工业机器人中文翻译
中英文翻译--工业机器人-精品
Industrial robotsThere are variety of definitions of the term robot. Depending on the definition used, the number of robot installations worldwide varies widely。
Numerous single—purpose machines are used in manufacturing plants that might appear to be robots。
These machines are hardwried to perform a single function and cannot be reprogrammed to preform a different function. Such single-purpose machines do not fit the definition for industrial robots that is becoming widely accepted.this definition was developed by the Robot Institute of America.A robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional mainipulator designed to move material，parts, tools，or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.Note that this definition contains the words reprogrammable and multifunctional。
工业机器人中英文翻译、外文文献翻译、外文翻译
工业机器人中英文翻译、外文文献翻译、外文翻译外文原文：RobotAfter more than 40 years of development, since its first appearance till now, the robot has already been widely applied in every industrial fields, and it has become the important standard of industry modernization.Robotics is the comprehensive technologies that combine with mechanics, electronics, informatics and automatic control theory. The level of the robotic technology has already been regarded as the standard of weighing a national modern electronic-mechanical manufacturing technology.Over the past two decades, the robot has been introduced into industry to perform many monotonous and often unsafe operations. Because robots can perform certain basic more quickly and accurately than humans, they are being increasingly used in various manufacturing industries.With the maturation and broad application of net technology, the remote control technology of robot based on net becomes more and more popular in modern society. It employs the net resources in modern society which are already three to implement the operatio of robot over distance. It also creates many of new fields, such as remote experiment, remote surgery, and remote amusement. What's more, in industry, it can have a beneficial impact upon the conversion of manufacturing means.The key words are reprogrammable and multipurpose because most single-purpose machines do not meet these two requirements. The term “reprogrammable” implies two things: The robot operates according to a written program, and this program can be rewritten to accommodate a variety of manufacturing tasks. The term “multipurpose” means that the robot can perform many different functions, depending on the program and tooling currently in use.Developed from actuating mechanism, industrial robot can imitation some actions and functions of human being, which can be used to moving all kinds of material components tools and so on, executing mission by execuatable program multifunctionmanipulator. It is extensive used in industry and agriculture production, astronavigation and military engineering.During the practical application of the industrial robot, the working efficiency and quality are important index of weighing the performance of the robot. It becomes key problems which need solving badly to raise the working efficiencies and reduce errors of industrial robot in operating actually. Time-optimal trajectory planning of robot is that optimize the path of robot according to performance guideline of minimum time of robot under all kinds of physical constraints, which can make the motion time of robot hand minimum between two points or along the special path. The purpose and practical meaning of this research lie enhance the work efficiency of robot.Due to its important role in theory and application, the motion planning of industrial robot has been given enough attention by researchers in the world. Many researchers have been investigated on the path planning for various objectives such as minimum time, minimum energy, and obstacle avoidance.The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following:A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts, materials, tools, or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different task. This basic definition leads to other definitions, presented in the following paragraphs that give a complete picture of a robotic system.Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accomplish work. At some of these locations, the robot will stop and perform some operation, such as assembly of parts, spray painting, or welding. These preprogrammed locations are stored in the robot’s memory and are recalled later for continuous operation. Furthermore, these preprogrammed locations, as well as other programming feature, an industrial robot is very much like a computer, where data can be stored and later recalled and edited.The manipulator is the arm of the robot. It allows the robot to bend, reach, and twist. This movement is provided by the manipulator’s axes, also called the degrees of freedom of the robot. A robot can have from 3 to 16 axes. The term degrees of freedom will always relate to the number of axes found on a robot.The tooling and grippers are not part of the robotic system itself: rather, they areattachments that fit on the end of the robot’s arm. These attachments connected to the end of the robot’s arm allow the robot to lift parts, spot-weld, paint, arc-well, drill, deburr, and do a variety of tasks, depending on what is required of the robot.The robotic system can also control the work cell of the operating robot. The work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform its task. Included within this cell may be the controller, the robot manipulator, a work table, safety features, or a conveyor. All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell. In addition, signals from outside devices can communicate with the robot in order to tell the robot when it should assemble parts, pick up parts, or unload parts to a conveyor.The robotic system has three basic components: the manipulator, the controller, and the power source.ManipulatorThe manipulator, which dose the physical work of the robotic system, consists of two sections: the mechanical section and the attached appendage. The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached.The base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the floor of the work area. Sometimes, though, the base may be movable. In this case, the base is attached to either a rail or a track, allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to anther.As mentioned previously, the appendage extends from the base of the robot. The appendage is the arm of the robot. It can be either a straight, movable arm or a jointed arm. The jointed arm is also known as an articulated arm.The appendages of the robot manipulator give the manipulator its various axes of motion. These axes are attached to a fixed base, which, in turn, is secured to a mounting. This mounting ensures that the manipulator will remain in one location.At the end of the arm, a wrist is connected. The wrist is made up of additional axes and a wrist flange. The wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs.The manipulator’s axes allow it to perform work within a certain area. This area is called the work cell of the robot, and its size corresponds to the size of the manipulator. As the robot’s physical size increases, the size of the work cell must also increase.The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuators, or drive system. The actuator, or drive system, allows the various axes to move within the work cell. The drive system can use electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic power. The energy developed by the drive system is converted to mechanical power by various mechanical drive systems. The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages. These linkages, in turn, drive the different axes of the robot. The mechanical linkages may be composed of chains, gears, and ball screws.ControllerThe controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation. The controller stores preprogrammed information for later recall, controls peripheral devices, and communicates with computers within the plant for constant updates in production.The controller is used to control the robot manipulator’s movements as well as to control peripheral components within the work cell. The user can program the movements of the manipulator into the controller through the use of a hand-held teach pendant. This information is stored in the memory of the controller for later recall. The controller stores all program data for the robotic system. It can store several different programs, and any of these programs can be edited.The controller is also required to communicate with peripheral equipment within the work cell. For example, the controller has an input line that identifies when a machining operation is completed. When the machine cycle is completed, the input line turns on, telling the controller to position the manipulator so that it can pick up the finished part. Then, a new part is picked up by the manipulator and placed into the machine. Next, the controller signals the machine to start operation.The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events. This type of controller operates with a very simple robotic system. The controllers found on the majority of robotic systems are more complex devices and represent state-of-the-art electronics. This is, they are microprocessor-operated. These microprocessors are either 8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit processors. This power allows the controller to the very flexible in its operation.The controller can send electric signals over communication lines that allow it to talk with the various axes of the manipulator. This two-way communication between therobot manipulator and the controller maintains a constant update of the location and the operation of the system. The controller also controls any tooling placed on the end of the robot’s wrist.The controller also has the job of communicating with the different plant computers. The communication link establishes the robot as part of a computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM) system.As the basic definition stated, the robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator. Therefore, the controller must contain some type of memory storage. The microprocessor-based systems operate in conjunction with solid-state memory devices. These memory devices may be magnetic bubbles, random-access memory, floppy disks, or magnetic tape. Each memory storage device stores program information for later recall or for editing.Power supplyThe power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator. Two types of power are delivered to the robotic system. One type of power is the AC power for operation of the controller. The other type of power is used for driving the various axes of the manipulator. For example, if the robot manipulator is controlled by hydraulic or pneumatic drives, control signals are sent to these devices, causing motion of the robot.For each robotic system, power is required to operate the manipulator. This power can be developed from either a hydraulic power source, a pneumatic power source, or an electric power source. These power sources are part of the total components of the robotic work cell.Classification of RobotsIndustrial robots vary widely in size, shape, number of axes, degrees of freedom, and design configuration. Each factor influences the dimensions of the robot’s working envelope or the volume of space within which it can move and perform its designated task. A broader classification of robots can been described as blew.Fixed and Variable-Sequence Robots. The fixed-sequence robot (also called a pick-and place robot) is programmed for a specific sequence of operations. Its movements are from point to point, and the cycle is repeated continuously. Thevariable-sequence robot can be programmed for a specific sequence of operations but can be reprogrammed to perform another sequence of operation.Playback Robot. An operator leads or walks the playback robot and its end effector through the desired path. The robot memorizes and records the path and sequence of motions and can repeat them continually without any further action or guidance by the operator.Numerically Controlled Robot. The numerically controlled robot is programmed and operated much like a numerically controlled machine. The robot is servo-controlled by digital data, and its sequence of movements can be changed with relative ease.Intelligent Robot. The intellingent robot is capable of performing some of the functions and tasks carried out by human beings. It is equipped with a variety of sensors with visual and tactile capabilities.Robot ApplicationsThe robot is a very special type of production tool; as a result, the applications in which robots are used are quite broad. These applications can be grouped into three categories: material processing, material handling and assembly.In material processing, robots use to process the raw material. For example, the robot tools could include a drill and the robot would be able to perform drilling operations on raw material.Material handling consists of the loading, unloading, and transferring of workpieces in manufacturing facilities. These operations can be performed reliably and repeatedly with robots, thereby improving quality and reducing scrap losses.Assembly is another large application area for using robotics. An automatic assembly system can incorporate automatic testing, robot automation and mechanical handling for reducing labor costs, increasing output and eliminating manual handling concerns.Hydraulic SystemThere are only three basic methods of transmitting power: electrical, mechanical, and fluid power. Most applications actually use a combination of the three methods to obtain the most efficient overall system. To properly determine which principle method to use, it is important to know the salient features of each type. For example, fluidsystems can transmit power more economically over greater distances than can mechanical type. However, fluid systems are restricted to shorter distances than are electrical systems.Hydraulic power transmission systems are concerned with the generation, modulation, and control of pressure and flow, and in general such systems include:1.Pumps which convert available power from the prime mover to hydraulicpower at the actuator.2.Valves which control the direction of pump-flow, the level of powerproduced, and the amount of fluid-flow to the actuators. The power level isdetermined by controlling both the flow and pressure level.3.Actuators which convert hydraulic power to usable mechanical power outputat the point required.4.The medium, which is a liquid, provides rigid transmission and control aswell as lubrication of components, sealing in valves, and cooling of thesystem.5.Connectors which link the various system components, provide powerconductors for the fluid under pressure, and fluid flow return totank(reservoir).6.Fluid storage and conditioning equipment which ensure sufficient quality andquantity as well as cooling of the fluid..Hydraulic systems are used in industrial applications such as stamping presses, steel mills, and general manufacturing, agricultural machines, mining industry, aviation, space technology, deep-sea exploration, transportation, marine technology, and offshore gas and petroleum exploration. In short, very few people get through a day of their lives without somehow benefiting from the technology of hydraulics.The secret of hydraulic system’s success and widespread use is its versatility and manageability. Fluid power is not hindered by the geometry of the machine as is the case in mechanical systems. Also, power can be transmitted in almost limitless quantities because fluid systems are not so limited by the physical limitations of materials as are the electrical systems. For example, the performance of an electromagnet is limited by the saturation limit of steel. On the other hand, the powerlimit of fluid systems is limited only by the strength capacity of the material.Industry is going to depend more and more on automation in order to increase productivity. This includes remote and direct control of production operations, manufacturing processes, and materials handling. Fluid power is the muscle of automation because of advantages in the following four major categories.1.Ease and accuracy of control. By the use of simple levers and push buttons,the operator of a fluid power system can readily start, stop, speed up or slowdown, and position forces which provide any desired horsepower withtolerances as precise as one ten-thousandth of an inch. Fig. shows a fluidpower system which allows an aircraft pilot to raise and lower his landinggear. When the pilot moves a small control valve in one direction, oil underpressure flows to one end of the cylinder to lower the landing gear. To retractthe landing gear, the pilot moves the valve lever in the opposite direction,allowing oil to flow into the other end of the cylinder.2.Multiplication of force. A fluid power system (without using cumbersomegears, pulleys, and levers) can multiply forces simply and efficiently from afraction of an ounce to several hundred tons of output.3.Constant force or torque. Only fluid power systems are capable of providingconstant force or torque regardless of speed changes. This is accomplishedwhether the work output moves a few inches per hour, several hundred inchesper minute, a few revolutions per hour, or thousands of revolutions perminute.4.Simplicity, safety, economy. In general, fluid power systems use fewermoving parts than comparable mechanical or electrical systems. Thus, theyare simpler to maintain and operate. This, in turn, maximizes safety,compactness, and reliability. For example, a new power steering controldesigned has made all other kinds of power systems obsolete on manyoff-highway vehicles. The steering unit consists of a manually operateddirectional control valve and meter in a single body. Because the steering unitis fully fluid-linked, mechanical linkages, universal joints, bearings, reductiongears, etc. are eliminated. This provides a simple, compact system. Inapplications. This is important where limitations of control space require asmall steering wheel and it becomes necessary to reduce operator fatigue.Additional benefits of fluid power systems include instantly reversible motion, automatic protection against overloads, and infinitely variable speed control. Fluid power systems also have the highest horsepower per weight ratio of any known power source. In spite of all these highly desirable features of fluid power, it is not a panacea for all power transmission problems. Hydraulic systems also have some drawbacks. Hydraulic oils are messy, and leakage is impossible to completely eliminate. Also, most hydraulic oils can cause fires if an oil leak occurs in an area of hot equipment.Pneumatic SystemPneumatic system use pressurized gases to transmit and control power. As the name implies, pneumatic systems typically use air (rather than some other gas ) as the fluid medium because air is a safe, low-cost, and readily available fluid. It is particularly safe in environments where an electrical spark could ignite leaks from system components.In pneumatic systems, compressors are used to compress and supply the necessary quantities of air. Compressors are typically of the piston, vane or screw type. Basically a compressor increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume as described by the perfect gas laws. Pneumatic systems normally use a large centralized air compressor which is considered to be an infinite air source similar to an electrical system where you merely plug into an electrical outlet for electricity. In this way, pressurized air can be piped from one source to various locations throughout an entire industrial plant. The compressed air is piped to each circuit through an air filter to remove contaminants which might harm the closely fitting parts of pneumatic components such as valve and cylinders. The air then flows through a pressure regulator which reduces the pressure to the desired level for the particular circuit application. Because air is not a good lubricant (contains about 20% oxygen), pneumatics systems required a lubricator to inject a very fine mist of oil into the air discharging from the pressure regulator. This prevents wear of the closely fitting moving parts of pneumatic components.Free air from the atmosphere contains varying amounts of moisture. This moisture can be harmful in that it can wash away lubricants and thus cause excessive wear andcorrosion. Hence, in some applications, air driers are needed to remove this undesirable moisture. Since pneumatic systems exhaust directly into the atmosphere , they are capable of generating excessive noise. Therefore, mufflers are mounted on exhaust ports of air valves and actuators to reduce noise and prevent operating personnel from possible injury resulting not only from exposure to noise but also from high-speed airborne particles.There are several reasons for considering the use of pneumatic systems instead of hydraulic systems. Liquids exhibit greater inertia than do gases. Therefore, in hydraulic systems the weight of oil is a potential problem when accelerating and decelerating and decelerating actuators and when suddenly opening and closing valves. Due to Newton’s law of motion ( force equals mass multiplied by acceleration ), the force required to accelerate oil is many times greater than that required to accelerate an equal volume of air. Liquids also exhibit greater viscosity than do gases. This results in larger frictional pressure and power losses. Also, since hydraulic systems use a fluid foreign to the atmosphere , they require special reservoirs and no-leak system designs. Pneumatic systems use air which is exhausted directly back into the surrounding environment. Generally speaking, pneumatic systems are less expensive than hydraulic systems.However, because of the compressibility of air, it is impossible to obtain precise controlled actuator velocities with pneumatic systems. Also, precise positioning control is not obtainable. While pneumatic pressures are quite low due to compressor design limitations ( less than 250 psi ), hydraulic pressures can be as high as 10,000 psi. Thus, hydraulics can be high-power systems, whereas pneumatics are confined to low-power applications. Industrial applications of pneumatic systems are growing at a rapid pace. Typical examples include stamping, drilling, hoist, punching, clamping, assembling, riveting, materials handling, and logic controlling operations.工业机器人机器人自问世以来到现在，经过了40多年的发展，已被广泛应用于各个工业领域，已成为工业现代化的重要标志。
工业机器人名词解释
工业机器人名词解释
工业机器人，也称为自动化机器人、工厂机器人或工作机器人，是设计用于在制造业中执行复杂或重复的任务的机器人。
常见的工业机器人包括：
1.装配机器人（Assembly robot）：用于组装部件或完成产品的成型。
2.焊接机器人（Welding robot）：用于焊接、切割和拼接金属。
3.涂装机器人（Painting robot）：用于给汽车、电器、机械等产品进行喷漆或其他涂装工作。
4.运输机器人（Transport robot）：用来搬运重量和物品大小较大的物件。
5.包装机器人（Packing robot）：包装、打标记、拆卸物品等。
6.测量机器人（Measurement robot）：测量零件、扫描物体等。
7.协作机器人（Collaborative robot）：经常用来与人类工作者一起工作，共同完成不同的任务。
中英对照工业机器人
外文资料译文工业机器人早在机器人变为现实之前，机器人与机器人学这两个术语就已经提出来了。
1923年，随着捷克剧作家卡雷尔·查陪克的剧本R.U.R（罗苏姆的通用机器人）英文译本的问世，机器人这一术语就开始进入英语。
机器人robot一词源于捷克语，该词意指奴隶或劳工。
1942年，另一位作家艾萨克·埃思穆乌（他曾经撰写过许多有关机器人的短篇小说）在创立机器人学三个法则时就提出了机器人学这个专业术语。
他曾推断，机器人应该有特殊电路，使其始终遵循下述三个基本原则：（1）机器人不能伤害人类，也不能通过不执行指令而使人类受到伤害；（2）在不违背第一条法则的前提下，机器人必须遵从人类意志；（3）再不违背第一、二条法则的前提下，机器人必须保护自身不受伤害。
当时撰写的这些故事纯属科学幻想。
今天，随着机器人变为现实，分析这些机器人法则，从中获得很有价值的理念，可供机器人专家设计人控制系统时参考。
1.机器人的定义机器人是一种可重复编程的多功能操作器，其设计用途是输送物料、工件、刀具及一些特殊装置，通过各种程控运动来完成多种不同任务。
以上定义被普遍认可，其特点是：工业机器人可以重复编程，且能够沿多种不同轨迹运动。
2.机器人的发展史随着数控机床的发展，模仿人类手臂操作工件的想法便自然地提出来了。
与常规观点相反，机器人学并非最近发展起来的。
事实上，早在20世纪60年代初期，美国人便制造出第一批机器人。
万能自动化公司于1961年就生产出机械手臂，其控制装置的时序是由操作者预设的。
然而，鉴于这项工作尚属试验，为了避免公众对该项目的抵制情绪，当时的仿形程度较低。
1974年，辛辛那提Millicron机器人成为首例以小型计算机控制的机器人。
然而，就在同一年，瑞典ASEA公司推出了它的IRB6机器人。
这种机器人一直在全球畅销，现在（1991年）还在生产，唯一的重大改进是控制柜电子装置与软件的升级。
所以，当人们以为美国正在建立机器人技术的时候，像日本和瑞典这样一些国家，机器人在工业中的应用已经达到很高的水平。
Industrial Robots工业机器人
Industrial Robots工业机器人工业机器人近年来，随着科技的飞速发展，特别是人工智能和自动化技术的突破，工业机器人的应用范围越来越广泛。
工业机器人是指可以完成各种工业任务的自动化机械设备，它们依靠计算机控制系统进行操作，具有高度的精确性和效率。
本文将探讨工业机器人在生产制造、医疗保健和未来发展方向等方面的重要性和应用。
工业机器人在生产制造中发挥着重要作用。
相比传统的人工操作和生产流程，工业机器人不仅能够提高生产效率，还能够提高产品质量和准确度。
例如，在汽车制造中，工业机器人可以完成各种复杂的焊接、喷漆和组装任务，大大减少了人为错误和事故的风险。
此外，工业机器人的使用还可以实现生产线的自动化，降低了生产成本，并且能够适应不同的生产需求，提高了企业的竞争力。
在医疗保健领域，工业机器人也扮演着重要的角色。
随着人口老龄化趋势的加剧，需要提供更多的医疗服务和护理。
工业机器人可以被用于手术和病房护理等领域，减少医护人员的工作负担，并提高手术的成功率和治疗效果。
例如，手术机器人可以通过精确的操作和视觉技术，完成微创手术，减少患者的痛苦和术后恢复时间。
此外，工业机器人还可以提供定制的护理服务，如帮助老人或残疾人完成日常生活活动，提高他们的生活质量。
工业机器人的发展也面临着许多挑战和机遇。
首先，工业机器人需要进一步提升智能化水平，以适应复杂多变的生产环境。
目前，许多工业机器人仍然依赖于预设的程序和指令进行操作，缺乏灵活性和适应性。
因此，研究人员正在致力于开发更先进的机器视觉和感知技术，使机器人能够更好地理解和应对环境变化。
其次，工业机器人还需要改进其安全性能，以防止由于意外损伤和事故而对人类和环境造成危害。
这需要开发更可靠的传感器和控制系统，以及完善的安全标准和规范。
总之，随着科技的不断进步和创新，工业机器人在生产制造和医疗保健领域的重要性日益凸显。
它们以高度精确性和效率帮助企业提高生产效率，促进医疗服务和护理的发展，同时也为工业机器人的未来发展指明了方向。
工业机器人翻译
Industrial Robotics工业机器人Most robots today can trace their origin to early industrial robot designs. Much of the technol-ogy that makes robots more human-friendly and adaptable for different applications has emerged from manufacturers of industrial robots. Indus-trial robots are by far the largest commercial application of robotics technology today. All the important foundations for robot control were ini-tially developed with industrial applications in mind. These applications deserve special atten-tion in order to understand the origin of robotics science and to appreciate many unsolved prob-lems that still prevent the wider use of robots in manufacturing. In this chapter we present a brief history and descriptions of typical indus-trial robotics applications. We show how robots with different mechanisms fit different applica-tions. Even though robots are well established in large-scale manufacturing, particularly in auto-mobile and related component assembly, there are still many challenging problems to solve. The range of feasible applications could signifi-cantly increase if robots were easier to install, to integrate with other manufacturing processes, and to program,particularly with adaptive sensing and automatic error recovery. We outline some of these remaining challenges for researchers.今天大多数的机器人的起源可以追溯到早期工业机器人的设计。
Robots机器人 中英文翻译
RobotsA robot is an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, mani pulating machine with several reprogrammable axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications.The key words are reprogrammable and multipurpose because most single-purpose machines do not meet these two requirements.The term”reprogrammabl e” implies two things:The robot operates according to a written program can b e rewritten to accomdate a variety of manufacturing tasks. The term “multipurp ose” means that the robot can perform many different functions, depending on the program and tooling currently in use.Over the past two decades,the robot has been introduced into industry to perform many monotonous and often unsafe operations. Because robots can per form certain basic tasks more quickly and accurately than humans, they are bei ng increasingly used in various manufacturing industries.Structures of RobotsThe typical structure of industrial robots consists of 4 major components: the manipulator, the end effector, the power supply and control syterm.The manipulator is a mechanical unite that provides motions similar to those of a human arm. It often has a shoulder joint,an elbow and a wrist. It can rotate or slide, strech out and withdraw in every possible direction with certain flexibility.The basic mechanical configurations of the robot manipulator are categorized as Cartesian, cylindrical, spherical and articulated.A robot with a Cartesian geometry can move its gripper to any position within the cube or rectangle defined as its working volum.Cylindrical coordinate robots can move the gripper within a volum that is described by a cylinder. The cylindrical coordinate robot is positioned in the work area by two linear movements in the X and Y directions and one angular rotation about the Z axis.Spherical arm geometry robots have an irregular work envelop. This type of robot has two main variants,vertically articulated and horizontally articulated.The end effector attaches itself to the end of the robot wrist, also called end-of-arm tooling.It is the device intended for performing the designed operations as a human hand can.End effectors are generally custom-made to meet special handling requirements. Mechanical grippers are the most commonly used and are equipped with two or more fingers.The selection of an appropriate end effector for a special application depends on such factors as the payload, enviyonment,reliability,and cost.The power supply is the actuator for moving the robot arm, controlling the joints and operating the end effector. The basic type of power sources include electrical,pneumatic, and hydraulic. Each source of energy and each type of motor has its own characteristics, advantages and limitations. An ac-powered motor or dc-powered motor may be used depending on the system design and applications. These motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy to power the robot.Most new robots use electrical power supply. Pneumatic actuators have been used for high speed. Nonservo robots and are often used for powering tooling such as grippers. Hydraulic actuators have been used for heavier lift systems, typically where accuracy was not also requied.The contro system is the communications and information-processing system that gives commands for the movements of the robot. It is the brain of the robot; it sends signals to the power source to move the robot arm to a specific position and to the end effector.It is also the nerves of the robot; it is reprogrammable to send out sequences of instructions for all movements and actions to be taken by the robot.A open-loop controller is the simplest for of the control system, which controls the robot only by foolowing the predetermined step-by-step instructions.This system dose not have a self-correcting capability.A close-loop control system use feedback sensors to produce signals that reflct the current states of the controed objects. By comparing those feedback signals with the values set by the programmer, the close-loop controller can conduct the robot to move to the precise position and assume the desired attitude, and the end effector can perform with very high accuracy as the close-loop control system can minimize the discrepancy between the controlled object and the predetermined references.Classification of RobotIndustrial robots vary widely in size,shape, number of axes,degrees of freedom, and design configuration. Each factor influence the dimensions of the robot’s working envelop or the volume of space within which it can move and perform its designated task. A broader classification of robots can been described as below.Fixed-and Variable-Sequence Robots. The fixed-sequence robot (also called a pick-and place robot) is programmed for a specific sequence of operations. Its movements are form point to point, and the cycle is repeated continuously.The variable-sequence robot can be programmed for a specific sequence of operations but can be programmed to perform another sequence of operation.Playback Robot. An operator leads or walks the playback robot and its end effector through the desired path. The robot memorizes and records the path and sequence of motions and can repeat them continually without any further action or guidance by the operator.Numerically Controlled Robot. The numerically controlled robot is programmed and operated much like a numerically controlled machine. The robot is servocontrolled by digital data, and its sequence of movements can be changed with relative ease.Intelligent Robot. The intelligent robot is capable of performing some of the functions and tasks carried out by huanbeings.It is equipped with a variety of sensors with visual and tactile capabilities.Robot ApplicationsThe robot is a very special type of productin tool; as a result, the applications in which robots are used are quite broad. These applications can be grouped into three categories: material processing, material handling and assembly.In material processing, robots use tools to process the raw material. For example, the robot tools could include a drill and the robot would be able to perfor drilling operaytions on raw material.Material handling consists of the loading, unloading, and transferring of workpieces in manufacturing facilities. These operations can be performed relatively and repeatedly with robots, thereby improving quality and scrap losses.Assembly is another large application area for using robotics. An automatic assembly system can incorporate automatic testing, robot automation and mechanical handling for reducing labor costs, increasing output and eliminating manual handling concers.机器人机器人是一种自动控制的、可重复编程的、多功能的、由几个可重复编程的坐标系来操纵机器的装置，它可以被固定在某地，还可以是移动的以在工业自动化工厂中使用。
机器人外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文资料robotThe industrial robot is a tool that is used in the manufacturing environment to increase productivity. It can be used to do routine and tedious assembly line jobs，or it can perform jobs that might be hazardous to the human worker . For example ，one of the first industrial robot was used to replace the nuclear fuel rods in nuclear power plants. A human doing this job might be exposed to harmful amounts of radiation. The industrial robot can also operate on the assembly line，putting together small components，such as placing electronic components on a printed circuit board. Thus，the human worker can be relieved of the routine operation of this tedious task. Robots can also be programmed to defuse bombs，to serve the handicapped，and to perform functions in numerous applications in our society.The robot can be thought of as a machine that will move an end-of-tool ，sensor ，and/or gripper to a preprogrammed location. When the robot arrives at this location，it will perform some sort of task .This task could be welding，sealing，machine loading ，machine unloading，or a host of assembly jobs. Generally，this work can be accomplished without the involvement of a human being，except for programming and for turning the system on and off.The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following:1. A robot is a reprogrammable ，multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts，material，tool，or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different task. This basic definition leads to other definitions，presented in the following paragraphs，that give acomplete picture of a robotic system.2. Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accomplish work，At some of these locations，the robot will stop and perform some operation ，such as assembly of parts，spray painting ，or welding .These preprogrammed locations are stored in the robot’s memory and are recalled later for continuousoperation.Furthermore，these preprogrammed locations，as well as other program data，can be changed later as the work requirements change.Thus，with regard to this programming feature，an industrial robot is very much like a computer ，where data can be stoned and later recalled and edited.3. The manipulator is the arm of the robot .It allows the robot to bend，reach，and twist.This movement is provided by the manipulator’s axes，also called the degrees of freedom of the robot .A robot can have from 3 to 16 axes.The term degrees of freedom will always relate to the number of axes found on a robot.4. The tooling and frippers are not part the robotic system itself;rather，they are attachments that fit on the end of the robot’s arm. These attachments connected to the end of the robot’s arm allow the robot to lift parts，spot-weld ，paint，arc-weld，drill，deburr，and do a variety of tasks，depending on what is required of the robot.5. The robotic system can control the work cell of the operating robot.The work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform itstask.Included within this cell may be the controller ，the robot manipulator ，a work table ，safety features，or a conveyor.All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell .In addition，signals from outside devices can communicate with the robot to tell the robot when it should parts，pick up parts，or unload parts to a conveyor.The robotic system has three basic components: the manipulator，the controller，and the power source.A.ManipulatorThe manipulator ，which does the physical work of the robotic system，consists of two sections:the mechanical section and the attached appendage.The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached.Fig.1 illustrates the connectionof the base and the appendage of a robot.图1.Basic components of a robot’s manipulatorThe base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the floor of the work area. Sometimes，though，the base may be movable. In this case，the base is attached to either a rail or a track，allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to anther.As mentioned previously ，the appendage extends from the base of the robot. The appendage is the arm of the robot. It can be either a straight ，movable arm or a jointed arm. The jointed arm is also known as an articulated arm.The appendages of the robot manipulator give the manipulator its various axes of motion. These axes are attached to a fixed base ，which，in turn，is secured to a mounting. This mounting ensures that the manipulator will in one location.At the end of the arm ，a wrist（see Fig 2）is connected. The wrist is made up of additional axes and a wrist flange. The wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs.图2.Elements of a work cell from the topThe manipulator’s axes allow it to perform work within a certain area. The area is called the work cell of the robot ，and its size corresponds to the size of the manipulator.（Fid2）illustrates the work cell of a typical assembly ro bot.As the robot’s physical size increases，the size of the work cell must also increase.The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuator，or drive systems.The actuator，or drive systems，allows the various axes to move within the work cell. The drive system can use electric，hydraulic，or pneumatic power.The energy developed by the drive system is converted to mechanical power by various mechanical power systems.The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages.These linkages，in turn，drive the different axes of the robot.The mechanical linkages may be composed of chain，gear，and ball screws.B.ControllerThe controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation .The controller stores preprogrammed information for later recall，controls peripheral devices，and communicates with computers within the plant for constant updates in production.The controller is used to control the robot manipulator’s movements as well as to control peripheral components within the work cell. The user can program the movements of the manipulator into the controller through the use of a hard-held teach pendant.This information is stored in the memory of the controller for later recall.The controller stores all program data for the robotic system.It can store several differentprograms，and any of these programs can be edited.The controller is also required to communicate with peripheral equipment within the work cell. For example，the controller has an input line that identifies when a machining operation is completed.When the machine cycle is completed，the input line turn on telling the controller to position the manipulator so that it can pick up the finished part.Then ，a new part is picked up by the manipulator and placed into the machine.Next，the controller signals the machine to start operation.The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events.This type of controller operates with a very simple robotic system.The controllers found on the majority of robotic systems are more complex devices and represent state-of-the-art eletronoics.That is，they are microprocessor-operated.these microprocessors are either 8-bit，16-bit，or 32-bit processors.this power allows the controller to be very flexible in its operation.The controller can send electric signals over communication lines that allow it to talk with the various axes of the manipulator. This two-way communication between the robot manipulator and the controller maintains a constant update of the end the operation of the system.The controller also controls any tooling placed on the end of the robot’s wrist.The controller also has the job of communicating with the different plant computers. The communication link establishes the robot as part a computer-assisted manufacturing （CAM）system.As the basic definition stated，the robot is a reprogrammable，multifunctional manipulator.Therefore，the controller must contain some of memory stage. The microprocessor-based systems operates in conjunction with solid-state devices.These memory devices may be magnetic bubbles，random-access memory，floppy disks，or magnetic tape.Each memory storage device stores program information fir or for editing.C.power supplyThe power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator. The type of power are delivered to the robotic system. One type of power is the AC power for operation of the controller. The other type of power isused for driving the various axes of the manipulator. For example，if the robot manipulator is controlled by hydraulic or pneumatic drives，control signals are sent to these devices causing motion of the robot.For each robotic system，power is required to operate the manipulator .This power can be developed from either a hydraulic power source，a pneumatic power source，or an electric power source.There power sources are part of the total components of the robotic work cell.中文翻译机器人工业机器人是在生产环境中用以提高生产效率的工具，它能做常规乏味的装配线工作，或能做那些对于工人来说是危险的工作，例如，第一代工业机器人是用来在核电站中更换核燃料棒，如果人去做这项工作，将会遭受有害放射线的辐射。
工业机器人英汉词汇
工业机器人英汉词汇Aabrasive wheel 砂轮绝对精度absolute accuracy交流变频器驱动AC inverter drive加速性能 acceleration performance加速时间acceleration time准确定位accurate positioning适应控制adaptive controladaptive robot 适应机器⼈附加轴additional axis附加负载additional loadadditional mass附加质量附加操作additional operation㬵黏剂密封adhesive sealingadvanced collision avoidance高级碰撞避免航空航天工业 aerospace industryagricultural robot农业机器人air robot 空中机器人air tube 空气管alignment pose 校准位姿全电动工业机器人 all-electric industrial robotant colony algorithm蚁群算法 anthropomorphic robot 拟人机器人应用程序application program圆弧示教arc teachingarc welding 点焊，电弧焊弧焊机器人arc welding purpose robot电弧焊机器人arc welding robotarch motion 圆弧运动arm 手臂手臂配置arm configuration关节模型articulated model铰接式机器人，关节(形)机器人 articulated robot关节结构articulated structure人工智能artificial intelligence流水线，装配线assembly lineassembly robot 装配机器人atomization air雾化空气attained pose 实到位姿增强现实技术 augmented reality technologyauto part 汽车零件自动码垛automated palletizingautomated production 自动化生产automatic assembly line自动装配线自动控制automatic control末端执行器自动更换装置 automatic end effector exchanger自动物流运输automatic logistics transportautomatic mode 自动模式自动操作automatic operation自动换刀automatic tool changerautomatically controlled自动控制automation technology 自动化技术汽车行业automotive industry辅助轴电缆auxiliary axis cableaxis 轴axis movement 轴运动BBase 机座机座坐标系base coordinate system机座安装面base mounting surfacebeltless structure无带结构bend motion 弯曲运动big data 大数据bio-inspired robotics仿生机器人制动过滤器brake filter制动电阻brake resistor内置碰撞检测功能 built-in collision detection feature内置控制器built-in controller内置梯形图逻辑处理 built-in ladder logic processingbus cable 总线电缆C电缆干扰cable interferencecamera sensor 相机传感器基于相机的工件定位 camera-based part locationCartesian coordinate笛卡尔坐标系笛卡尔坐标机器人 Cartesian coordinate robot直⻆坐标机器人cartesian robot儿童看护机器人child care robotclean room 洁净室clean room robot 清洁室机器人cloud computing 云计算云存储技术cloud storage technology协作机器人collaborative robot彩色触摸屏color touch screencombustible gas 可燃气体command pose 指令位姿commissioning 试运行communication feature 通信功能communication protocol 通信协议紧凑式六臂机器人compact six-axis robotcompliance 柔顺性component placemen 元件贴装复合材料composite materialcompound movement 复合运动compressed air 压缩空气计算机数控computer numerical control计算机数控机床 computer numerical control machine计算机数控系统 computer numerical control systemcomputing control 计算控制computing power 计算能力构形configuration无缝连接connect seamlessly可连接控制器connectable controllerconsumable part 中小型零部件消费类电子产品consumer electronicscontinuous path 连续路径连续路径控制continuous path control轨迹控制continuous- path controlled控制算法control algorithmcontrol electronics电子控制装置control movement 控制运动control program 控制程序control scheme 控制方案control system 控制系统控制器机柜;控制柜 controller cabinet控制器系统面板 controller system panel (CSP)人机协作 cooperation of humans and machines坐标变换 coordinate transformation核心竞争力core competitiveness对应关节corresponding joint曲线示教curve teaching网络物理系统cyber-physical systemcycle 循环cycle time 循环时间圆柱坐标系 cylindrical coordinate systemcylindrical joint圆柱关节圆柱坐标机器人cylindrical robotD达芬奇手术机器人 DaVinci surgical robot电弧焊机器人 dedicated arc welding robot防护等级degree of protectiondegrees of freedom 自由度Delta并联关节机器人 Delta parallel joint robotDelta robot Delta机器人DexTAR教育机器人 DexTAR educational robotdie-casting machine压铸机数字动力digital power直接空气管路direct air line直接耦合direct coupling直接驱动direct drive残障辅助机器人 disability auxiliary robotdisplacement machine 变位机距离准确度distance accuracy距离重复性distance repeatability分布关节distributed jointDOF 自由度double-arm SCARA robot 双臂SCARA机器人 drawing machine 拉丝机drift of pose accuracy位姿准确度漂移位姿重复性漂移 drift of pose repeatability伺服驱动器轴drive controller for axesdrive controller伺服驱动器drive mechanism 驱动机构drive power supply驱动电源驱动比drive ratio驱动单元drive unitdriving device驱动装置dual arm 双臂。
Industrial Robots工业机器人
Industrial RobotsThere are a variety of definitions of the term robot. Depending on the definition used, the number of robot installations worldwide varies widely. Numerous single-purpose machines are used in manufacturing plants that might appear to be robots. These machines are hardwired to perform a single function and can’t be reprogrammed to perform a different function. Such single-purpose machines do not fit the definition for industrial robots that is becoming widely accepted. This definition was developed by the Robot Institute of America:A robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.Note that this definition contains two words reprogrammable and multifunctional. It is these two characteristics that separate the true industrial robot from the various single-purpose machines used in modem manufacturing firms. The term reprogrammable implies two things: The robot operates according to written program, and this program can be rewritten to accommodate a variety of manufacturing tasks.The term “multifunctional”means that the robot can, through reprogramming and the use of different end-effectors, perform a number of different manufacturing tasks. Definitions written around these two critical characteristics are becoming the accepted definitions among manufacturing professionals.The first articulated arm came about in 1951 and was used by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commissions in 1954 , the first programmable robot was designed by George Devol. It was based on two important technologies:（1）Numerical control （NC）technology（2）Remote manipulator technologyNumerical control technology provided a form of machine control ideally suited to robots.It allowed for the control of motion by stored programs, these programs contain data points to which the robot sequentially moves , timing singals to initiate action and to stop movement, and logic statement so allow for decision-marking.Remote manipulator technology allowed a machine to be more than just another NC machine. It allowed such machines to become robots that can perform a variety of manufacturing tasks in both inaccessible and unsafe environments. By merging these two technologies, Devol developed the first industrial robot, an unsophisticated programmable materials handing machine.The first commercially produced robot was developed in 1959. In 1962 , the first industrial robot to be used on a production line was installed by General Motors Corporation. This robot was produced by Unimation, A major step forward in robot control occurred in 1973 with the development of the T-3 industrial robot by Cincinnlti mihcrcon. The T-3 robot was the first commercially produced Industrial robot controlled by a minicomputer.Numerical control and remote manipulator technology program the wide-scale development and use of industrial robots, but major technological developments do not take place simply because of such new capabilities. Something must provide the impetus for takingadvantage of these capabilities. In the case of industrial robots, the impetus was economics.The rapid inflation of wages experienced in the 1970s, tremendously increased the personnel costs of manufacturing firms. At the same time, foreign competition became a serious problem for U.S. manufacturers. Foreign manufacturers who had undertaken automation on a wide-scale basis, such as those in Japan, began to gain an increasingly large share of U.S. and world market for manufactured goods, particularly automobiles.Through a variety of automation techniques, including robots, Japanese manufacturers, beginning in the 1970s, were able to produce better automobiles more cheaply than non-automated U.S. manufacturers. Consequently, in order to survive, U.S. manufacturers were forced to consider any technological developments that could help improve productivity.It became imperative to produce better products at lower costs in order to be competitive with foreign manufacturers. Other factors such as the need to find better ways of performing dangerous manufacturing tasks contributed to the development of industrial robots. However，the principal rationale has always been, and is still, improved productivity.One of the principal advantages of robot is that they can be used in settings that are dangerous to humans, Welding and parting are examples of applications where robots can be used more safely than humans. Even though robots are closely associated with safety in the workplace, they can, in themselves, be dangerous.Robots and robot cells must be carefully designed and configured so that they do not endanger human workers and other machines. Robot work envelops should be accurately calculated and a danger zone surrounding the envelope clearly marked off. Red flooring strips and barriers can be used to keep human workers out of a robot’s work envelop.Even with such precautions it is still a good idea to have an automatic shutdown system in situations where robots are used. Such a system should have the capacity to sense the need for an automatic shutdown of operation, fault-tolerant computer and redundant systems can be installed to ensure proper shutdown of robotics systems to ensure a safe environment.工业机器人关于机器人术语的定义多种多样。
Unit 5 Industrial Robot工业机器人
1.Introduction
Current control only allows these devices to move form point to point in space, performing relatively simple tasks.
1.Introduction
Research to enable robots to “see”, “hear”, “touch”, and “listen” has been underway for two decades and is beginning to bear Fruit. However, the current technology of industrial robots is such that most robots contain only an Arm rather than all the anatomy a human possesses.
如果认为不同类型的加工有不同的功能，那 么一个数控加工中心也可以被认为是机器人 。大部分制造工程师认为数控加工中心不是 机器人，尽管他们有很多相似之处。
1.Introduction
The power drive and controllers of both NC machines and robots can be quite similar. Robots, like NC machines can be powered by electrical motors, hydraulic systems, or pneumatic systems.
Unit 5 Industrial Robot工业机器人
1.Introduction
A NC machining center would be qualified as a robot if one can interpret different types of machining as different functions. Most manufacturing engineers do not consider a NC machining center a robot, even though these machines have a number of similarities. 如果认为不同类型的加工有不同的功能，那 么一个数控加工中心也可以被认为是机器人 。大部分制造工程师认为数控加工中心不是 机器人，尽管他们有很多相似之处。
实际的机器人由带有腕（或称为臂）的主机 身和机器端部的工具（通常是某些的支撑器 ）组成。机器人也可能有一个辅助动力系统 。
1.Introduction
A controller with some type of teach pendant, joy-stick, or key-pad is also part of the system. A typical robotic system is shown in Fig 5.1. 机器人系统还包括一个有一些示教板、操作 杆、键盘。一种典型的机器人系统如图5、1 。
闭环
closed-loop
单词
fiction companionship anatomy similarity evolve grick key pad gantry potential 虚构，想象 陪伴 （生物体）结构 相似之处 演化，演变
1.Introduction
工业机器人的介绍外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
外文原文Introduction to Industrial RobotsIndustrial robets became a reality in the early 1960’s when Joseph Engelberger and George Devol teamed up to form a robotics company they called “Unimation”.Engelberger and Devol were not the first to dream of machines that could perform the unskilled, repetitive jobs in manufacturing. The first use of the word “robots” was by the Czechoslovakian philosopher and playwright Karel Capek in his play R.U.R.(Rossum’s Universal Robot). The word “robot” in Czech means “worker” or “slave.” The play was written in 1922.In Capek’s play , Rossum and his son discover the chemical formula for artificial protoplasm. Protoplasm forms the very basis of life.With their compound,Rossum and his son set out to make a robot.Rossum and his son spend 20 years forming the protoplasm into a robot. After 20 years the Rossums look at what they have created and say, “It’s absurd to spend twenty years making a man if we can’t make him quicker than nature, you might as w ell shut up shop.”The young Rossum goes back to work eliminating organs he considers unnecessary for the ideal worker. The young Rossum says, “A man is something that feels happy , plays piano ,likes going for a walk, and in fact wants to do a whole lot of things that are unnecessary … but a working machine must not play piano, must not feel happy, must not do a whole lot of other things. Everything that doesn’t contribute directly to the progress of work should be eliminated.”A half century later, engi neers began building Rossum’s robot, not out of artificial protoplasm, but of silicon, hydraulics, pneumatics, and electric motors. Robots that were dreamed of by Capek in 1922, that work but do not feel, that perform unhuman or subhuman, jobs in manufacturing plants, are available and are in operation around the world.The modern robot lacks feeling and emotions just as Rossum’s son thought it should. It can only respond to simple “yes/no” questions. The moderrn robot is normally bolted to the floor. It has one arm and one hand. It is deaf, blind, and dumb. In spite of all of these handicaps, the modern robot performs its assigned task hour after hour without boredom or complaint.A robot is not simply another automated machine. Automation began during the industrial revolution with machines that performed jobs that formerly had been done by human workers. Such a machine, however , can do only the specific job for which it was designed, whereas a robot can perform a variety of jobs.A robot must have an arm. The arm must be able to duplicate the movements of a human worker in loading and unloading other automated machines, spraying paint, welding, and performing hundreds of other jobs that cannot be easily done with conventional automated machines.DEFINITION OF A ROBOTThe Robot Industries Association(RIA) has published a definition for robots in an attempt to clarify which machines are simply automated machines and which machines are truly robots. The RIA definition is as follows:“A robot is a reprogrammabl e multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.”This definition, which is more extensive than the one in the RIA glossary at the end of this book, is an excellent definition of a robot. We will look at this definition, one phrase at a time, so as to understand which machines are in fact robots and which machines are little more than specialized automation.First, a robot is a “reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator.” In this phrase RIA tells us that a robot can be taught (“reprogrammed”) to do more than one job by changing the informaion stored in its memory. A robot can be reprogrammed to load and unload machines, weld, and do ma ny other jobs (“multifunctional”). A robot is a“manipulator”. A manipulator is an arm( or hand ) that can pick up or move things. At this point we know that a robot is an arm that can be taught to do different jobs.The definition goes on to say that a ro bot is “designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices.” Material includes wood,steel, plastic, cardboard… anything that is used in the manufacture of a product.A robot can also handle parts that have been manufactured. For example, a robot can load a piece of steel into an automatic lathe and unload a finished part out of the lathe.In addition to handling material and parts, a robot can be fitted with tools such as grinders, buffers, screwdrivers, and welding torches to perform useful work.Robots can also be fitted with specialized instruments or devices to do special jobs in a manufacturing plant. Robots can be fitted with television cameras for inspection of parts or products. They can be fitted with lasers to accurately mearure the size of parts being manufactured.The RIA definition closes with the phrase,”…through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.” This phrase emphasizes the fact that a robot can do many different jobs in a manufacturing plant. The variety of jobs that a robot can do is limited only by the creativity of the application engineer.JOBS FOR ROBOTSJobs performed by robots can be divided into two major categories:hazardous jobs and repetitive jobs.Hazardous JobsMany applications of robots are in jobs that are hazardous to humans. Such jobs may be considered hazardous because of toxic fumes, the weight of the material being handled, the temperature of the material being handled, the danger of working near rotating or press machinery, or environments containing high levels of radiation. Repetitive JobsIn addition to taking over hazardous jobs, robots are well suited to doingextremely repetitive jobs that must be done in manufacturing plants.many jobs in manufacturing plants require a person to act more like a machine than like a human. The job may be to pick a piece up from here and place it there. The same job is done hundreds of times each day. The job requires little or no judgment and little or no skill. This is not said as a criticism of the person who does the job , but is intended simply to point out that many of these jobs exist in industry and must be done to complete the manufacture of products. A robot can be placed at such a work station and can perform the job admirably without complaining or experiencing the fatigue and boredom normally associated with such a job.Although robots eliminate some jobs in industry, they normally eliminate jobs that humans should never have been asked to do. Machines should perform as machines doing machine jobs, and humans should be placed in jobs that require the use of their ability,creativity, and special skills.POTENTIAL FOR INCREASED PRODUCTIVITYIn addition to removing people from jobs they should not have been placed in, robots offer companies the opportunity of achieving increased productivity. When robots are placed in repetitive jobs they continue to operate at their programmed pace without fatigue. Robots do not take either scheduled or unscheduled breaks from the job. The increase in productivity can result in at least 25% more good parts being produced in an eight-hour shift. This increase in productivity increases the company's profits, which can be reinvested in additional plants and equipment. This increase in productivity results in more jobs in other departments in the plant. With more parts being produced, additional people are needed to deliver the raw materials to the plant, to complete the assembly of the finished products, to sell the finished products, and to deliver the products to their destinations.ROBOT SPEEDAlthough robots increase productivity in a manufacturing plant, they are notexceptionally fast. At present, robots normally operate at or near the speed of a human operator. Every major move of a robot normally takes approximately one second. For a robot to pick up a piece of steel from a conveyor and load it into a lathe may require ten different moves taking as much as ten seconds. A human operator can do the same job in the same amount of time . The increase in productivity is a result of the consistency of operation. As the human operator repeats the same job over and over during the workday, he or she begins to slow down. The robot continues to operate at its programmed speed and therefore completes more parts during the workday.Custom-built automated machines can be built to do the same jobs that robots do. An automated machine can do the same loading operation in less than half the time required by a robot or a human operator. The problem with designing a special machine is that such a machine can perform only the specific job for which it was built. If any change is made in the job, the machine must be completely rebuilt, or the machine must be scrapped and a new machine designed and built. A robot, on the other hand, could be reprogrammed and could start doing the new job the same day.Custom-built automated machines still have their place in industry. If a company knows that a job will not change for many years, the faster custom-built machine is still a good choice.Other jobs in factories cannot be done easily with custom-built machinery. For these applications a robot may be a good choice. An example of such an application is spray painting. One company made cabinets for the electronics industry. They made cabinets of many different sizes, all of which needed painting. It was determined that it was not economical for the company to build special spray painting machines for each of the different sizes of enclosures that were being built. Until robots were developed, the company had no choice but to spray the various enclosures by hand.Spray painting is a hazardous job , because the fumes from many paints are both toxic and explosive. A robot is now doing the job of spraying paint on the enclosures.A robot has been “taught” to spray all the different sizes of enclosures that the company builds. In addition, the robot can operate in the toxic environment of the spray booth without any concern for the long-term effect the fumes might have on aperson working in the booth.FLEXIBLE AUTOMATIONRobots have another advantage: they can be taught to do different jobs in the manufacturing plant. If a robot was originally purchased to load and unload a punch press and the job is no longer needed due to a change in product design, the robot can be moved to another job in the plant. For example, the robot could be moved to the end of the assembly operation and be used to unload the finished enclosures from a conveyor and load them onto a pallet for shipment.ACCURACY AND REPEATABILITYOne very important characteristic of any robot is the accuracy with which it can perform its task. When the robot is programmed to perform a specific task, it is led to specific points and programmed to remember the locations of those points. After programming has been completed, the robot is switched to “run” and the program is executed. Unfortunately, the robot will not go to the exact location of any programmed point. For example, the robot may miss the exact point by 0.025 in. If 0.025 in. is the greatest error by which the robot misses any point- during the first execution of the program, the robot is said to have an accuracy of 0.025 in.In addition to accuracy , we are also concerned with the robot’s repeatability. The repeatability of a robot is a measure of how closely it returns to its programmed points every time the program is executed. Say , for example, that the robot misses a programmed point by 0.025 in. the first time the program is executed and that, during the next execution of the program, the robot misses the point it reached during the previous cycle by 0.010 in. Although the robot is a total of 0.035 in. from the original programmed point, its accuracy is 0.025 in. and its repeatability is 0.010 in.THE MAJOR PARTS OF A ROBOTThe major parts of a robot are the manipulator, the power supply, and the controller.The manipulator is used to pick up material, parts, or special tools used in manufacturing. The power supply suppplies the power to move the manipulator. The controller controls the power supply so that the manipulator can be taught to perform its task.外文翻译工业机器人的介绍20世纪60年代当约瑟夫和乔治合作创立了名为Unimation的机器公司，工业机器人便成为了一个事实。
工业机算人的英语单词
工业机算人的英语单词单词：industrial robot1. 定义与释义1.1词性：名词1.2释义：一种用于工业生产的机器人，可执行诸如焊接、装配、搬运等多种任务。
1.3英文释义：A robot used in industrial production that can perform various tasks such as welding, assembling, and transporting.1.4相关词汇：- 同义词：factory robot- 派生词：industrial robotics（工业机器人学）2. 起源与背景2.1词源：“industrial”源于拉丁语“industria”，表示勤奋、勤勉，后用于形容与工业相关的事物。
“robot”一词来源于捷克语“robota”，意为强迫劳动。
随着工业的发展，两者结合形成了“industrial robot”。
2.2趣闻：世界上第一个工业机器人Unimate诞生于1959年，它被安装在通用汽车公司的生产线上，主要用于压铸作业。
这一发明开启了工业自动化的新时代。
3. 常用搭配与短语3.1短语：- industrial robot arm：工业机器人手臂例句：The industrial robot arm can accurately pick up and place small parts.翻译：工业机器人手臂能够精准地拾取和放置小零件。
- intelligent industrial robot：智能工业机器人例句：The intelligent industrial robot can adjust its operation according to different tasks.翻译：智能工业机器人能够根据不同任务调整其操作。
- industrial robot system：工业机器人系统例句：The industrial robot system in this factory has been upgraded recently.翻译：这家工厂的工业机器人系统最近进行了升级。
中英对照工业机器人
外文资料译文工业机器人早在机器人变为现实之前，机器人与机器人学这两个术语就已经提出来了。
1923年，随着捷克剧作家卡雷尔·查陪克的剧本R.U.R（罗苏姆的通用机器人）英文译本的问世，机器人这一术语就开始进入英语。
机器人robot一词源于捷克语，该词意指奴隶或劳工。
1942年，另一位作家艾萨克·埃思穆乌（他曾经撰写过许多有关机器人的短篇小说）在创立机器人学三个法则时就提出了机器人学这个专业术语。
他曾推断，机器人应该有特殊电路，使其始终遵循下述三个基本原则：（1）机器人不能伤害人类，也不能通过不执行指令而使人类受到伤害；（2）在不违背第一条法则的前提下，机器人必须遵从人类意志；（3）再不违背第一、二条法则的前提下，机器人必须保护自身不受伤害。
当时撰写的这些故事纯属科学幻想。
今天，随着机器人变为现实，分析这些机器人法则，从中获得很有价值的理念，可供机器人专家设计人控制系统时参考。
1.机器人的定义机器人是一种可重复编程的多功能操作器，其设计用途是输送物料、工件、刀具及一些特殊装置，通过各种程控运动来完成多种不同任务。
以上定义被普遍认可，其特点是：工业机器人可以重复编程，且能够沿多种不同轨迹运动。
2.机器人的发展史随着数控机床的发展，模仿人类手臂操作工件的想法便自然地提出来了。
与常规观点相反，机器人学并非最近发展起来的。
事实上，早在20世纪60年代初期，美国人便制造出第一批机器人。
万能自动化公司于1961年就生产出机械手臂，其控制装置的时序是由操作者预设的。
然而，鉴于这项工作尚属试验，为了避免公众对该项目的抵制情绪，当时的仿形程度较低。
1974年，辛辛那提Millicron机器人成为首例以小型计算机控制的机器人。
然而，就在同一年，瑞典ASEA公司推出了它的IRB6机器人。
这种机器人一直在全球畅销，现在（1991年）还在生产，唯一的重大改进是控制柜电子装置与软件的升级。
所以，当人们以为美国正在建立机器人技术的时候，像日本和瑞典这样一些国家，机器人在工业中的应用已经达到很高的水平。
工业机器人技术英语
工业机器人技术英语
随着制造业的发展和技术的进步，工业机器人已经成为现代制造业中不可或缺的一部分。
工业机器人通过自动化、智能化的方式来完成各种生产任务，具有高效、安全、精确等优点，被广泛应用于汽车制造、电子产品制造、食品加工等领域。
在学习和研究工业机器人技术时，英语是必不可少的工具。
以下是一些与工业机器人相关的常用英语词汇和表达：
1. Industrial robot：工业机器人
2. Robot arm：机械臂
3. End effector：末端执行器
4. Programming language：编程语言
5. Robot controller：机器人控制器
6. Sensor：传感器
7. Actuator：执行器
8. Servo motor：伺服电机
9. Cartesian coordinate system：直角坐标系
10. Robot vision system：机器人视觉系统
11. Teach pendant：手持编程器
12. Safety barrier：安全屏障
13. Collaborative robot：协作机器人
14. Automated guided vehicle：自动引导车
15. Pick and place：取放式操作
16. Assembly line：装配线
17. Welding robot：焊接机器人
18. Painting robot：喷漆机器人
19. Palletizing robot：托盘堆垛机器人
20. Robot integration：机器人集成
掌握这些常用的英语词汇和表达，有助于更好地理解和应用工业机器人技术。
库卡中文注释
库卡中文注释
库卡（Kuka）是一家德国工业机器人和自动化设备制造商。
下面是对库卡一些常见名词的中文注释：
1. 工业机器人（Industrial Robot）：一种能够自动完成工业生产任务的可编程设备，用于代替人类劳动力执行重复性、危险或高精度工作。
2. 自动化设备（Automation Equipment）：包括工业机器人、传感器、控制系统等设备，用于实现生产过程的自动化，提高生产效率和质量。
3. 控制系统（Control System）：用于控制和监控工业机器人运动和操作的电子设备和软件系统。
4. 编程器（Programmer）：用于编写和修改工业机器人操作程序的设备，使机器人能够按照特定的步骤和要求执行任务。
5. 运动控制器（Motion Controller）：负责控制工业机器人的运动、速度和位置，使其能够准确地执行指定的动作和任务。
6. 末端执行器（End Effector）：安装在工业机器人末端的设备，用于与工件或其他对象进行接触或操作，例如夹具、工具等。
7. 传感器（Sensor）：用于检测和感知工业机器人周围环境和工件的设备，提供反馈信息以实现精确的位置控制和操作。
8. 安全装置（Safety Device）：用于保护工业机器人操作人员
和周围环境安全的设备，例如防护罩、光栅栏、安全传感器等。
9. 程序运行（Program Execution）：将编写好的工业机器人操
作程序加载到机器人控制系统中，并通过控制系统启动和运行程序，实现机器人自动执行任务。
以上是对库卡一些常见名词的中文注释，希望能够帮助您理解库卡及其相关设备和技术。
机器人的英语单词
机器人的英语单词机器人在现代社会中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
作为一种人工智能的代表，机器人的功能和应用越来越广泛。
在学习英语的过程中，掌握机器人相关的英语单词对于学生来说是非常重要的。
本文将为大家介绍一些与机器人相关的英语单词。
1. Robotics - 机器人学Robotics是机器人学的学科名称。
这门学科研究机器人的设计、制造和应用等方面的知识。
学习机器人学可以帮助人们更好地理解和利用机器人。
2. Artificial Intelligence (AI) - 人工智能Artificial Intelligence是指通过模拟人类智能行为的方法使计算机系统显示出智能的能力。
人工智能是机器人技术的核心，使机器人能够模仿和执行各种复杂的任务。
3. Automation - 自动化Automation指的是利用先进的机械、电子和计算机技术来实现生产和生活中的各种操作的自动化。
机器人在自动化中扮演着重要的角色，能够完成一些繁重、危险或需要高度精确度的工作。
4. Humanoid Robot - 仿人机器人Humanoid Robot是一种外形和功能都类似于人类的机器人。
它们通常拥有人类的头、躯干、手和腿等身体部位，可以实现一些人类行为和动作。
仿人机器人在服务、教育、娱乐等领域有广泛的应用。
5. Industrial Robot - 工业机器人Industrial Robot是一种设计用于工业生产的机器人。
它们通常具有高度精确的动作控制和操纵能力，可以在工厂的生产线上完成各种制造任务。
工业机器人的应用可以提高生产效率，并减少人员的劳动强度。
6. Service Robot - 服务机器人Service Robot是一种专门设计用于提供服务的机器人。
它们可以在医院、酒店、商场等公共场所执行各种任务，如导航、清洁、配送等。
服务机器人的应用可以方便人们的生活，并提供更好的服务体验。
7. Internet of Things (IoT) - 物联网Internet of Things指的是将各种物体与互联网连接起来，使它们能够相互通信和交互。
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外文资料译文
工业机器人的发展
一、工业机器人是机器人的一种，它由操作机、控制器、伺服驱动系统和检测传感器装置构成，是一种仿人操作自动控制，可重复编程，能在三维空间完成各种作业的机电一体化的自动化生产设备，特别适合于多品种，变批量柔性生产。
它对稳定和提高产品质量，提高生产效率，改善劳动条件的快速更新换代起着十分重要的作用。
广泛的应用工业机器人，可以逐步改善劳动条件，更强与可控的生产能力，加快产品更新换代。
提高生产效率和保证产品质量，消除枯燥无味的工作，节约劳动力，提供更安全的工作环境，降低工人的劳动强度，减少劳动风险，提高机床的效率，减少工艺过程中的工作量及降低停产时间和库存，提高企业竞争力。
1、关节的类型
下面罗列出在工业机器人手臂上使用的几类关节，机械手臂由其中某种关节组成，或由几种关节复合而成。
（1）回转关节：回转关节允许在两个连杆之间进行转动或旋转运动；
（2）柱状关节：柱状关节允许在两个连杆之间进行直线运动；
（3）球窝关节：球窝关节允许在两个连杆之间进行三种转动或旋转运动。
由于很难驱动，球窝关节在工业机器人上很少使用。
2、机器人的类别
可以把机器人按它们的关节类型分为下列五组，其中距机器人基座最近的那三组关节将决定机器人的类别，其他两组关节给终端执行器以更大的运动柔性。
（1）笛卡尔型
（2）圆柱形
（3）球面型
（4）平面关节型
（5）垂直关节型
3、自由度
机械手臂所具有的“自由度”是定义其关节数的常用术语。
每一个关节允许在两个连杆之间进行相对运动，形成一个自由度。
若能沿着或绕着两个关节运动时，就是两个自由度，其余依次类推。
多数机器人有4-6个自由度。
与人相比，从肩膀到手腕，人的胳膊共有7个自由度，这还不包括手，它单独就有22个自由度！
4、机器人的基本组件
机器人系统有一系列基本组件：
（1）操作机。
（2）控制器。
（3）动力供给。
（4）终端执行器（夹持器、点焊机、MIG焊机等）
5、驱动装置
操作机的运动由传动器或驱动装置控制，传动器或驱动装置使各轴在工作单元内运动。
驱动装置可使用电能、液压能或气压能工作。
驱动系统提供的能量通过各种机械驱动装置转换成机械能。
各驱动系统用机械联动装置连接起来，而这些联动装置又驱动机器人的各个轴的运动。
机械联动装置可由链、齿轮及滚珠丝杠组成。
6、随着科技的不断进步，工业机器人的发展过程可分为三代
第—代为示教再现型机器人，它主要由机器手控制器和示教盒组成，可按预先引导动作记录下信息重复再现执行，当前工业中应用最多。
第二代为感觉型机器人，如有力觉触觉和视觉等，它具有对某些外界信息进行反馈调整的能力，目前已进入应用阶段。
第三代为智能型机器人它具有感知和理解外部环境的能力，在工作环境改变的情况下，也能够成功地完成任务，它尚处于实验研究阶段。
二、美国是机器人的诞生地，早在1961年，美国的Consolidated Control Corp和AMF公司联合研制了第一台实用的示教再现机器人。
经过40多年的发展，
美国的机器人技术在国际上仍一直处于领先地位。
其技术全面、先进，适应性也很强。
日本在1967年从美国引进第一台机器人，1976年以后，随着微电子的快速发展和市场需求急剧增加，日本当时劳动力显著不足，工业机器人在企业里受到了“救世主”般的欢迎，使其日本工业机器人得到快速发展，现在无论机器人的数量还是机器人的密度都位居世界第一，素有“机器人王国”之称。
德国引进机器人的时间比英国和瑞典大约晚了五六年，但战争所导致的劳动力短缺，国民的技术水平较高等社会环境，却为工业机器人的发展、应用提供了有利条件。
此外，在德国规定，对于一些危险、有毒、有害的工作岗位，必须以机器人来代替普通人的劳动。
这为机器人的应用开拓了广泛的市场，并推动了工业机器人技术的发展。
目前，德国工业机器人的总数占世界第二位，仅次于日本。
法国政府一直比较重视机器人技术，通过大力支持一系列研究计划，建立了一个完整的科学技术体系，使法国机器人的发展比较顺利。
在政府组织的项目中，特别注重机器人基础技术方面的研究，把重点放在开展机器人的应用研究上。
而由工业界支持开展应用和开发方面的工作，两者相辅相成，使机器人在法国企业界得以迅速发展和普及，从而使法国在国际工业机器人界拥有不可或缺的一席之地。
英国自70年代末开始，推行并实施了一系列措施用于支持机器人发展的政策，使英国工业机器人起步比当今的机器人大国日本还要早，并曾经取得了早期的辉煌。
然而，这时候政府对工业机器人实行了限制发展的错误。
这个错误导致英国的机器人工业一蹶不振，在西欧几乎处于末位。
近些年，意大利、瑞典、西班牙、芬兰、丹麦等国家由于自身国内机器人市场的大量需求，发展速度非常迅速。
目前，国际上的工业机器人公司主要分为日系和欧系。
日系中主要有安川、OTC、松下、FANUC、不二越、川崎等公司的产品。
欧系中主要有德国的KUKA、CLOOS、瑞典的ABB、意大利的COMAU及奥地利的IGM公司。
我国工业机器人起步于20世纪70年代初期，经过30多年发展，大致经历了3个阶段：70年代萌芽期，80年代的开发期和90年代的应用期。
随着20世纪70时代世界科技快速发展，工业机器人的应用在世界掀起了一个高潮，在这种背景下，我国于1972年开始研制自己的工业机器人。
进入20世纪80年代后，
随着改革开放的不断深入，在高技术浪潮的冲击下，我国机器人技术的开发与研究得到了政府的重视与支持，“七五”期间，国家投入资金，对工业机器人及零部件进行攻关，完成了示教再现式工业机器人成套技术的开发，研制出了喷漆，点焊，弧焊和搬运机器人。
，国家高技术研究发展计划开始实施，经过几年研究，取得了一大批科研成果。
成功地研制出了一批特种机器人。
从2O世纪9O年代初期起，我国的国民经济进入实现两个根本转变期，掀起了新一轮的经济体制改革和技术进步热潮，我国的工业机器人又在实践中迈进了一大步，先后研制了点焊，弧焊，装配，喷漆，切割，搬运，码垛等各种用途的工业机器人，并实施了一批机器人应用工程，形成了一批工业机器人产业化基地，为我国机器人产业的腾飞奠定了基础。
但是与发达国家相比，我国工业机器人还有很大差距。
三、随着工业机器人发展的深度和广度以及机器人智能水平的提高，工业机器人已在众多领域得到了应用。
从传统的汽车制造领域向非制造领域延伸。
如采矿机器人、建筑业机器人以及水电系统用于维护维修的机器人等。
在国防军事、医疗卫生、食品加工、生活服务等领域工业机器人的应用也越来越多。
汽车制造是一个技术和资金高度密集的产业，也是工业机器人应用最广泛的行业，几乎占到整个工业机器人的一半以上。
在我国，工业机器人最初也是应用于汽车和工程机械行业中。
在汽车生产中工业机器人是一种主要的自动化设备，在整车及零部件生产的弧焊、点焊、喷涂、搬运、涂胶、冲压等工艺中大量使用。
据预测我国正在进入汽车拥有率上升时期，在未来几年里，汽车仍将每年15％左右的速度增长。
所以未来几年工业机器人的需求将会呈现出高速增长趋势，年增幅达到50％左右，工业机器人在我国汽车行业的应用将得到快速发展。
工业机器人除了在汽车行业的广泛应用，在电子，食品加工，非金属加工，日用消费品和木材家具加工等行业对工业机器人的需求也快速增长。
在亚洲，2005年安装工业机器人72，600台，与2004年相比，增长了40％，而应用在电子行业的就占了31％左右。
在欧洲地区，据统计2005年与2004年相比：工业机器人在食品加工行业的应用增长了17％左右，在非金属加工行业的应用增长了20％左右，在日用品消费行业增长了32％，在木材家具加工行业增长了18％
左右。
工业机器人在石油方面也有广泛的应用，如海上石油钻井、采油平台、管道的检测、炼油厂、大型油罐和储罐的焊接等均可使用机器人来完成。
在未来几年，传感技术，激光技术，工程网络技术将会被广泛应用在工业机器人工作领域，这些技术会使工业机器人的应用更为高效，高质，运行成本低。
据预测，今后机器人将在医疗、保健、生物技术和产业、教育、救灾、海洋开发、机器维修、交通运输和农业水产等领域得到应用。