写作提高的五项基本要求
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写作提高的五项基本要求
余明朝陕西省商南县高级中学
在高中英语教学中,书面表达绝对是难点。一提起书面表达教师摇头,学生害怕。教师利用大量时间和精力批改书面表达,结果收效甚微。学生写作书面表达确实为难,思来想去就是不知从何下手。久而久之,教师不想布置书面表达作业,学生不想写作书面表达。这种两难境地迫使我们不断探索书面表达写作技巧,提高书面表达水平。
一、最大限度纠正语言方面错误
1.力求用词准确。由于对所学单词用法掌握不够,理解不深,再加上每次写作中没有养成良好的字斟句酌的习惯,在写作时随心所欲,经常出错。
(1)形容词的用词不当。例如:
Because of the hard wind ,the firemen had much difficulty in putting out the fire.
I am not used to thick tea.
句中用词不当的毛病是用hard 修饰wind 和用thick修饰tea。出错的原因在于平时学过“The wind is blowing hard.”“They lived a hard life before liberation.”。于是就认为hard也可以作定语修饰wind。另外,也学过thick 当表语描写smoke,意思是“浓、稠” ,于是就用thick 修饰tea。其实,上述两句中都应用strong去修饰wind和tea。学习新词时,要注意观察,看能不能发现“旧词新搭配”、“旧词新义”。把意思相近的词进行归纳辨析。如big和large这两个词最常见的词义辨析是: big一般指体积,large一般指面积。例如:
Asia is the largest of the continents of the world.
The sun is a big ball of fire.
(2)介词的用词不当。例如:
Under the help of his classmates, he made rapid progress.
Is there anything interesting on today’s paper ?
He told the story with French.
在以上三个句子中,正确的介词应分别是with ,in ,in。出错的原因就是学生根据介词的中文意思来选用介词,而不注意介词和宾语的搭配。介词宾语对选用介词有时会有一定的影响,但也不能只根据介词宾语来决定用什么介词。我们来看下面这些句子:A monkey is playing in the tree.There are some apples on the tree.The villagers are enjoying the cool under the tree.Red squirrels hibernate inside trees.以上句子的介词宾语都是tree ,但所用介词却不同。导致这些变化是由于句中的某些词或词组或固定搭配。
(3)动词的用词不当。多见于动宾搭配不当。例如:
Would you like to join our evening party ?
Jack won Tom in the tennis match.
第一句中的join应改为take part in ,第二句中的won应改为beat。我们平时在学习中要注意词义和后面跟什么宾语,这些宾语可以是双宾语、复合宾语、不定式短语、动名词短语、句子等等。仔细观察句中动词与哪些词的搭配关系最密切。把与该词意思相近的词或词组,或该词以前的搭配用法和现在的用法作比较,根据各个词的用法特点,采用最简易的方法区分用法上的不同。最后熟记该词新的词义和新的搭配用法,以备在实际的语言交际中模仿使用。
2.前后不一致。所谓前后不一致不光指主谓不一致,还包括数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等。例如:
When one have money, he can do what he want to .
I was told that he has been looking for a new job all through the summer.
第一句中one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理,want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致。第二句中主句的时态为一般过去时,而宾语从句的时态却用了现在完成进行时。应改为:I was told that he had been looking for a new job all through the summer.
3. 句子不完整。在口语中,交际双方可借助手势、语气、上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解。但是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会使意思表达不清,这种情况常常在主句写完以后,又想加些补充说明时发生。例如:
There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio ,newspaper and so on .
本句后半部分“for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句。应改为:There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV, radio ,and newspaper.
4. 悬垂修饰语。是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。例如:
At the age of ten, my grandfather died.
To do well in college, good grades are essential.
第一句中“at the age of ten”只点出十岁时,但没有说明“谁”十岁时。按一般推理不可能是my grandfather。如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了。可改为:When I was ten, my grandfather died.第二句中不定式短语“to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚。可改为:To do well in college, a student needs good grades.
5.不间断句子。例如:
There are many ways we get to know the outside world.
这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside w orld.”。两者之间缺少衔接,简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。应改为:There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world.
6. 累赘。语言以简洁为贵,即:写句子没有一个多余的词;写段落没有一个不必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组;能用词组的不用从句或句子。例如:
In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.
I received a letter that came from Beijing.
第一句的“the fact that he is lazy”是同位语从句,我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为:In spite of his laziness, I like him.第二句可以改为:I received a letter from Beijing.
7.词性的滥用。在写作中只注意汉语意思而忽略了词性。例如:
If the road is busy,don’t across.
She successed in doing her work.
第一句误把介词across当动词。应改为:If the road is busy,don’t cross.第二句误把名词success当动词。应改为:She succeeded in doing her work.
8.碎句现象。碎句就是短句。书面表达中过多使用碎句,会破坏信息的连贯性,使表达的内容显得罗嗦、拖沓。通常通过使用同位结构、非谓语动词、介词短语、独立主格结构、复合句等形式可将碎句巧妙地合并在一起。例如:
I love my father.I love my mother.They are the greatest parents in my eyes.三个零碎的句子
只是简单地堆积在一起,使得内容枯燥,没有达到写作的效果。修改为:I love my parents.They are the greatest parents in my eyes.
二、少写汉语式英语句子。不少学生在写作书面表达时易受汉语习惯影响, 所写句子虽然语法正确, 却不符合英语表达习惯, 造成不少汉语式英语病句。例如:
误: He cost five yuan to buy a dictionary.
正: It cost him five yuan to buy a dictionary. 或The dictionary cost him five yuan.