关于房地产发展的文献综述
(完整word版)房地产可行性研究文献综述
目录房地产可行性研究文献综述 (2)摘要 (2)关键词 (2)一、前言 (2)二、正文 (3)（一）房地产可行性研究的发展及现状 (3)（二）房地产可行性研究的基本概念和内容、作用 (3)1房地产可行性研究报告 (3)2用途 (4)（三）各学者专家对可研的研究、观点 (4)（四）案例 (5)1项目概况 (5)2市场分析 (6)3开发方案定位 (10)4经济评价 (11)5项目风险评价 (12)6结语 (12)三、总结 (12)四、参考文献 (12)房地产可行性研究文献综述摘要:本文运用综合分析和归纳的方法，通过中国知识网和万方数据等数据库，运用高级检索方法，在“篇名”处输入了“房地产投资”和“可行性研究”两个关键词，搜索有关房地产可行性研究的相关学术论文，然后按照时间排序，选择了近十几年关于房地产可行性研究的50篇学术论文作为参考文献，进行综合分析，概述了房地产项目可行性研究的重要性，认为是否能够做好房地产项目可行性研究已经成为决定房地产投资成败的关键。
最后得出了如下结论：房地产项目可行性研究是房地产开发决策分析过程中的重要环节，也是房地产开发项目投资决策，申请银行贷款，投资方与各有关外协单位洽谈合同的重要依据。
通过对开发项目的全面分析、论证和评估，从而保证它在技术上可行、经济上合理、风险上可控、节能和环保效果明显、社会效益显著[1]。
在房地产开发过程中加强可行性研究的科学性与合理性，可以减少投资决策的盲目性，提高房地产企业的经济效益和促进城市土地的合理使用，从而使房地产市场健康发展和不断完善[2]。
关键词：房地产、房地产项目、可行性研究、项目投资一、前言随着我国城市化发展步伐的加快，城市人口的增加以及国民经济的飞速增长带动了我国房地产行业的蓬勃发展，房地产项目投资的高收益也使其逐渐成为一种重要的投资工具。
然而，随着我国房地产价格经历的前所未有的膨胀，部分城市房价的非理性疯长，带来了诸多社会问题，也引发了国家一轮又一轮的宏观调控，尤其是2010年“新国十条”、“国五条”的出台，对房地产市场影响越来越大[3]。
文献综述2
价值工程在房地产开发全生命周期的应用探讨针对价值工程在房地产开发中的应用背景和意义，周彦科和学者张强分别在《价值工程在房地产项目中的应用》、《基于全生命周期的项目价值管理的研究》中提出：自改革开放以来,中国建筑业随着国民经济的快速发展而发展,尤其是20世纪90年代中国实行社会主义市场经济以来,中国的建筑业更是取得了蓬勃的发展,近十几年来,中国的建筑业一直保持稳步增长。
房地产行业是关系到国计民生的特殊行业，关联度和带动性极强，同时又是国民经济的支柱产业。
随着房地产行业的进一步发展、市场竞争加剧，以及人们对于居住消费要求越来越高，住宅项目的操作需要深入研究分析购房者的真正居住需求，正确地处理好住宅小区各部分功能和成本之间的关系。
从我国国内现实的发展情况看，房地产开发企业作为房地产市场的主体也将在发展中发挥重要作用，他们对价值工程的应用将从被动变为主动，成为推动价值工程在中国房地产行业发展的重要力量。
［4］从国外的经验来看,价值工程能适应建设项目的自身需求,将价值工程的思想应用于项目的建设与管理之中,无疑会产生巨大的经济效益与社会效益,对促进我国工程建设也将具有重大意义。
推动价值管理在建筑企业中的发展和应用,不仅可以提高建筑企业的经营管理水平,也为价值管理的应用拓展更为广阔的空间。
为此,有必要通过对建筑业全生命周期价值管理的现状进行分析,探讨价值工程在工程项目全生命周期的各个阶段的应用,以期使工程价值得到更好实现,推动我国价值工程的进一步发展。
［2］目前国内外对于价值工程在房地产开发全生命周期的应用主要集中在以下几个方面。
1价值工程界定1.1价值工程概念学者张金兰,纪鹏飞等认为价值工程(Value Engineering简称VE)是指通过相关领域的协作,对所研究对象的功能与费用进行系统分析,不断创新,旨在提高所研究对象价值的思想方法和管理技术。
［7］学者秦立公在《价值工程理论在我国建设项目投资过程中的应用研究》认为价值工程是一种研究方案创新与优选的管理技术与思想方法。
《房地产公司财务风险研究国内外文献综述2500字》
房地产公司财务风险研究国内外文献综述1．国外研究现状Edward I. Altman .（2017）在结合前人的基础上，给财务风险管理构建出了一套既全面又完善并且十分完整的框架，这个框架可以用于企业的风险管理中，能够提高企业处理潜在风险的效率，很大程度上可以降低企业的财务风险，提高企业的竞争力。
Christopher J. Clarke .（2018）认为，界定一个企业所面临的财务风险的大小时，需要考虑到该企业财务管理活动中实际现金流的波动状况，并提出在一定的时间内，如果实际的现金流波动的幅度越小，则代表着该企业在这个时间段的投资活动越成功，所带来的投资收益会更好。
Bartram S M 和Brown G W（2019）认为，房地产行业的发展前景主要受到国家政策的影响这种现象，房地产行业的正常经营和稳定发展，与国家宏观政策的动态变化有着很大的关系，因此企业要想制定出科学且有效的管理机制，必须要以掌握国家的宏观政策为前提。
Deakin, E. B. A.(2019）首次采用财务比率的方法来预测企业财务风险，以非破产企业与破产企业作为研究对象，研究样本数为19家公司，他主要调查这些公司的财务数据，将其财务数据作为因变量，他判断该企业是否存在财务风险利用的是净利润、股东权益比以及负债比三个指标进行评估的。
James G. Van.(2019)认为，完善的企业财务防范管理能力对于企业来讲至关重要，如果企业存在财务风险就会导致这个企业存在经营风险，会面临着破产的风险。
因此Alexandre Ttindade(2018)针对财务风险问题提出了一些见解，他认为，避免财务风险的出现可以建立完善的财务经济体系，利用体系来保证企业风险有人管理，这样会降低发生经济问题，有利于企业的发展。
就像Song J.(2019)说的那样，房地产作为高收益的行业，必然会存在高风险，风险和收益是成正比的。
但是为什么会存在财务风险呢？就像Zhao S, Zeng M.(2019)所说的，是因为市场经济就会存在一定的不确定性，市场就会存在风险，这类风险一般就是财务风险，财务风险的出现既有内部原因，也有外部因素。
房地产上市公司盈利能力分析文献综述
文献综述(20_ _届)房地产上市公司盈利能力分析房地产行业盈利能力分析研究综述摘要：盈利能力是指企业获取利润的是衡量上市公司业绩的基本指标，直接关系到投资者、债权人和其他利益关系人的利益。
目前国内各学者和评估机构在对上市公司盈利能力分析指标进行研究，多数是对企业的盈利能力、偿债能力、成长能力和经营效率进行综合评估，并且多是运用主成份分析方法或者是多元统计分析中的因子分析方法，运用因子分析模型，对几个指标进行考核按各指标的重要性不同确定各指标在综合评价时的权重。
然后在各单项指标考核评分的基础上乘以每项指标的权数然后相加得到总分，根据这个得分的高低来给企业进行排序，以此来对上市公司财务状况进行综合评价。
关键词：房地产；盈利能力一、关于盈利能力概念的界定张丽（2010）认为盈利能力是指企业获取利润的能力是衡量上市公司业绩的基本指标，直接关系到投资者、债权人和其他利益关系人的利益。
白羽（2008）指出盈利能力是指企业获取利润的能力。
利润是企业内外有关各方都关心的中心问题，利润是投资者取得投资收益、债权人收取本息的资金来源，是经营者经营业绩和管理效能的集中表现，也是职工集体福利设施不断完善的重要保障。
因此，企业盈利能力分析十分重要。
屈丽华（2005）觉得财务分析一般来讲需要从四个方面的能力进行着手，即企业获利能力，偿债能力，成长能力以及经营效率能力。
赵选民、张晓阳（2009）认为盈利能力是上市公司获取利润能力的简称，反映了企业当前收益水平和今后收益的持久性及增长性，是投资者进行投资决策的重要依据。
房地产行业是我国国民经济的支柱产业，具有资金投入量大、投资回收期长、资产负债率高等特点。
赵荣荣（2009）认为盈利能力通常是指企业在一定时期内利用各种经济资源赚取利润的能力，是各部门生产经营效果的综合表现。
它既能反映企业在一定时期的销售水平、获取现金流水平、降低成本水平，又能反映资产的营运效益、获得报酬回避风险的水平及未来增长潜能。
REITs——文献综述
REITs——文献综述REITs——文献综述引言房地产投资信托(REITs)是一种受到全球关注的金融工具，它扮演着连接房地产市场与资本市场之间的桥梁。
REITs作为一种通常由许多投资者集资而设立的机构，其主要目的是投资于不动产，产生租金收入并通过资本增值来获得回报。
本文对REITs相关的研究文献进行综述，旨在展示REITs在不同国家和地区的应用、影响因素以及发展动态。
一、REITs的发展背景与意义1.1 REITs的起源与发展REITs起源于1960年代美国，由于美国政府政策对其租金收入免税的优惠，使得REITs获得了快速发展的机会，成为一种受到广泛关注的投资工具。
随着时间的推移，越来越多的国家和地区开始引入REITs作为推动房地产市场与资本市场发展的手段。
1.2 REITs的意义与作用REITs在全球范围内的应用越来越广泛，其在房地产投资领域发挥着重要的作用。
首先，REITs提供了一种灵活、高效的融资渠道，帮助房地产开发商筹集资金。
其次，REITs为普通投资者提供了一种低门槛、分散风险的房地产投资方式。
最后，REITs的引入促进了房地产市场的透明度和规范化。
二、REITs的国内外应用比较2.1 美国REITs市场美国的REITs市场是全球最大、最发达的市场之一。
美国REITs市场主要分为股权型和抵押贷款型两种类型，前者主要投资于不动产股权，后者主要通过房地产抵押贷款进行投资。
美国REITs市场的特点是规模庞大、种类繁多，不同类型的REITs适应不同的投资需求。
2.2 亚洲地区REITs市场亚洲地区的REITs市场在近年来迅猛发展。
其中，日本是亚洲地区最早引入REITs的国家之一，其具有规模大、制度完善等特点。
新加坡、香港和韩国等地也逐渐形成了较为成熟的REITs市场，吸引了众多投资者的关注。
2.3 中国REITs市场的前景与挑战尽管中国在2019年推出了首只REITs基金，但中国的REITs市场仍处于起步阶段。
房地产相关文献综述范文
房地产相关文献综述范文English Answer:Real Estate Literature Review.Real estate is a vast and complex field, with a wide range of topics that have been studied by researchers. This literature review provides an overview of some of the key areas of research in real estate, including:Real estate markets: The real estate market is a complex system that is influenced by a variety of factors, including economic conditions, interest rates, and government policies. Researchers have studied the dynamics of real estate markets to understand how they operate and how they can be affected by changes in the economy.Real estate investment: Real estate is a popular investment vehicle, and researchers have studied thefactors that affect the performance of real estateinvestments. These factors include the location of the property, the type of property, and the investment strategy used.Real estate development: Real estate development is a complex process that involves the planning, design, and construction of new properties. Researchers have studied the factors that affect the success of real estate development projects, including the market demand for new properties, the cost of development, and the regulatory environment.Real estate finance: Real estate finance is a complex area of study that involves the financing of real estate investments. Researchers have studied the different types of real estate融资, such as mortgages, equity financing, and mezzanine financing. They have also studied the factors that affect the cost of real estate financing, such as the interest rate, the loan-to-value ratio, and the creditworthiness of the borrower.These are just a few of the key areas of research inreal estate. The field of real estate is constantly evolving, and new research is being conducted all the time. This literature review provides a brief overview of some of the most important areas of research in real estate, and it is intended to serve as a starting point for further research.中文回答：房地产相关文献综述。
《房地产项目成本控制问题研究国内外文献综述2300字》
房地产项目成本控制问题研究国内外文献综述1国外研究现状国外成本管理理论的发展经历了几百年的研究，其成本管理理论的发展随着公司竞争环境而变化。
20世纪初，美国管理学家泰勒在《科学管理原理》一书中提出了科学管理的理论，哈佛商学院的《会计控制法》中首次引入了成本管理。
20世纪80年代，英国研究者西蒙提出了战略成本管理理论，在此基础上，美国管理研究者杰克·桑克于1993年发表了《战略成本管理》，将战略成本管理的理论方法变成了具体的、系统的变革。
近年来，Young don Jerome (2019)提出成本管理战略是经营战略的全过程，是公司经营战略的基石，所以成本战略中存在的问题，就像经营战略中存在问题一样，都要认真的考虑。
首先，要确立让客户满意的企业管理战略目标，不同层次的客户会有不同层次的要求，随着企业竞争的加剧，企业若是能把握好各种客户的心理需求，就有可能成功的取得这个开发项目。
房地产的价格会随着地域的不同而存在差异，成本越低，企业的价格就越有竞争性，那么获利的空间也会越大，但必须明白，成本管理的结果是由客户决定的，客户对公司产品是否满意直接决定了成本管理的成败。
Brenden Beck (2020)建议将战略成本管理理念应用于公司生产经营中的计划项目管理。
研究表明，战略成本会计的目标是全面和长期地管理成本。
针对技术性建设项目，建立覆盖全过程的造价管理体系成为必然，把所有设计项目过程纳入造价管理。
李欣根据波特的核心竞争力理论提出在成本管理的核心竞争力的基础上，加强基于现代知识特别是大数据以及人工智能的使用。
James Konkais (2020)建议，房地产公司一般都是资产负债比率比较高的公司，这在一定程度上对向银行借入资金的数量产生了影响。
房地产公司必须承担起保证现金流的重要任务，积极拓展融资渠道，选择需要的阶段资本、企业的资本状况和资本回报率。
尤其是，同时投资于几个房地产开发项目的公司面临很高的资本压力，几个项目的开发必须通过融资来保证，同时避免过度使用资本和高资本成本。
房地产上市公司的盈利能力分析文献综述
文献综述房地产上市公司的盈利能力分析在我国经济快速发展的过程中，上市公司无疑在其中扮演了重要角色。
随着证券市场的不断地完善，投资者的投资理念也越加成熟，他们不仅关注上市公司股票的涨跌，也开始关心公司偿债能力、经营能力、盈利能力、发展能力等。
其中对上市公司的盈利能力尤为关注。
近年来，对于投资者来说房地产行业是一个的敏感且颇有争议的行业，因此也给了这个行业更多的关注。
许多投资者和学者也利用各种方法，建立各种模型对房地产上市公司的盈利能力进行全方位的分析研究，如何能真实的评价和反映上市公司的盈利能力也成为研究的重中之重。
国内外学者对上司公司盈利能力的研究发现，许多因素对公司盈利能力都有影响，但由于采用的方法和选取的标准不同也就有了许多不同的观点。
1企业盈利能力评价方法的国内外研究1.1国外研究对企业盈利能力的评价是为了实现企业战略目标，运用特定的指标和标准，采用科学的评价方法，对企业盈利状况以及未来的盈利潜力做出的一种判断。
我国对企业的盈利能力的研究起步较晚而在国外从20世纪初开始就有学者企业的盈利能力进行研究了。
Frederick Winslow Taylor（1911）建立了许多成本计量指标并在《科学管理原理》中提出了科学管理理论，根据成本计量标准量与实际发生量的比较结果，对企业经营绩效进行评价。
这是通过成本费用利润率来评价企业的经营活动的绩效。
Peter.M.Drucher（1950）经过实证研究，提出企业绩效评价的八项指标，指出利润最大化虽然是企业的主要目标，但却不是唯一的目标。
从此人开始思考企业盈利评价不应仅仅停留在盈利数量上O'Glove(1978)发表了一份投资报告《收益质量》，详细提出了收益构成的分析方法，提出盈利质量必须得到重视。
至此盈利质量正式得到关注。
在之后的六七十年代大多学者开始探索用其他各项指标来评价企业盈利能力。
Melnnes（1971）对美国30家跨国公司的财务绩效分析系统进行评价，发现最常用的的评价指标是投资报酬率。
房地产相关文献综述范文
房地产相关文献综述范文English Response:Introduction.Real estate plays a significant role in the global economy and individual financial planning. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the key concepts, theories, and empirical research related to real estate investment and development. It examines the factors influencing real estate markets, investment strategies, and the impact of real estate on economic growth.Real Estate Market Fundamentals.Supply and Demand: Changes in the supply and demandfor housing and commercial properties drive market prices and rental rates.Property Attributes: Location, size, amenities, andarchitectural features influence the value of a property.Market Segmentation: Residential, commercial, industrial, and land segments have distinct characteristics and demand drivers.Market Cycles: Real estate markets typically follow cyclical trends, influenced by economic conditions and government policies.Investment Strategies.Residential Investment: Purchasing and renting out single-family homes, apartments, and other residential properties for rental income.Commercial Investment: Acquiring and managing office buildings, retail spaces, industrial warehouses, and other commercial assets.Land Development: Purchasing raw land and convertingit into residential, commercial, or industrial propertiesfor sale or lease.REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts): Publicly traded companies that invest in a portfolio of real estate assets, providing investors with diversification and access to institutional-grade investments.Impact on Economic Growth.Job Creation: Real estate development and maintenance create employment in construction, property management, and other related industries.Tax Revenue: Property taxes are a major source of revenue for local and state governments.Investment Catalyst: Real estate investment canattract businesses, infrastructure development, and overall economic activity.Conclusion.Real estate is a complex and multifaceted asset class. Understanding the market fundamentals, investment strategies, and impact on economic growth is essential for informed decision-making by investors, developers, and policymakers. This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the key concepts and research in the field of real estate.Chinese Response:引言。
房地产市场周期文献综述及外文文献资料
本份文档包含：关于该选题的外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献文献信息标题: Toward a New Metrics for the Evaluation of the Social Added Value of Social Enterprises作者: Evans, Richard D期刊名称: Business Perspectives；第21卷；第1期；页码：44-49年份: 2012.Real Estate Cycle Conditions & Their Main Economic DriverEvans, Richard DCommercial real estate in the Memphis area is weathering a recession, as are markets nearby and across the nation. Integra Realty Resources (IRR) provides an annual real estate market cycle analysis that listed the Memphis, St. Louis, and Tulsa office markets as being in that company's stage two of recession at the beginning of 2011, while Nashville had moved into stage three - the last and lowest point of recession. Recession in their taxonomy is characterized by high-and increasing vacancy rates and moderate-to-low new construction. Construction being completed generally would not have been deemed feasible if conditions had been anticipated as construction began. Recession definitions also include low absorption, where new sales and rental rates may be so low that there is negative net absorption.The IRR real estate market cycle description also includes a non-real estate statistic. "Low-to-Negative Employment Growth" is a formal part of a standard real estate cycle definition of recession. Other real estate perspectives give employment trends the highest status in explaining real estate demand. For example, candidates for status as Certified Commercial and Investment Members (CCIMs) of the Realtors learn to forecast demand in every sector of commercial real estate by forecasting local area employment in their required course, "Market Analysis for Commercial Real Estate, CI 102." Real estate brokers learn how to identify base industries for local areas by studying employment proportions across industries, to compare thoseproportions to national figures (for "location quotients"), and to study trends in employment that show local area industry strengths and weaknesses relative to overall national trends in employment and trends within industry categories.This article describes two sets of real estate market cycle reports for the various commercial real estate sectors - from Professor Glenn Mueller's Cycle Monitor - Real Estate Market Cycles (downloadable free from its sponsor Dividend Capital at ) and from Integra Realty Resources' IRR-Viewpoint. IRR Memphis data come from Walter Alien, noted member of the Appraisal Institute and a member of the Board of Integra Realty. Since the labor market is recognized as the key demand driver for all real estate, this article also shows how Shelby County labor markets have developed over the last ten years, applying the analysis now learned by many CCIMs.Real Estate Cycle ConditionsThe IRR-Viewpoint 2011 showed stage two recession conditions in not only the Memphis office market, but also the retail market, as well as the St. Louis retail market. Nashville was deeper in recession, at stage three, but the Tulsa retail market had moved from recession into the first stage of recovery. The Memphis apartment market was rated as having moved through the recession trough to the first of three steps of recovery, along with Tulsa and St. Louis. Nashville was still in stage three recessions. The Memphis industrial market was the only one of these four regional markets to show the first signs of recovery at the start of 2011.The most recent Mueller report is for the third quarter of 2011. The Dividend Capital Cycle Monitor rates national markets in one of sixteen stages of his model of the real estate cycle, where stage one is at the trough between the low point of the recession and the first onset of recovery, and stage sixteen is just before the end of recession. Stage sixteen comes just before stage one. Across the U.S., office markets were in the trough at stage one, including Memphis, New Orleans, Oklahoma City, and St. Louis. Nashville was one step out of the trough at stage two. Retail markets in Memphis, Nashville, St. Louis, and the overall U.S. market had just moved from stage one to stage two, joining Oklahoma City, but leaving New Orleans. Apartments werejust out of the trough at stage two in Memphis, Oklahoma City, and St. Louis. New Orleans stayed in cycle trough conditions, while the overall U.S. retail market and Nashville moved to stage three. Industrial and warehouse markets in the U.S., Memphis, Oklahoma City, and St. Louis stayed in stage two, while Nashville and New Orleans industrial markets stayed in the trough of the real estate cycle. In Mueller's cycle model, feasible new construction seems far away, at stage eight. Given the long lags common in real estate development, builders may start tentative planning and acquisition steps soon, hoping to time development so as to be "shovel ready" when stage eight occurs.After the second quarter of 201 1 , Memphis office markets are in Mueller's stage one trough, along with St. Louis, Oklahoma City, New Orleans, and the nation on average. Nashville is one step ahead in beginning its office market recovery. Memphis industrial markets are in stage two, along with the national average and St. Louis and Oklahoma City. Lagging behind at stage one in the industrial markets are Nashville and New Orleans. For apartment markets, Memphis is in stage two, as are Oklahoma City and the national average. Nashville leads in this asset type in stage three, but St. Louis and New Orleans remain in the trough of the recession. Retail is largely still in recession trough conditions for the national average and for Memphis, Nashville, and New Orleans. In these data, Oklahoma City rated stage two status in its recovery, reflecting second quarter 201 1 conditions in retail.To summarize the real estate cycle conditions, many Memphis regional commercial real estate markets are still in recession, some are in the trough between recession and recovery, and a few have taken the first tentative steps out of the trough. Commercial real estate markets have suffered recessions in other cycles from speculative overbuilding. It seems that the latest cycle is different, despite high vacancy rates. A view of the labor markets shows why this real estate recession was caused by a decreased demand for space for workers in the office and industrial sectors. A lack of employment growth also led to decreased demand for apartments and for the consumer activity that supports the retail real estate sector.Labor Markets Driving Real Estate MarketsThe Bureau of Labor Statistics provides up-to-date labor market data at its Economy at a Glance site. After selecting a region, state, or local area, the most current labor market data are provided above a set of tools and "calculators" at the bottom of the site. Table I is derived from a report generated by selecting "Location Quotient" from the calculator bar on the site for Shelby County. Using the NAICS industry sector categories, Shelby County employment figures for 2010 are compared to national employment levels.For example, Shelby County employment in Construction (NAICS code 23) was 15,196 averaged over the four quarters of 20 10. That represents 3.81 percent of total Shelby County private employment. U.S. Construction employment averaged 5.17 percent of total private employment. The under-representation of that sector of the Shelby County economy gives it a "location quotient" that is less than 1.00, 0.74 =3.81/5.17.A quotient larger than one indicates that an industry sector has locally stronger representation than do national proportions. The 3.48 ratio for Transportation and Warehousing means that the local economy is apparently exporting those services to the rest of the nation. Wholesale Trade, Administrative and Waste Services, and Real Estate and Rental and Leasing round out the four sectors of the Shelby County economy that have stronger employment proportions than are typical for the U.S. economy.Some readers may be surprised with the industry sectors that are close to 1 .00- indicating no more than normal employment in the local economy. Retail Trade (now 0.95) was once a base industry for Shelby County, with many consumers from surrounding counties traveling to Memphis for their shopping. Health Care and Social Assistance, with a location quotient of 0.99, does not seem consistent with the area's reputation as a center for medical care. The 0. 95 location quotient for Accommodation and Food Services would counter arguments that the area is a tourism and convention center, as would the 0.61 figure for Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation. The area's reputation for several decades as a financial center is put in doubt by the 0.76 location quotient for Finance and Insurance in 201 0. Many readersalready know that the Manufacturing sector is small in the local area, confirmed by a 0.81 location quotient.To explain some of these surprising results, it is useful to exploit the added detail available in the labor market data. Table 1 shows location quotients calculated from the "two-digit" NAICS industry sector definitions. More detail appears if the request is for three-, four-, or five-digit definitions. International Paper has its headquarters in the local economy, and the location quotient for Paper Manufacturing (NAlCb 322) is 3.62, despite Manufacturing (NAICb 31- 33) having only a 0.81 location quotient. Miscellaneous Manufacturing (NAICS 339), Beverage andlobacco Product Manufacturing (NAICS 312), Chemical Manufacturing (NAICS 325), Petroleum and Coal Manufacturing (NAICS 324), Machinery Manufacturing (NAICS 333), Electrical Equipment and Appliance Manufacturing (NAICS 325), and Printing and Related Support Activities (NAICS 323) are in a set of seven classed as exporting manufacturing subsectors with location quotients higher than one.NAICS code 492 is Couriers and Messengers, which has a 12.87 location quotient. 1 he proportion of focal employment being more than twelve times the national proportion tells the importance 01 FedEx to the local economy. Air lransportation (NAICS 48l), Water Transportation (NAICS 483), Truck Transportation (NAICS 484), and Warehousing and Storage (NAICS 493) all contribute more than double the proportion of employment locally than is typical in the U.S.NAICS code 441 is Motor Vehicle and Parts Dealers, with a 1.34 location quotient. AutoZone s headquarters in the local economy explains part 01 how this sector of retail is not below average, despite the 0.95 location quotient tor aff of Retail. Only hve subsectors of retaif are not befow 1.00, including Home Furnishing Stores (NAICS 442), Clothing and Clothing Accessories Stores (NAICS 448) , and Sporting Goods, Hobby, Book. and Music Stores (NAICS 451).Hospitals (NAICS 622), with a location quotient of 1.27, are an export sector, while the other subsectors of Health Care and Social Assistance are relatively small, with a location quotient of 0.99 for NAICS 62. Likewise, the 0.76 location quotient lor Finance and Insurance (NAlCS 52) obscures the importance of NAICS 523,Securities, Commodity Contracts, and Investments, with a 1.13 location quotient. The low employment representation for tourism-related sectors seems valid. Only one three-digit subsector related to tourism, Accommodations and Food Services, Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation, has a location quotient above one. Museums, Historical Sites, Zoos, and Parks (NAICS 712) has a 1.30 location quotient.Proponents of location quotient analysis of labor markets as applied to anticipating and explaining changes in real estate markets call for a chain of causation as described as follows. Identify the local economy's base industries as sectors with location quotients above one. Forecast changes in base industry employment. Anticipate that the other sectors will grow to support the growth in the base /exporting industries. Forecast residential real estate demand based on total growth in jobs. Forecast industrial real estate demand from growth in industrial, warehousing, and total employment. Forecast retail real estate demand from growth in total jobs and the income from those jobs. Office demand is sensitive to total employment growth, but more so to growth in employment in the sectors that are focused on office work - -sectors for Financial Activities, for Professional and Business Services, and for Information.Trends in EmploymentData on employment growth in a local economy may support shift-share analysis, a trend analysis for explaining an anticipated growth that is closely related to location quotient analysis. Another Bureau of Labor Statistics site provides data for an analysis of changes in employment over long periods. The Census of Employment and Wages shows that Shelby County lost 34,386 jobs between 2000 and the end of 20 10. Total employment in Shelby County grew from 414,307 in 1991 to 498,780 in 2000, but then stalled for five years of mixed decline and zero net growth. In 2006, there was a marked rebound to the high point of employment at 508,434, but 2007 experienced small decreases that foreshadowed much larger decreases each year through 2010. Over the 2000-2010 decade, 6.9 percent of employment in Shelby County dissipated. The employment figures include public employment and other differences that make them not perfectly comparable to figures in Table 1.A free site from the University of Georgia uses the Census of Employment and Wages data to perform a classical labor market, shift-share analysis. The site generates tables such as Tables 2 and 3 for the user's choice of geographic area. The purpose of shift-share analysis is to segment local area employment change into three components - the part that is just proportional to growth or decline across the U.S. as a whole, the part that just reflects national changes in particular industry sectors that are represented in the local economy, and the part that may be attributed to specially developing local competitive strengths or weaknesses in those industry sectors.Table 2 ranks eleven industry sectors by employment importance in the Shelby County labor market in 2 000. The employment changes by 2010 shown in the table become the input for the shift-share analysis. The Trade, Transportation, and Utilities sector ranks as the local market's most dominant employment source in both years, but it also shows the greatest decrease in employment - 23,320 lost jobs. Education and Health Services rank as the second largest sector in both years and gained 15,143 jobs over the decade. The relatively small Manufacturing sector lost 22.3 percent of its jobs in Shelby County, while Financial Activities lost 14.9 percent.Table 3 shows the results of the shift-share analysis of the employment change data in Table 2. The sectors have been resorted to show the sectors with the strongest "Competitive Share Component" at the top. The Competitive Share Cornponent is a "residual" calculation, a change in employment left unexplained after accounting for two plausible causes of change in a local economy.The first set of calculations translates the number of jobs that would be created or destroyed in the local economy if each sector had the same percentage change as seen for the overall U.S. employment figure. Between 2000 and 2010, total U.S. employment decreased 1.618 percent. Shelby County Manufacturing employment was 44,944 in 2000. Using the national overall employment decrease, that would hypothetically explain a 727 decrease in Shelby County Manufacturing employment. This hypothetical percentage change is repeated in each line of Table 3 to reflect how Shelby County employment in each sector would have suffered job losses if they were proportional to the overall national decline. If Shelby County had just replicated thelosses of overaU jobs in the U.S. economy, the losses would have summed to 8, 065 jobs.The second set of calculations reflects how each employment sector changed nationally (net of the -1.618 percent taken across all sectors in the prior step). Manufacturing decreased 33.6 percent nationally, 32.0 percent beyond the overall job loss percentage. If Shelby County Manufacturing employment had suffered decline in the same proportion as all Manufacturing, then there would have been an additional 14,366 jobs lost in the local Manufacturing job market. Each sector had its own national change during the decade. Table 3 details the application of each sector's net performance to Shelby County employment in 2 000. The sum of these adjustments is positive - 4,006.The first two calculations for Manufacturing employment in Shelby County call for a sum of 727 + 1 4, 366 = 1 5 ,093 lost jobs. The actual change in local Manufacturing employment was only 10,015 lost jobs. Manufacturing actually did better than could be expected in Shelby County, where expectations are based on how national overall employment and national Manufacturing employment trended in the 2000^2010 period. The "Competitive Share Component" of Table 3 's shiftshare analysis shows that Manufacturing "grew" by 5,078 jobs relative to expectations. The trend decomposition analysis shows that Manufacturing was the premier growth sector by number of local jobs relative to expectations. Proponents of shift- share labor market analysis would anticipate that whateyer locd competitive advantages the Memphis area exploited over the 2000-2010 period could persevere in the future to give better than normal growth in Manufacturing employment. This situation would translate into increased real estate demand for that sector. As a caveat, the Manufacturing sector is small in Shelby County. This sector did decrease in employment by 22.3 percent during the historical period of study.All the other Competitive Market Component calculations for Shelby County over the 2000- 2010 period are negative. These results do not support great growth anticipations for employment or real estate markets. Retail and residential real estate demands are both sensitive to total employment. Office Market real estate demandgrowth will be dismal if the negative Competitive Share Components in Information, Professional and Business Services, and Financial Activities all repeat the recent decade's performance. All three sectors decreased in the ten-year period. As a group of three, they decreased locally more than by expectations based on national and industry trends.The shift-share analysis of a summed Competitive Share Component of -30,327 points to special local employment problems and disadvantages that caused more weakening of the labor markets than could be explained by the national economy's decrease and the mix of industries represented in Shelby County. The nature of the problems and disadvantages are not identified in shift-share analysis.The most negative conclusion from the shift-share analysis is for the most important sector of the local economy. Trade, Transportation, and Utilities would have lost 1.6 percent of local employment just keeping pace with national employment trends across all sectors, and then another 4. 1 percent because this sector slipped in national employment relative to other sectors. Shelby County employment in its most important sector declined an extra 9.0 percent beyond those expectations. The problems and disadvantages in the local economy that caused this negative Competitive Share Component will need to be reversed to avert the stagnation that would come from an ailing sector with very high location quotients.The current mix of industry in the local economy is not a negative factor. In fact, the sum of the Industrial Mix Components is positive. Memphis has industries that did well relative to the overall U.S. economy in the period studied.二、文献综述房地产市场周期文献综述摘要房地产市场在发展过程中客观存在着周期波动现象，分析房地产市场周期，不但具有理论上的开拓意义，而且在实践中有助于引导房地产市场的主体——投资者、开发商进行投资决策。
我国区域房地产业发展规律研究
我国区域房地产业发展规律研究一、本文概述随着我国经济的持续快速发展和城市化进程的深入推进，房地产业已成为国民经济的支柱产业，对经济增长、财政税收、就业和城市建设等方面产生了深远影响。
由于我国地域辽阔，各地区经济、社会、文化等条件差异显著，导致房地产市场的发展呈现出明显的区域性特征。
深入研究和把握我国区域房地产业的发展规律，对于促进房地产业健康发展、优化资源配置、提高人民生活水平具有重要的理论和实践意义。
本文旨在通过对我国不同区域房地产市场的发展历程、现状及其影响因素的深入分析，探讨我国区域房地产业的发展规律。
文章将概述我国房地产市场的总体情况，包括市场规模、发展水平、政策环境等通过对东、中、西部地区以及不同城市等级房地产市场的比较研究，揭示区域房地产市场的差异性及其背后的深层次原因结合国内外相关理论和实践，总结提炼出我国区域房地产业的发展规律，并提出相应的政策建议和发展策略。
本文的研究方法主要包括文献综述、数据分析、案例研究和比较研究等。
通过收集和整理大量的相关文献和数据资料，结合实地调研和案例分析，本文力求做到理论与实践相结合，定性与定量相结合，全面、深入地揭示我国区域房地产业的发展规律。
本文的研究不仅有助于丰富和完善我国房地产市场的理论体系，还为政府制定房地产政策、企业制定发展战略提供了有益的参考和借鉴。
同时，本文的研究也有助于提高公众对我国房地产市场的认识和理解，促进房地产市场的健康发展和社会经济的可持续发展。
二、我国区域房地产业发展概述随着我国经济的持续高速增长和城市化进程的加速推进，房地产业作为国民经济的重要支柱产业，也呈现出蓬勃的发展态势。
由于我国地域辽阔，各地区经济发展水平、资源禀赋、人口分布等因素存在较大差异，房地产业在不同区域的发展也呈现出不同的特点和规律。
在东部沿海地区，尤其是长三角、珠三角和京津冀等经济发达区域，房地产业起步较早，发展迅速。
这些地区的房地产市场已经相对成熟，竞争激烈，房价普遍较高。
《基于哈佛分析框架的房地产公司财务研究国内外文献综述5100字》
基于哈佛分析框架的房地产公司财务研究国内外文献综述1 国外研究现状（1）关于房地产公司经营发展的研究国外关于房地产公司经营发展的研究较早，尤其是21世纪以后，相关的研究很多，Michael Ramorio（2017）研究发达国家和发展国家的不同，发达国家的房地产公司更注重建立良好的品牌形象、提升产品质量和防范资金风险，而发展中国家则更注重房地产销售这个环节，因此对影响房地产行业价格波动的政策更关注[1]。
Yontz,William L（2020）在对印度尼西亚的房地产公司发展战略的研究中，得到了发展战略需要根据外界环境的变化、企业内业务的调整和财务状况这三者共同来确定[2]。
Peter MK ,Kraft C（2020）对澳大利亚国内排名前10的房地产公司进行研究，发现实力强的房地产公司更应该积极地采用全球化战略去开拓国外市场，才是最有利于企业发展的[3]。
Ngoc N M , Tien N H（2021）根据成本模型建立了一体化战略模型同样得出了房地产公司的发展战略制定需要优先考虑其业务活动的调整[4]。
（2）关于财务分析的研究Khoja L, Chipulu M, Jayasekera R(2019）认为，在分析企业财务状况时，必须结合宏观环境和行业发展前景等非财务信息，才能全面、准确了解企业经营状况，降低经营风险[5]。
Michael H.David L和John D(2020）认为财务分析是一项非常丰富的工具，但目前缺乏适用于所有企业的分析指标。
因此提出用距离度量指标来解释股权收益、企业债券评级和企业困境的总体风险和系统性风险，并说明了大数据应用在财务分析中可以发挥的优势[6]。
Martin Fridson(2010）重点研究了股票价值分析以及并购估值的财务分析框架，指出企业的经营环境受国内外政经济环境的影响。
在财务分析框架有对外部环境信息的详细分析，可以有效地增强财务预测的准确性[7]。
房地产文献综述
房地产及房地产金融文献综述摘要:随着住房制度改革以来，我国房地产蓬勃发展，现已成国民经济的支柱产业。
本文结合近年来我国房地产市场的基本运行情况，对我国房地产发展和调控的历史、房地产泡沫论、房地产金融法律法规、房地产金融政策、住房保障政策等内容进行了简要综述。
关键词：房地产金融、宏观调控、泡沫、证券化一．过去十几年的发展历史中国的房地产业大致从80年代末，90年代初开始发展，到2010年为止，大致可以分为四个阶段：1，80年代末—1997年80年代末，90年代初，海南等地出现了房地产过热问题，引起了政府的警觉。
最初的房地产宏观调控大致出现在1993年前后，国务院发布《关于当前经济情况和加强宏观调控意见》，16条整顿措施，海南房地产热浪应声而落，过热的房地产问题得到压制。
但房地产发展的势头是不可阻挡的。
早在1995年，在当年的“中国房地产发展论坛”（北京）上就有人提出中国房地产业正面临着一个较长时间的发展高潮期到来的观点（刘玉录）1996年，建设部提出是：“把住宅建设培育成为国民经济新的增长点”。
1997年，受东南亚金融危机影响，我国迫切需要找到一个能强劲拉动经济的新的增长点。
终于找到了汽车业和房地产业。
于是，“培育新的经济增长点”的说法，被1997年与1998年的中央经济工作会议和1998年与1999年的《政府工作报告》所采用。
易宪容认为，中国房地产市场是计划经济向市场经济过渡过程中，特别是1988年我国住房货币化改革以来新近形成的。
因此，他把1998年以来的房地产市场分为三个阶段：2,1998年—2003年这一阶段的特点是如何使房地产市场从计划经济向市场经济过渡，解决居民的基本住房条件；而且房地产市场是以居民消费需求为主导的市场。
1998年下半年，福利分房被停止，房地产业由此开始了它在中国有史以来发展最快的时期。
正是从此时起，“把住宅建设培育成为国民经济新的增长点”的说法被悄悄置换为“力争将房地产业发展为国民经济的支柱产业”。
《房地产企业成本管理研究国内外文献综述3900字》
房地产企业成本管理研究国内外文献综述1.国外研究现状在国外，成本管理研究是伴随着社会经济的发展而发展的，20世纪60年代产生了企业战略管理理论，到20世纪80年代开始了对战略成本管理的研究，战略成本管理是传统成本管理在战略管理发展中延伸来的。
Ca Parelli D.（1991）在研究中指出美国早在上个世纪中期就研究出了网络计划技术，这不仅给美国的项目施工带来了成本方面的优势，也给了其他国家很大的启示。
Lin J，Economics（2016）认为英国对工程项目质量成本的研究以市场为中心，通过对市场当中的生产资料进行及时、动态的掌握，使得成本能够维持在较低的水平[1]。
Allouche E N，Ariaratnam S T，Macleod C W（2015）从建筑费用、能源费用、物业费用、运营费用和拆除费用等角度分析房地产项目的全寿命周期成本[2]。
Hammad M W，Abbasi A，Ryan M J（2016）在研究中认为美国对项目成本的管理主要集中于价值工程方面，通过成本管理中的成本控制对房地产项目的关键点和不同工序的工期进行协调，保证施工企业以最少的成本实现最大的价值[3]。
Olsson N O E（2015）认为项目管理在全球范围的理论，有很多的房地产开发项目从项目的启动开始，到制定计划，实施，控制和结束的所有过程中，使用项目管理工具，进行成本控制[4]。
综上所述，不难发现国外学者对成本管理理论和实践的研究起步较早，在经历了不同的经济时期和不同的行业发展阶段后，研究成果的丰富性和系统性已经比较完善。
其研究的成果主要表现为通过对成本管理视野和方法的拓宽来提供战略决策有用的成本信息；其研究的目的是帮助企业确立竞争目标，使企业能在竞争中获胜。
2.国内研究成果在我国，对成本管理的研究相对于国外来说，起步较晚。
1994年成本管理在国内最早是由徐绪缨与一些会计学者发表一些文章来阐述和理解外国的理论。
房地产相关文献综述范文
房地产相关文献综述范文英文回答：Real estate is a complex and multifaceted industry that plays a crucial role in the economy. It encompasses various aspects such as property development, sales, leasing, and management. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in understanding the dynamics of the real estate market and its impact on the overall economy.One area of research in real estate is the analysis of housing prices. Researchers have explored the factors that influence housing prices, such as location, amenities, and demand-supply dynamics. For example, a study conducted by Smith and Johnson (2018) found that proximity to schools and transportation hubs positively affects housing prices. This research provides valuable insights for both buyers and sellers in making informed decisions.Another important area of study is the impact of realestate on the financial sector. Real estate assets, such as mortgage-backed securities, have been a significant driver of financial crises in the past. Understanding the linkages between the real estate market and the financial sector is crucial for policymakers and investors. For instance, a study by Brown and Lee (2019) examined the role of real estate in the 2008 financial crisis and proposed measures to prevent a similar crisis in the future.Furthermore, sustainable real estate practices have gained attention in recent years. Researchers have focused on the environmental and social impacts of real estate development and management. For example, a study by Green and Chen (2020) analyzed the energy efficiency of buildings and its impact on carbon emissions. This researchhighlights the importance of sustainable practices in the real estate industry and provides insights for policymakers and developers.Real estate also has a significant impact on urban planning and development. Researchers have examined therole of real estate in shaping cities and communities. Forinstance, a study by Johnson and Smith (2017) explored the impact of mixed-use development on neighborhood vibrancyand livability. This research emphasizes the need for integrated planning approaches that consider both economic and social aspects.In conclusion, the field of real estate research is diverse and encompasses various aspects such as housing prices, financial implications, sustainability, and urban planning. Studies in these areas provide valuable insights for stakeholders in the real estate industry and contribute to the overall understanding of the economy.中文回答：房地产是一个复杂而多元化的行业，对经济起着至关重要的作用。
国外房地产文献综述
国外房地产文献综述国外房地产领域的文献研究非常丰富，主要包括以下几个方面： 1. 房地产市场的理论与实践研究国外的房地产市场研究从理论到实践都非常深入，主要涉及市场结构、供需关系、价格形成机制、资本流动、市场规制等方面。
其中，对于房地产市场的理论研究主要包括资产定价理论、资本市场理论、经济周期理论等，而实践研究则更加注重市场信息、市场调节、市场监管以及市场风险等方面。
2. 房地产投资与融资房地产投资与融资是房地产市场的核心内容之一，国外学者主要从风险与收益、投资期限、融资成本、信用评级等方面展开研究。
其中，风险管理是投资与融资的核心内容之一，国外学者主要关注市场风险、信用风险、操作风险等方面，提出了一系列风险管理策略。
3. 房地产经济学房地产经济学主要研究房地产市场的经济原理和经济规律，包括房地产市场供需关系、价格形成机制、市场调节机制、房地产政策等方面。
国外学者在房地产经济学方面的研究成果比较丰硕，主要涉及投资收益、房价波动、住房供给等方面。
4. 不动产评估不动产评估是指对房地产进行评估，确定其市场价值、租金价值等。
国外学者主要从评估方法、评估标准、评估过程中的风险等角度展开研究，提出了一系列评估方法和评估标准。
5. 城市土地利用规划城市土地利用规划是指对城市土地进行科学规划和合理利用，达到合理利用土地、保护环境、促进城市可持续发展的目的。
国外学者主要关注城市用地规划、土地利用变更、土地使用权的流转等方面，提出了一系列土地利用规划和管理策略。
综上所述，国外房地产领域的文献研究非常丰富，从房地产市场的理论与实践、房地产投资与融资、房地产经济学、不动产评估、城市土地利用规划等多个方面展开研究，对于我国房地产市场的发展具有很强的借鉴意义。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
关于房地产发展的文献综述
——土木1007班闵秀明19
摘要：衣食住行是人类发展史离不开的内容，然而近些年来房地产市场发展的一些不合理现象日见突出。
不解决这些问题，将势必引起整个国民经济的的动荡，为此本文将着重论述关于房地产宏观调控与经济发展的一些问题。
Abstract: the basic necessities are not human development history, but in recent years the content of the development of real estate market some unreasonable phenomena became more and more outstanding. Don't solve these problems, will certainly will cause the entire national economy national economy unrest, this paper will mainly discussed about real estate macroeconomic regulation and control and some of the problems of economic development.
关键词：房地产，经济，宏观调控。
1、房地产发展出现的问题
近年来我国地方政府热衷于土地财政，主要依靠出让金缓解地方财政的压力，但同时也迅速推涨了房价，并催生出一系列难以预料的影响国民经济健康发展的问题【1】。
从长期来看，保持地方财政的课持续增长，应该有稳定的税收来源，而土地是不可再生的稀缺资源，仅仅靠土地出让金的收入支持地方财政，是难以持久的。
这种奇特的财政税收分配体制，不仅改变了地方政府的财政收入结构，而且改变了土地资源配置的模式。
以房地产开发为导向的市场经济，在很短的时间里将中国的经济从实物经济转化为“虚拟经济”【2】。
如果不尽快抑制房地产过剩的势头，那么中国市场泡沫将越来越严重。
然而对十年来房地产宏观调控政策进行分析，人们就会发现，房地产宏观调控既有政策导向问题，也有政策手段问题，同时还有粗放化宏观调控的问题【3】。
对解决这样的问题，我们可以参考国际经验。
2、可借鉴的国际经验
我国可借用韩国累进税率的做法，随着出售房子的数量增多而财产税税率增加，以抑制高房价和提高税收征收的效率【4】。
此外，我国目前房地产市场活跃，存在大量的“炒房团”进行投机。
这些“炒房团”购买大量的房子，市场上普通居民需要房子居住，需求自然会增加，房价会上涨。
“炒房团”就会高价抛出，从而获取高额的差价利润。
这也是推动房价上涨的另外一个重要的因素。
有鉴于此，政府有必要严厉打击这种投机行为，可以降低对这部分人的贷款额，同时对这些抢购两套及以上的人群征收高额的房地产税以限制他们的这种行为。
另一方面，政府应该对那些急需住房的中低收入者提供低利率的贷款，以帮助他们购买住房。
3、我们的应对之策
对我国房地产宏观调控政策进行研究。
绕不开房地产宏观调控责任主体问题。
当人们把房地产开发商看作是房地产市场价格异常波动的罪魁祸首时；当人们把地方政府通过房地产市场汲取财政收入看作是房地产宏观调控政策失效根本原因的时候【5】，可能忘记了我国房地产市场发展的特殊背景。
忽视了分税制下我国地方政府所面临的巨大压力。
为此，我们必须首先解决如下问题。
第一。
必须尽快制定我国住宅保障法。
第二。
必须尽快制定政府信
息公开法．明确政府在房地产信息公开方面的责任。
第三，必须尽快修改我国《土地管理法》、《房地产管理法》，建立全国统一的土地开发和商品房交易市场。
第四。
世界各主要市场经济国家房地产业发展的历史表明，房产税法既是房地产宏观调控的重要法律制度．同时又是增加地方政府财政收入的重要法律规范。
参考文献：
【1】张新生.房地产税费转型改革思考[A].理论探索.2011.(3)
【2】乔新生.房地产调控的几个关键问题[A].理论月刊.2011.(4)
【3】王要武,金海燕.我国房地产宏观调控政策效果的实例分析[A].土木工程学报.2008.8.
【4】游春，胡才龙。
房地产税收制度的国际经验及启示[A]。
住房与房地产。
2011，02-0023-09
【5】Gazetny pereulok,RUSSIAN ECONOMY:TRENDS AND
PERSPECTIVES[A],GAIDAR INSTITUTE FOR THE ECONOMIC
POLICY,2010,12,。