初中英语四个基本时态

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3、以重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母结尾的词,它前面是单个元音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双写,再加上-ing. E.g. sit put
其句式变换都在be上做文章。
E.g. He is buying a bike.
Is he buying a bike?
He isn‘t buying a bike.
授课讲义
动词时态
Ⅰ.一般现在时
1.一般现在时的基本用法wk.baidu.com
1)表示经常发生或反复发生的动作,常与表示频率的副词或者词组连用。如:always, usually, often, sometimes, every morning/day/week/month, once a week/month, twice a week, seldom, never等。
(一般的动词词尾+S。以sh /ch /s /x结尾的词+es.以辅音加字母y结尾的把y变成i, +es。辅音字母+o结尾的+es.),为清楚明了我们在此用表格形式来说明:
一般动词加-s
work—works come—comes
take—takes look—looks
以sh /ch /s /x结尾的词加-es
—Do you like oranges?
—Yes, I do. / —No, I don't.
II.现在进行时
1、现在(说话的瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作,强调“此时此刻”。
E.g. He is reading . They are talking now.
2、当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。
I won’t tell herunlessshe asks me.
5)有时表示按计划,规定要发生的动作。(句中都带有时间状语词)但仅限于少数动词,如:begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, open, close等,例如:
The plane takes off at 9:30 a.m.
watch—watches teach—teaches
pass—passes guess—guesses
wash—washes
以辅音字母+y结尾的词把y变成i加-es
study—studies carry—carries
以元音字母+y结尾的词直接加-s
play—plays buy—buys
以辅音字母+o结尾的词加-es
一般由look,listen,now,at this moment等时间状语做标志。
尽管现在进行时比较简单,但在做题过程中也常会犯一些错误,常见的错误有如下几种:
III.一般过去时
1.一般过去时的基本用法
一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday(昨天),yesterday morning (afternoon, evening),the other day(前几天),just now(刚才),in the old days(过去的日子里),When I was 8 years old(当我八岁时…),last +时间(如last week, month, year, Monday, … January, … spring, …, etc.),that +时间(如that day, afternoon, summer, …, etc.),时间+ ago(如a few minutes ago, two days ago , years ago, … etc.),in 1993(...)。
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+did+主语+动词原形+其它?如:
What time did you finish your homework?
IIII.一般将来时
1)shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替。
will在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first.
4)在时间或条件从句中,须用一般现在时表示将来动作。例如:
IfI see Lucy I will ask her.
I will tell herafteryou leave.
He wants to be a teacherwhenhe grows up.
Turn off the lightsbeforeyou leave.
b.否定句中,要在be后面加not,如:
I am not ... She /He isn't... We /You /They are not...
c.一般疑问句,要将be放在句子开头,句尾用问号,答语用Yes,主语+be或No,主语+be+not.如:
—Are you ready? —你准备好了吗?—Yes,I am. /No,I'm not.
He usually gets up at 6:00.
Tom drinks milk every day.
My mother goes to the supermarket twice a week.
2)表示现在的状态,习惯和能力。例如:
He likes playing football.
He is a student.
Heused todrink.他过去喝酒。(意味着他现在不喝酒了。喝酒这个动作终止了)
Iused totake a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。(意味着现在不在早晨散步了)
I took a walk in the morning.我曾经在早晨散过步。(只是说明过去这一动作)
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2)be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a.主语的意图,即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b.计划,安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。
go—does do—does
c.否定句中,要在实义动词前面加do/does not(常缩写成don't/doesn't),do/does作助动词,本身无意义。如:
I don't like vegetables. / She doesn't like vegetables.
d.一般疑问句,在句子开头加助动词Do/Does,简略答语用Yes,主语+do/does. /No,主语+do/does+not.如:
d.有些句子,虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语,但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话,也要用过去时,这一点,我们学生往往出错,要特别注意!
I didn't know you were inParis.
我不知道你在巴黎。(因为在说话时,我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前,所以只能用过去时表示。实际上,这句话暗指:But now I know you are here.)
They didn’t watch TV last night.
③一般疑问句:Did+主语+动词原形+其它?
肯定回答:Yes,主语+did.否定回答:No,主语+didn’t.如:
Did they have a meeting two days ago?Yes,they did. / No,they didn’t.
(说明这是她的习惯,表明她现在仍然还习惯总带着一把伞)
I never drank wine.我以前从不喝酒。(不涉及到现在,不说明现在是否喝酒)
I usually played basketball When I’m at school.我在学校时经常打篮球。
c.如果强调已经终止的习惯时要用used to do
a.表示过去某一具体时间或去过某段时间所发生的动作或曾存在的状态。过去时间可明指,也可暗指。
Did you have a partythe other day?前几天,你们开了晚会了吗?
He worked very hardlast year.去年他很用功。
It was very hot last summer.去年夏天很热。
以重读-r音节为末尾音节的词,双写-r,再加-ed
b.不规则动词变化。be动词过去式有两种形式,主语是第一、三人称单数形式使用was,其他人称用were.
c.实义动词过去式的句式
①肯定式:主语+动词过去式+其它。
如:They had a good time yesterday.
②否定式:主语+did not(didn’t)+动词原形+其它。如:
c.有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3)be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4)be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。
Mr. Smith bought a new caryesterday.史密斯先生昨天买了一辆新车。
They were here onlya few minutes ago.几分钟前他们还在这里。
Lei Feng was a good soldier.雷锋是个好战士。
I bought some fishyesterday.
E.g. They are working these days.
3、某些动词的现在进行时,表预定的计划或即将发生的动作。
E.g I am coming.
其结构为be+现在分词。现在分词的变法有
1、一般在动词词尾加上-ing
2、以不发音字母e结尾的动词,先去e,再加-ing. E.g have write
I thought you were ill.
我以为你病了呢。(这句话应是在说话之前,我以为你病了。但是现在我知道你没病)
2.一般过去时的构成
a.动词过去式的变化可速记为“直”、“去”、“双”、“改”四字诀。
一般情况下在动词原形后直接加-ed
work—worked learn—learned want—wanted
The train starts/leaves at nine in the morning.
2.一般现在时的基本构成
一般现在时的构成主要有两种形式:
1)be型:句子的谓语动词只有be(am,is或are):
a.肯定句中,只出现be,如:
I am ... She /He /It is... We /You /They are...
以不发音的字母e结尾的动词
hope—hoped live—lived
重读闭音节单词需双写最后一个辅音字母再加-ed
stop—stopped
以辅音字母+y结尾的动词变y为i,再加-ed
study—studied worry—worried
以元音字母+y结尾的动词变y为i,再加-ed
play—played stay--stayed
The soup tastes good.
Lucy knows three languages.
3)表示永恒的真理,客观事实和格言。例如:
The sun rises in the east.
Water boils at100℃.
The earth goes round the sun.
Shanghailies in the east ofChina.
b.表示过去经常反复发生的动作时,要用过去时。常与always, never, usually, often等连用。例如:
Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella.彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞。
(只是说明她过去的动作,不表明她现在是否常带着伞。)
比较:Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella.彼得太太老是带着伞。
—Are they students? —Yes, they are. /No, they aren’t.
2)实义动词型:句中的谓语动词为实义动词:
a.肯定句中,主语(第一、二人称和复数)+动词原形+宾语
I usually get up at 7 every morning.
b.肯定句中,主语(第三人称单数she, he, it)+动词词尾要加-S +宾语
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意:be about to不能与tomorrow, next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
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