100 newly coined English words
NEW ENGLISH WORDS
Statue of Liberty 自由女神雕像mud hut 泥土房Buddha 佛像grocery store 杂货店pirate 海盗 a chest of 一箱... bowl 碗soup 汤world-famous landmark 举世闻名的地标Eiffel tower 埃菲尔铁塔pink palace 粉色宫殿bow 蝴蝶结till the land 耕地Russian Federation 俄罗斯联邦Soviet 苏联belly 肚子seashore 海边brick wall 砖墙composer 作曲家tribe 部落turtle 乌龟=tortoisePresentation 报告pant裤子loose 宽松的vet兽医tulips 郁金香windmill风车Netherland荷兰Jewish 犹太教Adolf Hitler 阿道夫希特勒witch 女巫spellbound 迷住dusk 黄昏，薄雾thunder 打雷curtain 窗帘，遮掉，幕布rally 召集，集合，重振反弹，恢复，反败为胜loneliness 孤独，寂寞，荒凉plate 盘子overcoat 大衣，外套gossip 八卦，窃窃私语swap=exchangeofficial 裁判pillar 柱子hare 兔子oddly 奇迹地prosperous 繁荣的Malaysia 马来西亚vivid 栩栩如生的，生动的ash 灰，灰尘Germ 幼芽，微生物，萌芽jujube=red dates 红枣grace 优雅，慈悲，魅力Letterbox =postbox=mailbox 邮箱confession 表白Harmless=sinless=innocent=inculpable 无辜的Yolk=yellow part 蛋黄white part 蛋白lipstick 口唇膏videophone 电视电话Catalog =directory=content 目录pepper 辣椒vinegar 醋Quarrel 争吵，反目，抱怨，埋怨，争辩propose 提议，建议，计划，打算，推荐，求婚，Telegraph 电报，电讯，电报机，电汇，指令，打电报。
小组评价表1_Introduction
Paper 1:
2. To Establish the Gap/ Problem in the research area（研究空白）
3.Summarize sentence patterns (see the sample).（总结句型）
Voice
Tense
Sample
Paper 1:
(1)The term software-defined networking (SDN) has been coined in recent years.
2.General problems: surface finishing（一般问题）
3.Brief overview of previousresearch: solutions containing toxic chemicals
4.Establish the gap: anovelprocedureinvented byDeguchiet al.butlittle information on electrochemicalreaction（写研究空白）
Recently,…reported preliminary studies on…and found that….
2.A 60 GHz Fermi tapered slot antenna with improved radiation patterns is presented in [3, 4] where the authors have introduced corrugations in the side edges of the slot antenna ground plane to control the edge currents and as a result, improve the radiation patterns and lower the side lobes.
大学英语作文范文（精选28篇）
大学英语作文范文（精选28篇）大学英语作文范文（精选28篇）作文是经过人的思想考虑和语言组织，通过文字来表达一个主题意义的记叙方法。
作文分为小学作文、中学作文、大学作文（论文）。
下面是小编整理的大学英语作文范文，欢迎大家分享。
大学英语作文篇1The newly-coined word "online education" may by no means sound strange to most people. During the past several years, hundreds of online education colleges have sprung up around China.Why could online education be so popular in such a short period of time? For one thing, If we want to catch up with the development and the great pace of modern society, we all should possess an urgent and strong desire to study, while most people nowadays are under so enormous pressures that they can hardly have time and energy to study full time at school. Furthermore, online education enables them to save a great deal of time on the way spent on the way between home and school. Last but not least, the quick development of internet，which makes possible all our dreams of attending class on the net，should also be another critical reason.Personally, I appreciate this new form of education. It's indeed a helpful complement to the traditional educational means. It can provide different learners with more flexible and various ways to learn. Most of all, through online education, we can stick to our jobs and at the same time study and absorb the latest knowledge.大学英语作文篇2It's a good option for college students to join the army. Armyis the important constitution in a country. Nowadays, many college students prefer to be soldiers. Why?Firstly, there are many preferential policies for college students to join the army, such as tuition waiver, wage subsidy. What's more, I consider join the army can strengthen our mind. In my opinion, it's the most important reason to join the army. Whatever you are a student or others, two years' training can build a strong body, too.I want to join the army. My family is delighted to my decision. Because I want to be a great and strong woman and change my images in front of my friends. More importantly, I would like to experience the army life; I think it will be a colorful moment in my whole life.大学英语作文篇3In modern society, the problem of heavy traffic has aroused a wide concern. Concerning with this problem, different people hold different opinions. As far as I am concerned, to solve this problem, we need to begin with the following steps.First, limiting the number of private cars is a significant step to solve the problem of heavy traffic. Private car occupies a larger space and it is responsible for traffic jam to a large extent. Less private cars will accelerate the flow of traffic. Second, it is also a good means to open up the special roads for buses. By doing this, the phenomenon that the buses block the street when passengers get on or get off the buses will not occur again. At the same time, it will upgrade the efficiency of buses. Finally, reinforcing punish toward the over-speed cars and drunk driving so as to reduce the rate of traffic accident, and then decrease traffic jam.大学英语作文篇4With the development of technology, more and more electric books are used by people; in the meantime, many people still read traditional books. I think both of them have their own advantages and disadvantages.Electric books and traditional books can be very different from each other. Electric books are light to carry, and they are so divers that you can read them on your mobile phone, MP4. To the contrary, the quality of traditional books can be well guaranteed. Moreover, most of electric books are network novel, and most of traditional books are professional books. Many people enjoy reading traditional book. Finally, if you read the electric book too long, you will feel dizzy with agitation. So reading the traditional books can make you healthy.However, they have one thing in common that is they provide us knowledge. I think they will develop better in the future to make up their disadvantages.大学英语作文篇5Nowadays, social practice has been brought to great concern among colleges and universities increasingly. During summer or winter holiday, college students are encouraged and organized to participate in all kinds of social practice activities, such as part-time jobs, volunteering teaching and fieldwork.There is no doubt that students can benefit a lot from social practice activities. First, they are provided with more chances and opportunities to contact with our real society and broaden their horizon. Second, it is a good chance for them to apply their theory knowledge to practice and improve their ability. Third, students can enjoy the happiness of work and realize their value.However, there are also some things needed to be noticed in the process of taking part in social practice activities. For example,students should take care of themselves well and interchange labor and repose during the work. In addition, they should not ignore their studies when they are working.大学英语作文篇6When you visit London, one of the first things you will see is Big Ben, the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C. If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected. Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built. It is not only of immense size, but is extremely accurate as well. Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day. On the B.B.C. you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower. Big Ben has rarely gone wrong. Once, however, it failed to give the correct time.A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down!大学英语作文篇7Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in, and the great ship, tense and anxious, groped her way toward the shore? I was like that ship before my education began, only I had no way of knowing how near the harbor was.The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to me. I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects. It was the third of March, 1887, three months before I was seven years old.On the afternoon of that exciting day, I guessed vaguely frommy mother’s signs and from the hurrying to and fro in the house that something unusual was about to happen, so I went to the door and waited on the steps.I felt approaching footsteps. I thought it was my mother and stretched out my hand. Someone took it, and then I was caught up and held close in the arms of the person who had come to reveal all things to me, and, more important than that, to love me.The morning after my teacher came she led me into her room and gave me a doll. When I had played with it a little while, Miss Sullivan slowly spelled into my hand the word “d-o-l-l”. I was at once interested in this finger play and tried to imitate it. When I finally succeeded in making the letters correctly I was filled with childish pleasure and pride. Running downstairs to my mother I held up my hand and made the letters for doll. I did not know that I was spelling a word or even that words existed; I simply made my fingers go in monkey-like imitation. In the days that followed I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way many words, among them, “pin”, “hat”, “cup”, and a few verbs like “sit”, “stand” and “walk”, but my teacher had been with me several weeks before I understood that everything has a name.One day while I was playing with my new doll, Miss Sullivan gave me my old doll, too. She then spelled “d-o-l-l” and tried to make me understand that “d-o-l-l” applied to both. Earlier in the day, we had a struggle over the two words “m-u-g” is “mug” and “w-a-t-e-r” is “water” , but I persisted in mixing up the two. I became impatient and, seizing the new doll, I dashed it on the floor, breaking it into pieces. I was not sorry after my fit of temper. In the dark, still world, I had no strong sentimentfor anything.My teacher brought me my hat, and I knew we were going out into the warm sunshine. We walked down the path to the well-house. Someone was drawing water, and my teacher placed my hand under the spout. As the cool stream gushed over one hand, she spelled into the other word water, first slowly, then rapidly. I stood still; my whole attention was fixed upon the movements of her finger. Suddenly I seemed to remember something I had forgotten — a thrill of returning thought – and the mystery of language was revealed to me. I knew then that the “w-a-t-e-r” meant that wonderful cool something that was flowing over my hand. That living word awakened my soul and set it free.I left the well-house eager to learn. Everything had a name and each name gave birth to a new thought. As we returned to the house, every object which I touched seemed to be full of life. That was because I saw everything with a strange, new sight that had come to me. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to the fragments and tried in vain to put them together. Then my eyes were filled with tears, for I realized what I had done, and for the first time I felt sorry.I learned a lot of new words that day. It would have been difficult to find a happier child than me when I lay in my small bed that night and thought of the joys that day had brought to me, and for the first time I longed for a new day to come.大学英语作文篇8Different people have different ambitions. When children study at school, they already have their own ideals. Stone want to be engineers or doctors in the future. Others want to be artists or businessmen. Still others want to be teachers or lawyers. Butfew want to be farmers.Unlike most people, I choose to be a farmer in the future and make contributions to development of agriculture. Agriculture is essential to the national economy and the people's livelihood. Without it there won't be grains on which people survive. Nevertheless, farmers are ignored, even looked down upon by urban people. I determine to challenge the traditional idea and contribute to changing this situation.However, lt is not easy to he a modern farmer in the 21st century. A modern farmer must be equipped with a variety of knowledge such as chemlstry, biology and meteorology. Therefore, I must study conscientiously from now on so that I can get the chance to study as a postgraduate in an agricultural university.I believe only a man with scientific knowledge can meet the challenge of the 21st century and assume the task of modernizing agriculture.大学英语作文篇9On the New Year's Eve，our clahad a party. The atmosphere was good. It was out of the ordinary from the very begining. The boy student from one bedroom gave an unusual performance. We saw a boy named Li Xinmin turn off all the lights in a sudden snap. Then with three resounding crow of a cock echoing in the hall，the hall was again brightly lit in a snap.Then，the representative of the bedroom Zhu Guozhang asked us to guea line of a poem related to the above situation. He added that Li Xinmin alone was born in the year of the dog and the other three were all born in the year of the chicken. They left us all in confusion. And it was our monitor who was quickwitted. He shouted our， "The day breaks as the cock crowsthree times at dawn." The hall After that，they had another item. This time Li Xinmin was placed in the middle of the circle. While he was standing there，the other three stood around him，each bowing down to him at an angle of 120 degrees. It was an idiom. This time I got it right："The dog stands out among a group of chickens."大学英语作文篇10Everyone has goals. Many people do not reach their goals for lack of planning. These three sets of goals should be developed: lifetime, intermediate and short term. Lifetime goals should be written out. These goals should be clear and reasonable. For instance, the goal to win a research prize is clear and measurable. Other lifetime goals might include publishing a certain number of influential books or articles, earning a departmental chairmanship at a major university, successfully competing for a grant from the National Science Foundation or securing a consultantship with a big corporation.Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years. For the beginning doctoral student, intermediate goals may include completion of course work and preparation of a doctoral research proposal. Like lifetime goals, these are measurable and clearly stated.Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months. These goals are more performance oriented, and they help with achievement of intermediate goals. Examples of short-term goals are earning an A in a course, learning how to program a computer or performing an experiment.大学英语作文篇11Everyone have a daily schedule. Most of people changes it every day, the others keep the same one every week. Actually, Ihave a regular weekly schedule.Monday is one of the most important days in a week. I think I always make a weekly schedule at first, which is a good way to plan my life. For example: Last week on Monday from 8:00am to 3:40pm, which time was finishing my school class. After that, I would take a nap until 4:45pm. Then, I went to library to learn English, of course, The DynEd Courseware. It’s not good for my health that I don’t have enough time to have dinner. Between 10:00pm and 11:00pm, I practiced my body in the gymnastic because I want to lose weight. I usually go to bed at 12:00pm.I play the computer game once a week on Friday evening with my friend. One week’s work make me tired, so it’s a special time for me to have a rest. This is my daily routine from last week, include five work days.Saturday and Sunday are different from other five days. Because I have a lot of classes, such as: karate class in Shichahai and English class in soho high street. Just I think it is more useful for me than my school class. Keep practice my body and brain are the most important things on the weekend. Usually, I finish my English work in the morning and work out in the evening. I like my life plan is very regular, which is good for my healthy. But I don’t have enough time to take a rest, maybe sometimes I feel tired. Keep doing, I will get benefits from my schedule.All of this is my weekly schedule, my daily routine same as everyday. It ’s very interesting, my schedule make me look like an old man. Believe it or not, I will never give up and try my best to achieve my dream.大学英语作文篇12The topic about green lifestyle has become a very popular hotspot in the last few years.It seems that people are becomingmore and more careful about the environment and the quality of their life.However,we can still see many people not treasure the gift of nature.TodayIwant to set forth my opinion about living green and how to do it.First of all,it is whether what we did will do harm to the nature that we do care.So we must reflect on every facet of our behavior before we put it into practice.Forexample,everymorning--when we set off from our department to where we work or study,we can choose different ways to get that.But if we think over about this,it is obvious that most of us will choose walking or public transportation because these ways do the least harm.Sometimes it is up to us to decide how to deal with the nature.So we citizens can be the master of our life style and make it green,but we can think further that our society can effect our life from time to time.How should the society do?Compared with those western countries,China is laking in rules and law related to the environment and people’s responsibility for the nature.Unless we develop better law can we make more people join in the team of living green.What’smore,our society ought to put more effort in the technology so that we can lessen our pollution.In a word,the country should pay more attention to the environment.So can we form the green lifestyle.Last but not least,only through the effort of everybody on the same planet,can the Earth become really green and everyone live green.大学英语作文篇13When students are going to high school, they are under great pressure,because their main goal is to enter the college, so they need to work so hard.The school will test them so often that they want to get the best scores.Cheating on the exams is many students’ choice, as they could not do well on theexam, so they want to find the confidence by getting the high marks. Otherstudents even buy the exam answers, what they do is totally wrong. Frist, itwill cost students a lot of money on buying the answer, it refers to spend theirparents’ money, i t is not easy to earn money. Second, the answers that studentsbuy are not accurate all the time, most of the answers are wrong, students areeasy to get cheated.Students should work hard to improve their study.大学英语作文篇14In my family, there are only three people, my parents and I because of myparents’ work, they could only have one child at that time, so I don’t have anysiblings.I felt so lonely when my parents went out for their work. Now thegovernment changed their policy, people can have the second chi ld. But somepeople refuse because they think they can’t afford it. Despite the expense,there are many advantages to have the second child. For one thing, the onlychild can have someone company, so they won’t feel lonely on the process ofgrowing up. For another thing, two kids will help each other, they can sharethings together.Learning to share things is a very important lesson forchildren. In Chinese tradition, more kids, more better, but I think two areperfect for the family.大学英语作文篇15In today ’s socie ty, the Internet is playing an important role in people ’s lives. People can chat with others by QQ or MSN. Through the Internet, people can learn some news at any time. The Internet brings great benefits to the workers and studentsalike.Nowadays, almost all workers need the help of the Internet, such as statistic huge data, sending e-mails and so on. For one thing, teachers don ’t necessarily need to chalk and they can teach students by showing the PPT. For another thing, if a boss would like to hold an emergency meeting when he is traveling, he can achieve his goal via the Internet video. Therefore, the Internet has brought a lot of convenience to workers.Not only the workers but also the students benefit from the Internet. At present, students can acquire knowledge on education websites like and . If students have problems, they can send e-mail to their teachers or search for answers from the internet.As far as I’m concerned, the Internet is of great use an d being networked is a trend in today’s society. In summary, the Internet makes people’s lifestyle more convenient and faster than before.大学英语作文篇16The urban traffic is getting increasingly crowded nowadays in China. The roads are pakced with cars, bicylces and pedestrians and traffic jams, bus delays and traffic accidents are a common scene.Then how to solve this problem? Some suggest to lay down more roads to make the traffic less crowded and speed up the flow of traffic. Others believe that we should open up more public bus routes, so that more people will take the public buses instead of travelling by cars and bicycles.Though above two views sound reasonable, they have their own drawbacks. The fomer may take up much land which could be used for farms and houses. The latter may causeinconvenience for those who are used to travelling by car or bicycles. I think the best answer to the traffic problem is a combination of the two. More roads can be built to hold more traffic and meanwhile more public bus routes can be opened up to those who prefer to use the public transportation.大学英语作文篇17I think lots of students like the pop singer named Jay. I also like him very much. When he released his first album, I started to buy his album. And I never miss any album of his.Do you know as a boy, Jay was called Dull Stupid. But his mother Yeh Huimei, noticed that the quiet, shy boy seemed to dance practically when he heard the Western Pop music she used to play. His mother sent him to a piano school when he was four. When he has grown up, he had developed an ability for instant playing beyond his years. I learned to play the piano from 7 years old to 13 years old. I often feel bored when I practise playing the piano. But Jay was always crazy about playing the piano. I think he really likes music. So I admire him very much, and I call him “hero”.I admire Jay. The real reason is when the others all denied him, he never gave up. He tried his best to change his life. I think it is good for everybody. I hope that everyone can learn from him---try their best to do everything. Then I think we will make the grade.As the most important festival in China since ancient times, the Spring Festival is always being excepted by we kids. Because we don't need to do any homework during this time very year.It's really a precious holiday for us. And our parents are free from their work too. We go to our grandparents' to get together with them to enjoy the moment when the new year comes.I will priciate if the holiday to be longer.大学英语作文篇18Getting to Know the World outside the Campus It is necessary for college students to know the world outside the campus. This is because in this “Information Age” the society is developing so fast that we should keep pace with the progress of the outside world. Therefore, without knowledge of the outside world, it will be difficult for us to secure an ideal job after graduation; it will be more difficult for us to succeed in the near future. How to know the outside world? First of all, we should be well informed about what is happening around us with the help of mass media: radios, televisions, newspapers, the Internet, and so on. Moreover, we should do more practical social services so as to cultivate our social skills, widen our eyesight and enrich our social experience.As for me, I plan to know the outside world in two aspects: study first to have a good command of knowledge. At the same time, I intend to hold a temporary job to know more about the outside world.大学英语作文篇19Today, people's lifestyle pace is very fast and a lot of young people feel the great pressure when they come to the job market. Before I graduated from college, I started to come to the job market. It was hard for me to get the job I wanted. I got rejected many times, but when the moment I was hired, I felt the victory.今天，人们的生活节奏非常快，很多年轻人在就业市场面前感到了巨大的压力。
英语造一个新词作文
英语造一个新词作文英文回答：Neologism: A Linguistic Innovation.In the ever-evolving tapestry of language, neologisms emerge as vibrant and dynamic threads, enriching our vocabulary and reflecting the ever-changing nature of our world. A neologism is a newly coined word or phrase that enters the lexicon of a language, often reflecting contemporary trends, technological advancements, orcultural shifts.Neologisms can originate from various sources,including slang, jargon, technical terminology, or literary invention. They may be derived from existing words through processes such as affixation, compounding, or abbreviation. Blending and borrowing are also common methods of neologism creation, where elements from different languages or disciplines are fused to form new terms.The emergence of neologisms is a fascinating linguistic phenomenon that highlights the inherent creativity and adaptability of language. These new words and phrases provide insights into the zeitgeist of a particular era, allowing us to capture and express the nuances of our evolving culture.Neologisms play a vital role in language evolution, expanding the expressive possibilities of a language and enabling us to articulate new concepts, experiences, and ideas. They contribute to the richness and dynamism of our vocabulary, keeping language vibrant and relevant to the ever-changing needs of society.中文回答：新词，语言的创新。
newly-coined--words
• 指在家里度过假期。这种度假方式随着经 济形势恶化而开始流行
4
Baby dating娃娃相亲
• Baby dating describes a trend where young parents try to find playmates for their kids through online platforms just like adults who are looking for a date. They list detailed requirements for the potential “son/daughter-inlaw” and display pictures of their kids on different websites to attract attention.
2
green-collar 绿领
• green-collar is the kind of people who engage in the environmental sanitation, environmental protection, agricultural scientific research, forest green industry ,and those who love the outdoors and take the mountain as their dreams , especially those who take actions to proห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ect the natural environment .
词汇学答案1-4章
第一章1.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2. V ocabulary refers to the sum total of all the words in a language. In other words, vocabulary is composed of words and words make up vocabulary. If we compare vocabulary to a family, words are family members.3. Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their collection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree/tri:/ means 树in English because the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chinese people use/shù/(树) to refer to the same thing. This explains why people of different languages use different sounds to express the same concept. However, in the same languages, the same sound can denote different meanings, e.g. /rait/ can mean right, rite, and write.4. There are generally four major causes of the differences between sound and form.⑴There are more phonemes than letters in English, so there is no way to use one letter to represent one phoneme.⑵The stabilization of spelling by printing, which breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling. ⑶influence of the work of scribes, who deliberately changed the spelling of words and ⑷borrowing, which introduces many words which are against English rules of pronunciation and spelling.5 .Early scribes changed the spelling of many words while copying things for others because the original spelling forms in cursive writing were difficult for people to recognize, such as sum, cum, wuman, munk and so on. Later, the letter u with vertical lines was replaced with o, resulting in the current spelling forms like some, come, woman, monk. The changed spelling forms are more distinguishable to readers.6. Words of the basic word stock form the common core of the English language. They are the words essential to native speakers’ daily communication. Such words are characterized by all national character, stability, polysemy, productivity and collocability.7. a. loose woman b. fellow c. pistol d. great e. cowardf. fightg. policeh. drunki. womanj. girl8. haply = perhaps albeit= althoughmethinks = it seems to me eke= alsosmooth= truth morn= morningtroth= pledge ere= beforequoth = said hallowed= holybillow= wave/ the sea bade= bid9. Neologisms refer to newly-coined words or old words with new meanings. For example, euro(欧元),e-book(电子书),SARS(非典), netizen (网民), are newly-coined words. Words like mouse(鼠标),web(网络),space shuttle(航天飞机) etc. are old words which have acquired new meanings.10. By notion, words fall into content words and functional words. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverds and numerals, which have clear notions; whereas functional words are void of notions but are mainly used to connect content words into sentences. Content words are numerous and changing all the time, while functional words are small in number and stable. But functional words have much higher frequency in use than content words.11. Native words form a small portion of the English vocabulary, but they make up the mainstream of the basic word-stock which belongs to the common core of the English language. Compared with most loan-words, native words are mostly essential to native speakers’ daily communication and enjoy a much higher frequency in actual use.12. Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loanskettle confrere chopsticks dreamdie pro patria black humourskirt parvenu long time no seewall Wunderkind typhoonhusband Mikado第二章1. The Indo-Europe Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of the languages of Europe , the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European Language Family have different degrees of influence on English vocabulary . A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2.Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic (Lithuanian,Prussian, Polish, Slavenian, Russian, Bulgarian) Indo-Iranian (Hindi, Perian)Celtic (Breton, Scottish, Irish)Italic(Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Roumanian)Hellenic(Greek)Germanic(English, Swedish, German, Norweigian, Icelangic, Danish, Dutch)3.The vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly from one anther. OldEnglish has (1) a small vocabulary (50 000—60 000), (2) a small number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian only and (3) the words full of endings. Middle English has (1) a comparatively large vocabulary, (2) a tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin and (3) word endings leveled. Modern English has (1) a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary, (2) tremendous borrowings and (3) words with lost endings.Yes, we can divide the developments in other ways, for example, Old English period can be called Anglo-Saxon period. And Middle English might start from 1066, the time of Norman Conquest. But in doing so, the logical continuation of thee three phases of the original division is lost.4. It is receptivity and adaptability of the English language that make it possible for English to borrow heavily from other major languages of the world, so that the English vocabulary eventually has become heterogeneous.5. The popularity of English lies in the fact that English is ready to borrow from other languages and to adapt itself to new situations and new developments, that it has accepted elements from all other major languages and that it has simple reflection and a relatively fixed word order. All these make the language comparatively easy to learn and to use.6. course human events necessary peopledissolve political connected assume powersseparate equal station nature entitle decentrespect opinions requires declare causes impelseparationFrom the words picked out, we can see that most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What we left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.7. Latin borrowing can be divided into four phase: (1)Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,(2)Old English period, (3) middle English period and(4) Modern English period. Borrowings in the first period are mainly common words such as wall, wine, kettle and so on; words borrowed in the second period are mainly religious terms such as candle, nun, church; the third period saw word borrowed often via French such as frustrate, history, infancy and so on and in the forth period Words borrowed from Latin are usually abstract formal terms like status ,nucleus , minimum. 8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek +Latin ]Falsehood [Latin +English ] pacifist [Latin +Greek ]Saxophone [German +Greek ] heirloom [French +English ]Joss house [Portuguese +English ] television [Greek + Latin ]9. amateur (late) finace (late)Empire (late) peace (early)Courage (early) garage (late)Judgement (early) chair (early)Chaise (late) grace (early)Servant (early) routine (late)Jealous (early) savate (late)Genre (late) gender (early)Debut (late) morale (late)State (early) chez (late)Ballet (late)10. Jes persen’s comment reveals the importance of Scandinavian words in English. Just as people cannot live without bread and eggs, so English language cannot operate properly without Scandinavian words.11. allegro f . 轻快Alto i. 女低音Andante j 行板Crescendo b.渐强Diminuendo g. 渐弱Forte e.强Largo d.缓慢Piano h. 轻Pianoforte a.轻转慢Soprano c.女高音12. cherub（Hebrew）chipmunk(American Indian )Chocolate(Mexican ) coolie(Hindi)Cotton (Arabic) jubilee (Greek)Lasso (Spanish) loot (Hindi)Sabbath (Hebrew) shampoo (Hindi)Snorkel (German) tamale (Mexican)Tepee (American) tulip (Turkish)V oodoo (African) kibitz (German)Wok (Chinese) sauerbraten (German)13. a.alligator b.lococ.rodeod..bonanzae.igloof.blitzkriegg.wigwam h.canoei.hurricane j.boomerangk.poncho14. the characteristics of the contemporary vocabulary can be summarized as follows: (1) the vocabulary is huge in size and heterogeneous; (2) it has tremendous borrowings from all other major languages of the world; (3) the words have lost their endings; (4) it is growing swiftly by means of word-formation because of the development of science and technology, social, economic and political changes and influence of other cultures and languages.15. the major modes of vocabulary development of contemporary arecreation, that is by means of word-formation; semantic change, adding new meanings to old words; borrowing words from other language and revival of old-fashioned words, which has a insignificant role.第三章1.a.morpheme b.allomorphc.bound morphemed.free morphemee.affixf.inflectional affixg.derivational affix h.rooti.stem j.base2. inflectional morphemes are the suffixes added to the end of words to denote grammatical concepts such as –s(-es), -ed, -ing and –est (to show superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs) whereas derivational morphemes are prefixes and suffixes added to words to form new words such as pre-, dis-, un-, -tion, -er, -ness and so on.Grammatical morphemes are those used to show grammatical concepts, including inflectional suffixes as mentioned above and functional words (prepositions, pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs), for example, but, the, do and Was; lexical morphemes are derivational affixes including both prefixes and suffixes3. Individualisticindividualist + ic [stem , base]individual + ist [stem, base ]individu + al [stem, base ]in + dividu [root, stem, base ]undesirablesun +desirable [stem, base ]desir + able [root, stem, base ]free morpheme =free root4. morpheme{Bound rootbound morpheme { inflectional affixaffix{ prefixderivational affix {suffix第四章Enumerate the three important means of word formation and explain their respective role in the expansion of English vocabulary.The three means of word formation are affixation ,which creates 30% to 40% of the total number of new words ;compounding ,which brings 28%to 30% of all the new words.;and conversion ,which provides English with 26% of the new words.Affixation1.Affixation,also called derivation,is the formation of new words by adding affixes to stems.Affixation Includes prefixation and suffixation according to the types of Affixes used to forms new words.2.Prefixation is to create new words by adding prefixes to base while suffixation makes new words by adding suffixes to base.3.Generally speaking,prefixes do not change part of speech of base but only modify their meaning whereas suffixes do change part of speech but seldom modify the meaning of bases.4.The best way to classify prefixes is on the basis of meaning because prefixes only change the meaning of bases in general.5. non-smoker incapable impracticaldisobey insecurity irrelevant immature inability/disability unofficially unwillingness illegal disagreement illogical disloyal inconvenientnon-athletic6. harden horrify modernize memorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea. apologizeb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. to fattenf. falsify/hardeng. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianist h. examinee/examiner8.trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompounding1. The three criteria are(1)stress pattern, that is, stress in a compound falls on the first element but on the second in a free phrase, e.g. '- -(compound), - ' -(free phrase);(2)meaning, that is, the meanings of a compound is usually not the combination of the meaning of thecomponent parts, but the free phrase is, e.g. hot line(compound: busy line),hot potato(free phrase: potato which is hot);(3)grammatical unity, that is, the different elements form a grammatical unit, which does not allow internal change, e.g. easy chair(compound: a special arm chair),easier chair(free phrase: a less easy chair).However, every rule has expectations. The same is true of the criteria. Three are examples against each of the three rules.2. heartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [place + V.-er] baking powder [ adv+n.]far- reaching [Adv+v.-ing] dog-tired [adv + adj]lion-hearted [adv + n.-ed] love-sick [adv + adj]boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ adj+ n]on-coming [adv+v] tax-free [adv +adj]light-blue [adj + adj] goings-on [V +adv]Whereas conversation is the derivation of new words by adding zero affixes, such as single(adj.)→single(v.）.3. There are two ways to form verb compounds. For example, first name (v. from first name)and honeymoon (v. from honeymoon)are words created by means of conversion: words such as proofread (v. from proofreading)and chain-smoke (v. from chain smoker)are formed by means of backformation.4.well-bred 有教养的well-behaved 守规矩的culture-bound 含文化的homebound 回家的needle work 针织品homework 家庭作业praiseworthy 值得表扬的respectworthy 值得尊敬的bar-woman 吧女sportswoman 女运动员nationwide 全国的college-wide 全校的clear-minded 头脑清晰的strong-minded 意志坚强的military-style 军事风格的newstyle 新款self-control 自制self-respect 自尊budget-related 有预算的politics-related 与政治相关的water-proof 防水fire-proof 防火once-fashionable 曾经流行的once-powerful 曾经强大的news-film 新闻片news-letter 时事通讯mock-attack 演习mock-sadness 假悲伤sister-in-law 嫂/弟媳妇father-in-law 岳父/公公home-baked 自家烤的home-produced 自制的half-way 半途的/半路的half-done 半生不熟的ever-lasting 永久的ever-green 常青的age-conscious 年龄敏感的status-conscious 身份敏感的campus-based 以校园为基地的market-based 基于市场的Conversion1.conversion is the formation of new words by turning words of one partof speech to those of another part of speech. The term functional shift reveals the actual function of conversion,i.e.change of the functions of words.the term zero-derivation approaches conversion from the perspective of derivation because it is a way of deriving new words by adding zero affixes,hence zero derivation.2.Although both are called derivation ,suffixation is the derivation of new words by adding suffixes to bases,such as simple (adj.)→simplify（v.)G.modernizing h.sterilize7. a.employees b.politician c.participantsD.waitress e.conductor f.teacherG.pianist h.examinee,examiner8.trans-=across:transcontinental,trans-world9.Mono-=one:monorail,monoculture10.Super-=over,above:superstructure,supernatural11.Auto-=self:autobiography,automobile12.Sub-=below:subculture,subconscious13.Mal-=bad,badly:malpractice,malnutrition14.Mini-=little,small:minicrisis,miniwar15.Pre-=before:prehistorical,preelection16.Ex-=former:ex-teacher,ex-filmer3 The classes most frequently involved in conversation are nouns and verbs.4 Verbs converted to nouns usually are related to the original verbs in six different ways.The new nouns converted from verbs refer to （1）state of mind or sensation,e.g .desire(state of desiring); (2) event or activity ,e.g.swim (the activity of swimming );(3) result of the action,e.g. buy (the result of buying);(4) doer of the action,e.g.bore (the person whom bores); (5) tool or instrument ,e,g, paper (doing something with paper ) and (6) place,e.g. turn(the place of turning).Nouns converted to verbs are generally related to the original nouns in sever different ways . The new verbs usually mean (1) to put in or on the noun,e. g. peel (to remove the peel from );(4) to do with the noun,e.g. Shoulder (to do something with shoulder); (5) to be or act as the noun,e. g. tutor (to be the tutor) ;(6) to make or change into the noun, e.g. cash (7) to send or go by the noun ,e. g. ship (to send by ship).5.When adjectives are converted into nouns ,some are completely changed ,thus known as full conversation, and others are partially changed ,thus known as partial conversion.Adjectives which are fully converted can achieve a full noun status, i. e. having all the characteristics of nouns .That means they can take a / an shorts ,finals.Adjectives which are partially converted still keep adjective features.They should always be used with the ,and they cannot take -s/-esto show plural forms.Moreover ,the words can have comparative or superlative degrees: the poor ,the poorer ,the young, the very unfortunate.6.The changes occasionally involved are (1) change of spelling accompanied by pronunciation ,e. G. Life/laIf/→live/liv/ , breath /breɚ/→breathe /br i:ỏ/ and blood /blʌd/→ bleed / bli:d/ ;(2) change of pronunciation and stress ,e. g. use . n /ju :s / → use v. / ju:z / and permit n. /'p :mit/→ v. /p 'mit / and so on.7.a .stomach 【n.→v.】 b. Room 【n.→ v.】c. wolf [n → v]d. come/go [v → n]e. familiar [a → n]f. innocent [a → n]g. flat [a → n]h. ah/ ouch [int → v]i. warm [a → n]j. has-been/might-have-been [finite v → n]k. Hamlet [proper n → v]l. buy [v → n]m. smooth [a → v]Blendingmotel (mo tor + ho tel)汽车旅馆humint (hum an + int elligence) 情报advertisetics (advertise ment + statis tics) 广告统计学psywarrior (psy chological warrior) 心理战专家hoverport (hover craft + port) 气垫船码头chunnel (ch annel + t unnel) 海峡隧道hi-fi (hi gh + fi delity) 高保真音响cinemactress (cinem a + actress) 女电影演员Clippingcopter (heli copter) front clippingdorm (dorm itory) back clippinglab (lab oratory) back clippingprefab (pref abricated house) phrase clippinggas (gas oline) back clippingprof (prof essor) back clippingscope (tele scope) front clippingchamp (champ ion) back clippingsarge (serge ant) back clippingmike (mic rophone) back clippingad (ad vertisement) back clippingtec (de tec tive) front and back clippingAcronymy1.Yes, there is a difference between them. The difference lies in theformation and pronunciation. Initialisms are formations pronounced letter by letter, e.g. UFO(unidentified flying object), BBC(B ritish B roadcasting C orporation), VIP(very important person) and acronyms are formed to conform to the rule of spelling and pronunciation, that is, the words look and sound like ordinary words, e.g. AIDS/eidz/(acquired immune deficiency syndrome), MAD(mutually assured destruction), radar(radio detecting and ranging).2. kg =k ilogram ft=f oot cf =c onfercm=c entimeter $=d ollar ibid = i bidemetc. = e t cetera VIP=v ery i mportant p ersonOPEC=O rganization of P etroleum E xporting C ountriesTOEFL=t est of E nglish as a f oreign l anguage3. a. SALT b. radar c. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonar h. G-manBackformation1.It is true that both are means of making new words by removing theend part of the words . But they have differences . For aback-formed word , what is removed is the supposed suffix ,e.g.auth------author , donate------donation , loaf-----loafer , the forms–-or,--ion , --er coincide with the their suffixes . For back clipping , however , what is removed is usually different from the existingsuffixes ,e.g. ad------advertisement , gas-------gasoline ,exam------examination , etc.se (laser)escalate(escalator)Babysit (babysitter) peeve (peevish) Orate (orator) commute(commuter)Communization of proper namesa.Tantalize -------Tantalus : to tease or torment by keeping sth. wantedout of reachb.Argus-eyed--------Argus : to be extremely watchfulc.narcissim--------Narcissus : excessive admiration of oneself or one’sappearanced.sabotage-------Sabots : (1) to destroy or damage deliberately(2) deliberate damage ordestructione. martinet--------Martinet : strict /stern (military) trainerf . yahoo-------Yahoo : a lout or ruffiang. Shylock--------Shylock : a ruthless money lenderh. hovering-------Hoover : cleaning by using a vacuum cleaner。
2022年一二三卷大学英语四级考试真题及答案汇总
机密★启用前版权所有大学英语四级考试COLLEGE ENGLISH TEST-Band Four-(4WZSHI)试题册☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆敬告考生一、在答题前，请认真完毕如下内容：1. 请检查试题册背面条形码粘贴条、答题卡旳印刷质量，如有问题及时向监考员反应，确认无误后完毕如下两点规定。
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Section A Litstening Comprehension (30 minutes) Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of eachconversation. one or more questions will be askedabout what was said. Both the conversation and thequestions will be spoken only once. After eachquestion there will be a pause. During the pause, youmust read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D),and decide which is the best answer. Then mark thecorresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a singleline through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1 上作答1. A) They admire the courage of space explorersB) They enjoyed the movie on space explorationC) They were going to watch a wonderful movieD) They like doing scientific exploratron very much2. A)At a gift shopB) At a graduation ceremony.C) In the office of a travel agencyD) In a school library3. A) He used to work in the art galleryB) He does not have a good memoryC) He declined a job offer from the art galleryD) He is not interested in any part-time jobs4. A) Susan has been invited to give a lecture tomorrowB) He will go to the birthday party after the lectureC) The woman should have informed him earlierD) He will be unable to attend the birthday party5. A) Reward those having made good progressB) Set a deadline for the staff to meetC) Assign more workers to the project.D) Encourage the staff to work in Small groups6. A) The way to the visitor's parkingB) The rate for parking in Lot CC) How far away the parking lot is.D) Where she can leave her car.7. A) He regrets missing the classesB) He plans to take the fitness classes.C) He is looking forward to a better lifeD) He has benefited from exercise8. A) How to raise work efficiency.B) How to select secretariesC) The responsibilities of secretanesD) The secretaries in the man’s company.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9 A) It Is more difficult to learn than EnglishB) It is used by more people than English.C) It will be as commonly used as EnglishD) It will eventually become a world language10. A) Its loan words from many languagesB) Its popularity with the common people.C) The influence of the British EmpireD) The effect of the Industrial Revolution11. A) It includes a lot of words from other languagesB) It has a growing number of newly coined wordsC) It can be easily picked up by overseas travellersD) It is the largest among all languages in the worldQuestions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A) To return some goodsB) To apply for a job.C) To place an order.D) To make a complaint13. A) He has become somewhat impatient with the womanB) He is not familiar with the exact details of the goodssC) He has not worked in the sales department for long.D) He works on a part-time basis for the company14. A) it is not his responsibilityB) It will be free for large ordersC) It costs ￡15 more for express deliveryD) It depends on a number of factors15. A) Report the information to her superiorB) Pay a visit to the saleswoman in chargegeC) Ring back when she comes to a decisionD) Make inquiries with some other companiesSection BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions.Both the passage and the questions will be spokenonly once.After you hear a queslion, you mustchoose the best answer from the four choicesmarked A), B), C) and D). Then mark thecorresponding leltert on Answer Sheet 1 with a singleline through the centre注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1 上作答。
英文写作术语大全
英文写作术语大全（中英文对照）abstract words抽象词acknowledgement致谢active voice主动语态affirmative sentence肯定句agent施动者alliteration头韵ambiguity歧义American English美式英语analogy类比analytic expression分析型表达anastrophe词语倒装法anticlimax order突降法anti-rhetorical反修辞antithesis对照\对偶antonomasia换称antonym反义词apostrophe撇号(即') appositive同位语archaic words古词argumentation议论文argumentative writing议论文写作article冠词ascending order递增法association联想attitude态度audience听众awkwardness拙劣balanced sentence平衡句base词根beginning开头beginning paragraph开头段落between sentences句际bibliography书目big words大词block contrast批对比法body主体bookish verbs学究式动词brainstorming头脑风暴法brevity简练British English英式英语broken sentence破碎句capitalization用大写case study案例分析casual style非正式文体causal analysis因果分析cause-effect development由因到果发展法central thought中心思想Chinese interference中文干扰Chinglish中国式英语choice of words选词choppy sentence断续句循环圆周结构circumlocutory兜圈子的clarity明晰classical rhetoric古典修辞模式classification分类发展法clear reference of pronoun代词前指明晰clear sentence意义明晰句cliché陈词滥调climax order递增顺序clipped words词省略拼法closing paragraph结尾段落coherence连贯coherent连贯的cohesion粘着性cohesive device粘着手段collective noun集体名词collocation搭配colloquial口语化的colloquial context口语语境colloquialism口语化colon冒号combination句子合并组合法comma逗号common words普通词常用语communication means交际手段comparison比较法Complete essay checklist作品核查项目单complete sentence完整句complex sentence复杂句complimentary close结尾套语compound sentence复合句复杂复合句conceptual repetition概念重复法concise简洁conclusion结论concrete illustration具体阐明concrete words实义词confusing sentence意义混乱句conjunction连词connective联系词connotation内涵connotative meaning内涵意义conscious logic逻辑意识consistency一致性consistent diction选词一致性consonant辅音consultative style商谈体content内容context语境contraction省略contrast对比法controlling idea主要思想，conversion词性转换表达法co-occurrence共现coordinating conjunction复合句连词coordination复合correlation相关性corrupt English 迂腐英语cross-cultural writing跨文化写作culture文化curriculum vitae简历dangling modifier悬垂修饰语dash破折号dateline写信日期栏declarative sentence陈述句deduction演绎法deductive演绎逻辑的deductive argumentation演绎论证definite article定冠词definition定义法denotation外延denotative meaning外延意义descending order递降顺序description描写descriptive描述性的descriptive writing描写文development发展diagram图表说明diction选词differentiation区别digressive跑题、离题的，印象法描写的直接法direct thinking pattern直接了当的思维模式directions题义指令discourse pattern篇章模式distance from tone语调产生距离，偏离计划主题division分析分类法documenting the paper论文引证domesticating strategy归化战略domestication归化法drably表达干巴draft草稿effect-cause development由果到因发展法effective paragraph表述有力的段落effective sentence表达有力的句子effective variety表达有力的变化egalitarian(思维)平等化elaboration进一步详尽阐述electronic news media电子新闻媒体embedding structure内嵌结构emotional coloring感情色彩emphasis强调emphatic phrases强调性短语emphatic structure强调性结构emphatic words强调性词语ending结尾ending paragraph结尾段落English thinking英语思维English thinking characters英语思维特征English thinking pattern英语思维模式enumeration列举法epigrammatic effect隽语效果establish context确立语境establish rapport建立沟通基础euphemism委婉语evaluating information评估材料evidence证据exclamation mark感叹号exclamatory sentence感叹句exemplification举例法expected functions（信件的）期望交际功能expletive虚词\填充词explicit language明示的语言explicitness明示性exposition阐述文\议论文expository writing议论文写作expounding解释详细说明expressionism表现主义fallacy in argumentation论证谬误familiar熟悉的faulty parallelism错误平行feedback反馈fiery language情绪激动的语言figure of speech修辞filler words填充词first draft第一稿first-person point of view第一人称flashback倒叙focus中心foreignization外化法foreignizing strategy外化战略formal 正式的formal letter正式信函formal repetition形式重复法formal style正式文体formal words正式体词语formulating thesis statement写作主题句four-character expression(汉语)四字成语fragmental sentence破碎句free choice自由选择frequency of usage使用频率frozen expressions极正式用语frozen style极正式文体full spelling完全拼法full stop句号fullness(段落发展)充分性general connotation普遍内涵意义general pattern常见形式general words一般词汇generalization概括法general-specific pattern由概括到具体发展模式genres风格、体裁gobbledygook官样文章、冗长费解的语言grammatical devices语法技巧grammaticality符合语法性heading信头historical association历史联想hyperbole夸张法hyphen分号hyphenated words用连字号连接的词hyponymy下义关系hyponym下义词ideographic synonym相对近义词idiom成语idiomatic usage习惯用法illustration佐证imperative sentence祈使句impersonal非个性化的、客观的implicit language含蓄语言implicitness含蓄implied meaning隐含意义impressionistic description印象描写法indefinite article不定冠词indent行缩进in-depth analysis深度分析individual words独立个体词individualistic个性化induction归纳法inductive归纳法的inductive argumentation归纳法论证法inductive reasoning归纳法论证infinitive mark不定式标记inflexible and explicit logic刚性显性逻辑informal非正式的informal letter非正式信函information focus信息中心information missing信息遗漏informative提供信息的、提供知识的innuendo讽刺、暗指inside address信内地址interpretation of examples对例子的诠释interpretative reporting诠释性报告interrogative sentence疑问句interrupting expressions插入短语intimate亲密intimate style亲密体inverted pyramid form倒金字塔形式inverted word order词序颠倒法involved modifiers复杂修饰语involved sentence意义复杂句irony反语jargon行话journalese新闻体journalistic writing新闻写作justify the significance论证意义keep to the point紧扣主题key words关键词lack of inflection缺少词形变化language problem语言问题learned words学术用词lengthy passage过长段落letter信函levels of usage用法层次lexical reference句法前指法lexical stylistic devices句法风格技巧line shifting换行linear thinking pattern线形思维模式listing列举literal meaning字面意义literary context文学性语境literary works文学作品literature review文献回顾litotes反语法、间接肯定法、曲言法locating information搜索定位材料logical paragraphing逻辑分段法logical thinking modes逻辑思维模式，逻辑词逻辑短语logicalness逻辑性long sentence长句loose sentence松散句loss of style偏离一贯的风格main body主体main idea主要思想main point要点manuscript手稿、原稿margin页边距materials collecting材料搜集materials sorting材料析选maxim of manner方式次则maxim of quality质量次则maxim of quantity数量次则maxim of relevance相关次则meaning意义means手段mechanical English缺乏灵活的英语message信息messy混乱metaphor隐喻metonymy借代midget words小词、常用词militant tone态度强硬的语调misplaced modifier错位修饰语modifier修饰语monotony单调mood语态mood shifting语态转换mouth-filler口头禅narration叙述体narrative叙述体的narrative writing叙述体写作nature of English language英语语言本质neat整洁negative meaning负面意义negative sentence否定句newly coined words新撰词news report新闻报道news report top-heavy新闻报道的头重模式nominalization名词化non-literature works非文学作品nonrestrictive clause非限制性从句nonrestrictive phrase非限制性短语nonverbal language非言语语言（手势、表情等）noun-oriented sentence倾向名词化的句子novel小说number数number shifting数的转换objective description客观描写obscurity意义不明on equal footing（写作风格）平等化one-sentence paragraph一句段落onomatopoeia拟声词opening paragraph开头段落organization组织outline提纲oxymoron矛盾修饰法padded expression兜圈子的表达parady仿拟paragraph段落独立实体的段落paragraph development段落发展法paragraphing分段法parallel structure平行结构parallelism平行结构parentheses插入语\圆括弧parenthetical expressions插入语passive sentence被动句period句号periodic sentence圆周句person人称person shifting人称转换personal个体化的personal connotation对个体而言的内涵意义personal letter个人信函personification拟人化persuasive writing劝服性写作、以劝说为目的的写作phonetic stylistic device语音风格技巧phrasal verbs短语动词plain sentence相对修辞句的平白句plantification拟物point意义点point of view观点point-by-point contrast逐点对比polite礼貌体的poor English英语表达力贫乏的positional relation位置相关positivist-empirical经验实证性power of communication沟通力practical writing应用文写作precise word表达精确的词汇precision精确prefix前缀preparatory reading写作预备阅读preposition介词presenting ideas阐述观点prewriting写作前printed name of the sender印刷体写信人姓名printed news media印刷体新闻媒体problem-solution提出问题-解决问题的模式process程序法pronoun代词pronoun shifting代词转换proofread校对proper names专有名词public（语篇系统特征）公开性pun双关语punctuation标点punctuation mark标点符号purposefulness目的性Queen's English标准英语question mark问号quotation引用quotation mark引号quoted speech引语reader读者readers-oriented读者为中心的reader-responsible读者文责的reasoning论证redundant collocation多余搭配reference line参考行register语域句际关系relative noun关系名词relative synonym相对近义词repetition重复repetition of structure结构重复法report writing报告写作research paper writing研究报告写作restatement重申法resume 个人简历return address回信地址returning to the beginning照应开头法revise修改rhetoric修辞rhetoric of sentence句子修辞rhetorical analogy修辞类比rhetorical question反问句rhetorical words华丽用语round character性格充分体现的人物roundabout style迂回风格run-on sentence“连环”句salutation称呼语sample样本sarcasm讽刺semicolon分号sentencing组句setting场景shades of meaning隐含义short preposition短介词short sentence短句short story短篇故事signature签名simile明喻simple English简明英语simple sentence简单句simple words简单词sincerity真诚性singleness of purpose目的唯一性situation情景situationally appropriate于情景贴切的slang俚语social association社会联想special terms特殊术语specific words具体词汇speech口头言语spelling拼写stage步骤法statistics数据法strength of meaning意义力度strength of word词语力度stringy sentence“连环”句structural behavior结构行为style风格、文体style is the man风格即人style makes sense风格即成意义stylistic coloring文体色彩stylistic label文体标记stylistic reference文体照应stylistic synonym风格近义词stylistically appropriate于文体贴切的sub-ideas次思想subject主题subject line主题行subject-oriented以主题为中心的subject-verb agreement主谓一致subordination句子从属组合法subsidiary points副观点substantial verb实义动词substitution替代法sub-topics副主题suffix后缀summary摘要superordinate上义词，高级词suspense悬念syllable音节syllogism三段论、演绎推理symbolic符号的synaesthesia通感，同感synecdoche提喻synonym近义词syntactical stylistic device句法风格技巧synthetic expression综合型表达systematic系统性tense shifting时的转换terse passage简练的行文test writing应试写作textual distribution文稿布局the right style合适的风格theme主题third-person point of view第三人称timed writing限时作文title writing标题写作to preach训导式、说教式to reason讲道理、逻辑论证tone语调tones of voice语气topic 话题topic sentence主题句transferred epithet/ hypallage移就transition过渡transitional mark过渡标记transitional techniques过渡技巧truthfulness真实性types of characters人物性格类别ungrammaticality不符合语法性unity统一性unnatural shifting不自然转换usage用法variation趋势分析variety多样化verbal language言语语言verbalization动词化verb-oriented sentence倾向动词化的句子vigor力度vividness生动vocabulary词汇vogue slang流行俚语vowel元音vulgar words平民词语word class词类word division断词法word order词序word power单词表达力wordiness多话、罗嗦wordy罗嗦的writer-responsible作者文责的writer's purpose作者目的writing写作writing attitudes写作态度writing process写作过程writing purpose写作目的zero affix零缀\词性转换法zero derivation零缀\词性转换法。
身边的语言现象英语作文
身边的语言现象英语作文Title: Language Phenomena Around Us。
Language is a dynamic and fascinating aspect of human communication, constantly evolving and adapting to reflect cultural, societal, and technological changes. In this essay, we will explore various language phenomena observed in our daily lives, highlighting the impact of globalization, technology, and cultural exchange on the English language.One prominent language phenomenon is the influence of technology on vocabulary and communication patterns. With the rise of smartphones and social media platforms, abbreviations, acronyms, and emojis have become ubiquitous in written communication. For example, phrases like "LOL" (laugh out loud) and "BRB" (be right back) have transitioned from informal online jargon to commonly used expressions in spoken language. This blending of digital and verbal communication illustrates the adaptability oflanguage in response to technological advancements.Moreover, globalization has led to the integration of words and phrases from diverse linguistic backgrounds into the English lexicon. This phenomenon, known as lexical borrowing or linguistic borrowing, occurs when words are adopted from other languages due to cultural exchange, trade, or migration. For instance, culinary terms like "sushi" from Japanese and "taco" from Spanish have become mainstream in English-speaking countries, reflecting the multiculturalism inherent in modern society.Furthermore, language variation and dialectal diversity are notable phenomena observed within English-speaking communities. Regional accents, slang, and dialects contribute to the rich tapestry of linguistic diversity worldwide. For instance, in the United States, variationsin pronunciation and vocabulary are evident across regions such as the Southern accent or the distinct lexicon of African American Vernacular English (AAVE). Similarly, in the United Kingdom, differences in accent and dialect are prevalent between regions like London, Manchester, andGlasgow.Another intriguing language phenomenon is the emergence of neologisms and linguistic innovations resulting from cultural shifts and social trends. Neologisms are newly coined words or expressions that reflect contemporary issues, technology, or popular culture. For example, terms like "selfie," "twerk," and "YOLO" (you only live once) have gained prominence in recent years, indicating the influence of social media, celebrity culture, and youth-oriented trends on language usage.Moreover, language change and evolution occur not only through lexical innovation but also through shifts in grammar, syntax, and semantics. Over time, linguistic conventions may undergo subtle modifications, leading to the emergence of new grammatical structures or changes in word meaning. For instance, the use of the singular "they" as a gender-neutral pronoun has gained acceptance in English language usage, reflecting evolving attitudes towards gender inclusivity and linguistic representation.In addition to linguistic phenomena influenced by external factors, individual language acquisition and development also contribute to the richness and complexityof communication. Language acquisition theories, such as those proposed by linguists like Noam Chomsky and Lev Vygotsky, explore the cognitive processes underlying language learning in children and adults. These theories emphasize the role of innate linguistic mechanisms, social interaction, and environmental stimuli in shaping language acquisition and proficiency.In conclusion, language phenomena observed in our daily lives reflect the dynamic nature of communication and the interconnectedness of global society. From the impact of technology and globalization on vocabulary to the diversity of accents and dialects within English-speaking communities, language continues to evolve in response to cultural, social, and cognitive influences. By understanding and appreciating these language phenomena, we gain insight into the complexities of human communication and the ever-changing landscape of linguistic expression.。
english words
Chapter 4The Changing English V ocabulary1. Why are neologisms products of the constant change in the English language?2. What is a new word according to The Oxford Dictionary of New Words published in 1998?3. What is a new word according to The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Neuu Words published in 2003?4. Describe the definition of neologisms according to the author of this book?5. There are two main sources of new words in the English vocabulary ,what are they?6. In which years did the following new words appear in the English vocabulary?1) upload2) webcam3) webcast4) read-only memory ( ROM)5) search engine6) spam '7) space walk8) mad cow disease9) AIDS (an abbreviation of )10) SARS (an abbreviation of )11) SIDS (an abbreviation of )12) euro13) nuclear winter14) peace symbol15) spokespeople16) women's studies17) B-school18) homeschool19) electronica20) kung fu21) e-book22) e-commerce23) A T M (an abbreviation of )24) DVD (an abbreviation of )25) light pollution7. Do you know which test every student should take before the graduation of high school in the United States?8. When did the new expression whole language appear?9. Translate the following new words or new expressions into Chinese.1) hypermedia2) fax modem3) telemarketing4) telemedic ine5) information superhighway6) A TM7) digital camera8) disco9) Eurocurrency10) Eurodollar11) home page12) bullet train13) cell phone14) videophone15) picturephone16) sports medicine17) slimnastics18) power walk19) kung fu20) game ball21) autocross22) aerobics23) CAI24) sexism25) B-school26) electronic publishing27) grade point average28) womanism29) women's studies30) spokesperson31) newsperson32) communication gap33) credibility gap34) culture gap35) peace sign36) peace symbol37) teach-in38) peacenik39) call-in40) ableism41) Third Worlder42) freedom-rider43) Interpol44) green revolution45) cybercafe46) cybercitizen47) cybersurfer48) webcam49) webcast50) war on terrorism51) anti-Bush enthusiasm52) prisoner abuse scandal53) phase down54) global village55) first strike56) ECU57) domino theory58) V-chip10. Point out where the following words came from?1) earthrise2) e-commerce3) picturephone4) moonquake5) househusband6) G-mail7) fourth world8) airtel9) air bag10) apolune11. What are obsolete words?12. Obsolete words may be still used at the present time. Give examples for illustration.13. Why are changes in vocabulary much faster than changes in pronunciation and grammar?14. There are four tendencies in semantic changes. What are they?15. Give some examples of widening of meaning.16. Point out some examples of narrowing of meaning.17. Which words belong to elevation of meaning?18. Which words belong to degradation of meaning?19. What is a metaphor?20. How does a metaphor differ from a simile?21. There are three major groups of metaphors according to function and character. What are they?22. Which words can be used as metaphors? Give some examples for illustration.23. What is metonymy?24. Underline the following words or phrases belonging to metonymy.1) Shakespeare (Shakespeare's plays)2) with open arms3) It never entered his head to help me.4) This fine picture is the pride of my collection.5) The kettle is boiling.6) He has ￡20 in notes and ￡5 in silver.7) He drank a cup.8) She is a great beauty.25. What is synecdoche?26. Synecdoche has two kinds according to meaning: one is the part for the whole, the other is the whole for the part. Give some examples for each kind.27. What is euphemism?28. Why do we often use euphemism in daily life? Give some examples.29. Give the definition of middle terms.30. Give some examples illustrated by a diachronic development of words.31. Correct the errors in the following statements:1) The word rubbish in the Early Modern English period meant 'rubble,' but soon developed the meaning of a waste thing, anything worthless. So this is an example of narrowing of meaning.2) The word matter originally means 'timber. ' Now it has a lot of abstract meanings. For instance, The world is made of matter. This is a matter I know little about. I don't discuss private matter with my colleagues, etc. Therefore, the word matter is an example of elevation of meaning.3) The word hospital once meant 'a place for shelter or entertainment of travelers,' now it means 'a place where people are treated for illness or injuries. ' So the word hospital belongs to an example of widening of meaning.4) The word disease once meant 'discomfort,' now it refers to an illness. This is an example of widening of meaning.5) The word fond originally meant 'foolish,' now it refers to 'loving in a kind, gentle or tender way. ' Therefore we may say that the word fond is an example of degradation of meaning.6) The word minister originally meant 'servant. ' Now it has come to mean 'a person at the head ofa department of the government. 'Chapter 4The Changing English V ocabulary1. When a new product is made, a new conception comes into man's thought, and a new name must be found, that is, a new word appears in the language. Therefore, neologisms are products of the constant change in the English language.2. According to The Oxford Dictionary of New Words edited by Elizabeth Knowles with Julia Elliott, published in 1998, "A new word is any word, phrase, or sense that came into popular use or enjoyed a vogue in the given period. "3. According to The Ox ford Essential Dictionary of New Words edited by Erin Mickean, published in July 2003, "A new word is novel arrangement of letters with a meaning not quite duplicated by any other arrangement of letters. This is the ideal form of a new word. Like most ideals, this is rarer than we'd like. Real-world new words are messier. For one thing, new 'words' are often made up of more than one word—they're multiword lexical units, to be technical. Often, 'new' words are merely new senses of an existing word. .. A new word must earn its place in the dictionary by showing that people are using it—lots of people, in lots of places. .. This is great for proving that the new word is a solid citizen of the English language. "4. When we define neologisms or new words, two aspects should be considered. The first aspect is what new words are. The second aspect is when they appear and enter into the dictionary.The criterion of time concerning the birth and use of new wordsis very important, within the given period of time the newly coined words and words adding new meanings are called new words. Beyond the period they will become existing words, notnew words.From the above-mentioned aspects the definition of new words may be described asfollows; Neologisms are newly coined words or words that are given new meanings to fit new situations and new needs because of the social, economic, political, cultural, especially scientific and technical changes in the given period in human society. Considering that we live and work in the first years of the 21st century, the time about the appearance and use of new wordsshould be restricted among forty years from the sixties to the late nineties last century, especially within twenty years from the eighties to the late nineties last century.This is the criterion to distinguish neologisms or new words from existing words.In short, neologisms are new words and expressions used in the given period.5. There are two main sources of new words in the English vocabulary. The first source is the rapid development of modern science and technology. Modern science and technology bring about the addition of new words without numbers. They are the most important source of new words. Computing is a newly developing and widely used area in our modern society. Every day people including adults and children use computers to learn and know a lot of happenings in the world. So a great number of new words concerning computers appear constantly inModern English. A few new words are given below. The new word netizen is the blend of net and citizen, which appeared in 1994. It means 'an active participant in the online community of the internet. ' The new word cybercitizen means 'netizen'. It appeared also in 1994. The new word extranet was coined in 1995. It denotes 'a network (as of a company) similar to an intranet that also allows access by certain others (as customers or suppliers). ' The word intranet is also a new word created in 1995. It means ' a network operating like the world wide web but having access restricted to a limited group of authorized users (as employers of a company). 'The second source of new words is political, economic, and social changes. Political, economic, and social changes are another important source of new words. Their influence on the English vocabulary is as great as that of science and technology. So we shouldn't neglect the importance of this source. The new word e-commerce appeared in 1993. It refers to 'commerce conducted via the internet. ' The new expressions digital versatile disc (1995) and digitalvideo disc (1993) are derived from the new word DVD (1993) , meaning 'a high-capacity optical disk format; an optical using such a format and containing especially a video recording (as a movie) or computer data. ' The new word SARS is an abbreviation of severe acute respiratory syndrome that appeared in 2003. It is also known as atypical pneumonia used in China in 2003. 6. 1) The new word upload used as a verb appeared in 1983.2) The new word webcam appeared in 1995.3) The new word webcast was coined in 1995.4) The new expression read-only memory (ROM) appeared in1966.) The new expression search engine appeared in 1984.6) The new word spam was created in 1994.7) The new expression space walk appeared in 1965.8) The new expression mad cow disease appeared in 1988.9) The new word AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) appeared in 1982.10) The new word SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) appeared in 2003.11) The new word SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) appeared in 1970.12) The new word euro was coined in 1981.13) The new expression nuclear winter appeared in 1983.14) The new expression peace symbol appeared in 1970.15) The new word spokespeople appeared in 1972.16) The new expression women's studies appeared in 1972.17) The new word B-school was coined in 1967.18) The new word homeschool was coined in 1980.19) The new word electronica was coined in 1994.20) The new word kung fu was created in 1966.21) The new word e-book appeared in 1988.22) The new word e-commerce appeared in 1993.23) The new word A TM (automatic teller machine) appeared in 1976.24) The new word DVD (digital versatile disc) appeared in 1995.25) The new expression light pollution appeared in 1971.7. Before the graduation of high school in the United States, every student should take a test, called the Scholastic Assessment Test. The short form is SA T. The SA T is a four-hour test with a perfect score of 1, 600. The top score is 800 on both the verbal and math sections.8. The new expression -whole language appeared in 1984.9. 1) hypermedia 大型传媒装置2) fax modem 传真调制解调器3) telemarketing 电话销售4) telemedic ine 远距离医学5) information superhighway 信息高速公路6) A TM 自动出纳机7) digital camera 数码相机8) disco 迪斯科9) Eurocurrency 欧洲货币10) Eurodollar 欧洲美元11) home page 网页12) bullet train 高速客车，高速列车13) cell phone (1984) 手机14) videophone (1950) 可视电话15) picturephone (1956) 可视电话16) sports medicine 体育医学，运动医学17) slimnastics 减肥操，健美操18) power walk 负重疾步行走19) kung fu 功夫，拳术20) game ball 庆功球，决定胜负的关键球21) autocross 汽车竞技运动会，越野赛车22) aerobics 气健术，增氧健身法23) CAI 计箅机辅助教学24) sexism 性别歧视，性别偏见25) B-school 商业管理学院26) electronic publishing电子〈电脑）出版27) grade point average 平均积分点28) womanism 争取女权主义29) women's studies 妇女问题研究30) spokesperson 发言人，代言人31) newsperson 记者32) communication gap 交际沟33) credibility gap 信誉沟34) culture gap 文化沟35) peace sign V字形和平手势36) peace symbol 和平标志37) teach-in 宣讲会38) peacenik 反战示威者，反战积极分子39) call-in (：电台）来电直播节目40) ableism 体格健全至上主义41) Third Worlder 第三世界的人42) freedom-rider 自由之行示威者43) Interpol 国际刑瞀组织44) green revolution 绿色革命，农业革命45) Cybercafe 网上咖啡店46) cybercitizen 网民47) cybersurfer 网上冲浪48) webcam 网上摄像49) webcast 网上广播50) war on terrorism 反恐战51) anti-Bush enthusiasi 反布什情绪52) prisoner abuse scanc 虐俘丑闻53) phase down 逐步缩减，分阶段减少54) global village 全球村55) first strike 使用第一次核打击武器的先发制人56) ECU欧洲货币单位A MANUAL ON EXERCISES AND REFERENCES57) domino theory 多米诺骨牌理论58) VchipV芯片10.1) The word earthrise came from sunrise.2) The word e-commerce came from e-mail.3) The word picture phone came from videophone.4) The word moonquake came from earthquake.5) The word househusband came from house-wife.6) The new word G-mail came from e-mail.7) The phrase fourth -world came from third -world.8) The word airtel came from hotel.9) The phrase air bag came from handbag.10) The word apolune came from aphelion.11.Obsolete words are called archaisms, which are not used now except for special purposes.12. Obsolete words may be still used at the present time. The English proverb Many a little makesa mickle is a good example for illustrating this point. Here mickle, an obsolete word, means 'large amount. ' The proverb is still in common use.13. From the sociolinguistic point of view we know that vocabulary not only changes, but also changes quickly. Changes in pronunciation and grammar are much slower, but changes in vocabulary are much faster. When people have met with new objects and new ideas, they have need of new words to express them. In the course of the development of language old words die out, new words is added and existing words change their meanings. It is obvious that the gradual change of meaning in words is a universal feature of human language.14. Sense development of English words can be divided into four groups according to the range of their usage and the altitude towards their uses. Change in the denotative component of the lexical meaning may result in the extension of meaning and the narrowing of meaning. Change in the connotative component may bring about the elevation of meaning and the degradation of meaning.15. The extension of meaning, or widening of meaning, refers to the extension of the range of the lexical meaning. Extension of meaning is one of the most common features in the history of English words. The example of widening is the word rubbish, which in the Early Modern English period meant 'rubble,' but which soon developed the wider meaning of a waste thing, anything worthless. There is one more example. The word catalyst is not only a technical term used in chemistry meaning 'a substance which, without itself changing, causes chemical activity to quicken,' but also a common word, when used figuratively, e. g. The workers' demand for higher wages was a catalyst in a difficult state of affairs, and led to important social changes.16. An example of narrowing of meaning is the verb to starve. The word originally meant simply 'to die.' In Middle English it was specialized to mean 'to die of cold,' but in the sixteenth century it meant 'to die of hunger. '17. Words often rise from a humble beginning to a positions of greater importance because of social changes. Elevation of meaning is also a special kind of narrowing of meaning. The word success has changed its meaning from ' result' to 'good result.' The word comrade is derived from Spanish for 'roommate,' but now it means 'fellow member of a political party, etc. '18. Words with a commendatory meaning may become ones with a derogatory sense. The word -wench once meant ' a young woman, or girl, especially in the country,' now it means 'a lewd woman, prostitute. ' The word disease once meant 'discomfort,' now it refers to an illness.19. A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage. Here, a stage is a metaphor.20. "He and his brother are as like as t-wo peas. " is a comparison between two unlike elements,that is, human beings and peas. So as like as t-wo peas is a simile. The simile may be expressed by the use of the connecting words-like, as, as. .. as, sometimes by the use of than, as if, or as though. In a metaphor the connecting words are not used, e. g. Imperialism is a paper tiger. Here paper tiger is a metaphor.21.There are three major groups of metaphors according to function and character. They are:1) anthropomorphic metaphors, such as: the hand of a clock.2) animal metaphors, such as: a black sheep.3) synaesthetic metaphors, such as; a golden opportunity.22. Some nouns and their adjectives or verbs can be used as metaphors. Take a few sentences for example; Although he's less talented, he won by sheer dogged persis tence. Here dogged is an adjective, meaning 'determined; not giving up easily. ' On the whole, the students seemed serious and hard-working, but they confined themselves to parroting textbooks. Here parrot is a verb, meaning 'to repeat without thinking or understanding.23. Metonymy is an important factor in the shift of meaning that involves substitution of the name of one thing for that of another closely associated with it.24.1) Shakespeare2) arms3) head4) pride5) kettle6) silver7) cup8) beauty25. Synecdoche is a figure of speech that involves the substitution of the part for the whole or the whole for the part.26. Synecdoche may be classified into two kinds according to meaning:1) the part for the whole:We are no longer short of hands. Here hand means ' worker, helper. '2) the whole for the part; The doctor cut him open and took out the appendix and stitchedhim up again. Here him refers to a part of his body.27. Euphemism is the substitution of a word of more pleasant connotation for one of unpleasant connotation. In short, an euphemism is a false word substituted for the true word in order to soften the shock of reality.28. Euphemism is often used in speaking of things that are painful and distressing to think about. Death is one of these things and the English language is full of euphemism like;to pass away (for formal use)to decease (for legal use)to kick the bucket (a slang)to go west (dated slang)An economic crisis is another subject for euphemism. The prewar word slump was soon replaced by the word depression, then the word depression was replaced by the word recession. Now the word recession is replaced by the word downturn. Nowadays people often say downtown instead of saying ' economic crisis. '29. Middle terms in English belong to a specific kind of ameliorative and pejorative developments. Middle terms are words which are neutral in meaning and take on favorable or unfavorable significance according to their different contents. The word fortune, for instance, is a middle term, because it may be either good or bad, but the adjective fortunate was a positive value. Take one sentence for example, He's fortunate enough to enjoy good health.30. Changes of lexical meaning can be illustrated by a diachronic development of words. Although objects, conceptions, ideas, etc. change in the course of time, the name is retained, the meaningchanges because the object which it describes has changed. The word car, for instance, is a good example. The word car was borrowed through the Anglo-French word carre and directly from the Latin word carra in 1301, plural of carrus, meaning 'two-wheeled vehicle for carrying foods.' The word car was first applied to the automobile in 1895, that is to say, it means 'a usually four-wheeled automotive vehicle designed for passenger transportation. '31.1) ... So this is an example of widening of meaning.2) ... Therefore, the word matter is an example of widening of meaning.3) ... So the word hospital belongs to an example of narrowing of meaning.4) ... This is an example of narrowing of meaning.5) ... Therefore we may say that the word fond is an example of elevation of meaning.6) No mistake.。
英语百年新词汇 A Word a Year-1904-2004
英语百年新词汇A Word a Year:1904-2004以下是英国牛津词典评选的最有意识的百年年度新单词，你知道每个单词出现的历史背景吗？Very few words are coined in isolation. Each neologism holds a clue, however faint, of the time in which it was created. The following choice of a single word from each of the last hundred years is inevitably subjective, since hundreds of new words are being created at any one time. Nonetheless, collectively these words give a distinct picture of the shifting preoccupations of the 20th century and the early years of the 21st. The dates of cheeseburger or mobile phone may surprise.1904 hip1905 whizzo1906 teddy bear1907 egghead1908 realpolitik1909 tiddly-om-pom-pom1910 sacred cow1911 gene1912 blues1913 celeb1914 cheerio1915 civvy street 1916 U-boat1917 tailspin1918 ceasefire1919 ad-lib1920 demob1921 pop1922 wizard1923 hem-line1924 lumpenproletariat 1925 avant garde 1926 kitsch1927 sudden death 1928 Big Apple1929 sex1930 drive-in1931 Mickey Mouse 1932 bagel1933 dumb down 1934 pesticide1935 racism1936 spliff1937 dunk1938 cheeseburger 1939 Blitzkrieg1940 Molotov cocktail 1941 snafu1942 buzz1943 pissed off1944 DNA1945 mobile phone 1946 megabucks 1947 Wonderbra 1948 cool1949 Big Brother 1950 brainwashing 1951 fast food1952 Generation X 1953 hippy1954 non-U1955 boogie1956 sexy1957 psychedelic1958 beatnik 1959 cruise missile 1960 cyborg 1961 awesome 1962 bossa nova 1963 peacenik 1964 byte1965 miniskirt 1966 acid1967 love-in 1968 It-girl1969 microchip 1970 hypermarket 1971 green1972 Watergate 1973 F-word 1974 punk1975 detox1976 Trekkie 1977 naff all 1978 trainers 1979 karaoke1980 power dressing 1981 toy-boy1982 hip-hop1983 beatbox1984 double-click 1985 OK yah1986 mobile1987 virtual reality 1988 gangsta1989 latte1990 applet1991 hot-desking 1992 URL1993 have it large 1994 Botox1995 kitten heels 1996 ghetto fabulous 1997 dot-commer 1998 text message 1999 google2000 bling bling 2001 9/112002 axis of evil 2003 sex up 2004 chav。
小学二年级两人英语情景对话精选
【导语】书⼭有路勤为径，学海⽆涯苦作⾈。
学习从来就不是⼀件轻松地事情，⼩学阶段要注重培养学⽣对待学习能坚持投⼊进去的决⼼，把学习当成⼀种使命。
尤其学习⼀门外语，不像汉语有天然的环境熏陶优势，更加需要学⽣去坚持。
以下是整理的资料，希望有帮助到您。
【篇⼀】 Jenny遇到⼀个不认识的单词，她去请教朋友Caleb.原来那是个络⽤语说起上聊天，两⼈各有看法。
英语情景会话 (以下J代表Jenny.C代表Caleb) J: Hi, Caleb. What does "BTW" mean I just heard of "BMW". C: "BTW" is the abbreviation of "by the way". It is often used when chatting online. J: No wonder I see it many times a day. C: Do you often chat online? J: Yeah, I find it eng to talk with strangers. C: I can't believe you are so into charting with strangers. It's dangerous. J: Easy, man. But it's actually interesting to meet different people this way. C: Anyway, be careful not to give out your personal information. J: Don't you often chat online? C: My friends and family are those I often chat with. J: You will hear and see them with a headphone and a web camera. C: Yes. Thanks to the Internet, we can chat with people wherever they are.【篇⼆】 Cherry在给妈妈写信，Jane认为发电邮更⽅便，Cherry告诉她写信⽽不⽤电邮的原因。
新型 英文单词
新型英文单词English:"Neologisms, or newly coined words, are constantly emerging in the English language to accommodate technological advancements, cultural shifts, and societal changes. These words often reflect innovations in technology, such as 'selfie' and 'emoji,' which have become ubiquitous in modern communication. Similarly, terms like 'app,' 'streaming,' and 'vlog' have gained widespread usage due to the rise of digital platforms and online content creation. Neologisms also capture evolving social dynamics, with phrases like 'cancel culture' and 'woke' reflecting changing attitudes and awareness. Moreover, the blending of words, known as portmanteaus, like'brunch' (breakfast + lunch) and 'infomercial' (information + commercial), exemplifies the linguistic creativity inherent in English. Additionally, slang and jargon contribute to the lexicon, with expressions like 'yeet,' 'flex,' and 'on fleek' permeating youth culture and online discourse. The dynamic nature of language ensures that new words will continue to emerge, enriching the vocabulary and reflecting the evolving landscape of human experience."中文翻译:"新词汇，或者说是新近创造出的词汇，在英语中不断涌现，以适应技术的进步、文化的变迁和社会的变化。
奇葩作文介绍英语
奇葩作文介绍英语Have you ever come across an English essay that was so peculiar, it left you either scratching your head or chuckling in amusement? The English language, with its rich tapestry of expressions, idioms, and cultural nuances, offers a fertile ground for the creation of some truly bizarre pieces of writing. In this essay, we will delve into the world of quirky English essays, exploring what makes them stand out and how they can be both a source of entertainment and a learning opportunity.The Origins of QuirkinessThe English language has a history of borrowing words and phrases from other languages, which can sometimes lead to unusual combinations. Additionally, the evolution of slang and colloquialisms contributes to the birth of quirky expressions. When these elements are woven into an essay, they can create a piece that is as fascinating as it is peculiar.The Anatomy of a Quirky Essay1. Unconventional Topic Selection: Quirky essays often tackle subjects that are off the beaten path, offering fresh perspectives on mundane topics or exploring the absurd.2. Creative Word Usage: The use of obscure words, neologisms(newly coined words), and playful manipulation of language can make an essay stand out.3. Irregular Structure: Breaking away from traditional essay structures, these essays may employ non-linear narratives, fragmented sentences, or even poetry.4. Humorous Tone: A good dose of humor is often the hallmark of a quirky essay, with the writer using wit and satire to engage the reader.5. Cultural References: Pop culture, historical anecdotes, and literary allusions can add layers of depth and oddity to an essay.The Purpose of QuirkinessWhile it might seem that the purpose of a quirky essay is purely to entertain, these pieces can also serve educational purposes. They can challenge readers to think critically, expand their vocabulary, and appreciate the flexibility and creativity inherent in the English language.Examples of Quirky Essays1. "The Great Punctuation Debate": An essay that personifies punctuation marks and stages a theatrical debate over which is the most essential.2. "A Day in the Life of a Comma": A first-person narrative from the perspective of a comma, detailing its importance andthe adventures it encounters in sentences.3. "The Secret Life of Idioms": An exploration into the origins and modern interpretations of popular idioms, with a twist of speculative fiction.ConclusionQuirky essays are a testament to the boundless creativitythat the English language can inspire. They are not just a source of amusement but also a tool for language enthusiasts to explore the limits of expression and communication. So, the next time you come across an essay that seems to defy the norms, embrace its eccentricity and appreciate the ingenuity behind it.。
英语新词 作文
英语新词与作文创新In the dynamic and ever-evolving world of language, English, as a global lingua franca, constantly welcomes new words and phrases. These neologisms, or newly coined words, reflect the pulse of contemporary society, encapsulating trends, technologies, and cultural shifts. Theirintegration into the English lexicon not only enriches the language but also presents unique challenges and opportunities for writers, especially those tasked with crafting essays.The emergence of new words often coincides with significant cultural or technological advancements. For instance, terms like "blog," "smartphone," and "selfie" emerged to describe the digital revolution and its impact on our lives. Similarly, "climate change," "sustainability," and "biodiversity" reflect our increasing awareness of environmental issues. When writing about these topics, the use of these terms can add authenticity and relevance, making the essay more engaging for readers.However, the integration of neologisms into essays requires caution. Firstly, it is crucial to ensure that thereader understands the meaning of the new term. Providing context or a brief definition can help clarify the intent and avoid confusion. Secondly, writers should avoid overusing new words for the sake of novelty. Excessive use can detract from the clarity and coherence of the essay, making it difficult for readers to follow the argument.Moreover, while new words can enhance the vocabulary and expressiveness of essays, they should not replace traditional or more established terms. A balance between the old and the new ensures that the essay remains both accessible and contemporary. For instance, while "smartphone" is a widely accepted neologism, it is still essential to use "mobile phone" when writing for a broader audience to ensure comprehension.In conclusion, neologisms add vitality and diversity to English essays. They provide writers with a unique tool to capture the essence of contemporary issues and trends. However, their use should be selective and strategic, ensuring that the essay remains clear, coherent, and engaging for readers. By carefully integrating neologismsinto their essays, writers can create powerful and thought-provoking works that resonate with their audience.**英语新词与作文创新**在英语这门动态且不断发展的语言中，作为全球通用语的英语不断接纳新的词汇和短语。
100 newly coined Chinese words
100 newly coined Chinese words网络用词方面：1、悲催的意思指运气很差，很失意很可怜，而且很悲剧的意思2、普通青年、文艺青年、2B青年普通青年是正常的人的表现。
文艺青年是妖娆比较妩媚有点娘的感觉还掺杂着一些艺术气息。
2B青年做事的行为有些疯狂超乎别人想像的甚至在一般人眼中很傻。
3、屌丝节屌丝节的日期是是11.14日，11月象征屌丝的光棍月，14日是毅丝节，两个日期结合就是成了屌丝节。
4、杯具拼音bēi jù，和悲剧谐音，就是悲剧的意思。
例如：00后开始恋爱了，90后开始离婚了，而80后的我还单身着，唉，杯具啊……人生就像一个茶几上面摆满了杯具和餐具。
而本身就是杯具的我们还非加上茶叶自以为与别人没有茶具（差距）。
我们在沉默中灭亡，成了文具；在沉默中爆发，成了火炬。
我们想明哲保身，都成了面具。
我们想一鸣惊人，都成了京剧。
不能再次相聚，执手相看泪眼，成了默剧。
生活是自己的杯具，别人眼里的洗具。
.5、小清新有文艺范儿，偏爱清新、唯美的文艺作品，喜爱清新文字，购物分享等生活方式深受清新风格影响的一批年轻人，被叫做“小清新”。
6、你妹【尼妹】你妹最早用于骂人等贬义词，用来被网友朋友之间大量使用，成为一个符号，在说话前加上这么一句，你妹，有点诙谐幽默，和尼玛等类似。
甚至熟人之间常用于这词，也表示双方关系很好，增加说话的语气，不过最好生人之间不要使用这词，很容易让别人误会是在骂你。
你妈（尼妹）在论坛等方面是可以随便使用的。
7、蛋定蛋定（Dàn dìng）谐音“淡定”，“镇定/冷静”的意思“蛋疼”有看似无病呻吟，其实满腹委屈之意，所以“蛋定”兼有虽然委屈却以沉默表现的意思。
8、纳尼纳尼（哪尼，那尼）【拼音】nǎní的意思就是日语“什么”的意思，惊异同时也有点疑惑。
纳尼来源于日本动漫，现在网络和口语也越来越多的使用。
还有其它类似用语：哦尼桑（哥哥）；卡哇咿（可爱）；9、火星文火星文的意思：随着互联网的普及，年轻网民为求彰显个性，开始大量使用同音字、音近字、特殊符号来表音的文字。
20世纪英语词汇扩充因素和发展模式探微
03 30 收稿日期 ：2011“英语辞典史 ” （ 项目编号号：09YJA740026 ） 和广东商学院 2008 年度校级 科 研 一 般 基金项目 ： 教育部人文社会科学 2009 年研究项目 “英语学习词典的文体信息研究 ” （ 项目编号：08 YB74001 ） 阶段性成果之一 。 项目 作者简介 ： 张相明， 男， 广东商学院讲师， 华南师范大学博士研究生 。
Contributing Factors and Developing Modes of English Vocabulary in the 20 th Century
ZHANG Xiang-ming （ School of Foreign Studies ，Guangdong University of Business Studies ， Guangzhou 510320 ，China ） Abstract ： Among the main languages of the world ，English has the largest vocabulary ，though its history is comparatively short． The 20 th Century witnesses the fastest increase of English vocabulary． Vocabulary is a sensitive element in the language ，keeping a record of its development． This paper attempts ，in the time order of newly coined words ，to trace the development of the 20 th Century ’ s English vocabulary ，from the perspectives of contributing factors and developing modes． The paper aims to describe the trends in English vocabulary development and help in English vocabulary acquisition． Key words ： English ； vocabulary ； 20 th Century ； contributing factors ； developing modes ； vocabulary acquisition 作为文化的重要载体和构成要素的语言一直 处于发展和 变 化 之 中 。 20 世 纪 逐 渐 演 变 成 为 国 际通 行 语 的 英 语 更 是 如 此， 经 历 了 词 形、 词 义、 词 汇、 读音 、 语法 、 使用范围 、 使用人数和影响力等各 个层面的巨大变化 。 英国是世界上第一个工业化 国家， 是 19 世 纪 和 20 世 纪 早 期 世 界 上 最 强 大 的 强盛时期的大英帝国在 20 世纪初达到了顶 国家， 峰， 拥有世界上四 分 之 一 的 陆 地， 号 称“日 不 落 帝 （ Sun － never － set Empire ） 。 进 入 20 世 纪 以 国” 来， 美国逐渐在政治 、 经济 、 军事 、 文化等方面称雄 全球 。 英美两国的霸主地位使得英语成为这个时 期世界上最通 行 、 最 强 势 的 语 言。 “19 世 纪 开 始
三头一掌的英文单词
三头一掌的英文单词The English word that describes having three heads and one hand is "tricranio-monodexter." This strange and unusual word might seem like something out of a fantasy novel or a science fiction story, but it actually has real roots in the English language. Words like tricranio-monodexter are known as neologisms, which are newly coined words or expressions that have not yet been widely accepted into mainstream language. Neologisms often arise out of the need to describe new concepts, ideas, or phenomena that do not have existing vocabulary to accurately convey their meaning.这个英文单词描述了一个拥有三个头和一只手的生物，这个词是“tricranio-monodexter”。
这个奇怪而不寻常的词似乎来自于一个幻想小说或科幻故事，但实际上它在英语语言中有着真实的根源。
像tricranio-monodexter这样的词被称为新词，是指尚未被广泛接受为主流语言的新造词或表达。
新词往往由于需要描述新的概念、想法或现象而产生，这些概念、想法或现象没有现有的词汇来准确传达它们的含义。
The creation of neologisms like tricranio-monodexter can be a fun and creative process that allows language users to play with wordsand language in new and exciting ways. It can be a form of linguistic experimentation that stretches the boundaries of traditional language use and opens up new possibilities for expression and communication. Neologisms can also reflect the ever-evolving nature of language and society, as new words are continually being coined to describe and make sense of the changing world around us.像tricranio-monodexter这样的新词的创造过程可以是一种有趣和创造性的过程，让语言用户以新颖有趣的方式玩弄词汇和语言。
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100 newly coined English words1. Sandwich Generation - a generation of people who are caring for their aging parents while supporting their own children 三明治一代（上有老下有小的一代人）2. spy ware - software that is installed in a computer without the user's knowledge and transmits information about the user's computer activities over the internet 间谍软件3.himbo- attractive, vacuous male徒有外表却无内涵的男人4.mouse potato - someone who spends a great deal of time on the computer电脑虫（跟couch potato <电视虫>有异曲同工之妙）5.ring tone - the sound made by a cell phone to signal an incoming call手机铃音6. Google--look for information on the Internet in a quick way搜索（在互联网上快速查找信息）7.avian influenza - a highly variable mild to fumigant influenza of birds that is caused by strains of the influenza A virus which may mutate and be transmitted to other vertebrates -- also called bird flu 禽流感8.biodiesel - a fuel that is similar to diesel fuel and is derived from usually vegetable sources 生物柴油（从蔬菜中提取）9.gastric bypass - surgical bypass operation that typically involves reducing the size of the stomach and reconnecting the smaller stomach to bypass the first portion of the small intestine so as to restrict food intake and reduce caloric absorption in cases of severe obesity 胃绕路手术（减小胃的容积，达到减肥的作用）10.soul patch - a small growth of beard under a man's lower lip 男人下唇下面的一小撮胡子11.Supersize - the fast food industry phrase for extra large meals. 超级大餐belmate - a singer or musician who records for the same company asanother 同属一个唱片公司的艺人13.wave pool - a large swimming pool equipped with a machine for producing waves 冲浪池14.drama queen - a person given to often excessively emotional performances or reactions 小题大做、大惊小怪的人15.unibrow - a single continuous brow resulting from the growing together of eyebrows 左右眉毛长在一起16.manga - Japanese comic book or graphic novel 日本连环漫画册17.Gigong - an ancient Chinese healing art involving meditation, controlled breathing, and movement exercises 气功18.big-box - of, relating to, or being a large chain store having a boxlike structure “大盒子”式的商店19.agritourism -Backpacking through places like rural China is one from 农业旅游20.polyamory - the state or practice of having more than one open romantic relationship at a time 脚踏两只船21. empty suit- bad boss坏老板22. Automatically--如魔术般自然发生Something has happened that is unexplained or seems almost magical. Eg: “I tried to put that piece in twice, but on the third try, it automatically fit”.23.Steam punk 蒸汽朋克One of the new words in English 2010 that is actually an old concept, “steampunk” is a science fiction genre with steam-powered machinery, people in Victorian clothing, with plenty of gears and goggles. “The Time Machine”, “20,000 Leagues Under the Sea”, and “Frankenstein” are steam punk novels.24.LBD小礼服,小黑裙(LBD)作为传世的经典，每年都会有新花样，而今年的特点在于“短”——性感的裹胸款式、迷你尺寸的裙长。
有着褶皱细节的小黑裙、花型扣饰手链、质地特别的黑色手镯,饰有蝴蝶结的露趾高跟鞋.“Little black dress”–typically short on both top and bottom, with little decoration, and useful for nearly any occasion. It is minimal to call attention to the wearer without distracting.25 viral an image, video, advertisement, etc., that is circulated rapidly on the Internet: the rise of virals in online marketing.26. BFF n. (pl. BFFs) informal a girl’s best friend:my BFF’s boyfriend is cheating on her.– ORIGIN 1996: from the initial letters of best friend forever.27.big media n. [treated as sing. or pl.] the main means of mass communication (i.e., television, radio, and the press), as opposed to blogs or other personal websites.28.bromance n. informal a close but nonsexual relationship between two men.– ORIGIN early 21st cent.: blend of brother and romance.29.carbon credit n. a permit that allows a country or organization to produce a certain amount of carbon emissions and that can be traded if the full allowance is not used.30.carbon offsetting n. the counteracting of carbon dioxide emissions with an equivalent reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.31.cloud computing n. the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.32.credit crunch n. a sudden sharp reduction in the availability of money or credit from banks and other lenders: the beleaguered company has become the latest victim of the credit crunch.33.eggcorn n. a word or phrase that results from a mishearing or misinterpretation of another, an element of the original being substituted for one that sounds very similar or identical (e.g., tow the line instead of toe the line).– ORIGIN early 21st cent.: with reference to a misinterpretation of acorn.34.gal pal n. informal a female friend.35.green audit n. an assessment of a business in terms of its impact on the environment.36.green-collar adj. denoting or relating to employment concerned with products and services designed to improve the quality of the environment: green-collar jobs.– ORIGIN on the pattern of white-collar and blue-collar.37.hashtag n. (on social networking websites such as Twitter) a hash or pound sign (#) used to identify a particular keyword or phrase in a posting.38.hater n. a person who greatly dislikes a specified person or thing: a man hater | he’s not a hater of modern music.informal a negative or critical person: she found it difficult to cope with the haters. 39.hockey mom n. informal a mother who devotes a great deal of time and effort to supporting her children’s participation in ice hockey.40.homeshoring n. the practice of transferring employment that was previously carried out in a company’s office or factory to employees’ homes.– ORIGIN early 21st cent.: on the pattern of offshoring.41.homesourcing n. another term for homeshoring.– ORIGIN early 21st cent.: on the pattern of outsourcing (see outsource).42.hypermiling n. the practice of making adjustments to a vehicle or using driving techniques that will maximize the vehicle’s fuel economy.– DERIVATIVES hypermiler n.43.Interweb n. humorous the Internet.44.lipstick lesbian n. informal a lesbian who favors a glamorous, traditionally feminine style.45.LMAO abbr. vulgar slang laughing my ass off.笑得屁股都掉了。