideas.The rise of social media has also had a profound impact on the way information is disseminated and consumed. Social media platforms have become the primary channels for the sharing of news, opinions, and viral content. This has led to the phenomenon of "fake news," where misinformation and disinformation can spread rapidly and widely, often with devastating consequences. The challenge for mass media organizations and consumers alike is to navigate thislandscape and identify reliable and trustworthy sources of information.Despite these challenges, the evolution of mass media also presents numerous opportunities. The ability to reach a global audience and the potential for targeted and personalized content have opened up new avenues for businesses and individuals to engage with their audiences. The democratization of media has also empowered marginalized voices and communities to share their stories and perspectives, contributing to a more diverse and inclusive media landscape.Moreover, the digital age has also brought about new forms of storytelling and content creation. Multimedia formats, such as interactive documentaries, augmented reality experiences, and immersive virtual reality, have emerged as innovative ways to engage audiences and convey complex narratives. These developments have the potential to enrich the mass media experience and provide audiences with more engaging and meaningful content.In conclusion, the evolving landscape of mass media presents both challenges and opportunities. As technology continues to advance and the preferences of the audience continue to shift, it is essential for mass media organizations, businesses, and individuals to adapt and evolve their strategies to remain relevant and effective. Byembracing the changes and harnessing the power of digital platforms, the mass media industry can continue to play a crucial role in shaping the way we consume, interact with, and understand the world around us.。
新媒体营销外文翻译文献
新媒体营销外文翻译文献新媒体营销外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:研究微博中承诺和信用对消费者行为倾向的影响——基于关系营销的角度摘要：本研究的目的是探索消费者对企业通过微博进行关系营销的观点。
这项研究是以承诺-信用理论以及消费者对企业微博形象、承诺、信用、满意度和社群意识对消费者的行为倾向的研究为基础的。
这项研究的成果可以成为企业利用微博进行关系营销的准则。
这项研究显示消费者的满意度对承诺、信用、社群意识和消费者的行为倾向具有积极影响。
企业形象对承诺和信用的影响是成立的，但对行为倾向的影响需须经由承诺和信用产生中介效果。
信用对承诺和社群意识的影响是存在的，但是对行为倾向的影响须经由承诺和社群意识产生中介效果。
最后，承诺和社群意识对行为倾向的影响是成立的。
关键词：微博、关系营销、满意度、企业形象、承诺、信用、社群意识、行为倾向1、引言当我们在新的经济时代面临着现今的商业环境时，许多企业在短时间内就变成了一个以顾客为中心的企业。
为了提高竞争力，企业必须了解他们的顾客，了解顾客的需求，并且通过专项服务满足顾客的需求。
随着技术时代环境的改变，企业已经通过信息系统与客户建立了关系。
随着顾客上网历史的增加，企业可以提供给他们更多的产品信息并且在第一时间获得顾客的回复。
通过这种方法，客户服务的成本可以降低；企业与客户的关系可以变得稳定；企业与客户之间可以建立更多的联系；企业与客户之间的沟通可以个性化。
基于格朗鲁斯的研究，他认为关系营销意味着企业通过发展、维护和提高与顾客的关系来达到企业的目的。
越来越多的企业发展其吸引力来构建自己的形象以留住和吸引新的顾客。
因此，一个企业的专业性和企业形象的构建对企业来说是很重要的。
一个公司是否可以提供服务或产品以满足客户的需求影响着客户对企业的信任和忠诚度。
基于Web2.0大流行，大众媒体已经覆盖了许多拥有新颖、有趣故事的网站，吸引了更多的公众关注互联网。
这些问题对因特网的常用用户来说都不是问题。
大众媒体的优缺点英语作文
The Pros and Cons of Mass MediaMass media, encompassing a range of platforms such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and the internet, plays a pivotal role in our society. It has the ability to reach vast numbers of people, making it a powerful tool for informing, educating, and entertaining. However, just like any other tool, mass media has its own set of advantages and disadvantages.One of the most significant advantages of mass media is its ability to disseminate information quickly and efficiently. In today's fast-paced world, where information is constantly evolving, mass media serves as a vital source for keeping the public informed about current events, trends, and issues that affect their lives. From breaking news reports to feature stories, mass media provides a comprehensive coverage of a wide range of topics, allowing people to stay up-to-date with what's happening around the globe.Moreover, mass media also acts as a platform for entertainment, offering a diverse range of content that caters to different tastes and preferences. Whether it's watching a thrilling movie, listening to a captivating podcast, or reading an engaging magazine article, mass media provides a sense of escapism that helps people relax and unwind after a long day.However, despite its numerous advantages, mass media also has its disadvantages. One of the main concerns is the potential for misinformation and propaganda. In some cases, media outlets may choose to present a biased or one-sided view of a story in order to shape public opinion or further their own agenda. This can lead to a lack of trust in the media and a decrease in its credibility, making it difficult for people to distinguish between fact and fiction.Additionally, the excessive use of mass media can also have negative impacts on individuals. For example, excessive screen time can lead to eye strain, insomnia, and other health issues. Furthermore, constant exposure to negative news and violent content can cause feelings of anxiety, depression, and hopelessness, affecting individuals' mental well-being.In conclusion, mass media is a powerful tool that has the potential to inform, educate, and entertain. However, it's important to recognize its limitations and use it responsibly. By being discerning consumers of media and seeking out diverse sources of information, we can make the most of the opportunities that mass media presents while minimizing its potential downsides.。
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大众媒体新媒体外文翻译文献综述(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)微信公众号后台设计下面来介绍一下本系统的总体设计思路。
1 总体结构首先是结构图如图5-1-1所示。
图5-1-1 总体结构图1.1 功能分配通过对上面功能需求的分析总结得出，各项功能需求的实现同各块程序的分配关系如表5-1-2所示。
表5-1-2 功能分配表2 数据结构设计数据结构是代码实现的先决条件，一个良好的数据设计可以使各部分功能实现起来更加轻松。
2.1 逻辑结构设计数据库的逻辑设计是将各局部的结构图进行分解、合并后重新组织起来形成数据库全局逻辑结构，包括所确定的关键字和属性、重新确定的记录结构、所建立的各个数据之间的相互关系。
根据本系统需求分析,系统的数据库包括了身份验证、管理员身份、用户身份、数据同居和论坛检索等几个部分。
2.2 物理结构设计此处只列举出部分数据库表的设计数据结构和程序关系数据结构为关系型数据库，所以，在程序中可以通过标准的SQL语句与数据结构进行交互，交互过程中采用通用的数据库访问接口。
为了保持良好的程序架构，对数据库访问采用DAO设计模式实现，提高维护性及扩展性。
物理数据结构主要用于各模块之间信息的传递，借口传递的信息将是以数据结构封装了得数据，以参数传递或返回值的形式在各模块之间传输。
3 运行设计运行设计包括运行模块组合、运行控制和运行时间。
3.1 运行模块组合本程序主要是以一个网页为模块，一般一个网页完成一个特定的功能，主网页通过打开另一个子网页来实现各个模块之间不同的功能的连接和组合。
各个模块之间相对独立，程序的可移植性好。
各个模块之间主要以传递数据项的引用来实现模块之间的合作和数据共享。
运行控制只要符合操作说明书，用户可以自由控制，不额外限定用户输入，异常程序内部进行处理，给出相应的提示信息。
3.2 运行时间由用户决定，但每次操作的响应时间上限控制在3s以内4 出错处理设计我认为，只要是人做出来的系统是不可能没有出错的时候，更何况是我这样刚毕业的新手。
所以我还设计了出错处理，主要是对我能想到的可能出现的错误或者说bug进行的分析和处理。
4.1 数据库连接错误这类错误主要是数据库设置不正确引起的，我们只要取消本次操作，提醒维护人员自己检查数据库问题即可。
4.2 输入错误主要是用户输入不规范造成的，我们在尽量减少用户出错的条件的情况下对用户进行提醒，然后再次操作。
4.3 乱码主要发生在提交汉字信息的情况下，这是我们只需要对提交的汉字从新进行编码即可。
4.4 操作错误对于用户的不正当操作，有可能是程序发生错误。
我们主要是种植操作，并提醒用户种植的原因和操作规范。
4.5 不可预知错误程序也会有一些我们无法预知或没有考虑完全的错误，我们对此不可能做出完全的异常处理，为了保证数据的安全，要经常对数据库进行备份。
然后犯规错误信息，以逐步完善程序。
5 安全保密设计5.1 系统安全常见的系统安全有网络蠕虫侵害，系统漏洞与补丁，以及客户信息丢失等。
应对知识库进行安全的开发与管理。
以及定时发布安全信息警告。
常用的系统安全措施有：1.安装安全工具，在使用论坛时，一定要为电脑安装安全工具，同时把效验码放到安全的地方，以便日后对系统进行检查。
2.配置防火墙对网络进行预防。
3.根据CERT的UNIX/NT配置指南检查系统的安全性。
CERT的UNIX/NT配置指南可以帮助你检查系统中容易被入侵者利用的配置问题。
5.2 数据安全数据安全主要包括以下几个方面：1.对数据用户进行身份鉴别。
2.访问主体、访问对象的控制策略和实现方法。
3.数据加密方法。
6 维护设计A.基础数据维护：对于一些基础数据，安排管理员进行维护B.数据库备份和恢复:利用Navicat for MySQL自身提供的备份和恢复功能实现。
C.系统升级维护：根据用户使用效果调查表，筛选用户提出的功能要求，对于合理的要求予以采纳，并安排人员对系统进行修改和完善。
D.定期建立数据库备份，一旦服务器数据库被破坏，可以使用最近的一份数据库副本进行还原。
E.为防止服务器故障，预备另外一台服务器，主要主服务器出现故障，可以迅速启动预备服务器运行系统。
F.恢复及再启动技术说明将使用的恢复再启动技术，使软件从故障点恢复执行或使软件从头开始重新运行的方法。
WeChat public No. background design1 system designTo introduce the following design ideas of the system.1.1 overall structureThe first is the structure diagram as shown in figure 5-1-1.Figure 5-1-1 schematic structure1.2 distribution functionThrough the analysis of the functional requirements of the above are summarized, the functional requirements to achieve table 5-1-2 shown with each block distribution relationship.Table 5-1-2 function allocation table2 data structure designData structure is the code to achieve the prerequisites, a good data design can make the function of each part can be more easily.2.1 Logical structure designLogic design of the database is decomposition, merger and re organized into global database logic structure of the various parts of the structure, including the relationship between the determined keywords and attributes, to determine the record structure, the establishment of various data. According to the system demand analysis, system database includes authentication, administrator, user identity, cohabitation data and forum retrieval several parts.2.2 Physical structure designHere only to enumerate part of the design of data structure and program database tablerelationshipData structure for the relational database, so in the program can interact via standard SQL statements and data structure, interaction process in the general database access interface.In order to maintain a good program structure, access to the database using DAO designmode, improve the maintainability and scalability. Physical structure of the data is mainly used for the information transfer between each module, an excuse to deliver the information will be encapsulated in the data structure of terrible data, to pass parameters or return values of transmission between the modules.3 Operation designThe operation design includes the operation module combination, operation control and operation time.3.1 operation moduleThis procedure is mainly to a web page module, general a web page complete a specific function, the main page through open another sub page to realize each module between different functional connections and combinations. Each module is independent, programportability. Each module between the main reference to the data item to achieve data sharingand cooperation between modules. Operation controlAs long as it meets the operating instructions, the user can control the free, no extra limited user input, internal program exception processing are the corresponding message.3.2 Run timeThe decision by the user, but the response time limit of each operation within 3S.4 Design of the errorI believe that as long as people make it out to the system is not possible without error when, not to mention I just graduated from the novice. So I designed the error handling, mainly is to I can think of possible error or bug analysis and processing.4.1 database connection errorThis type of error is mainly database settings incorrect caused, we just cancel the operation remind maintenance personnel to check their database can be.4.2 input errorIs mainly user input caused by irregular, we in minimizing the error to the user for reminding a user, and then retry the operation again.4.3 GarbledMainly occurs in the case of information submitted Chinese characters, this is we only need tosubmit the code to the new Chinese characters.4.4 Operation errorThe improper operation of the user, there may be an error program. We are planting, reasonsand operating rules and alerts the user of the plant.4.5 unpredictable errorProcedures will be some we can not predict or not considered completely wrong, we this could make a complete exception handling, often make a backup copy of the database to ensure data security. Then foul error information, in order to gradually improve the program.5 Security design5.1 system securityCommon system security network worm infringement, system vulnerabilities and patches, and the loss of customer information etc.. To deal with the knowledge base for the development and management of safety. Safety warning information and timed release. System securitymeasures are commonly used:installation security tools, in the use of the forum, be sure to install security tools for computer, at the same time, the checksum into a safe place, for the future of the system are examined.configure the firewall to network prevention.according to the UNIX/NT security configuration guide inspection system of CERT. UNIX/NT configuration guide CERT can help you to check the system configuration to intruders use.5.2 data securityData security mainly includes the following several aspects:of the data user identification.the main access control strategy and realization method of access object.data encryption method.6 maintenance designA. basic data maintenance: for some of the basic data, arrange the maintenance administratorB. database backup and recovery: using Navicat for MySQL to provide its backup and recovery functions.C. system upgrade and maintenance: according to the user the use effectiveness questionnaire, screening the user functional requirements, for the reasonable requirements should be adopted, and arrange to amend and perfect the system.D. regular establishment of database backup, once the database server is destroyed, can use a recent copy of the database to restore.E. in order to prevent the server failure, prepare another one server, the main serverfailure, can quickly start the backup server operating system.F. recovery and restart technology that will use the recovery restart technique, the software execution or make the software from scratch re run the recovery from the point of failure.。