art for art's sake-奥斯卡王尔德
夜莺与玫瑰论文
王尔德童话《夜莺与玫瑰》中的唯美主义Aestheticism in Oscar Wilde’s FairyTale The Nightingale and the Rose摘要本文从形式和内容入手，探讨了王尔德《夜莺与玫瑰》童话中的唯美主义体现，从而揭示了王尔德“为艺术而艺术”，“艺术高于一切”的唯美主义价值观。
在形式上，分别从修辞、意象入手，分析了童话在文字层面上精巧华丽的美以及作者构造奇幻图画的写作技巧。
在内容上，从更深层次的讽刺、象征、人物刻画、死亡与悲剧之美以及二元对立等方面分析，表现了作者强烈的情感，对爱与艺术美的追求，对善的颂扬以及对恶的摈弃，并从中反映了艺术与当时社会现实生活的关系。
关键字：唯美主义，修辞，意象，对立ABSTRACTFrom the aspects of form and content, this thesis will analyze the embodiment of Aestheticism in Oscar Wilde‘s The Nightingale and the Rose, in order to manifest his aesthetic values of ―Art for art‘s sake‖ and ―Art is superior‖. From the aspect of form, the paper argues from rhetoric and image to analyze the writing methods to construct fantastic images and magnificent beauty on the literal level. From the aspect of content, the thesis analyzes from irony, symbol, depiction of characters, beauty of anticlimax and binary antithesis of two specific elements, expressing the authors‘intense emotion, pursuit towards art and beauty, glorification of goodness, and critique towards vice.Keywords: Aestheticism, rhetoric, image, antithesisContents1 Introduction (1)2 Previous Studies (4)3 Embodiment of Aestheticism in form (5)3.1. Beauty of rhetoric (5)3.1.1 Use of repetition (5)3.1.2 Use of antithesis (5)3.1.3 Use of synaesthesia (6)3.1.4 Use of personification (6)3.2 Beauty of image (7)3.2.1 The combination of movement and stillness (7)3.2.2 Converting between concrete and abstract images (8)4 Embod iment o f Aestheticism in co ntent (10)4.1 Beauty of rhetoric (10)4.1.1 Use of sarcasm (10)4.1.2 Use of symbol (11)4.2 Beauty of imagery (12)4.2.1 The nightingale (12)4.2.2 The student (14)4.2.3 Beauty of anticlimax (death and tragedy) (16)4.2.4 Binary antithesis of two specific elements (17)4.2.4.1 The binary antithesis of poem and reality (17)4.2.4.2 The binary antithesis of deep and shallow emotion 185 Conclusion (19)Works cited (20)1IntroductionOscar Wilde (1854—1900) is a famous dramatist, novelist and poet in the 19th century‘s England. He has a great deal of accomplishments in nearly every field of literature. His novel The Portrait of Dorian Gray, comedies Lady Windermere’s Fan, A Woman of No Importance as well as The Importance of Being Earnest all created sensation when they were published. With gifts of language, Wilde was once acclaimed by Y eats: ―I never before heard a man talking with perfect sentences, as if he had written them all overnight with labour and yet all spontaneous.‖（吴伟仁，2006）In the 19th century in England, industry developed rapidly. Following the development of industry, the principle of materialism infiltrated into every status of the society. Wilde thought that in the age he lives ―to be practical is everything‖, in his words: ―Present people‘s life has been entirely affected by business.‖As English female writer V erginia Woolf wrote in her later observation: ―Behavior of human-beings have been changed tremendously.‖（章安祺，2003)In intellectual sphere, people generally feel the shortage of culture and loss of beauty. Thus aesthetic movements developed in the universities and intellectual circles in the last decades of the 19th century. It reflected artists‘ sense of frustration and uncertainty against materialism and restrictive moral code of bourgeoisie. Because of this, artists withdrew from political and social stage, and escaped into aesthetic isolation. Wilde is the main representation of the aesthetic movement. His aesthetic opinion can be summarized as ―Art is superior.‖In detail, Wilde‘s aestheticism can be related in several aspects below: He advocates the pure artistic theory. ―Art for art‘s sake‖–Art has independent life, which is far away from the real world, not related to ethics. All excellent works of art pursue pure art effect. So, ―the only beautiful thing is that irrelevant to us.‖―Artists should neither have any purposes of utilitarianism, nor be restrained by ethics.‖He emphasizes ―the admiration of form‖ He considers that art has one highest principle, the principle of form. As he once said: ―You needn‘t have superb rationalimagination, deep satire towards life, even excited emotion.‖―Form is all you need.‖About the relationship between life and art he thought, ―Life imitates art much more than art imitates life.‖ Art is always ahead of life. It‘s not art reflecting the reality but the reality reflecting art. The real society is ugly and vulgar. Only ―beauty‖has perpetual value. ―Art is superior to life. Life is dull and disorderly. But art can satisfy our emotion need of love and resent, joy and pain.‖He believes art superior to all other things. ―In order to pursue entertainment and beauty, one can disregard and sacrifice anything.‖―Art is life itself. It is ignorant of death, which is absolute truth, ignorant of facts.‖ (Ellmann, 1988) Here art has its broaden meaning, which includes beauty entertainment and joy. Here beauty is some kind of free beauty which is sublime epicurean and irrelevant to utilitarianism; joy is not purely sensory enjoyment, but coming from life, creation and love.The fairy tale The Nightingale and the Rose is chosen from his The Happy Prince and Other Tales,1888. His another book about fairy tale is A House of Pomegranates. They are regarded as works of superior quality among the world‘s creation of fairy tales. The famous Chinese writer ZhouZuoren said that: ―The two books are purely poems…In my opinion their feature is the plentiful words and wit of spirit.‖(王开林，2002)These fairy tales extol love beauty art and kind heart, satirize selfish and cruel behavior and show sympathy to the insulted weak. ―The different elements of narration provide social satire, comedy of manners, moral allegory and a commentary on aestheticism for the cognoscenti.‖ (Varty, 2005) In The Nightingale and the Rose, the theme is also around above topics. A student wept sadly, for the reason that the girl he loved promised to dance with him if he got a red rose. But he can‘t find one in his garden. A nightingale saw and was moved by the student. Regarding him as a true lover, she decided to find a red rose for him. Disregarding some insects‘ query and sneer, she flied over the garden, from white rose-tree to yellow rose-tree, and then finally found a red rose-tree. The tree answered it wouldn‘t have any rose that year, but if she wanted a red rose she must sing all night long with her breast against a thorn. The thorn must pierce her heart and her life-blood must flow into tree. Death is a great price to pay for a red rose.But the nightingale believed love is more precious than life. Thus she did what the red rose-tree told her to do. She died and a rose as red as ruby was produced. The student discovered the red rose in his garden. He was so excited for he had never seen any rose like it. However, when he hopefully brought the rose to the girl, she refused, because she wanted to dance with the Chamberlain‘s nephew who had sent her some real jewels. Angrily the Student threw the rose and a cart-wheel went over it. He thought love silly and went back to read books again.This fairy tale praised the nightingale kind-hearted, selfless, and persevering in the pursuit of love. It also criticized the girl ungrateful superficial. Rodney Shewan claimed this fairy tale to be ―the most concise social critique‖. (Shewan, 1977) Through the whole story, Wilde‘s views of Aestheticism are manifested themselves. In the following paragraphs, I will analyze them from the aspects of form and implied meaning, to reveal how Wilde‘s Aestheticism is embodied in this fairy tale by more specific and detailed analysis on the aspects of rhetoric and imagery. Thus we can have deeper understanding of the writer, his Aestheticism and his works.2 Previous StudiesPredecessors have ever since researched this fairy tale and have already made profound achievements in some aspects.They analyzed and eulogized various kinds of beauty, from superficial level of diction and sentences to deep level of theme and emotion. They wanted to probe the inner spirit of the fairy tale, Wilde‘s individual temperament and style, and connect them to the aesthetic purpose of Wilde‘s creation and the whole social background. Wilde once wrote to a friend that the tales were ―meant partly for children, and partly for those who have kept the childlike faculties of wonder and joy, and who find in simplicity a subtle strangeness.‖(Beckon, 1970) which I think may be his main purpose to write these fairy tales. He wanted to bring people simple joy and made them ponder in the seeming simplicity.Otherwise, they also probe the usage of various writing methods, such as peculiar imagination, humorous irony combined with philosophy, and the changing of characters and readers‘emotion. Wilde‘s friend Alexander Galt Ross (1860—1927) wrote: ―One of the chief functions of the true fairy story is to excite sympathy.‖ (Beckon, 1970)Wilde is the representative of aestheticism and decadent literature. Some people criticized his aesthetic works to be decadent; while others thought him to be writer of real art and beauty. In his works, we realized the antithesis of dream and reality. He took art beauty and love as his ideal, having the sense of justice. On the other hand, he was extremely individualistic.Since a long time ago, Wilde‘s theory of ―Art for art‘s sake‖has been considered disadvantage outweighing advantage, because he overstressed literary beauty, letting the relationship between art and life upside down. Especially in the domestic art sphere, where artists paid more attention to life, their social responsibility was stressed. Aestheticism was condemned having messed people‘s course of recognizing things and induced writers into the concept of ―Form is everything.‖3 Embodiment of Aestheticism in form3.1 Beauty of rhetoricWilde is best adept at visual refined language abounding in color and sound. Rhetoric is one aspect of the beautiful language. Repetition, contrast, metaphor, personification and synaesthesia are often used in this fairy tale. The seemingly simple rhetoric has polished the fairy tale a lot.3.1.1 Use of repetitionThe rhetorical effect of sentence repetition varies with individual cases, but most writers use it to add force and emphasis to their statement.（冯翠华，1995）―Give me a red rose,‖ she cried, ―and I will sing you my sweetest song.‖（奥斯卡·王尔德，1996）This sentence appears three times in the fairy tale. It indicates the nightingale‘s eager mood to find the red rose. It was a long process. She failed to find a red one the first and second time, but didn‘t give up. She insisted on her seeking and at last achieved her expect. From the repetition we can see the hardship in finding a red rose. Facing continuous failure, the nightingale maintained a resolute and positive attitude. The repetition transfers to us a shock and more intense emotion.3.1.2 Use of antithesis(contrast)Antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve force and emphasis. The form of the expression is very important for effect, for the force of the emphasis, whether for profundity of judgement, for humor or for satire, depends chiefly on the juxtaposition of direct opposition, of glaring contrasts.（冯翠华，1995）Wilde has used several contrast to manifest a kind of beauty that exist between two opposite things or two opposite aspects in one thing. For example, the death of the nightingale and the blossom of the red rose forms striking contrast. The exhaustion of nightingale leads to the blossom of the rose. Nightingale‘s crimsonblood dyes the rose red. As nightingale pressed closer to the thorn, ―Bitter, bitter was the pain, and wilder and wilder grew her song‖ (奥斯卡·王尔德，1996) The marvelous rose grew from white to pink then to crimson. It was the nightingale who let her life-blood and energy ebbed away from her and transferred to the red rose. The red rose was the fruit of nightingale‘s death, also the bitter price of the nightingale‘s pursuit of love.3.1.3 Use of synaesthesia―the mixing of sensations; the concurrent appeal to more than one sense; the response through several senses to the stimulation of one‖（文军，1991）Wilde is good at describing a scene with various blended senses, and makes the readers as if be present at the scene.Take examples, ―It is pleasant to sit in the green wood, and to watch the Sun in his chariot of gold…Sweet is the scent of the hawthorn.‖ Here from visual sense and sense of smell Wilde described the pleasure and bright of life. The brilliant Sun with chariot of gold and the crystal Moon with chariot of pearl enhance each other‘s beauty in the sky, forming a splendid spectacle. While fragrance of flowers floats far and near, making people refreshed in mind and heart.―…blossomed a marvelous rose, petal following petal, as song followed song.‖―Bitter, bitter was the pain, and wilder and wilder grew her song.‖ (奥斯卡·王尔德，1996) From visual sense, sense of hearing and sense of pain, the heroic scene of nightingale‘s sacrifice reappears before readers.3.1.4 Use of personification―attributes human qualities and abilities to inanimate objects, animals, abstractions, and events.‖(Bander, 1978)Unlike in other stories, personification is widely used in this fairy tale which becomes an outstanding feature of it. Every animal and plant has been personified, from big sun and moon in the sky to little insects on the ground. Their language is lively and vivid. Each character has distinctive personality which makes the story touching. For example, the offish attitude of the Green Lizard the Butterfly and the Daisy reflects the general attitudeof the English in those years.3.2 Beauty of imageBeautiful language is an outstanding feature of this fairy tale which produces many exquisite images that constantly emerge in the fairy tale. ―An image is a literal and concrete representation of a sensory experience or of an object that can be known by one or more of the senses. It is the means by which experience in its richness and emotional complexity is communicated.‖(Holman & Harmon, 1986) Light and shadow, color and smell, sound and shape, quality and movement, the multitudinous image interweave with one another, constructing poetic imagery. And in these images, we can find out some special writing methods.3.2.1 The combination of movement and stillness―but passion has made his face like pale ivory, and sorrow has set her seal upon his brow.‖(奥斯卡·王尔德，1996) Sorrow is originally a kind of static state which presents itself on people‘s face. But here it comes into a movement. It climbs up on the boy‘s face. That is more vivid than just stating the fact.―And a delicate flush of pink came into the leaves of the rose‖ (ibid) Here we can feel the process how the color of the rose changes. It changes little by little from delicate to dark.―Echo bore it to her purple cavern in the hills, and woke the sleeping shepherds from their dreams. It floated through the reeds of the river, and they carried its message to the sea.‖ (ibid) Here the author describes the nightingale‘s last song with movement. Like a deliver, it fluctuates and spreads far away, and brings message and blessing to all creatures.3.2.2Converting between concrete and abstract imagesIn this fairy tale, when describing abstract things, the author likes to use some concrete images to deepen their value and impression in readers‘hearts. Otherwise, when describing concrete things, the author sometimes use abstract images to create a romantic and hazy atmosphere.For example, when describing color, the author uses concrete images a lot. They can avoid the monotony of using simple color words. White is drawn as ―pale ivory‖, ―the foam of the sea‖, ―the snow upon the mountain‖, ―pale as the mist that hangs over the river‖, ―pale as the feet of the morning, and silver as the wings of the dawn.‖Y ellow is drawn as ―the hair of the mermaiden who sits upon an amber throne‖, ―the daffodil that blooms in the meadow before the mower comes with his scythe‖ And red is drawn as ―the feet of the dove‖, ―the great fans of coral that wave and wave in the ocean-cavern‖, ―crimson like the rose of the eastern sky‖, ―crimson was the girdle of petals, and crimson as a ruby was the heart.‖ (奥斯卡·王尔德，1996) When describing the value of love, the author wrote like this: ―It is more precious than emeralds, and dearer than fine opals. Pearls and pomegranates cannot buy it, nor is it set forth in the marketplace. It may not be purchased of the merchants, nor can it be weighed out in the balance for gold.‖(ibid) After comparing with concrete precious jewelry, this sentence indicates that love is priceless. It can‘t be substituted by money or material in reality.The nightingale‘s voice is described like ―water bubbling from a silver jar‖(ibid). From the concrete simile, we can feel the sweet of the voice as if we have heard the bump of water in dear silver container.When referring to the image of a true lover, the author wrote like this: ―Flame- coloured are his wings, and coloured like flame is his body. His lips are sweet as honey, and his breath is like frankincense.‖ (ibid) The image of a lover is originally hard to definite, but here the author describes it with concrete elements. Being emphasized on body lips and breath, the lover mingles with flame honey and frankincense, like an angle with wings. With the image, readers can image keen and beautiful passion in love.Moreover, Wilde also used some abstract images to describe concrete things. For instance, ―As the shadow of a rose in a water-pool, so was the rose that blossomed on the topmost spray of the Tree.‖―She swept over the garden like a shadow, and like a shadow she sailed through the grove.‖ (ibid) In these two places, description of a rose turns to its shadow in a water-pool, and description of the flyingnightingale also turns to its abstract shadow. The rose becomes hazy and romantic while the nightingale‘s quick movement and slender figure is revealed thoroughly, as if both of them are living in two artful pictures.4Embodiment of Aestheticism in content Through the contrast of beauty in visual world and frightfulness in real world, Wilde has used beautiful images to embody abstract beauty in his aesthetic opinion. His purpose is definite, that he wanted art not be constrained by materialism and restrictive moral code in the society. He wanted to create a world of art, which should be imitated by the real life. He tried to rectify evils in the world with beautiful art, providing an ideal mode for people‘s life.4.1 Beauty of rhetoric4.1.1 Use of sarcasmThere is much sarcasm used in this fairy tale, from which ingeniously mirrors Wilde‘s hatred towards the money worship and gang of philistine in the English society at that time. He wants to use the ―beauty‖ of art to resist the ―ugly‖ in vulgar reality.For example, ―Why is he weeping?‖asked a little Green Lizard, as he ran past him (the student) with his tail in the air. ―Why, indeed?‖ said a Butterfly, who was fluttering about after a sunbeam. ―Why, indeed?‖ whispered a Daisy to his neighbour, in a soft, low voice. ―He is weeping for a red rose,‖said the Nightingale. ―For a red rose?‖they cried, ―how very ridiculous!‖and the little Lizard, who was something of a cynic, laughed outright. (奥斯卡·王尔德，1996)Above is the conversation between the nightingale and other animals and plants. The Lizard represents some arrogant person. They have no sympathy towards others. Like cynics, they often laugh at others‘misfortune or disadvantage, building their happiness upon others‘ sadness. The butterfly represents one kind of people who like flattering. They don‘t judge things themselves but depend on others. The Daisy represents some coward people who have concern towards others but dare not show this concern directly.Towards the three types of people Wilde showed his sarcasm. These people are the miniature of partial people existed in the society in that era, who were foolishvulgar indifferent and snobbish. When principle of materialism infiltrated into the society, they didn‘t comprehend love and art, but doubted and criticized Wilde‘s aestheticism.The other sarcasm exists in the conversation between the student and the daughter of the Professor at the end of the story. But the girl frowned. ―I am afraid it will not go with my dress,‖she ……went into the house. (ibid) Facing the red rose which was gotten after great hardships, the girl went back on her words. Her attitude was so indifferent and merciless. She‘s a person full of vanity. What she pursuits is money and status. So she looked down upon the student and received the invitation of the Chamberlain‘s nephew who had sent her some real jewels. She‘s the representation of utilitarian people who were the targets Wilde hold displeasure and complaints in that society.4.1.2Use of symbolIn literature, a symbol is a thing that refers or suggests more than its literal meaning. Often symbols we meet in fiction are inanimate objects. In a broad literary sense, a symbol is such a trope that combines a literal and sensuous quality with an abstract or suggestive aspect.（钱坤强 & 袁宪军，2004）Some seemingly simple things or scenes may transfer Wilde‘s profound implication.Such as, ―But the winter has chilled my veins, and the frost has nipped my buds, and the storm has broken my branches, and I shall have no roses at all this year.‖ (奥斯卡·王尔德，1996) Here we can see, the tree of red rose has been broken by the winter, the frost and the storm. The sentence also implies cruelty of reality. It‘s like a person who has encountered adversity and numerous setbacks, depressed and feeble. This is the impediment ahead of the nightingale on her way to get the red rose. It also implies that Wilde‘s way to pursue art is not smooth. There exists much impediment, such as not understanding and critique of the sphere of intellectuals then.However, Wilde decided to insist on his proposition, even if he would sacrifice what he owned. We can see it in the fairy tale from the nightingale‘s attitude. ―Thereis a way,‖ answered the Tree; ―but it is so terrible that I dare not tell it to you.‖―Tell it to me,‖said the Nightingale, ―I am not afraid.‖(ibid) These sentences imply Wilde‘s determination. The solution is hard, while the future is rough. But in order to achieve her target, bravely and firmly, the nightingale is ready to cope with her challenge.At last the nightingale succeeded. The song she sang when she pressed her breast against the thorn symbolizes the process of passion between a couple, from ―birth of love in the heart of a boy and a girl‖ to ―the birth of passion in the soul of a man and a maid‖ to ―flush in the face of the bridegroom when he kisses the lips of the bride‖to ―the Love that is perfected by Death, the Love that dies not in the tomb‖. (ibid) The passion experiences the process from naive to mature, from mild to beautiful and ardent.―Press closer, little Nightingale,‖ cried the Tree, ―or the Day will come before the rose is finished.‖ (ibid) It symbolizes the dark before the dawn. That time may be the most crucial moment, when the leading role will often go through the most difficult trial. And the nightingale was also experiencing her most painful moment before the rose was finished.From the beginning to the end, we can feel a kind of persistent and dauntless spirit of the nightingale, which symbolizes Wilde‘s attitude towards art. That is, regardless of hardship and impediment, be brave enough to pursue.4.2Beauty of imagerySeveral characters have appeared in the fairy tale, the nightingale the student the girl and other animals and plants which are all personified. Each of them symbolized one kind of crowd in the society at that time. From them, we can find some of Wilde‘s aesthetic opinion.4.2.1 The nightingaleThe nightingale is the protagonist of this story. Even though she is feeble in figure and energy, with extreme courage, she has done great thing for strangers that in this aspect she even overpasses those wise and strong people. We can take thenightingale as the symbol of Wilde, for they share similarity in some aspects. Wilde always eulogizes love as the eternal theme in his fairy tale. Love is also the nightingale‘s pursuit all through her life.She‘s a typical idealist. In her mind, love is the most valuable thing in the world. ―Surely Love is a wonderful thing. It is more precious than…nor can it be weighed out in the balance for gold.‖ (奥斯卡·王尔德，1996) She even sacrifices her precious life for seeking of sincere love. Love is powerful supreme and holy. It can neither be influenced by social conventions nor by fame and money in reality. ―Love is wiser than Philosophy, though she is wise, and mightier than Power, though he is mighty.‖(ibid) All these are the reflection of Wilde‘s Aestheticism, for Wilde once said ―In order to pursuit comforts and beauty, one can disregard and sacrifice everything.‖Love here is what he said comforts and beauty. However, in the era when Wilde was living ―practice is every thing‖, what people pursued was money power and status. Selfless love was not welcomed in the reality. So she was destined to have a tragic finale.She‘s warm-hearted and always ready to help others. All of these originate from her universal love to the world. She has ardent love for life, ―Life is very dear to all. It is pleasant to sit in the green wood, and to watch the Sun in his chariot of gold, and the Moon in her chariot of pearl. Sweet is the scent of the hawthorn, and sweet are the bluebells that hide in the valley, and the heather that blows on the hill.‖ (ibid) Life is happy and bright in her mind. She has ardent love for others and sympathy to the student. Though she knew the student not, she was willing to sing of him and tell his story to the stars night after night, and selflessly devoted her life in helping the student to find a red rose. Finally even though her flesh and blood exterminated, the spirit of love she having expressed was imperishable.In fact what she has done and said reflected the inner hope of herself. She wants to fulfill her own wish. For in her values, love is of the first importance. It‘s pure and lofty. It‘s the objective of her living. By helping others to obtain love, herself can also obtain inner-heart‘s satisfaction. ―she sat silent in the oak-tree, and thought about the mystery of Love.‖―Love is better than life.‖―All that I ask of you in returnis that you will be a true lover.‖ (ibid)She longed for and pursued love, regardless of some opposite features in her surrounding. In fact she just lives in the beautiful dream she made for herself. Even though the student didn‘t comprehend her intention; other animals and plants failed to understand or even sneered at the nightingale as an idealist, she never changed her mind. ―In an age of turmoil, in the horrible moment of disputes and despair, only the palace of beauty makes us forget and merry. Where shall we go if we don‘t go there?‖（王尔德，1988）Above reflected Wilde‘s aesthetic philosophy. Love symbolizes comforts and beauty, in other words, art. Her opinion that love is superior to all other things in the nightingale‘s values actually means that art is superior to all other things. It breaks away from the real life to a certain degree. For in reality, not everyone agrees with the values. Many people take material and money as their pursuit, like the daughter of the Professor. The student thought love stupid at the end of the fairy tale. Even more people can‘t comprehend it. So actually the opinion of ―Love is superior to other things‖ (ibid) just lives in the nightingale‘s mind which is her beautiful dream. ―Art has its independent life.‖―It‘s irrelevant to reality, ……‖ (ibid)4.2.2The studentHe is also a performer of Aestheticism. But at the same time he is ignorant and stubborn. He has no difference with other animals and plants. So his pursuit towards Aestheticism is destined to fail.He‘s also an idealist, because he is still dreaming of love and tortured by it. ―But with me she will not dance, for I have no red rose to give her.‖ (奥斯卡·王尔德，1996); and he flung himself down on the grass, and buried his face in his hands, and wept. He was indeed an infatuated young man.Another aspect of the student as a performer of Aestheticism is his complete dependence on books. Even when encountering problem, he expected to find solution from books. ―I have read all that the wise men have written, and all the secrets of philosophy are mine, yet for want of a red rose is my life made wretched.‖。
《渔夫和他的灵魂》
龙源期刊网
《渔夫和他的灵魂》
作者：Tonny
来源：《新高考·高三英语》2013年第04期
【导读】奥斯卡·王尔德（Oscar Wilde，1854-1900）是19世纪唯美主义在英国的代言人，提倡“为艺术而艺术”（Art for Art’s sake）。
王尔德除了小说和剧作之外还写了许多著名的童话，《渔夫和他的灵魂》（The Fisherman and His Soul）便是其中之一。
年轻的渔夫在打渔的时候捕到了一条美人鱼，他本想借用美人鱼那美妙的歌喉来帮助他打渔，但却不可救药地爱上了她，并向她求婚。
美人鱼告诉渔夫只有他放弃灵魂的时候，他们才能相爱。
面对爱情和灵魂，渔夫该何去何从？王尔德的《渔夫和他的灵魂》注定是一个凄美的童话，当感情遭遇理智，当心和灵魂碰撞，我们该何去何从？这是一个值得深思的话题。
王尔德简介及作品
王尔德简介及作品王尔德富有过人的自信和天赋，虽然他的晚年极为潦倒，但他的艺术成就仍使他成为世界经典的艺术家。
他的童话也赢得了广大读者的青睐，王尔德也因此被誉为“童话王子”。
接下来店铺为你整理了王尔德简介及作品，一起来看看吧。
王尔德的个人简介奥斯卡·王尔德(Oscar Wilde，1854年10月16日-1900年11月30日)，爱尔兰作家、诗人、剧作家，英国唯美主义艺术运动的倡导者。
他的作品在剧院演出后得到广大回响，在19世纪与萧伯纳齐名。
王尔德富有过人的自信和天赋，虽然他的晚年极为潦倒，但他的艺术成就仍使他成为世界经典的艺术家。
他创作了9篇童话。
结集为《快乐王子和其他故事》和《石榴屋》两部童话集。
1895年5月25日，英国作家奥斯卡·王尔德因为“与其他男性发生不道德的行为”而被判处两年徒刑。
1900年王尔德因脑膜炎于巴黎的旅馆去世，终年46岁。
王尔德作品列表中译名外文名类型时间《道林·格雷的画像》The Picture of Dorian Gray小说1891年《诗集》Poems诗作1881年《斯芬克斯》Sphinx1894年《瑞丁监狱之歌》The Ballad of Reading Gaol1898年《薇拉》Vera剧本1880年《温德密尔夫人的扇子》又译《温夫人的扇子》、《少奶奶的扇子》Lady Windermere`s Fan1892年《帕都瓦公爵夫人》The Duchess of P1893年adua《莎乐美》（原著用法语写成）Salomé1893年《无足轻重的女人》（1893年Theatre Royal Hay market首演）A Woman of No Importance1892年《认真的重要性》The Importance of Being Earnest1895年《理想的丈夫》又译《好丈夫》An Ideal Husband1895年《快乐王子和其他故事》收录童话：《快乐王子（The happy prince）》《夜莺与玫瑰（Thenightingale and the rose）》《自私的巨人（The selfish Gi ant）》《忠实的朋友（The devoted fr iend）》《了不起的火箭（The remark able rocket）》The Happy Princeand Other Tales童话集1888年《石榴屋/石榴之家》收录童话：《少年国王（The young king）》《西班牙公主的生日（The birt hday of the infanta）》《渔人和他的灵魂（The fishe rman and his soul）》《星孩（The star-child）》A House of Pomegranates1891年《社会主义下人的灵魂》The Soul of ManUnder Socialism散文集1891年《深渊书简》又译《自深深De Profundis书1897年处》、《王尔德狱中记》。
Oscar Wilde
---- Oscar Wilde奥斯卡·王尔德（Oscar Wilde, 1854－1900），出生于爱尔兰都柏林市，先后在都柏林三一学院和牛津大学学习。
他是19世纪唯美主义在英国的代言人，“为艺术而艺术”的倡导者，认为生活是丑恶的，只有美才具有永恒的价值。
王尔德的唯美主义作品主要有小说《道林·格雷的画像》（The Picture of Dorian Gray，1891）和诗剧《莎乐美》（Salome, 1893）。
从19世纪90年代起王尔德开始创作风俗喜剧，获得极大成功，把英国戏剧复兴推向一个高潮。
他的剧作《温德米尔夫人的扇子》（Lady Windermere's Fan, 1892）、《一个无足轻重的女人》（A Woman of No Importance, 1893）、《理想的丈夫》（An Ideal Husband, 1895）、《名叫认真的重要性》（The Importance of Being Earnest, 1895）等都广受欢迎。
此外，他的诗作和童话故事也得到读者的喜爱。
事业如日中天时，王尔德因与他人的情感纠纷入狱服苦役两年。
监狱生活毁了他的健康，除了《里丁狱之歌》（The Ballad of Reading Gaol, 1898）外，他再无其他杰作问世。
1900年1月30日王尔德孤独地死在法国巴黎。
王尔德的作品早在“五·四”运动前就被介绍到中国来，在我国文学近代化过程中起过一定推进作用Sample paragraphs: HIGH above the city, on a tall column, stood the statue of the Happy Prince. He was gilded all over with thin leaves of fine gold, for eyes he had two bright sapphires, and a large red ruby glowed on his sword-hilt.快乐王子的雕像耸立在城里一个高高的柱子上。
奥斯卡王尔德英文简介
奥斯卡王尔德英文简介奥斯卡·王尔德，最伟大的作家与艺术家之一，以其剧作、诗歌、童话和小说闻名。
下面是店铺给大家整理的奥斯卡王尔德英文简介，供大家参阅!奥斯卡·王尔德简介Oscar Wilde (1854 ~ 1900), born in the 19th century in the UK (in the case of Ireland, but then ruled by the British.) One of the greatest writers and artists, with his plays, poetry, fairy tales and fiction famous. Aestheticist figures, the main body of the aesthetic movement of the 1880s and the pioneers of the 90's decadent movement.奥斯卡·王尔德人物生平Wilde was born in Dublin, Ireland, a family of outstanding family, is the second son of the family. His father, Sir William Wilde, was a surgeon whose mother was a poet and writer.In 1864, Oscar Wilde was at the Royal College of Putuo in the house of Ennis, and was not particularly popular among the boys. During school, he loves flowers, sunset and Greek literature. Although the teacher was often dismissed as lazy, but he was in the last year of this school is still on behalf of classical literature achievements of the best honor of the Toro Gold Medal.In 1871, the Dublin Trinity College Scholarship was awarded at the age of 17. He met Professor Mahaffi at this school, and the professor had a considerable influence on Wilde's life. Many years later, he recalled that Mahafir was "a very talkative person, an artist who was good at using eloquence and vivid words.After graduating from Trinity College in Dublin, Wilde received a full scholarship from the University of Oxford at Magdalen College in 1874. In Oxford, Wilde was influenced byWalter Pate and John Raskin's aesthetic ideas and touched on the New Hegelian philosophy, Darwinian theory of evolution and the pre-Raphaelite work, which became a pioneer of his aestheticism The writer established the direction. After the publication of the first "poem", he began to emerge in the literary world, and came to London development. Although the young Wilde has not yet received a literary award, but the clothing eye-catching, talk wit, maverick in London social circles have been a minor celebrity, some magazines and even published his satirical article.In 1875, Wilde traveled to Italy during the summer vacation and wrote one of the early poems "San Miniato", "San Miniato"), but this poem was published only a few years later. In 1877, Oscar Wilde and the other two young people to accompany Mahafhe to Greece to travel, for the Greek natural landscape and exquisite buildings dumped, so linger, delayed class. After returning to Oxford, he was fined £ 45 by the school and the following year was fine for his academic excellence. In 1878, Oscar Wilde in the last year of Oxford in the last year is extremely beautiful, not only academic performance among the best, but also to poetry "La Fenner" to win a school poetry competition. The winning poems were financed by the school and became the first published works by Oscar Wilde. Wilde moved from Oxford to London, claiming to be a professor of aestheticism. In 1880, at this time Wilde has been cut out in the London social circle, "clumsy" magazine began to take his appearance joke. His first play "Vera" in the same year to complete, but no big response, and finally for political reasons did not staged in London. In 1881, by the Gilbert and Sullivan written by the aestheticist humorist "Peas" did not intend to bring a bad reputation for Wilde. Wang Erde poetry published in the same year, may be poet at their own expense.In 1882, Wilde made a wonderful tour in the United States, two years later he and Constance Lloyd (Constance Lloyd) love married, two sons Cyril (Cyril) and Vivian (Vyvyan) also Was born in 1885 and 1886.In 1887, Wilde became the executive editor of a women's magazine called "Women's World" (formerly known as "Lady of the World", Oscar Wilde's renamed), and published some of his novels, comments and poems in magazines. Wilde's works are famous for their rhetoric and beauty. In May 1888, published "Happy Prince and other stories". June 20, 1890, in the newspaper serial novel "Dorian Gray's portrait", lay the status of decadent artists. His first novel, The Portrait of Dorian Gray, was published in 1891. The opportunity for the creation of the novel was due to the fact that Wilde had visited a famous painter, and the male model of the painter was so young and beautiful. Sigh: "Unfortunately, such a beautiful creature, or a day of aging." The painter replied: Yes ah, if you can make the painting he replaced him like old. Later, Wilde created the novel "The Portrait of Dawn Gray", and Wilde, in order to thank the painter, named his painter in his name, and then he published the prose "The Soul of Socialism" Both of these works are very successful, but the real success for Wilde is his drama works.It can be said that each of his drama works are warmly welcomed, there is a period of time, London stage actually staged him Three of his works are known as the best comedy works since Sheridan's "rumor school".In 1895, Marquess of Queensberry found Lord Alfred Douglas (Nickname "Bosie") and Oscar Wilde for four years and accused of Oscar Wilde and went to Oscar Wilde To the celebrity club to paste the note: "Oscar Oscar Wilde - pretend to be a traitor." Publicly denounced Wilde is a good male "soders" (atthat time has not yet born "gay" the term). The allegations made Wilde immediately write to his friend Ross.The Marquis of Queensberry is a tyrannical father, and Douglas has been arguing for a long time, and the angry Alfred Douglas called Wilde immediately appealed to the Marquis to corrupt his reputation. As a result, Wilde's appeal failed, and he was told that "committing acts of gross indecency with other men persons". According to the United Kingdom 1855 harsh criminal law amendments Part 11, Wilde was convicted, in Reading and Bentonville prison served two years of hard labor. In the past two years, Wilde stopped the drama creation, wrote the poem in the prison "song of the prison song" and the letter set "abyss Jane." In these two works, his style has changed, it is difficult to find the impact of aestheticism. During his stay in Wilde, his wife Constance and two children changed their name to Holland, moved to Italy, and most of his friends in the social and literary circles were fearless of him. Only a handful of people such as playwright George Bernard Shaw still stand up to maintain him.On May 1, 1895, the jury could not agree on Wilde's charges, and a juror agreed to bail Wilde. May 7, was released from prison. May 20, the case the second session. May 25, Wilde because of "serious indecent assault", was sentenced to forced labor for two years, first detained in London Bentonville prison, July 4 transfer to London Wandsworth prison, November 20 was transferred from the 30 miles west of London's Reading prison. On September 24 and November 12 of the year, the court conducted two bankruptcy investigations against Oscar Wilde and declared its bankruptcy.Released in 1897, Wilde took to Paris, for the British he wasdisappointed, no longer have the slightest nostalgia. He had tried to mix with Constance for two children, but Alfred Douglas offered to meet him and said he wanted to rebuild with Wilde, and Wilde chose Douglas. He lived in France during the name of the completion of the "Reading of the song", in 1898 Wilde and Douglas travel to Italy, but the last two still break up, the two together was not as good as the original, after the release of Wilde scenery Then, Douglas began to understand that Wilde was no longer the married and everyone envy of the successful people. But if they had been in love and tired of talking to the far apart, the wayward Douglas had earlier said to Oscar Wilde: "If you are no longer the taller of Oscar, it is no longer interesting.In 1900, Wilde finally changed his Catholicism with the help of his friend and his same-sex lover, Robert Robbie Ross, who was the first gay man of Wilde, Rose's temptation led him to the path of homosexuality, when Rose was 17 and Wilde was 32. Although Wilde was later obsessed with Douglas, but for many years he loved Oscar Wilde and gave him help, and Ross's ashes were in his last wish Together). In the same year on November 30 due to meningitis in Paris, Alsa(Alsace) died, at the age of 46 years old, only when Ross died with another friend to accompany him. Oscar Wilde in the cemetery of Paris, according to his poetry in the "Sphinx" in the image, carved into a small Sphinx.At the end of the twentieth century, after nearly a century later, the British finally gave Wilde a statue of honor. On November 30, 1998, the statue of Oscar Wilde, sculpted by McGee Hamlin, was unveiled at Adelaide Street near Trafalgar Square, London. The statue is titled "Dialogue with Oscar Wilde" and engraved with quotes from Oscar Wilde: "We are all in thegutter, but some of us are looking At the stars.)。
英国文学选读Oscar Wilde奥斯卡 王尔德
Oscar Wilde
(1854-1900)
About Oscar Wilde
• Name: Oscar Wilde (奥斯卡 王尔德) • Nationality: English • Date of Birth: 16 October 1854, Dublin, Ireland • Date of Death: 30 November 1900, Paris, France • Profession: A gifted poet, playwright, and wit
Poems: 《诗集》（Poems，1881年） 《斯芬克斯》（Sphinx，1894年） 《里丁狱之歌》（The Ballad of Reading Gaol，1898 年） Drama: 《温德米尔夫人的扇子》（Lady Windermere`s Fan，1892 年。 《帕都瓦公爵夫人》（The Duchess of Padua，1893年） 《莎乐美》（Salomé，1893年）（原著用法语写成） 《认真的重要性》（The Importance of Being Earnest， 1895年） 《理想的丈夫》（An Ideal Husband，1895年。） 《一个无足轻重的女人》（A Woman of No Importance, 1893） Essays The Soul of Man Under Socialism《社会主义下人的灵魂》 Letters De Profundis《深渊书简 》
《夜莺与蔷薇》(The nightingale and the rose) 《自私的巨人》(The selfish Giant) 《忠实的朋友》(the devoted friend) 《了不起的火箭》(the remarkable rocket ) 《石榴屋》（A House of Pomegranates，1891年）
论《莎乐美》的唯美性
是叛逆的唯美主义者。王尔德将他的自我展现在《莎乐美》中，也就是将他叛逆
唯美的自我融入了《莎乐美》。叛逆的王尔德旨在反抗，唯美主义者王尔德追求
的是美——艺术的至高无上的美。本文将从解读《莎乐美》的作者王尔德开始， 深入探讨《莎乐美》的唯美性如何在艺术之美和思想之美方面得到体现。
了。
《莎乐美》的唯美性是解读这个剧本的关键。《莎乐美》在艺术之美方面实 践了王尔德的唯美主义理论，戏剧题材呈现出创新之美，戏剧情境、戏剧动作等 传达出形式之美，戏剧意象映现出想象之美，戏剧结局凸显出瞬间之美。 但艺术之美并不是其唯美性的全部，因为由莎乐美的形象体现出的爱欲之 美，希律宫廷角色潜藏的讽刺之美，性别意识中展现的真实之美，死亡意识中蕴 含的神秘之美等因素构成的思想之美，也是《莎乐美》唯美性中不容忽视的重要 组成部分。艺术之美与思想之美完美融合才有了流传百年的《莎乐美》。
品。 独幕悲剧《莎乐美》，创作于１８９１年，原定于１８９２年的伦敦首演计划因为 英国当局的审查规定被迫搁置，１８９３年法文版《莎乐美》在巴黎出书，１８９４年 英文版印行，１８９５年其作者王尔德因同性恋丑闻被捕入狱，１８９６年其首演之夜 在巴黎举行，１９００年作者逝世，１９０５年和１９０８年，由德国作曲家理查・施特劳 斯和法国作曲家安东・马里奥特改编谱曲的同名歌剧先后问世。一部其作者生前 没有机会亲眼看到其演出的悲剧，却是使作者能够穿越百年的冰封再度成为学界 关注的热点人物的代表作，也是于十九世纪末盛行一时的唯美主义的代表作。
Ｂｕｔ ｔｈｅ ｂｅａｕｔｙ ｏｆ ａｒｔ ｉｓ ｎｏｔ ａｌｌ ｗｈａｔ ａｅｓｔｈｅｔｉｃｉｓｍ ｈａｓ，ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ ｔｈｅ ｉｍａｇｅ ｏｆ Ｓａｌｏｍｅ ｉｎｃａｒｎａｔｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｂｅａｕｔｙ ｏｆ ｌｏｖｅ
art for art’s sake名词解释
art for art’s sake名词解释
嘿，你知道啥是“art for art’s sake”不？这可真是个有意思的玩意儿啊！就好像你特别喜欢吃巧克力，不是因为它能让你填饱肚子或者有
啥实际的好处，纯粹就是因为你爱那股香甜的味道呀！“art for art’s sake”差不多就是这个意思啦。
它强调艺术本身就具有价值，不需要其他的理由或者目的。
比如说，一幅画，它可能没有什么实际的用途，不能帮你做饭，也不能帮你洗
衣服，但它就是能让你站在那痴痴地看半天，心里头有一种说不出的
美妙感觉，这就是“art for art’s sake”呀！
咱想想看，音乐不也是这样嘛！有些音乐可能没有什么明确的主题，就是那些音符组合在一起，就能让你沉浸其中，跟着节奏摇摆起来，
或者让你的心情变得超好或者超伤感，这就是艺术的魔力呀！这不就
是为了艺术而艺术嘛！
再看看那些舞蹈，舞者们在舞台上尽情地跳跃、旋转，那优美的身
姿和灵动的动作，能让你看得如痴如醉，这难道不是“art for art’s sake”
的体现吗？
还有那些文学作品，可能没有直接告诉你怎么赚钱或者怎么解决生
活中的难题，但它们能带你进入一个个奇妙的世界，让你体验不同的
人生，这多棒啊！
你说，要是没有“art for art’s sake”，这世界得少了多少美好啊！艺术就是这么神奇，它不需要什么实际的用处，就单纯地存在着，就能给我们带来无尽的享受和感动。
所以啊，“art for art’s sake”真的很重要呢！它让我们的生活变得丰富多彩，充满了魅力和惊喜呀！你难道不这么认为吗？。
王尔德诗歌中的唯美主义
王尔德诗歌中的唯美主义著名植物学家！一、唯美主义劳伦斯：“人类的灵魂需要真正的美。
”人性有对美的需要和追求，以及对美的感受。
19世纪下半叶的英国出现了一批“唯美”之士，他们唯美而感受、唯美而创作、唯美而发抒、唯美而生活，他们共同的口号是“为艺术而艺术”（art for art’s sake）。
倡导唯美并不等于完全无视人间沧桑，不关心社会进步，相反，许多唯美主义者都有自己的社会政治主张。
莫里斯极力播扬社会主义，向往一个没有阶级和等级制度的世界；拉斯金向往一个没有贫穷的世界；王尔德向往一个思想自由、行动自由的世界。
这些源于他们对现实世界的了解和感受，希望通过艺术净化人的心灵，达到他们所理解的社会道德；他们的理想世界，是通过对美的追求和对审美意识的培养来实现的。
二、王尔德奥斯卡·王尔德于1854年出生于爱尔兰，一生除了游历，大部分时间居住在伦敦，1900年在巴黎去世，是英国19世纪末期著名的作家、诗人、戏剧家、艺术家、批评家和英国唯美主义艺术运动的倡导者。
历史上没有几位艺术家像王尔德一样生前和死后都获得如此多的赞誉以及与赞誉一样多的诋毁和骂名。
他的人生充满了各种惊心动魄的怪诞悲喜剧。
博尔赫斯评价王尔德，“没有一个人比他更有魅力。
”20岁出头，他就以服装惹眼、谈吐机智、特立独行等特点在伦敦社交界有了名气，一些杂志甚至刊登着讽刺他的文章。
在40岁前后的那几年，他的每一部戏剧作品都受到热烈的欢迎，曾有一个时期，伦敦的舞台上竟同时上演着他的三部作品。
1895年年初，王尔德的两部名剧《理想丈夫》与《不可儿戏》在伦敦相继首演，得到了观众及评论家的双重肯定，王尔德因此达到了人生及艺术的巅峰。
因为过早的成功使他过于傲慢，放浪形骸。
他时时都在自己身边聚集一大群地位和趣味相当的青年，就像《道林·格雷的画像》中描写那样，日夜享乐，过着一种奢靡放纵的生活。
跟波西相识后，为了满足这位小情人，更是无所不用其极，只要两人出现的地方，不论食物、衣服、装饰品，都是买最豪华的。
透过自恋主义看《道林·格雷的画像》
透过自恋主义看《道林·格雷的画像》作者：苏凡来源：《文学教育下半月》2021年第01期内容摘要：《道林·格雷的画像》是唯美主义文学经典代表作品之一，其主人公道林·格雷在作者奥斯卡·王尔德的精心雕琢下令无数中外读者深深着迷。
百余年来，相关学者在小说的唯美主义内核，《浮士德》原型的致敬，哥特元素的运用及本我超我的探寻方面做了很多研究，然从自恋主义视角出发的分析批评相对较少。
本文以弗洛伊德与拉康的自恋主义学说和镜像理论为基，试沿作品情节发展脉络分析道林·格雷的那喀索斯情结，从而在美学体验中探究主人公的堕落根源。
关键词：王尔德道林·格雷的画像自恋主义唯美主义红楼梦因为你拥有最美妙的青春，而青春是唯一值得拥有的东西。
——《道林·格雷的画像》一.引言英国维多利亚时代（Victorian Era）（1837-1901）被赞为是英国文学史上的黄金时期。
在维多利亚女王的统治下，两次工业革命如火如荼，日不落帝国规模迅速向海外铺展。
工业化大生产为社会积累了丰厚的物质财富，马斯洛理论的低层次需求相继得到满足下，人们对情感归属的精神需求日益迫切。
文字普及使得群众的文化水平不断提高，文学作品的读者阶层亦逐渐从贵族精英倾斜至平民百姓。
在此背景下，相对于阳春白雪的诗歌与散文而言，下里巴人的小说凭借其引人入胜的故事情节与贴近生活的思想主题成了社会最受欢迎的文学作品类型。
数以百计的优秀小说家纷纷涌现，查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）、勃朗特姐妹（TheBrontё Sisters）、威廉·梅克比斯·萨克雷（William Makepeace Thackeray）、托马斯·哈代（Thomas Hardy）等作家都活跃于该时期。
他们或生前显赫，名噪一时，或毕生郁郁不得志，死后方得正名。
这些作家们为后人留下的作品遗珠如繁星般闪烁，每当拾起书卷细细品读，总能有所启悟，有所感怀。
奥斯卡王尔德ppt课件
抹净。”
11
20世纪末，在遭到毁誉近一 个世纪以后，英国终于给了王 尔德树立雕像 的荣誉。1998 年11月30日，由麦姬·汉姆林 雕塑的王尔德雕像揭幕。雕像 标题为“与奥斯卡·王尔德的 对话”，同 时刻有王尔德常 被引用的语录：“We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars.”
也无法体验到我如此奇妙的感受——/ 当我那被冲击的眼初次深深凝 视着你，/ 整晚我跪在你的足前，/ 直到你倦乏于这盲目崇拜。
啊！如果你喜欢我较少而爱我较深，/ 在经过那些欢笑和雨水的夏日 后，/ 此刻我早已不是忧伤的继承者，/ 也不会是侍立在痛苦之屋中的 仆人。
然而，即便懊悔，青春那苍白的管家，/ 带着他所有的扈从紧随在我 脚后，/ 我却深幸我曾爱你——想想那/ 让一株婆婆纳变蓝的所有阳光
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《道林·格雷的画像》 1891
“这本书是法国颓废派文学这个 麻疯怪物的产物，是一本有毒的 书，充满了道德与精神沦丧的臭 气。”——《每日纪事报》
“它是19世纪末唯美主义代表作，
堪称“为艺术而艺术”思潮在戏
剧小说及绘画方面的三绝。这部
作品中美丽的词藻和绚烂的意象Leabharlann 附于变态人物和荒诞的情节，因
此长期遭到误解，其实书中另有
“这是最非比寻常的故事--不久前…人们还无法真实面对他同性 恋的一面。太残酷了。”
“王尔德和所有明星一样，就像是一朵食色兰花。或许他正是那
类把所有力量都消耗在房间里的人。他酒足饭饱地离开，留下你
精疲力竭。我不知道你们是否见过这类名人。他们汲取走所有的
能量…善意无害的样子。这正是他们的行事作风。他们把人吃干
《道连·格雷的画像》三个中译本修辞格翻译对比分析
《道连•格雷的画像》三个中译本修辞格翻译对比分析古珊珊(广东科技学院，广东东莞523083)摘要：《道连•格雷的*像》是奥斯卡•王尔德唯4主义的代表作。
王尔德的语言精镂细刻、辞采斐然，妙语丽句俯拾皆是。
本文从李家真译本(外语教学与研究出版社,2016)、黄源深译本(上海外语教育出版社,2010(和郑晓园、魏文峰译本(花城出版社,2014(着手，选取原著中十三种修辞格例句，对比分析书中不同的修辞格翻译，归纳和丰富修辞格的翻译方法，分析王尔德的语言唯4主义思想在语言上的，为中文文学作'中的修辞格外译提供参考。
关键词：《道连•格雷的*像》修辞格对比分析1.引言《道连•格雷的&像》(!"e Picture of Dorian Gray)是英国戏剧家、小说家、唯美主义代表人物、十九世纪英国(准确来讲是爱尔兰,但当时由英国统治)最伟大的作家与艺术家之一奥斯卡-王尔德(Oscar Wilde)创作的长篇小说,也是他唯一一部长篇小说作品。
该作品最早于1890年7月在美国《利平考特》杂志上连载，次年出版单行本。
《道连•格雷的画像》被公认为十九世纪唯美主义的代表作，是"Art for art's sake"思潮在小说方面的完美体。
唯美主义理论的大胆实践，寓的特构思，的时代题材，机俏、睿智、雄、富的是的，部小说于他作品的)在王尔德小说时，艺术美是体王尔德美格的，人的是美的表之一。
“修辞是的一，是艺术的表，是表的”。
(楠莹莹，2012)本用的，《道连•格雷的画像》三个本的格，最大在王尔德的艺术美。
本文研究所依据的原著是班塔姆出版社(Bantam Books)出版的2005年版The Picture of Dorian Gray and Other Writings，本《道连•格雷的画像》(上出版，2010年版)、家本《多利安•格雷的画像》(学与出版，2016年版)郑晓园、魏文峰译本《道连•格雷的画像》(城出版社，2014年版)不同版本做对比，不格翻的处)2《道连•格雷的画像》简介年轻人道连•格雷(Dorian Gray)的非凡美貌极大地震撼了画家巴兹尔•霍尔华德(Bazil Hallward)，他为道连•格雷画下一幅画像。
英美文化论文：漫谈唯美主义世界童话的代表------奥斯卡·王尔德
漫谈唯美主义世界童话的代表------奥斯卡·王尔德奥斯卡·王尔德是英国著名的剧作家、散文家和诗人。
但是，他创作的童话比他其他的作品流传更广，传播到了世界上每一个有孩子的地方。
王尔德生于都柏林的贵族之家，毕业于牛津大学，从小就受到浓郁的文学熏陶。
在都柏林三圣大学读书期间，他阅读了大量的古典文学作品，再加上本身才华出众，很快就在文学上获得了巨大成功。
王尔德身材高大，仪表堂堂，稍带点女人气。
他衣着奇特，经常从历史书画中得到灵感来装饰自己，像个别出心裁的花花公子。
王尔德富有一种诗人气质，大学时曾得到圣三一诗歌大奖，但后来他并没有走上写诗的道路，而是选择了写评论小说和剧本。
虽然他主要以成人作家而著称，但他的早期作品中有两本童话集：《快乐王子故事集》和《石榴之家》已载入英国儿童文学史册。
王尔德在巴黎与伦敦遇到一些当时的印象主义画家作家评论家，他从各种观点中汲取养料。
他从一个传统美学的拥护者转化为唯美主义的创导者，成为唯美主义的先驱。
1884年，王尔德结了婚，生活富裕，心宽体胖。
1885—1886年，王尔德的两个儿子先后出生，当了父亲的王尔德在和儿子们在耳鬓厮磨之中获得许多灵感。
他与儿子们在乡间度过的这段时间是他创作的黄金时代，写下了优美动人的童话。
他的儿子后来回忆说：“(父亲)有时会趴在育婴室的地上，轮番装成狮子、狼、马，平时的斯文形象一扫而空……玩累了时，他会让我们静静听他讲童话故事，讲冒险传说，他肚子里有讲不完的故事……”王尔德的这种童心正是他童话的源泉。
王尔德在伦敦警局的一次扫黄行动中被发现有狎亵行为，还被证实是个同性恋者。
他爱上俊美不羁的年轻爵士道格拉斯而遭到爵士父亲的控告。
当时的英国法律不允许同性恋。
于是，他被诉讼，公众对他厌恶不堪，落井下石，他的书被查封，戏剧停演，房子里的名画与青花瓷器都被贱卖，最后被判入狱。
王尔德1897年经过两年监禁后出狱，化名隐居巴黎，1900年死于一家廉价的小旅馆，终年46岁，身边没有亲人。
奥斯卡王尔德名言名言名句摘抄
奥斯卡王尔德名言名言名句摘抄1、心是用来碎的。
——王尔德2、“毁灭”一直是迅疾地奔跑着的，因为它要到流血的地方去。
你通过你父亲成为你所属的那个家族的一员，而与这个家族成员的婚姻是可怕的，与这个家族的成员的友谊是致命的，暴力的手掌或是放到这个家族的成员们自己的生活上，或是放到其他人的生活上。
——奥斯卡王尔德《王尔德狱中记》3、我设想所有迷人的人都是被溺爱的，这是他们吸引力的秘密。
——王尔德4、事实是：你恨的人是你父亲，而且你父亲也恨你，所以，你的恨无论如何也不会因为你的信而变得高贵或美好。
如果它能说明某种东西，那它也只能表明这是一种遗传。
——奥斯卡王尔德《王尔德狱中记》5、……涉及变成了酸涩的甘甜和可能会变成快乐的酸涩——奥斯卡王尔德《王尔德狱中记》6、我们往往只欣赏自然，很少考虑与自然共生存——王尔德7、我知道你不配得到我的爱，但爱是不能在市场上公开买卖的，商贩的天平对之也毫无用途。
爱的快乐，就像思想的快乐一样，在于感觉到它的存在。
爱的目的就是爱，不多也不少。
——奥斯卡王尔德《王尔德狱中记》8、渺小的忧伤和渺小的爱寿命很长，伟大的爱和伟大的忧伤却毁于自身的过于丰富强烈。
——王尔德《道林·格雷的画像》9、一旦你确实需要爱，你就会发现它正在等待着你——王尔德10、诗是强烈感情的自然迸发，其源泉是静静的回想的感动——王尔德11、将人类以善恶来区分这根本就是愚蠢的想法。
因为人类啊，要么就是有魅力的，要么就是无聊的，只可能是这两种的其中之一。
——王尔德《少奶奶的扇子》12、Fashion is usually a form of ugliness so intolerable that we have to alter it every six months. 时尚通常是丑陋的一种形式，以至于人们忍无可忍地每六个月便要把它修改一下。
——王尔德13、一切皆须归于人自己的本性来认识，把一个人没有感觉或不理解的东西告诉给他是没有什么用的——奥斯卡王尔德《王尔德狱中记》14、老年的悲剧不在于一个人已经衰老，而在于他依旧年轻——王尔德15、美丽要比善良好，善良要比难看强。
英语文学-Oscar-Wilde-奥斯卡-王尔德介绍
The pictures of the three main Characters
Dorian Gray 道林 格雷
Basil Hallward 巴兹尔 霍尔华德
Lord Henry 亨利
Main Plot 主要情节
The novel tells of a young man named Dorian Gray, the subject of a painting by artist Basil Hallward. Basil is impressed by Dorian's beauty and becomes infatuated with him, believing his beauty is responsible for a new mode in his art. Dorian meets Lord Henry Wotton, a friend of Basil's, and becomes enthralled by Lord Henry's world view.
Main works 主要作品
• Novels 小说
The Picture of Dorian Gray(道林·格雷的画像)
• Fairy tales 童话
The happy prince（快乐王子） The nightingale and the rose（夜莺与蔷薇） The selfish Giant（自私的巨人） The fisherman and his soul（渔人和他的灵魂） The star-child（星孩）
• His imprisonment indicates the end of the Aesthetic
奥斯卡· 王尔德
To be continued on the next page.
In the summer of 1891, Oscar met Lord Alfred “Bosie” Douglas, the third son of the Marquis of Queensberry. Bosie was well acquainted with Oscar's novel, Dorian Gray and was an undergraduate at Oxford. They soon became lovers and were inseparable until Wilde's arrest three years later. In April 1895, Oscar sued Bosie's father for libel on the charge of homosexuality. Oscar withdrew his case but was himself arrested and convicted of gross indecency and sentenced to two years of hard labor.
To be continued on the next page.
The Wilde case is over, and at last the curtain has fallen on the most horrible scandal which has disturbed social life in London for many years. The cries of "Shame!" with which the sentence pronounced by Mr. Justice Wills was received, indicate that a certain section of the public in court regarded the verdict with disfavour, and that feeling will very possibly be shared by a section of the public outside. But it is well to remember, that the jury are in a position to form the best and honest opinion. They have heard all the evidence and seen the witness in the box, while outsiders have only newspaper reports—necessarily containing the barest suggestion of the gruesome facts— to guide them.
关于王尔德《自深深处》的原著选段及译文
关于王尔德《自深深处》的原著选段及译文关于王尔德《自深深处》的原著选段及译文1891年，处在写作生涯巅峰期的王尔德遇见了阿尔弗雷德·“波西”·道格拉斯(Alfred "Bosie" Douglas)，两人很快成为了同性恋人。
四年后，因为这段“不敢说出名字的爱”，王尔德被判“有伤风化”罪而入狱。
在狱中，王尔德开始反思从前的生活，思索痛苦和人生的意义，艺术和爱的真谛，最终将那些痛苦的泪水都化作优美而深沉的文字，写成了这封名为"de profundis"(从深处)的长信。
作者简介：奥斯卡·王尔德(Oscar Wilde, 1854-1900)，英国维多利亚时代著名作家，“唯美主义运动”的领军人物，倡导“为艺术而艺术”(Art for art's sake)。
他的代表作有戏剧《莎乐美》(Salome)《认真的重要性》(The Importance of Being Earnest)，童话《快乐王子》(The Happy Prince) 《夜莺与玫瑰》(The Nightingale and the Rose) ，小说《道连·格雷的画像》(The Picture of Dorian Gray)，以及书信《自深深处》(De Profundis)等。
【原著选段】If after I go out, a friend of mine gave a feast,and did not invite me to it, I shouldn’t mind a bit. Ican be perfectly happy by myself. Withfreedom, books, flowers, and the moon, whocould not be happy? Besides, feasts are not for meany more.I have given too many to care aboutthem. That side of life is over for me, veryfortunately I dare say. But if, after I go out, a friendof mine had a sorrow, and refused to allow me toshare it, I should feel it most bitterly. If he shut thedoors of the house of mourning against me I would come back again and again and beg to be admitted, sothat I might share in what I was entitled to share. Ifhe thought me unworthy, unfit to weep with him, Ishould feel it as the most poignant humiliation,as the most terrible mode in which disgrace could beinflicted on me. But that could not be. Ihave a rightto share in Sorrow, and he who can look at theloveliness of the world, and share its sorrow, andrealise something of the wonder of both, is inimmediate contact with divine things, and has got asnear to God’s secret as anyone can get.【朱纯深译本】假如出去后，哪位朋友设宴而不请我，我一点也不会介意。
奥斯卡王尔德
• The most important literary movement in this final decade, is the Aestheticism唯美主义艺 术运动, represented by Oscar Wilde.
Aestheticism
• Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. Only when art is for art's sake(L'art pour l'art.为艺 术而艺术）, can it be immortal.
Major Works
Works
Novel
The Picture of Dorian Gray
《道连·格雷的画像》
1891
《道连·格雷的画像》
——“有如为忧伤画的肖像， 一张没有心灵的面孔” 《道连· 格雷的画像》是王尔德小说的代 表作。美少年道连· 格雷面对好友霍尔沃 德为他画好的肖像，说：“如果我能够永 葆青春，而让这幅画像去变老…我愿拿我 的灵魂换青春！” 这一荒唐的愿望构成了王尔德唯一长篇 小说《道连· 格雷的画像》的情节基础。 不料此言一出，竟一语成真。环境影响和 追求享乐的结果，导致格雷在自我放纵的 泥淖中越陷越深直至彻底毁灭。
Thank you~
《道林· 格雷的画像》是19世纪末 唯美主义代表作，堪称“为艺术 而艺术”思潮在戏剧小说及绘画 方面 的三绝。这部作品中美丽 的词藻和绚烂的意象附于变态人 物和荒诞的情节，因此长期遭到 误解，其实书中另有真意。
Fairy Tales
The happy prince
奥斯卡王尔德
奥斯卡王尔德奥斯卡·王尔德理工学院物理系2008级2班闫鑫蕾10081530208内容提要:奥斯卡·王尔德（1854-1890），十九世纪与萧伯纳其名的大才子，剧作家、评论家、诗人、散文家，笔者希望旨在通过回顾王尔德短短的46年人生之路，对王尔德做出自己的判断。
关键词:奥斯卡·王尔德"上帝几乎将所有的东西都赐给了我。
我有天才、名声、社会地位、才气、并富于挑战知识。
我让艺术成为一种哲学，让哲学成为一种艺术。
我改变了人们的心灵与事物的色彩，我的一言一行无不让人费思猜疑。
"——王尔德奥斯卡·威尔斯·王尔德，这位拥有着超凡的文学天赋和乖张矫俗的行为的19世纪英国才子，在很多人眼中，他是一个集天使与魔鬼于一身的矛盾人物，更形象的说，是一具有着“崇高纯净的灵魂”的“堕落的躯壳”。
一．医生父亲王尔德1854年10月16日出生于爱尔兰首府都柏林的一个富有家庭，是家中的次子。
父亲威廉·王尔德是一位高明的眼科和耳科专家，受封成为威廉·王尔德爵士，以医术高明闻名全欧，甚至被誉为“现代耳科医学之父”，另外王尔德的父亲对于文学和考古也很有研究，是位杰出的考古学家，著有十余本有关爱尔兰民间传说、传奇故事与传统文化的书籍。
不过同他高明的医术不相称的是他有失检点的私生活，贪杯、好色，有次居然因为用麻醉剂去勾引一位良家妇女而受到指控。
童年的王尔德就跟随访求古董的父亲到法、德两国旅行并学会了哪里的语言，早年的旅行使得王尔德对于神话和轶闻传说充满喜爱。
二．精彩的母亲王尔德的母亲珍·法兰西丝卡是一名颇有才气和名气的诗人、政论家，18岁时就开始在刊物上发表诗作，后来积极参加“青年爱尔兰运动”，曾因为写了一篇论调激烈的鼓吹民族主义的文章——《木已成舟》而名噪一时。
不过，珍对政治的狂热在婚后消退。
她变得安于家庭生活，只写些与爱尔兰民俗传说有关的诗与书籍，对相关题目也颇有研究。
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艺术贵在毫无用处，正如哲学，毫无用处使它们脱离 了庸俗。作为唯美主义的先驱，王尔德受华尔特· 品特 的影响比较深，并继承了品特“为艺术而艺术”的口 号.可见，艺术的唯一目的就是艺术本身。 王尔德认为“艺术高于一切，超现实，超功利”。艺 术，作为一种迷人的抽象存在，是不可能与柴米油盐 酱醋茶之类的东西等同的。 正如他自己所说的“We are all in the gutter,but some of us are still looking at the stars”。世俗之人总是莫 名其妙的赋予一个东西以“用途”，他们所关心的是 现实，是奔走经营，是他们所在的阴暗沟渠。任何没 有“用处”的东西都会被他们视作毫无疑义。
Art ,to some degree, is very much subjective.what somebody regards as treasure may seems like crap to someone else.
Let's look at what Oscar Wilde say about art
苏打绿 SODAGREEN
吴青峰
so,弱弱的问一句，stylish+gay+genius=an artist？？？
苏打绿的“韦瓦第计划”
苏打绿的“韦瓦第 计划”，定名来由 是来自于18世纪初 古协奏曲之父Antonio Vivald， 他以音乐呈现文字， 写出了“四季”小 提琴协奏曲《The Four Seasons》， 以丰富的思维将巴 洛克协奏曲风格带 入崭新的领域，并 流传至今，广为人 知。
ART FOR ART'S SAKE
成员：李笑男 陈晓琳 孙琦琪 张敏
Just from my perspective,art is just like a glass of water, if you mix it with anything except water,say,a drop of ink,the water is not water anymore.In the world of art, we see everything in black and white,there's never grey area.it is very much pure, even isolated. → Water+ink≠Water Art+Money≠Art → Art+Art =100%Art Art+Society≠Art
2009-5-8
春.日光 “春”在台东属 于温暖的民谣
2009-9-11
夏.狂9-18 秋.故事 “秋”在北 京属于忧伤 的诗歌
“冬”在柏 林属于庄严 的古典。
当 我 们 一 起 走 过
Actually,this song is not my favourite . The reason why I choose this song to share with you is because there is no better song to interpret our feelings. During the 4-year college life,aren't just our teachers, classmates,friends that pull us through the toughest time? I just hope we'll remember those moments we walked together.
In theory, Oscar Wilde reconsiders the relation between art and life. Inheriting Gautiers’ view “art for art’s sake”, he advocates that life is the imitation of art, which can be seen in the preface of his book The picture of Dorian Gray as “All art is quite useless”. His imprisonment indicates the end of the Aesthetic Movement.
王尔德（Oscar Wilde， 1854-1900）不仅是诗人、 小说家，剧作家、批评家 ，而且是有史以来敢于承 认自己是天才的天才之一 。他在进纽约海关时对海 关官员说： “除了天才之 外，我没有什么可申报的 。”（“I have nothing to declare except my genius.” ）After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of London's most popular playwrights in the early 1890s.