第二章《管理学原理》习题参考答案教案资料
管理学原理(中国农业出版社)课后习题答案
管理学原理（中国农业出版社）课后习题答案考试范围：除第9、12、14、15章，其余都是考点题型：单选、名词解释、简答题、论述题、案例分析请大家以课本和课堂讲解的内容为主线，好好复习，课后的思考题主要是加深大家对知识点的理解。
第一章1.管理思想产生的背景是什么？答：①18世纪末~19世纪末的传统管理阶段。
这一阶段出现了管理职能同体力劳动的分离，管理工作由资本家个人执行，其特点是一切凭个人经验办事。
②20世纪20~40年代的科学管理阶段。
这一阶段出现了资本家同管理人员的分离，管理人员总结管理经验，使之系统化并加以发展，逐步形成了一套科学管理理论。
2.如何理解管理的含义？答：狭义上的管理指的是组织中的管理活动，其定义是：在特定的环境下，对组织所拥有的资源进行有效的计划，组织，领导和控制，以便达成既定的组织目标的过程。
而广义上的管理还包括了个人对自己活动的安排。
3.管理学有哪些特点？答：（1）一般性：管理学是从一般原理、一般情况的角度对管理活动和管理规律进行研究，不涉及管理分支学科的业务和方法的研究；管理学是研究所有管理活动中的共性原理的基础理论科学，无论是“宏观原理”还是“微观原理”，都需要管理学的原理作基础来加以学习和研究，管理学是各门具体的或专门的管理学科的共同基础；（2）多科性或综合性：从管理内容上看，管理学涉及的领域十分广阔，它需要从不同类型的管理实践中抽象概括出具有普遍意义的管理思想、管理原理和管理方法，从影响管理活动的各种因素上看，除了生产力、生产关系、上层建筑这些基本因素外，还有自然因素、社会因素等，从管理学科与其他学科的相关性上看，它与经济学、社会学、心理学、数学、计算机科学等都有密切关系，是一门非常综合的学科；（3）实践性：也称实用性，管理学所提供的理论与方法都是实践经验的总结与提炼，同时管理的理论与方法又必须为实践服务，才能显示出管理理论与方法的强大生命力；（4）社会性：构成管理过程主要因素的管理主体与管理客体，都是社会最有生命力的人，这就决定了管理的社会性；同时管理在很大程度上带有生产关系的特征，因此没有超阶级的管理学，这也体现了管理的社会性。
管理学原理课后习题答案
管理学原理课后习题答案2011年06月19日星期日上午 10:03第一章答案一、填空1.计划，组织，领导，控制；资源2. 计划，组织，领导，控制；3. 计划4. 人际角色，信息角色，决策角色；5. 决策；6. 协调，人；7. 技术技能，人际技能，概念技能8.组织目标的实现；9. 计划10. 自然，社会11. 管理原理，管理方法；12. 人力资源，物力资源，财力资源，信息资源二、单项选择1.C2. D3.D4.A5. A6.C7.C8.B9.B 10.D11.B 12.C 13.B三、多项选择1. ABEF2. ABD3.ABD四、判断1.×2. ×3.√4. ×5. ×6.√7. √8.√五、简答（要点，非完整答案）1.管理是一个过程，就是一个组织通过计划、组织、领导、控制等工作，对组织所拥有的资源进行合理配置和有效使用，以实现组织预定目标的过程。
计划、组织、领导、控制、创新是一切管理活动最基本的职能。
每一项管理活动都是从计划开始，经过组织和领导，到控制结束。
各职能之间同时相互交叉渗透，控制的结果可能又导致新的计划，又开始一轮新的管理循环。
如此循环不息，把工作不断推向前进。
创新在管理循环中处于轴心的地位，成为推动管理循环的原动力。
2. 管理的科学性表现在它是对劳动过程的管理；管理的艺术性表现在它是对人的管理；二者不可分离。
管理既是科学，也是艺术。
管理是一门科学，由大量学者和实业家在总结管理工作的客观规律基础上形成，用以指导人们的管理实践。
管理者如果没有管理科学知识，则管理过程中或是依靠经验，或是凭主观、靠运气；而有了系统化的科学管理只是，他们就有可能对管理上存在的问题设想出可行的、正确的解决办法。
当然，管理科学并不能为管理者提供解决一切问题的标准方案，它要求管理工作者以管理的基本理论、原则为基础，结合实际，对具体情况做具体分析，以球的问题的解决，从而实现组织目标。
《管理学原理》大纲、目录、课后习题参考答案
《管理学原理》教学辅助资料集教学大纲《管理学原理》教学大纲（Principals of management）一、课程编号：二、课程名称：管理学原理三、学时：48 学分：3 实验学时：0课内上机学时：0四、先修课程要求：高等数学，英语五、适用专业：管理类专业六、适用年级：一、二年级七、课程的性质和任务：管理学原理是管理学科体系中的一门重要学科，主要是从一般理论、一般原理、一般特征的角度对管理活动加以研究，从中找出一般规律性。
因此，也称一般管理学，管理学研究现代管理的一般规律，具体表现为一般原理。
要求学生通过本课程的学习，了解管理学的研究对象、管理一般原理、管理过程（职能）。
重点是管理原理和管理过程，管理原理主要包括系统原理、动态原理、人本原理和创新原理；管理过程主要以职能为主线，分为决策、计划、组织、领导、激励、控制和创新。
八、课程的内容与基本要求：通过本课程的学习，一是使学生了解和掌握古今中外管理思想的发展、管理的基本原理与方法，真正学会对认识进行再认识、对思想进行再思想；二是使学生了解和掌握管理的计划、组织、领导、控制、创新等职能的基本内涵、要求及科学有效实现的方法，对管理职能和过程有一个基本了解；三是使学生能运用所学管理知识进行具体的管理案例分析，并能够在学完课程后对管理实践进行考察，提高学生分析管理问题和解决管理问题的能力，也就是要使学生不仅能够知道“管理”的过程、而且能够弄清“管理”的逻辑；四是开启学生思维并使之追求管理智慧，使学生通过管理学知识的学习而真正学会并能够用自己的头脑来思考管理学理论与实践问题。
在具体进行本课程的学习时，要求学生一要在课堂上认真听讲并作好课前预习和课后复习，力争弄懂弄通教材内容；二要认真完成所布置的课外作业和案例分析，并积极就课堂讨论题目作好准备；三是自发作些社会（机构或组织）管理调研，以为弄懂课程内容积累感性认识和锻炼自己分析、解决管理问题的能力。
九、学时安排：十、实验内容和要求：无十一、考核方式：考试成绩由两块构成，其中期末成绩占70%，平时成绩占30%。
《管理学原理》教案
《管理学原理》教案第一章：管理概述1.1 教学目标了解管理的定义、功能和目的理解管理者的角色和责任掌握管理的基本原则和理论1.2 教学内容管理的概念与实践管理者的角色和技能管理的原则与理论1.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解管理的定义、功能和目的案例分析法：分析管理者的角色和责任小组讨论法：探讨管理的基本原则和理论1.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试第二章：组织结构与设计2.1 教学目标了解组织结构的基本形式和类型理解组织设计的原则和步骤掌握组织结构的影响因素和变革管理2.2 教学内容组织结构的基本形式和类型组织设计的原则和步骤组织结构的影响因素和变革管理2.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解组织结构的基本形式和类型案例分析法：分析组织设计的原则和步骤小组讨论法：探讨组织结构的影响因素和变革管理2.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试第三章：人力资源管理3.1 教学目标了解人力资源管理的基本概念和原则理解人力资源规划、招聘和selection 的过程和技巧掌握员工培训和发展、绩效管理和薪酬体系设计3.2 教学内容人力资源管理的基本概念和原则人力资源规划、招聘和selection 的过程和技巧员工培训和发展、绩效管理和薪酬体系设计3.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解人力资源管理的基本概念和原则案例分析法：分析人力资源规划、招聘和selection 的过程和技巧小组讨论法：探讨员工培训和发展、绩效管理和薪酬体系设计3.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试第四章：领导与激励4.1 教学目标了解领导的基本概念和理论理解领导风格和领导能力掌握激励理论和激励方法4.2 教学内容领导的基本概念和理论领导风格和领导能力激励理论和激励方法4.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解领导的基本概念和理论案例分析法：分析领导风格和领导能力小组讨论法：探讨激励理论和激励方法4.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试第五章：决策与问题解决5.1 教学目标了解决策的基本概念和过程理解决策方法和决策技术掌握问题解决和创新的技巧5.2 教学内容决策的基本概念和过程决策方法和决策技术问题解决和创新的技巧5.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解决策的基本概念和过程案例分析法：分析决策方法和决策技术小组讨论法：探讨问题解决和创新的技巧5.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试第六章：战略管理6.1 教学目标理解战略管理的重要性掌握战略管理的过程和步骤学习如何制定和实施战略6.2 教学内容战略管理定义和重要性战略管理的过程和步骤战略制定和实施的方法和技巧6.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解战略管理定义和重要性案例分析法：分析战略管理的过程和步骤小组讨论法：探讨战略制定和实施的方法和技巧6.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试第七章：营销管理7.1 教学目标理解市场营销的基本概念和原则掌握市场分析、市场细分和目标市场选择的方法学习产品策略、价格策略、推广策略和分销策略的制定7.2 教学内容市场营销的基本概念和原则市场分析、市场细分和目标市场选择的方法产品策略、价格策略、推广策略和分销策略的制定7.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解市场营销的基本概念和原则案例分析法：分析市场分析、市场细分和目标市场选择的方法小组讨论法：探讨产品策略、价格策略、推广策略和分销策略的制定7.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试第八章：财务管理8.1 教学目标理解财务管理的基本概念和原则掌握财务分析、投资决策和融资决策的方法学习财务规划和财务控制的方法8.2 教学内容财务管理的基本概念和原则财务分析、投资决策和融资决策的方法财务规划和财务控制的方法8.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解财务管理的基本概念和原则案例分析法：分析财务分析、投资决策和融资决策的方法小组讨论法：探讨财务规划和财务控制的方法8.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试第九章：变革与创新管理9.1 教学目标理解变革与创新的重要性掌握变革与创新的管理方法和技巧学习如何推动组织变革与创新9.2 教学内容变革与创新的重要性变革与创新的管理方法和技巧推动组织变革与创新的策略和实践9.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解变革与创新的重要性案例分析法：分析变革与创新的管理方法和技巧小组讨论法：探讨推动组织变革与创新的策略和实践9.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试第十章：伦理与社会责任10.1 教学目标理解伦理和社会责任在管理中的重要性掌握伦理决策和道德领导的原则和方法学习组织如何履行社会责任10.2 教学内容伦理和社会责任在管理中的重要性伦理决策和道德领导的原则和方法组织履行社会责任的实践和案例10.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解伦理和社会责任在管理中的重要性案例分析法：分析伦理决策和道德领导的原则和方法小组讨论法：探讨组织履行社会责任的实践和案例10.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试重点和难点解析重点环节1：管理的定义、功能和目的管理者在组织中的角色和责任是理解管理功能的关键。
林志扬版管理学原理课后习题答案
第一章1.管理是一种在正式组织内由一个或更多的人来协调其他人活动的活动过程。
2.由于每个企业能投入生产过程的资源都是有限的，整个社会能用于社会生产的资源也是有限的，所以就要求通过有效的管理来提高资源的使用效率，使有限的资源得到有效的运用，以可用的资源尽可能多地实现某种想要完成的任务或目标。
否则，管理就会失去它的必要性。
3.因为管理并不是促进组织目标有效实现的唯一作用力。
组织成效的高低，除了受管理成效影响外，还受到其他一些因素的影响。
4.①活动主体不同：管理活动的主体是管理者，而业务活动的主体是业务活动者。
②活动内容不同：管理活动具有普遍性和全局性，而业务活动具有特殊性和局部性。
③活动的直接目标不同：管理活动的直接目标是协调业务活动，使业务活动能有效地实现组织目标，而业务活动的直接目标是实现组织的目标。
5.⑴组织中的管理者是从事管理活动的人。
⑵特点：①管理者所从事的是协调组织中被管理者活动的活动。
②管理者对组织目标的实现起间接贡献作用。
③管理者在组织中的行为是受双重人格影响和作用的。
④管理者在履行各种管理职能时，考虑问题的出发点是组织整体的利益追求及组织中各个方面相互之间的联系与关系。
6.①高层管理者：侧重思想（概念）技能。
高层管理者要能够总揽全局，判断出重要因素并了解这些因素之间的关系，用观念进行宏观调控。
同时，人际技能对其也很重要。
②中层管理者：侧重人际技能和思想（概念）技能。
中层管理者的位置特殊，处于高层管理者和基层管理者的过渡位置。
中层管理者既要得到高层管理者的赏识，又要得到基层管理者的信任。
所以人际技能对中层管理者尤为重要。
③基层管理者：侧重技术技能。
基层管理者直接面对员工，这就要求其具备专业知识，技术技能就显得最为重要。
同时，具备人际技能在同下属的频繁交往中也非常有帮助。
7.①研究管理活动的规律性，学习管理的科学理论，掌握新的管理方法。
②在管理实践中不断提高自己的管理艺术水平。
③有效地利用自己与被管理者的时间。
管理学原理第2章练习题及答案
Chapter 2 – Management Yesterday and TodayTrue/FalseAccording to Adam Smith, division of labor was an important concept.In the Industrial Revolution, machine power began substituting for human power.“Principles of Scientific Management” was writ ten by Frederick Taylor.Frank Gilbreth’s best-known contribution to scientific management concerned selecting the best worker.Frederick Taylor is most associated with the principles of scientific management.One could say that Fayol was interested in studying macro management issues, whereas Taylor was interested in studying micro management issues.Bureaucracy, as described by Weber, emphasizes rationality and interpersonal relationships.Decisions on determining a company’s optimum inventory le vels have been significantly influenced by economic order quantity modeling.Barnard, Follet, Musterberg, and Owen are all theorists are associated with the early organizational behavior approach. Multiple ChoiceAdam Smith's, "The Wealth of Nations," put forth that the primary economic advantage by societies would be gained from which of the following concepts?a. management planning and controlb. on-the-job trainingc. union representationd. fair employment legislatione. division of laborWhich of the following is not one of the four management approaches that grew out of the first half of this century?a. scientific managementb. general administrativec. organizational behaviord. systems approache. quantitativeAccording to the text, probably the best-known example of Taylor’s scientific management was the ______________ experiment.a.horse shoeb.pig ironc.blue collard.fish tankWhich of the following is NOT one of Taylor’s four principles of management?a.Develop a science for each eleme nt of an individual’s work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principlesdeveloped.d.Provide managers will less work than other employees so the managers can plan accordingly.General administrative theory focuses ona.the entire organization.b. managers and administrators.c. the measurement of organizational design relationships.d. primarily the accounting function.e. administrative issues affecting non-managerial employees.The fourteen principles of management are associated with whom?a. Weberb. Druckerc. Taylord. Gilbrethe. FayolWhich of the following approaches to management has also been labeled operations research or management science?a.The qualitative approachb.The quantitative approachc.The experimental approachd.The theoretical approachWhich of the following would not be associated with the quantitative approach to management?a. information modelsb. critical-path schedulingc. systematic motivation of individualsd. linear programminge. statisticsWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing field of organizational behavior came out of the _______________.a.Taylor Studies.b.Porter Studies.c.Parker Studies.d.Hawthorne Studies.What scientist is most closely associated with the Hawthorne Studies?a. Adamsb. Mayoc. Lawlerd. Barnarde. FollettOne outcome of the Hawthorne studies could be described by which of the following statements?a.Social norms are the key determinants of individual work behavior.b.Money is more important than the group on individual productivity.c.Behavior and employee sentiments are inversely related.d.Security is relatively unimportant.e.While groups are an important determinant of worker productivity, the individual him/herself is mostimportant.Scenarios and QuestionsHISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MANAGEMENTA Look Back (Scenario)Cindy Schultz, tired from working with customers all day, decided to take a fifteen-minute nap to help clear her head before the 4:15 managers' meeting. Her company had recently begun a re-engineering process as well as other changes requiring copious management input. As she leaned back in her chair, she wondered if management science had always been this way and how it all began. As she napped, she dreamed that, along with "Mr. Peebodi" as her guide, she was traveling in the "Management Way Back Machine" that took her back through management history.106. One of the earliest sites Cindy visited was Adam Smith's home, author of The Wealth of Nations, which suggested that organizations and society would gain froma. time management.b. division of labor.c. group work.d. quality management.e. time and motion studies.107. Cindy visited a bookstore where there was a book signing occurring. She looked down and saw that the title of the book was Principles of Scientific Management and concluded that the author must bea. Adam Smith.b. Frank Gilbreth.c. Henry Gantt.d. Frederick Taylor.e. Henri Fayol.108. Cindy admired the works of Taylor and Gilbreth, two advocates ofa. scientific management.b. organizational behavior.c. human resource management.d. motivation.e. leadership.109. Cindy spent some time visiting with __________, a researcher she previously knew little about but who also contributed to management science by being among the first to use motion picture films to study hand-and-body motions and by devising a classification scheme known as a "therblig."a. Henry Ganttb. Max Weberc. Chester Barnardd. Frank Gilbrethe. Mary Parker FolletEssay QuestionsSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTIn a short essay, discuss Frederick Taylor’s work in scientific management. Next, list Taylor’s four principles of management.AnswerFrederick Taylor did most of his work at the Midvale and Bethlehem Steel Companies in Pennsylvania. As a mechanical engineer with a Quaker and Puritan background, he was conti nually appalled by workers’ inefficiencies. Employees used vastly different techniques to do the same job. They were inclined to “take it easy” on the job, and Taylor believed that worker output was only about one-third of what was possible.Virtually no work standards existed. Workers were placed in jobs with little or no concern for matching their abilities and aptitudes with the tasks they were required to do. Managers and workers were in continual conflict.Taylor set out to correct the situation by applying the scientific method to shop floor jobs. He spent more than two decades passionately pursuing the “one best way” for each job to be done.Taylor’s Four Principles of Managementa.Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, whi ch will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that al work is done in accordance with the principles ofthe science that has been developed.d.Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes overall work for which it is better fitted than the workers.(difficult)122. In a short essay, discuss the work in scientific management by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.AnswerFrank Gilbreth is probably best known for his experiments in bricklaying. By carefully analyzing the bricklayer’s job, he reduced the number of motions in laying exterior brick from 18 to about 5, and on laying interior brick the motions were reduced from 18 to 2. Using the Gilbreth’s techniques, the bricklayer could be more productive and less fatigued at the end of the day. The Gilbreths were among the first researchers to use motion pictures to study hand-and-body motions and the amount of time spent doing each motion. Wasted motions missed by the naked eye could be identified and eliminated. The Gilbreths also devised a classificationscheme to label 17 basic hand motions, which they called therbligs. This scheme allowed the Gilbreths a more precise way of analyzing a worker’s exact hand movements.(moderate)GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORISTS123. In a short essay, discuss the work of Henri Fayol as it relates to the general administrative approach to management. Next li st and discuss seven of Fayol’s fourteen principles of management.AnswerFayol described the practice of management as something distinct from accounting, finance, production, distribution, and other typical business functions. He argued that management was an activity common to all human endeavors in business, government, and even in the home. He then proceeded to state 14 principles of management—fundamental rules of management that could be taught in schools and applied in all organizational situations.Fayol’s Fourteen Principles of Managementa.Division of work. – specialization increases output by making employees more efficient.b.Authority – managers must be able to give orders. Authority gives them this right. Along with authority,however, goes responsibility.c.Discipline – employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization.d.Unity of command – every employee should receive orders from only one superior.e.Unity of direction – the organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers.f.Subordination of individual interests to the general interest – the interests of any one employee or group ofemployees should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.g.Remuneration – workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.h.Centralization – this term refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making.i.Scalar chain – the line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks in the scalar chain.j.Order – people and materials should be in the right place at the right time.k.Equity – managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.l.Stability of tenure of personnel –management should provide orderly personal planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.m.Initiative – employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort.n.Esprit de corps – promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization.(difficult)124. In a short essay, discuss Max Weber’s contribution to the general administrative approach to management.AnswerMax Weber was a German sociologist who studied organizational activity. Writing in the early 1900s, he developed a theory of authority structures and relations. Weber describes an ideal type of organization he calleda bureaucracy—a form or organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailedrules and regulations, and impersonal relationships. Weber recognized that this “ideal bureaucracy” didn’t exist in reality. Instead he intended it as a basis for theorizing about work and how work could be done in large groups. His theory became the model structural design for many or today’s large organizations.(easy)TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR125. In a short essay, describe the Hawthorne Studies. Next, discuss the role of Elton Mayo in these studies and some of the findings of his research.AnswerWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing OB field came out of the Hawthorne Studies,a series of studies conducted at the Western Electric Company Works in Cicero, Illinois. These studies wereinitially designed by Western Electric industrial engineers as a scientific management experiment. They wanted to examine the effect of various illumination levels on worker productivity. Based on their research, it wasconcluded that illumination intensity was not directly related to group productivity. In 1927, the Western Electric engineers asked Harvard professor Elton Mayo and his associates to join the study as consultants.Through additional research, Elton Mayo concluded that behavior affected individual behavior, that group standards establish individual worker output, and that money is less a factor in determining output than are group standards, group sentiments, and security. These conclusions led to a new emphasis on the human behavior factor in the functioning of organizations and the attainment of their goals.(difficult)CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES126. In a short essay, define entrepreneurship and discuss the three import themes that stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship.AnswerEntrepreneurship is the process whereby an individual or a group of individuals uses organized efforts and means to pursue opportunities to create value and grow by fulfilling wants and needs through innovation and uniqueness, no matter what resources are currently controlled. It involves the discovery of opportunities and the resources to exploit them. Three important themes stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship. First, is the pursuit of opportunities. Entrepreneurship is about pursuing environmental trends and changes that no one else has seen or paid attention to. The second important theme in entrepreneurship is innovation. Entrepreneurship involves changing, revolutionizing, transforming, and introducing new approaches—that is, new products or services of new ways of doing business. The final important theme in entrepreneurship is growth. Entrepreneurs pursue growth. They are not content to stay small or to stay the same in size. Entrepreneurs want their businesses to grow and work very hard to pursue growth as they continually look for trends and continue to innovate new products and new approaches.(moderate)127. In a short essay, define e-business and e-commerce. Next discuss the three categories of e-business involvement.AnswerE-business (electronic business) is a comprehensive term describing the way an organization does its work by using electronic Internet-based) linkages with its key constituencies (employees, managers, customers, suppliers, and partners) in order to efficiently and effectively achieve its goals. It’s more than e-commerce, although e-business can include e-commerce. E-commerce (electronic commerce) is any form of business exchange or transaction in which the parties interact electronically. The first category of e-business involvement an e-business enhanced organization, a traditional organization that sets up e-business capabilities, usually e-commerce, while maintaining its traditional structure. Many Fortune 500 type organizations are evolving into e-businesses using this approach. They use the Internet to enhance (not to replace) their traditional ways of doing business. Another category of e-business involvement is an e-business enabled organization. In this type of e-business, an organization uses the Internet to perform its traditional business functions better, but not to sell anything. In other words, the Internet enables organizational members to do their work more efficiently and effectively. There are numerous organizations using electronic linkages to communicate with employees, customers, or suppliers and to support them with information. The last category of e-business involvement is when an organization becomes a total e-business. Their whole existence is made possible by and revolves around the Internet.(moderate)128. In a short essay, discuss the need for innovati on and flexibility as it relates to the survival of today’s organizations.AnswerInnovation has been called the most precious capability that any organization in today’s economy must have and nurture. Without a constant flow of new ideas, an organization is doomed to obsolescence of even worse, failure.In a survey about what makes an organization valuable, innovation showed up at the top of the list. There is absolutely no doubt that innovation is crucial. Another demand facing today’s organizations and managers is the need for flexibility. In a context where customers’ needs may change overnight, where new competitors come and go at breathtaking speed, and where employees and their skills are shifted as needed from project to project, one can see how flexibility might be valuable.(easy)129. In a short essay, discuss the concept of total quality management and the six characteristics that describe this important concept.AnswerA quality revolution swept through both the business and public sectors during the 1980s and 1990s. Thegeneric term used to describe this revolution was total quality management, or TQM for short. It was inspired bya small group of quality experts, the most famous being W. Edwards Deming and Joseph M. Juran. TQM is aphilosophy of management driven by continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations.The objective is to create an organization committed to continuous improvement in work processes. TQM is a departure from earlier management theories that were based on the belief that low costs were the only road to increased productivity.The Six Characteristics of Total Quality Managementa.Intense Focus on the customer –the customer includes not only outsiders who buy the organization’sproducts or services but also internal customers (such as shipping or accounts payable personnel) whointeract with and serve others in the organization.b.Concern for continual improvement –TQM is a commitment to never being satisfied. “Very good” is notgood enough. Quality can always be improved.c.Process-focused –TQM focuses on work processes as the quality of goods and services is continuallyimproved.d.Improvement in the quality of everything the organization does –TQM uses a very broad definition ofquality. It relates not only to the final product but also to how the organization handles deliveries, howrapidly it responds to complaints, and how politely the phones are answered.e.Accurate measurement –TQM uses statistical techniques to measure every critical variable in theorganization’s operations. These are compared against standards or benchmarks to identify problems, tracethem to their roots, and eliminate their causes.f.Empowerment of employees – TQM involves the people on the line in the improvement process. Teams arewidely used in TQM programs as empowerment vehicles for finding and solving problems.(difficult)130. In a short essay, describe the learning organization and discuss the concept of knowledge management.AnswerToday’s managers confront an environment where change takes place at an unprecedented rate. Constant innovations in information and computer technologies combined with the globalization of markets have created a chaotic world. As a result, many of the past management guidelines and principles no longer apply. Successful organizations of the twenty-first century must be able to learn and respond quickly, and will be led by managers who can effectively challenge conventional wisdom, manage the organization’s knowledge bas e, and make needed changes. In other words, these organizations will need to be learning organizations. A learning organization is one that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change. Part of a manager’s responsibility in fostering an environment conducing to learning is to create learning capabilities throughout the organization—from lowest level to highest level and in all areas. Knowledge management involves cultivating a learning culture where organizational members systematically gather knowledge and share it with others in the organization so as to achieve better performance.(moderate)Answer:TTTFT TFTT EDBDA EBCDB ABDAD。
赵卫东管理学原理习题参考答案解析详解
《管理学原理》习题集参考答案第一章简答题1、随着市场环境急剧变化，创新成为企业生存的一项重要职能，管理者应如何处理创新和维持企业平稳运作的关系？答：树立创新的观念是企业生存的基本要求，企业管理者应在保证企业运作平稳的前提下，从以下几方面为创新创造条件：（1）始终追踪、及时发现环境的变化。
（2）制定长期发展战略，将企业的长期平稳运作和创新均纳入战略。
（3）建立灵活的组织结构，增强对环境的适应能力。
（4）建立有利于创新的组织文化。
2、管理的有效性体现在什么地方？（“正确地做正确的事”表明对管理的何种要求？）答：（1）管理的效果要求实现组织目标（2）管理的效率要求对组织资源进行优化配置（3）管理追求的是效率与效果的统一，即效率与效果的双重优化（4）管理有效性其实质是正确地作正确的事3、为什么说管理是有目的无目标的活动？（或管理是否可以独立存在？）答：（1）管理是服务于组织目标的实现的有意识、有目的的活动，管理的目的隶属和服务于具有特定使命和目标的组织（2）管理不具有自己的目标，不能为管理而管理，只能服务于组织目标的实现4、系统与权变管理思想的观点是什么？有何价值？答：（1）组织是一个由相互依存的众多要素构成的开放系统（2）强调环境或情景因素，需要根据具体的环境条件的不同而采取相应不同的管理方式（3）将研究的重点转移到对管理行动有重大影响的环境因素上（4）没有一成不变、普遍适用的管理理论与方法5、你如何理解企业经营发展中的“天时”、“地利”、“人和”？答：（1）“天时”主要是指国家的政策、外部机会等（2）“地利”包括地理位置、气候条件、资源赋存（3）“人和”包括“人”：人力资源（数量、结构）与“和”：团队、精神6、概念技能在组织高层管理人员制定战略决策中的作用体现在哪些方面？答：（1）概念技能是指综观全局，认清为什么要做某事的能力，也就是洞察企业与环境相互影响之复杂性的能力。
（2）战略决策是确定与企业发展方向和远景有关的大政方针政策，一般指时间较长，范围较大的全局性问题。
管理学原理第2章练习题及答案
Chapter 2 – Management Yesterday and TodayTrue/FalseAccording to Adam Smith, division of labor was an important concept.In the Industrial Revolution, machine power began substituting for human power.“Principles of Scientific Management” was writ ten by Frederick Taylor.Frank Gilbreth’s best-known contribution to scientific management concerned selecting the best worker.Frederick Taylor is most associated with the principles of scientific management.One could say that Fayol was interested in studying macro management issues, whereas Taylor was interested in studying micro management issues.Bureaucracy, as described by Weber, emphasizes rationality and interpersonal relationships.Decisions on determining a company’s optimum inventory le vels have been significantly influenced by economic order quantity modeling.Barnard, Follet, Musterberg, and Owen are all theorists are associated with the early organizational behavior approach. Multiple ChoiceAdam Smith's, "The Wealth of Nations," put forth that the primary economic advantage by societies would be gained from which of the following concepts?a. management planning and controlb. on-the-job trainingc. union representationd. fair employment legislatione. division of laborWhich of the following is not one of the four management approaches that grew out of the first half of this century?a. scientific managementb. general administrativec. organizational behaviord. systems approache. quantitativeAccording to the text, probably the best-known example of Taylor’s scientific management was the ______________ experiment.a.horse shoeb.pig ironc.blue collard.fish tankWhich of the following is NOT one of Taylor’s four principles of management?a.Develop a science for each eleme nt of an individual’s work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principlesdeveloped.d.Provide managers will less work than other employees so the managers can plan accordingly.General administrative theory focuses ona.the entire organization.b. managers and administrators.c. the measurement of organizational design relationships.d. primarily the accounting function.e. administrative issues affecting non-managerial employees.The fourteen principles of management are associated with whom?a. Weberb. Druckerc. Taylord. Gilbrethe. FayolWhich of the following approaches to management has also been labeled operations research or management science?a.The qualitative approachb.The quantitative approachc.The experimental approachd.The theoretical approachWhich of the following would not be associated with the quantitative approach to management?a. information modelsb. critical-path schedulingc. systematic motivation of individualsd. linear programminge. statisticsWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing field of organizational behavior came out of the _______________.a.Taylor Studies.b.Porter Studies.c.Parker Studies.d.Hawthorne Studies.What scientist is most closely associated with the Hawthorne Studies?a. Adamsb. Mayoc. Lawlerd. Barnarde. FollettOne outcome of the Hawthorne studies could be described by which of the following statements?a.Social norms are the key determinants of individual work behavior.b.Money is more important than the group on individual productivity.c.Behavior and employee sentiments are inversely related.d.Security is relatively unimportant.e.While groups are an important determinant of worker productivity, the individual him/herself is mostimportant.Scenarios and QuestionsHISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MANAGEMENTA Look Back (Scenario)Cindy Schultz, tired from working with customers all day, decided to take a fifteen-minute nap to help clear her head before the 4:15 managers' meeting. Her company had recently begun a re-engineering process as well as other changes requiring copious management input. As she leaned back in her chair, she wondered if management science had always been this way and how it all began. As she napped, she dreamed that, along with "Mr. Peebodi" as her guide, she was traveling in the "Management Way Back Machine" that took her back through management history.106. One of the earliest sites Cindy visited was Adam Smith's home, author of The Wealth of Nations, which suggested that organizations and society would gain froma. time management.b. division of labor.c. group work.d. quality management.e. time and motion studies.107. Cindy visited a bookstore where there was a book signing occurring. She looked down and saw that the title of the book was Principles of Scientific Management and concluded that the author must bea. Adam Smith.b. Frank Gilbreth.c. Henry Gantt.d. Frederick Taylor.e. Henri Fayol.108. Cindy admired the works of Taylor and Gilbreth, two advocates ofa. scientific management.b. organizational behavior.c. human resource management.d. motivation.e. leadership.109. Cindy spent some time visiting with __________, a researcher she previously knew little about but who also contributed to management science by being among the first to use motion picture films to study hand-and-body motions and by devising a classification scheme known as a "therblig."a. Henry Ganttb. Max Weberc. Chester Barnardd. Frank Gilbrethe. Mary Parker FolletEssay QuestionsSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTIn a short essay, discuss Frederick Taylor’s work in scientific management. Next, list Taylor’s four principles of management.AnswerFrederick Taylor did most of his work at the Midvale and Bethlehem Steel Companies in Pennsylvania. As a mechanical engineer with a Quaker and Puritan background, he was conti nually appalled by workers’ inefficiencies. Employees used vastly different techniques to do the same job. They were inclined to “take it easy” on the job, and Taylor believed that worker output was only about one-third of what was possible.Virtually no work standards existed. Workers were placed in jobs with little or no concern for matching their abilities and aptitudes with the tasks they were required to do. Managers and workers were in continual conflict.Taylor set out to correct the situation by applying the scientific method to shop floor jobs. He spent more than two decades passionately pursuing the “one best way” for each job to be done.Taylor’s Four Principles of Managementa.Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, whi ch will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that al work is done in accordance with the principles ofthe science that has been developed.d.Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes overall work for which it is better fitted than the workers.(difficult)122. In a short essay, discuss the work in scientific management by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.AnswerFrank Gilbreth is probably best known for his experiments in bricklaying. By carefully analyzing the bricklayer’s job, he reduced the number of motions in laying exterior brick from 18 to about 5, and on laying interior brick the motions were reduced from 18 to 2. Using the Gilbreth’s techniques, the bricklayer could be more productive and less fatigued at the end of the day. The Gilbreths were among the first researchers to use motion pictures to study hand-and-body motions and the amount of time spent doing each motion. Wasted motions missed by the naked eye could be identified and eliminated. The Gilbreths also devised a classificationscheme to label 17 basic hand motions, which they called therbligs. This scheme allowed the Gilbreths a more precise way of analyzing a worker’s exact hand movements.(moderate)GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORISTS123. In a short essay, discuss the work of Henri Fayol as it relates to the general administrative approach to management. Next li st and discuss seven of Fayol’s fourteen principles of management.AnswerFayol described the practice of management as something distinct from accounting, finance, production, distribution, and other typical business functions. He argued that management was an activity common to all human endeavors in business, government, and even in the home. He then proceeded to state 14 principles of management—fundamental rules of management that could be taught in schools and applied in all organizational situations.Fayol’s Fourteen Principles of Managementa.Division of work. – specialization increases output by making employees more efficient.b.Authority – managers must be able to give orders. Authority gives them this right. Along with authority,however, goes responsibility.c.Discipline – employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization.d.Unity of command – every employee should receive orders from only one superior.e.Unity of direction – the organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers.f.Subordination of individual interests to the general interest – the interests of any one employee or group ofemployees should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.g.Remuneration – workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.h.Centralization – this term refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making.i.Scalar chain – the line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks in the scalar chain.j.Order – people and materials should be in the right place at the right time.k.Equity – managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.l.Stability of tenure of personnel –management should provide orderly personal planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.m.Initiative – employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort.n.Esprit de corps – promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization.(difficult)124. In a short essay, discuss Max Weber’s contribution to the general administrative approach to management.AnswerMax Weber was a German sociologist who studied organizational activity. Writing in the early 1900s, he developed a theory of authority structures and relations. Weber describes an ideal type of organization he calleda bureaucracy—a form or organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailedrules and regulations, and impersonal relationships. Weber recognized that this “ideal bureaucracy” didn’t exist in reality. Instead he intended it as a basis for theorizing about work and how work could be done in large groups. His theory became the model structural design for many or today’s large organizations.(easy)TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR125. In a short essay, describe the Hawthorne Studies. Next, discuss the role of Elton Mayo in these studies and some of the findings of his research.AnswerWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing OB field came out of the Hawthorne Studies,a series of studies conducted at the Western Electric Company Works in Cicero, Illinois. These studies wereinitially designed by Western Electric industrial engineers as a scientific management experiment. They wanted to examine the effect of various illumination levels on worker productivity. Based on their research, it wasconcluded that illumination intensity was not directly related to group productivity. In 1927, the Western Electric engineers asked Harvard professor Elton Mayo and his associates to join the study as consultants.Through additional research, Elton Mayo concluded that behavior affected individual behavior, that group standards establish individual worker output, and that money is less a factor in determining output than are group standards, group sentiments, and security. These conclusions led to a new emphasis on the human behavior factor in the functioning of organizations and the attainment of their goals.(difficult)CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES126. In a short essay, define entrepreneurship and discuss the three import themes that stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship.AnswerEntrepreneurship is the process whereby an individual or a group of individuals uses organized efforts and means to pursue opportunities to create value and grow by fulfilling wants and needs through innovation and uniqueness, no matter what resources are currently controlled. It involves the discovery of opportunities and the resources to exploit them. Three important themes stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship. First, is the pursuit of opportunities. Entrepreneurship is about pursuing environmental trends and changes that no one else has seen or paid attention to. The second important theme in entrepreneurship is innovation. Entrepreneurship involves changing, revolutionizing, transforming, and introducing new approaches—that is, new products or services of new ways of doing business. The final important theme in entrepreneurship is growth. Entrepreneurs pursue growth. They are not content to stay small or to stay the same in size. Entrepreneurs want their businesses to grow and work very hard to pursue growth as they continually look for trends and continue to innovate new products and new approaches.(moderate)127. In a short essay, define e-business and e-commerce. Next discuss the three categories of e-business involvement.AnswerE-business (electronic business) is a comprehensive term describing the way an organization does its work by using electronic Internet-based) linkages with its key constituencies (employees, managers, customers, suppliers, and partners) in order to efficiently and effectively achieve its goals. It’s more than e-commerce, although e-business can include e-commerce. E-commerce (electronic commerce) is any form of business exchange or transaction in which the parties interact electronically. The first category of e-business involvement an e-business enhanced organization, a traditional organization that sets up e-business capabilities, usually e-commerce, while maintaining its traditional structure. Many Fortune 500 type organizations are evolving into e-businesses using this approach. They use the Internet to enhance (not to replace) their traditional ways of doing business. Another category of e-business involvement is an e-business enabled organization. In this type of e-business, an organization uses the Internet to perform its traditional business functions better, but not to sell anything. In other words, the Internet enables organizational members to do their work more efficiently and effectively. There are numerous organizations using electronic linkages to communicate with employees, customers, or suppliers and to support them with information. The last category of e-business involvement is when an organization becomes a total e-business. Their whole existence is made possible by and revolves around the Internet.(moderate)128. In a short essay, discuss the need for innovati on and flexibility as it relates to the survival of today’s organizations.AnswerInnovation has been called the most precious capability that any organization in today’s economy must have and nurture. Without a constant flow of new ideas, an organization is doomed to obsolescence of even worse, failure.In a survey about what makes an organization valuable, innovation showed up at the top of the list. There is absolutely no doubt that innovation is crucial. Another demand facing today’s organizations and managers is the need for flexibility. In a context where customers’ needs may change overnight, where new competitors come and go at breathtaking speed, and where employees and their skills are shifted as needed from project to project, one can see how flexibility might be valuable.(easy)129. In a short essay, discuss the concept of total quality management and the six characteristics that describe this important concept.AnswerA quality revolution swept through both the business and public sectors during the 1980s and 1990s. Thegeneric term used to describe this revolution was total quality management, or TQM for short. It was inspired bya small group of quality experts, the most famous being W. Edwards Deming and Joseph M. Juran. TQM is aphilosophy of management driven by continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations.The objective is to create an organization committed to continuous improvement in work processes. TQM is a departure from earlier management theories that were based on the belief that low costs were the only road to increased productivity.The Six Characteristics of Total Quality Managementa.Intense Focus on the customer –the customer includes not only outsiders who buy the organization’sproducts or services but also internal customers (such as shipping or accounts payable personnel) whointeract with and serve others in the organization.b.Concern for continual improvement –TQM is a commitment to never being satisfied. “Very good” is notgood enough. Quality can always be improved.c.Process-focused –TQM focuses on work processes as the quality of goods and services is continuallyimproved.d.Improvement in the quality of everything the organization does –TQM uses a very broad definition ofquality. It relates not only to the final product but also to how the organization handles deliveries, howrapidly it responds to complaints, and how politely the phones are answered.e.Accurate measurement –TQM uses statistical techniques to measure every critical variable in theorganization’s operations. These are compared against standards or benchmarks to identify problems, tracethem to their roots, and eliminate their causes.f.Empowerment of employees – TQM involves the people on the line in the improvement process. Teams arewidely used in TQM programs as empowerment vehicles for finding and solving problems.(difficult)130. In a short essay, describe the learning organization and discuss the concept of knowledge management.AnswerToday’s managers confront an environment where change takes place at an unprecedented rate. Constant innovations in information and computer technologies combined with the globalization of markets have created a chaotic world. As a result, many of the past management guidelines and principles no longer apply. Successful organizations of the twenty-first century must be able to learn and respond quickly, and will be led by managers who can effectively challenge conventional wisdom, manage the organization’s knowledge bas e, and make needed changes. In other words, these organizations will need to be learning organizations. A learning organization is one that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change. Part of a manager’s responsibility in fostering an environment conducing to learning is to create learning capabilities throughout the organization—from lowest level to highest level and in all areas. Knowledge management involves cultivating a learning culture where organizational members systematically gather knowledge and share it with others in the organization so as to achieve better performance.(moderate)Answer:TTTFT TFTT EDBDA EBCDB ABDAD。
管理学原理习题集及答案
管理学原理习题集及答案第一篇：管理学原理习题集及答案第一章管理概论★ 课堂讨论一、学习管理学对于我们大学新生有什么重要意义？二、结合实际谈谈管理职能的具体体现。
★ 知识掌握一、名词解释1. 管理：管理是在一定的情境下通过有效地计划、组织、控制、领导和协调等环节来组织所拥有的人力、物力和财力等各项资源，以期更好地实现组织既定目标的过程。
2．管理学：管理学是以一般组织的管理为研究对象，具体包括管理的基本概念、原理、方法和程序，探讨人、财、物、信息、技术、方法、时间的计划和控制问题，组织的结构设计问题，对组织中人的领导与激励等问题的学科。
3. 管理主体：管理主体主要是指管理者,也就是一个组织中从事管理活动的人员，是指挥别人活动的人。
4. 管理客体：管理客体是指管理的对象，也就是管理的接受者。
5. 管理职能：即管理的职责和效能。
一、选择题1．管理的主体是（ C ）A．领导者B．管理者C．人D．领导2．任何组织的管理都是从（ D）开始的： A．组织B．领导C．控制D．计划3．古人云：“预则立，不预则废。
”这是说哪一项管理职能的重要性：( B ) A．领导职能B．计划职能C．控制职能D．组织职能4．相传有个这样的商人，他在卖马的时候一直说，允许顾客任意挑选马匹，但需要符合一个条件，即只能挑选最靠近门边的那一匹。
在此例中，顾客拥有的决策权限：( B ) A．很大，因为他可以任意挑选马匹。
B．很小，因为他的决策前提受到了严格控制。
C．无大小之别，因为这里顾客只是在买马，而不是在作决策。
D．无法判断，因为决策权限大小取决于所作决策的类型与重要程度。
5．概括而言，管理学原理的学科性质有：( C ) A．社会应用性B．管理效果的不确定性 C．科学和艺术的统一性 D．管理效果对经验的依赖性 6．管理的二重性是指：( C ) A．艺术性和科学性 B．基础性和边缘性 C．自然属性和社会属性 D．普遍性和重要性 7．基层管理者的主要工作是：( B ) A．计划 B．技术 C．协调 D．决策三、是非题1．管理学是一门精确的学科。
管理学原理(第2版)习题参考答案.docx
《管理学原理》（第2版）综合练习参考答案第一章综合练习一、单项选择题1.“组织共同劳动而生产，反映了社会协作劳动本身的要求，力求用先进的科学方法合理地组织生产力，以保证生产过程的顺利进行。
”这是指管理的（C ）oA科学性B艺术性C白然属性D社会属性2.“没有实践便无所谓管理”是指管理学的（A ）特征。
A应用性B综合性C复杂性D独立性3.通过对客观存在的一系列典型事物（经验）进行观察，从掌握典型事物的典型特点、典型关系入手，进而分析研究事物Z间的因果关系，从屮找出事物变化发展的一般规律。
这种方法是管理学研究的（B ）。
A比较方法B归纳法C实验模拟法D可行性试验4.“制定组织的总体目标、掌握组织的大政方针、评价整个组织的绩效等式”是（B ）的主要职责。
A专业管理人员B高层管理人员C屮层管理人员D基层管理人员5.（ B ）对于任何层次的管理人员来说，都是同等重要的。
A技术技能B人际技能C决策技能D概念技能6.带领和指挥组织中的全体成员同心协力地去执行组织的计划，实现组织的目标，这是管理的（B ）oA计划职能B组织职能C领导职能D控制职能7.管理活动的本质是（A ）oA对人的管理B对物的管理C对资金的管理D对技术的管理8.管理的职能也就是管理工作所包含的儿类基本活动。
这些基本活动（C ）的性质。
A彼此独立，分别由不同部门的人担当B各不行同，分别由不同层次的人担当C在空间和时间上彼此交融，每一个主管人员都要承担这些活动D形式不同，但本质相同二、多项选择题1.BD2. BD3. ABCD4. ABCD5. ABC三、问答题1.管理的主要日的是什么？请给出一个管理的定义，看看合书上的有什么不同？管理的目的是为了实现既定的目标管理是指在一定组织中的管理者，通过计划工作、组织工作、指挥及控制工作的诸过程来协调所有资源，高效率地实现组织既定目标的活动过程。
2.有人说研究管理的性质对管理本身并没有什么影响，你认为对吗？为什么？我认为不对。
管理学原理_第2版课后习题答案
第一章管理、管理者与管理学一、单项选择题1.C2.B3.D4.C5.D二、多项选择题1.ABDE2.BCDE3.BCE4.ACDE5.ABCDE三、判断题1.×2. ×3.√4.×5. ×四、简答题1.简述组织的含义和类型。
组织是具有既定目标和正式结构的社会实体。
“社会实体”指组织是由两个或两个以上的人组成的；“既定目标”指组织要获得的预期效果；“正式结构”指组织任务是由组织成员分工协作完成的。
按照组织的社会功能划分，可分为经济组织、政治组织、文化组织和群众组织。
按组织的基本性质划分，可分为营利性组织和非营利性组织。
2.管理的含义是什么？管理是在一定环境中，组织中的管理者通过实施计划、组织、领导和控制等职能，有效地利用各种资源，以达到组织目标的过程。
这一定义包括以下含义：（1）管理是在一定的环境中进行的。
（2）管理是在一定的组织中进行的。
（3）管理的主体是管理者。
（4）管理的客体是组织中的各种资源。
（5）管理是一个过程。
（6）管理的目的是实现组织的目标。
3.简述管理职能和管理过程。
管理是由计划、组织、领导、控制这四个职能构建起来的。
管理是一个围绕实现组织目标而展开的复杂过程。
计划、组织、领导、控制四个职能构成了管理过程。
这个过程以计划为起点，制定好计划后，就要对组织内各构成素和活动进行组织，继而实施领导，然后对计划执行情况和组织运行情况进行控制，最后实现计划目标，这样就完成了一个管理过程。
之后再提出新的计划目标，开始新的循环。
管理过程就是这样一个不断地周而复始的运动过程。
4.为什么环境研究对于管理十分重要？任何组织的管理活动都是在一定的环境中进行的，要受到各种各样环境因素的影响。
一个组织要在特定的环境中生存和发展，就必须了解其所处的环境，并及时掌握环境的变化，分析、确定环境因素对组织的影响，针对各种环境因素的影响制定相应的对策，采取与环境变化相适应的管理形式和方法。
管理学原理课后部分答案(熊勇清主编)教学教材
第一章简答题1．管理的二重性对于提高我国企业管理水平有何启发？管理的二重性是指管理兼具自然属性和社会属性。
管理的自然属性为我们学习、借鉴发达国家先进的管理经验和方法提供了理论依据，使我们可以大胆地引进和吸收国外成熟的管理经验，以迅速提高我国的管理水平。
管理的社会属性告诉我们，决不能全盘照搬国外做法，必须考虑我们自己的国情，建立有中国特色的管理模式。
2．如何理解管理的科学性和艺术性？管理是对事物进行观察后做出的判断，这种判断具有规范化和合理化的特点。
管理的科学性首先表现在它极大地推动和促进了生产的发展和管理实践的发展。
其次，管理学的许多内容可以提炼为科学知识体系。
管理的艺术性，在于科学所无法反映的管理内容和行为。
管理的艺术性首先表现为管理需要人的直觉，经验和洞察力的运用，需要创造力，不能机械照搬。
其次，管理过程中有些问题在客观上是难以精确并量化的。
完美的管理应当走科学性与艺术性结合的道路。
3．管理活动具有哪些基本的职能？各职能间的关系是怎样的？计划职能，组织职能，领导职能，控制职能。
其中计划是管理的首要职能，是组织、领导和控制职能的依据；组织、领导和控制职能，是有效管理的重要手段，是计划及其目标得以实现的保障。
四项职能相互联系、相互制约，共同发挥作用，保证管理活动的效果和效率，高效地实现组织目标。
4．如何理解管理学是一门不精确的学科？在已知的条件完全一致的情况下，有可能产生截然相反的结果。
这是因为管理活动本身受到各种各样的不确定性因素的影响，而且管理是与人发生关系，人们的需要、动机等心理因素又不一样。
在这种复杂的情况下。
它本身无法找出更有效的定量方法使管理更加精确化，只能凭借定性方法或利用统计学的方法来研究管理方法、另一方面管理学在认识管理活动的内在规律的过程中所形成的概念、原则、原理、方法和制度都是从管理实践经验中抽象概括和总结的，由于认识上的缺陷，不可能百分百的准确，也不可能运用精确地科学的方法加以验证；因此人们在应用它指导管理实践中还必须充分发挥个人的经验和技巧。
自考 00054《管理学原理》章节习题：第二章 管理理论的形成与发展
第二章管理理论的形成与发展✧考情提要第二章 管理理论的形成与发展题型/题量单选多选判断说明简答题论述题案例分析题总计（分）2015（10）113 2016（4）0 2016（10）114 2017（4）114 2017（10）1119✧逐题击破一、选择题1.梅奥的人际关系学说属于（）【单选】A.行为科学理论B.科学管理理论C.一般管理理论D.权变管理理论2.第一次提出管理五要素的是（）【单选】A.梅奧B.法约尔C.西蒙D.泰勒3.梅奥领导的霍桑试验得出了生产效率的高低主要取决于工人的态度等一系列结论，并在此基础上创立了（）【单选】A.古典管理理论B.人际关系理论C.决策理论D.系统管理理论4.提出“标准化原理”的学者是（）【单选】A.法约尔B.泰勒C.梅奥D.马斯洛5.在历史上第一次使管理从经验上升为科学的是（）。
【单选】A.科学管理理论B.管理科学理论C.管理过程理论D.行为科学理论6.“任何组织都必须以某种权力作为基础，才能实现目标，只有权力，才能变混乱为秩序。
”反映这一观点的理论是（）【单选】A.泰勒的科学管理理论B.巴纳德的社会合作理论C.韦伯的行政组织理论D.西蒙的决策理论7.马克思•韦伯的理论为分析实际生活中各组织形态提供了一种规范模型，这种理论是（）A.科学管理理论B.行为科学理论C.管理科学体系D.理想的行政组织体系8.在现代管理理论学派中，认为企业管理没有什么一成不变、普遍使用的“最佳的”管理理论和方法的学派是（）。
【单选】A.管理过程学派B.行为科学学派C.系统管理学派D.权变理论学派9.满意决策中“满意”标准的提出者是（）【单选】A.泰罗B.西蒙C.孔茨D.韦伯10.通过分析、比较和研究各种各样成功和失败的管理经验，抽象出管理的一般性的结论或原理的是哪一个学派的观点?（）【单选】A.社会合作学派B.经验或案例学派C.决策学派D.权变学派11.战略管理理论的特点是（）。
【单选】A.标准化、制度化B.长远性C.全面性、系统性、精确性D.重视人的因素12.古典管理理论主要是由以下哪几个学派构成的？（）【多选】A.科学管理理论B.一般管理理论C.行政组织理论D.行为科学理论E.决策理论13.以下属于亚当·斯密的观点的是（）【多选】A.提出了分工协作原理B.提出了生产合理化原理C.提出了“经济人”观点D.提出了“边际熟练原则”E.提出了“管理的机械原则”14.古典管理理论的主要特点（）。
管理学原理习题集及答案
第一章管理概论★课堂讨论一、学习管理学对于我们大学新生有什么重要意义?二、结合实际谈谈管理职能的具体体现。
★知识掌握一、名词解释1。
管理:管理是在一定的情境下通过有效地计划、组织、控制、领导和协调等环节来组织所拥有的人力、物力和财力等各项资源，以期更好地实现组织既定目标的过程。
2．管理学：管理学是以一般组织的管理为研究对象，具体包括管理的基本概念、原理、方法和程序，探讨人、财、物、信息、技术、方法、时间的计划和控制问题，组织的结构设计问题，对组织中人的领导与激励等问题的学科.3。
管理主体：管理主体主要是指管理者,也就是一个组织中从事管理活动的人员,是指挥别人活动的人。
4。
管理客体：管理客体是指管理的对象，也就是管理的接受者。
5。
管理职能：即管理的职责和效能。
一、选择题1．管理的主体是( C )A．领导者B．管理者C．人D．领导2．任何组织的管理都是从（D ）开始的：A．组织B．领导C．控制D．计划3．古人云：“预则立,不预则废.”这是说哪一项管理职能的重要性：( B ）A．领导职能 B．计划职能C．控制职能 D．组织职能4．相传有个这样的商人，他在卖马的时候一直说，允许顾客任意挑选马匹,但需要符合一个条件，即只能挑选最靠近门边的那一匹。
在此例中，顾客拥有的决策权限：( B )A．很大,因为他可以任意挑选马匹.B．很小,因为他的决策前提受到了严格控制。
C．无大小之别，因为这里顾客只是在买马，而不是在作决策。
D．无法判断，因为决策权限大小取决于所作决策的类型与重要程度。
5．概括而言，管理学原理的学科性质有：（ C ）A．社会应用性 B．管理效果的不确定性C．科学和艺术的统一性 D．管理效果对经验的依赖性6．管理的二重性是指：（ C ）A．艺术性和科学性 B．基础性和边缘性C．自然属性和社会属性 D．普遍性和重要性7．基层管理者的主要工作是:( B ）A．计划 B．技术 C．协调 D．决策三、是非题1．管理学是一门精确的学科.（×)2．在管理活动中，最重要、对管理效果起决定因素的是信息。
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三、提升员工道德修养的途径
1、挑选高道德素质的员工 人在道德发展阶段、个人价值体系和个性上的差 异，使管理者有可能通过严格的挑选过程（挑选过 程通常包括审查申请材料、组织笔试和面试以及试 用等阶段），把低道德素质的求职者淘汰掉。
2、建立道德准则和决策规则 准则和决策规则在一些组织中，员工对“道德是 什么”认识不清，这显然于组织不利。建立道德准 则可以缓解这一问题。德准则是表明组织的基本价 返回 值观和组织期望员工遵守的道德规则的正式文件。20 2013-8-14
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4、员工应该有明确和现实的目标。如果 目标对员工的要求不切实际，即使目标是 明确的，也会产生道德问题。在不现实的 目标的压力下，即使道德素质较高的员工 也会感到迷惑，很难在道德和目标之间做 出选择，有时为了达到目标而不得不采取 不道德的行为。
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5、 对员工进行道德教育
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7、进行独立的社会审计
有不道德行为的人都有害怕被抓住的心理，被抓住的 可能性越大，产生不道德行为的可能性就越小。根据组织 的道德准则对决策和管理行为进行评价的独立审计，会使 不道德行为被发现的可能性大大提高。
8、提供正式的保护机制
例如，组织可以任命道德顾问，当员工面临道德困境 时，可以从道德顾问那里得到指导。
16
2013-8-14
4月14日，温家宝总理在接见新任国务院 参事时发表了这样的看法。温家宝总理说：
“近年来相继发生“毒奶粉”、“瘦肉精”、
“地沟油”、“彩色馒头”等事件，这些恶
性的食品安全事件足以表明，诚信的缺失、
道德的滑坡已经到了何等严重的地步。一个
管理学原理第2章 习题
第二章管理环境判断题1）Zappos在线鞋店的关键特征之一是如果鞋子不合适，免费退货。
答案：正确解释：一个在线鞋店需要允许顾客“试”鞋。
Zappos做到了无理由免费退货。
难度：1 参考页码：29目标：2.12）Zappos在线鞋店成功的一个因素是它限制了选择，重视质量而不是众多的品牌和风格。
答案：错误解释：Zappos具有很大的选择性。
选择性是它优于传统鞋店的优势之一。
难度：2 参考页码：29目标：2.13）Zappos在线鞋店的目标之一是向它的顾客传递WOW。
答案：正确解释：提供WOW是Zappos的十大企业价值之一。
难度：2 参考页码：29目标：2.14）2010年宝马公司（BMW）关闭其在南加利福尼亚州的装配厂的主要原因是冰岛的银行危机。
答案：错误解释：冰岛的火山喷发妨碍了工厂的供货是工厂关闭的原因。
难度：2 参考页码：30美国国际商学院联合会（AACSB）:全球经济动态性目标：2.1学习目标：了解国际商务与管理的基本概念和观点5）一个组织的外部环境包括影响组织如何运作的因素和力量。
答案：正确解释：外部环境包括影响组织绩效的任何外部原因。
难度：2 参考页码：30美国国际商学院联合会（AACSB）:理解多元文化和多样性目标：2.1学习目标：描述管理环境的组成6）一个组织的外部环境的构成包括一个技术部分和一个政治部分。
答案：正确解释：技术部分可能包括新的软件等，而政治部分可能包括直接影响公司业务的政府人员。
难度：2 参考页码：30美国国际商学院联合会（AACSB）:分析技能目标：2.1学习目标：描述管理环境的组成7）组织外部环境的社会文化构成包括趋势和传统，但不是基本的态度和价值观。
答案：错误解释：外部环境的社会文化构成包括所有的信念、价值观、态度和行为模式。
难度：1 参考页码：30目标：2.1学习目标：描述管理环境的组成8）全球化的总体趋势是组织外部环境的政治构成的一部分。
答案：错误解释：全球化是组织外部环境全球构成的一部分。
管理学原理(附含参考答案)
第一章：管理与组织导论1．管理者的定义及分类管理者的定义：通过协调其他人的活动达到与别人一起或者通过别人实现组织目标的目的的人。
管理者的分类：基层管理者，中层管理者，高层管理者2．什么是效率和效果，其对管理的重要性是什么效率是指以尽可能少的投入获得最可能多的产出，效果是指所从事的工作和活动与助于组织达到其目标（做正确的事）重要性：因为管理者处理的是稀缺的输入(人员、资金和设备等)，所以他们必须有效地利用这些资源。
管理的根本目的是实现组织的目标，所以管理者所从事的工作和活动要有助于组织达到其目标。
管理者要努力实行：低资源浪费（高效率）＋高目标达成（高效果）。
在成功的组织中高效率和高效果是相辅相成的。
3．管理职能论、角色论、技能论、系统论、权变论的观点管理职能论：管理职能分为四个非常重要的基本职能，即计划、组织、控制和领导。
计划职能包括定义目标，制定战略以获取目标，以及制定计划和协调活动的过程。
组织职能包括决定需要做什么，怎么做，谁去做，安排工作以实现组织目标；领导职能包括激励下属，影响工作中的个体或团队，选择最有效的沟通渠道或者以任何方式处理雇员的行为问题；控制职能包括监督、比较和纠正改进组织的绩效。
管理角色论：管理角色是指特定的管理行为类型，包括：人际关系角色、信息传递角色和决策制定角色。
人际关系角色包括了人与人（下级和组织外的人）以及其他具有礼仪性和象征性的职责。
人际关系角色包括挂名首脑、领导者和联络者。
信息传递角色包括接受、收集和传播信息。
包括监听者、传播者和发言人。
决策制定角色是作出抉择的活动。
包括企业家、混乱驾御者、资源分配者和谈判者。
管理技能论：管理者履行他的职责和活动需要特定的技能，其中三种基本技能或素质为：技术技能（基层管理者），熟悉和精通某种特定专业领域的知识；人际技能（中层管理者）；概念技能（高层管理者），对复杂情况进行抽象和概念化。
管理系统论：组织是一个开放的系统，它与所处的环境发生着持续的相互作用，组织是相互依赖的因素包括个体、群体、态度、动机、正式结构、相互作用、目标、直觉所组成的系统。
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第二编一、填空题：1、__计划__是管理的首要职能，它是确定组织的__目标____和实现__目标___的方式。
2、预测是根据__过去__和_现在____预计__未来__、根据_已知__推测__未知___的过程；预测的目的是为了___科学决策_____；___需求与资源、机遇与风险___是任何一个组织需加预测的基本内容。
3、按时间跨度来分，预测可分为_短期__、_中期__、__长期__。
4、预测方法可分为两类，一类是_定性__，一类是___定量___；德尔菲法也叫__专家预测法_____，属于__定性______预测法。
5、假定下一期需求与最近一期需求相同的定量预测法叫__朴素预测法_______。
6、平滑系数值是根据以往的___实际量____与__预测量___之间差异的大小而异,一般在__0___到___1_____之间选定。
7、___目标管理________是美国管理学家彼得•德鲁克于1954年提出的一种综合管理方法，其主要特点是：强调以__目标_________为中心的管理，强调以_____目标网络________为基础的系统管理，强调以_____人__________为中心的参与式管理。
8、实行MBO，就是要___以企业总目标________以来规划各部门、各岗位的工作。
9、MBO的实施程序主要分为__制定目标____、__实施目标_______和___考核评价______三个阶段；10、决策就是组织或个人为了__实现某种目标_______而对未来一段时期内有关活动的方向、内容及方式的_选择_______或____调整________过程。
11、决策的前提是___有所选择_________，决策的实质是_作出决定________；决策是___计划__________的核心环节，也是___管理________的核心环节。
12、按决策的时间划分可分为__长期战略________决策和___短期战术________决策；按决策的可确定程度划分可分为__确定型______决策、___风险型________决策和__非确定型_________决策。
13、常用的定量决策方法有____确定型_______决策法、__风险型_________决策法、_____非确定型__________决策法.14、量本利分析法的中心内容是_____盈亏平衡点分析___________的分析。
15、边际贡献是产品销售收入与__全部变动成本_____的差额，利润是边际贡献大于__固定成本________的部分。
16、小中取大法叫__悲观_____决策法，大中取大法叫___乐观___决策法，后悔值决策法也叫__大中取小_决策法。
17、先_宗旨____，后目标；先战略，后_战术____；先长远，后_近期_____是制定计划必须遵循的次序。
18、计划的具体化可概括为“5W1H”，即_Why_____、__When____、__Where___、_What____、__Who____、___How______。
二、选择题：1、在整个管理工作中处于首要位置的是A、计划B、组织C、领导D、控制2、对于风险型决策，最常用的方法A、决策树B、最小后悔值法C、量本利分析法D、边际贡献法3、对未来持悲观态度、比较谨慎的决策者在进行不确定型决策时，一般采用A、小中取大法B、小中取小法C、大中取大法D、大中取小法4、决策过程中的“拍板”是指A、确定决策目标B、确定价值指标C、方案优选D、方案实施5、由组织最高层管理者所作的决策是A、程序化决策B、业务决策C、战略决策D、管理决策6、计划工作一般起始于A、目标制订B、机会估量C、计划审订D、方案选择7、下列几项，哪一项不属于计划的范畴？A、课程表B、规章制度C、统计报表D、工作流程8、MBO认为，有效管理的首要前提是需要有明确的A、宗旨B、政策C、目标D、战略9．狭义的计划指的是（）。
A．执行计划B．制定计划 C．计划准备D．检查计划10．涉及计划工作的基本特征的下列各种说法中，错误的是：（）。
A．计划工作的普遍存在B．计划工作居首要地位C．计划是一种无意识形态 D．计划工作要讲究效率11．基本建设计划、新产品开发计划等属于（）计划。
A．综合B．专项C．生产 D．财务12．（）也被称为数字化的计划。
A．政策B．目标 C．规则D．预算13．计划工作的核心是（）。
A、组织B、决策C、预测 D．领导14．战略性计划一般由（）负责制定。
A、董事会B、高层管理人员C、中层管理人员 D．基层管理人员15．公司政策规定工作人员享有假期，为实施这项政策公司编制了度假时间表，制订了假期工资率、支付办法，以及申请度假的详细说明，这属于（）。
A、规划B、程序C、策略D．规则16．年度计划一般属于（）计划。
A、生产B、长期C、中期 D．短期17．首先把目标管理作为一套完整的管理思想提出的是（）。
A、泰罗B、梅奥C、赫伯特·西蒙D、彼得·德鲁克18．管理学家彼得·德鲁克认为，单纯强调利润会使经理人迷失方向以至于危及企业的生存，因此他提出，企业目标唯一有效的定义就是（）。
A、技术创新B、信誉至上C、创造顾客D、质量优良19．目标的确定要建立在对企业内外环境进行充分分析的基础上，并通过一定的程序加以确定，既要保证目标的科学性又要保证其可行性。
这就是确定目标的（）原则。
A、现实性B、可行性C、程序性D、权变性20．在目标设立过程中，以下哪种作法是不对的？（）。
A、尽可能量化企业目标B、把目标控制在五个以内C、目标期限应以长期目标为主D、期限适中21．一些学者提出，企业在追求利润最大化的过程中，由于各种内外因素的限制，人们只能得到（）。
A、适当利润B、满意利润C、最大利润D、理想利润22．通过对目标变迁的分析，我们有理由相信，（）是成功管理的直观标志，也是企业的永恒追求。
A、创造利润B、成功决策C、企业长寿D、最大利润23．企业目标具有变动性，第二次世界大战以后，（）的企业目标日益普及。
A、利润目标B、顾客至上C、融入社会责任D、满意利润24．目标不是一成不变的，一般来说，（）应保持一定的稳定性。
A、利润目标B、短期目标C、中期目标D、长期目标25．管理学家（）从行为科学的角度研究目标管理，提出：工作成果=决策的质量×激发人们履行决策的动机。
A、E·C·施勒B、彼德·德鲁克C、D·麦格雷戈D、R·利克特26．目标管理思想诞生于美国，但最早将目标管理理论应用于管理实践的国家是（）。
A．德国 B．法国 C．日本D．英国27．根据过去和现在的已知因素，运用人们的知识、经验和科学方法，对未来进行预先估计，并推测事物未来的发展趋势的活动过程，称为（）。
A、预测B、定性预测C、决策D、计划28．如果要对事物发展变化的未来趋势作出描述，例如对五年后技术变革方向进行预测，通常采用（）的方法。
A、市场预测B、经济形势预测C、定性预测D、定量预测29．在进行产品价格决策时，需要做的是（）。
A、长期预测B、中期预测C、短期预测D、定性预测30．在预测过程中，如果缺乏或难以获取足够数据的资料，而主要运用个人的经验和知识进行判断，这时需要采用（）。
A、简单平均法B、定性预测法C、定量预测法D、时间序列法31．选择适当的预测方法对于提高预测的准确性和预测的效率十分重要。
因此，预测者要根据预测的目的和预测对象的性质选择合适的预测方法。
如进行技术预测，往往采用（）。
A．时间序列法B．头脑风暴法 C．回归分析法D、专家调查法32．定量预测是运用数学模型对事物未来的发展趋势作出定量、具体描述的方法。
它需要完整有效的（）作基础。
A．科学技术B．模拟试验室 C．信息D、数据资料33．某企业试图改变其经营方向，需要企业高层领导做出决策，这种决策属于（）。
A、战略决策B、战术决策C、业务决策D、程序化决策34．该项决策具有极大偶然性和随机性，又无先例可循且有大量不确定因素，其方法和步骤也难以程序化和标准化，这项决策就是（）。
A、风险型决策B、不确定型决策C、程序化决策D、非程序化决策35．业务决策中，例如生产任务的日常安排、常用物资的订货与采购等诸如此类的经常重复发生，能按原已规定的程序、处理方法和标准进行的决策，属于（）。
A、日常管理决策B、程序化决策C、确定型决策D、风险型决策36．在确定决策目标时，要注意把目标建立在（）的基础上。
A、需要B、可能C、需要和可能D、必要的利润37．例外决策，具有极大偶然性、随机性，又无先例可循且具有大量不确定性的决策活动，其方法和步骤也是难以程序化、标准化，不能重复使用的。
这类决策又称为（）。
A、风险型决策B、不确定型决策C、战略决策D、非程序化决策38．假如各种可行方案的条件大部分是已知的，但每个方案执行后可能出现几种结果，方案的选择由概率决定。
那么，这种决策属于（）决策。
A、风险型B、不确定型C、确定型D、非程序化决策39．决策程序的首要环节是（）。
A、确定决策原则B、确定决策方法C、确定决策目标D、拟定可行方案40．某企业生产某种产品，固定成本为20万元，单位可变成本为100元，每台售价200元，则该产品的盈亏平衡点产量是（）。
A、400台B、2000台C、4000台D、20000台41．某公司的固定成本为300万元，单位可变成本为40元，产品单位售价为55元，那么，当该企业的产量达到20万件时，其总成本为（）万元。
A．110 B．1010 C．1100 D．1100042．某企业在下年度有甲、乙、丙三种产品方案可供选择，每种方案都面临畅销、较好、一般和滞销四种状态，每种状态的概率和损益值如下表所示：那么，用决策树法选出的最优方案是（）方案。
A．甲 B．乙 C．丙 D．甲和乙43．某企业拟开发新产品，有三种设计方案可供选择，各种方案在各种市场状态下的损益值如下表所示：单位：万元那么，用冒险法选取的最优方案为（）。
A．甲 B．乙 C．丙 D．甲和乙三．判断正误并改正1．决策工作是进行组织、人员配备、指导与领导、控制等工作的基础。
N2．计划是对企业内部不同部门和成员在该一定时期内具体任务的安排，他详细规定了不同部门和成员在时期内从事活动的具体内容和要求。
Y3．程序是思想的指南。
N4．计划的效率是指从组织目标所做贡献中扣除制定和执行计划所需费用及其他因素后的总额，所以，在制定计划时，我们应该考虑包括计划的经济方面的利益和非经济方面的利益和损耗。
Y5．政策是指在决策或处理问题时指导及沟通思想活动的方针和一般规定，政策必须保持灵活性和及时性。
N 6．程序是对具体场合和具体情况下，允许或不允许采取某种特定行动的规定。