How to Write the Abstract Section-学术英语写作

合集下载

学术英语如何写好摘要How-to-Write-an-Abstract

The overall objective of this study is… In this paper/study, we aim at…
The work/investigation presented in this paper focuses on…
This research is designed to determine/measure/evaluate…
Classification of abstracts Structure of an informative abstract Features of an abstract
Classification of abstracts
informative abstract - the primary research objective or purpose - method employed in solving the problems - principal findings or results - major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper
Although (the research subject)…, (the related problem)… is as yet undetermined.
(The research subject)…, however, (the related problem)… remains unsolved.
Brief – conveys in as few words as possible the essential information contained in the body of the paper.

新时代研究生学术英语综合教程1第六单元

新时代研究生学术英语综合教程1第六单元全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: New Era Research Postgraduate Academic English Comprehensive Course 1 - Unit SixIntroduction:Unit Six in the New Era Research Postgraduate Academic English Comprehensive Course 1 focuses on advanced academic writing skills and strategies. This unit aims to help postgraduate students improve their writing proficiency through analyzing and practicing various text types and genres commonly found in academic research.Unit content:The unit is divided into four sections, each focusing on a different aspect of academic writing.1. Writing a literature review: In this section, students learn how to critically analyze and synthesize existing literature on a specific topic. They are taught how to identify gaps in researchand develop a comprehensive literature review that contributes new insights to the field.2. Writing an empirical research report: Students are guided through the process of conducting empirical research and writing up their findings. They learn how to structure a research report, present data using tables and figures, and interpret their results.3. Writing a research proposal: This section covers the essential components of a research proposal, including the introduction, literature review, methodology, and timeline. Students learn how to justify the significance of their research, outline their research design, and plan their research schedule.4. Writing a conference abstract: The final section focuses on preparing and presenting research at academic conferences. Students learn how to write a concise and compelling abstract that highlights the key findings of their research and attracts potential conference attendees.Key features:- Authentic academic texts: Unit Six includes a range of authentic academic texts, such as research articles, literature reviews, research reports, and conference abstracts. These textsprovide students with examples of well-written academic writing and help them understand the conventions of different text types.- Language focus: The unit also focuses on developing students' academic vocabulary, grammar, and sentence structure. Students learn how to use academic language appropriately, avoid common errors, and express complex ideas clearly and concisely.- Practice activities: Throughout the unit, students engage in a variety of writing tasks and exercises to reinforce their learning. These activities include analyzing sample texts, brainstorming ideas, drafting outlines, revising drafts, and peer reviewing each other's work.Conclusion:Overall, Unit Six of the New Era Research Postgraduate Academic English Comprehensive Course 1 provides postgraduate students with the essential skills and strategies needed to excel in academic writing. By mastering advanced writing techniques and practicing different text types, students can enhance their research capabilities and produce high-quality academic work.篇2Title: Comprehensive Review of Unit 6 in the New Era Research Graduate Academic English Course 1Unit 6 in the New Era Research Graduate Academic English Course 1 focuses on Academic Writing. This unit introduces students to the structure and organization of academic writing, as well as strategies for developing and communicating ideas effectively. The unit covers various types of academic writing, such as essays, reports, and research papers, and provides guidelines for students to follow when writing in a formal, academic style.Key topics covered in Unit 6 include understanding the purpose and audience of academic writing, developing a clear thesis statement, organizing ideas logically, using appropriate evidence to support arguments, and formatting citations and references. The unit also emphasizes the importance of revising and editing written work to ensure clarity, coherence, and conciseness.In addition to learning about the principles of academic writing, students are also given practical exercises and assignments to apply these skills in their own writing. They areencouraged to analyze and evaluate sample texts, write their own essays and reports, and peer review the work of their classmates.Overall, Unit 6 in the New Era Research Graduate Academic English Course 1 provides a comprehensive overview of academic writing for graduate students, equipping them with the knowledge and skills needed to excel in their academic and professional pursuits.篇3The sixth unit of the New Era Research Graduate Academic English Comprehensive Course 1 focuses on Academic Writing, which is a fundamental skill for graduate students to master in order to excel in their academic pursuits. This unit covers various aspects of academic writing such as argumentation, organization, coherence, and citation.Argumentation is a key component of academic writing as it involves presenting a clear and logical argument supported by evidence. In this unit, students will learn how to develop a strong thesis statement, provide evidence to support their claims, and counter opposing viewpoints effectively.Organization is another important aspect of academic writing that is covered in this unit. Students will learn how to structure their papers in a way that is clear and easy to follow. This includes creating an introduction that presents the thesis statement, body paragraphs that support the thesis with evidence, and a conclusion that summarizes the main points and restates the thesis.Coherence is also essential in academic writing as it involves connecting ideas and arguments in a logical and smooth manner. In this unit, students will learn how to use transition words and phrases to guide the reader through their argument and maintain coherence.Additionally, citation is crucial in academic writing as it acknowledges the sources of information and ideas used in the paper. Students will learn how to properly cite sources in their papers using the APA or MLA citation styles.Overall, the sixth unit of the New Era Research Graduate Academic English Comprehensive Course 1 provides students with the necessary skills and knowledge to excel in academic writing. By mastering argumentation, organization, coherence, and citation, students will be able to produce high-qualityacademic papers that demonstrate their critical thinking and research skills.。

how to write abstract精品文档37页

Usually it is written after the study/research is completed but this is not always the case.
26.12.2019
2
摘要的四大要素
1. Topic Specification (主题陈述） 2. Background Information (背景信息)
Therefore, this paper, based on qualitative analysis method and literature research, explores humor through analyzing the conversation in Friends from Pragmatic Ambiguity Perspective with the help of the Cooperative Principle proposed by Grice.
导言/ 研究目的 (introduction/purpose) 研究方法 (research method) 研究结果 (research result) 结论 (conclusion & brief discussion)
26.12.2019
3
一. 主题及背景信息
Friends, a famous America sitcom, is regarded
教学法对英语阅读教学的效果) ,
The thesis discusses the affective factors that influence students‘ autonomy of learning English (本文讨论影响学生英语学习自

学术英语如何写好摘要How to Write an Abstract备课讲稿51页文档

学术英语如何写好摘要How to Write an Abstract备课讲稿
11、用道德的示范来造就一个人，显然比用法律来约束他更有价值。—— 希腊
12、法律是无私的，对谁都一视同仁。在每件事上，她都不徇私情。—— 托马斯
13、公正的法律限制不了好的自由，因为好人不会去定的。——爱略特 15、像房子一样，法律和法律都是相互依存的。——伯克
66、节制使快乐增加并使享受加强。 ——德谟克利特 67、今天应做的事没有做，明天再早也是耽误了。——裴斯泰洛齐 68、决定一个人的一生，以及整个命运的，只是一瞬之间。 ——歌德 69、懒人无法享受休息之乐。——拉布克 70、浪费时间是一桩大罪过。——卢梭

学术英语写作4 How to Prepare the Abstract

10
The models

Model 1 In sentence 1 the writer provides background information. In sentence 2 the writer combines the method, the general aim and the specific aim of the study in one sentence. In sentence 3 and 4 the writer summarizes the methodology and provide details. In sentence 5 the writer indicates the achievement of the study. In sentence 6 the writer presents the implications of the study.

15
(c) We found that the pressure increased as the temperature rose, which indicated that temperature played a significant role in the process. (d) We found that the pressure increases as the temperature rises, which indicates that temperature plays a significant role in the process.
20
When you are referring to what the paper itself does or what is actually in the paper itself, use the Present Simple tense, for example: The paper presents a new methodology for… In this paper we apply… This study reports an important design for… We consider a novel system of…

学术英语写作-如何进行研究结果部分的写作

1.5 The attention of the research results
TIPS
Not all findings must be described in the results section
Results should be objective, complete and reliable
Concise and comprehensive（言简意赅） Avoid repetition（避免重复） Objective evaluation（客观评价） Comply with Writing Rules（遵守写作规则） Tables & Charts are better（多用图表） More non-personal nouns（非人称名词） vague expressions（模糊表达）
02 State the process by which results are produced(陈述产生结果的过程)
Present the results one by one(逐一呈现结果)
03
04 Provide evidence (e.g. statistical results, examples, tables, figures, etc) (提供证据(如统计结果,例证,表格,数字等))
01
Guide the reader through the results (引导读者阅读结果)
02
Describe specific or critical results in detail, with or without interpretation(详细描述具体的或关键的结果
,加或不加诠释均可)
information(提供背景信息) • Second step: Present experimental

How to Write Abstract

How to Write AbstractA condensed version of how to write an abstract was presented on the inside front and back covers of AU J.T. 8(1): July 2004 under the heading “How to Write the Titles, By-Line(s), Abstract and Keywords of Scientific Papers”. As many potential authors still have some difficulties in preparing the abstracts of their papers, the Editor decided to give detailed instruction on how to write abstracts of scientific and academic papers with the hope that this will aid authors.What is an abstract?An abstract is a brief, accurate, and comprehensive summary of the contents of the article without added interpretation or criticism. It allows readers to survey the contents of the article which follows quickly. In preparing the abstract, it is important to keep the sentences short and simple by covering with just one topic each and excluding irrelevant information. Nevertheless, an abstract should be informative by presenting the quantitative and/or qualitative information contained in the document.What are the functions of an abstract?An abstract has two functions, viz.:1. Placed at the beginning of the article, it helps readers to know the brief content of the article, thus saving them time to read through the whole paper. Readers normally have their first contact with an article by seeing just the abstract and deciding on the basis of the abstract whether to read the entire article. Thus, an abstract must be informative and readable; it should be well organized, concise, and self-contained.2. It is used by abstracting and information services to index and retrieve articles. Abstract journals can directly publish an abstract as it is, thus facilitating the publication of the article which has been published in the primary publication in Abstract Journal faster and more accurate.Characteristics of a good abstractA good abstract should be:1. Accurate: An abstract should reflect correctly the objectives and contents of the article. Do not include information that does not appear in the body of the article in the abstract. If theinvestigation extends or replicates previous research, it must be recorded in the abstract, with a brief citation of the author (initials and family name) and year. It is suggested that the author compare the abstract with the outline of the article’s headings in order to verify the accuracy of the abstract.2. Self-contained: Define all unique terms, abbreviations (except units of measurement), and acronyms in the abstract. Include names of the authors (initials and family name) and dates of publication in citations of other publications (and give a full citation in the list of references). If the article does not have a separate Keywords section, embed them in the abstract as this will enhance the reade rs’ ability to find them; this will also help in indexing.3. Concise and specific: Each sentence should be as informative as possible, especially the lead sentence. Make it brief. The total length of the abstract should not exceed 120 words, in one (Co n’t. on inside back cover)(Con’t. from inside front cover)paragraph, if possible. Begin the abstract with the most important information but do not repeat the title. It may include the purpose of the investigation, the results and conclusions, or whatever is theMost important to inform the readers.4. Coherent and readable: Write clearly. Here are some suggestions as to write clearly:•Use verbs rather than the noun equivalents.•Use the active rather than the passive voice, but without personal pronouns (I or we).•Use the present tense to describe results without continuing applicability orConclusions drawn.•Use the past tense to describe specific variables manipulated or tests applied.•Use the third rather than the first person.Some suggestions for preparing an abstractAfter finishing the whole content, the author should re-read the article and note down salient points, including the nature of the problems, objectives, methods, results, conclusions and suggestions for further investigation. Then combine them into the abstract later. Do not put anything which was not present in the text, or repeat the title. The objectives and methods, or the nature of the study should be briefly presented. For new methods, there should be the principle of practice, and the scope of accuracy. Do not cite any references, figures, or tables in the abstract.Accentuate newly discovered organisms or compounds. If there is a need to cite references,the sources should be provided in bracket in the abstract. There should be no list of references in theabstract. The abstract not to exceed 200 words or 3% of the article contents.Hint to write an abstract•Describe the main findings concisely and summarize the conclusions.•Include all the main information covered in the paper.•Write with a non-specialist style in mind.•Different points should be emphasized proportionally with that of the main body of the paper.•For short articles, the abstract should be written as a single paragraph;.•For long articles, split the abstract into two or more paragraphs if this is clearer for the readers.•Use past tense for what was found.•Include as much as possible the key words from the text in the abstract.•Avoid unfamiliar terms, acronyms, abbreviations, or symbols; or define them if there is no choice.•Use generic name, not trade names, for chemicals and drugs.•Identify organisms by their scientific names.•Do not include tables, diagrams, equations, or structural formulae in the abstract.•Avoid citing references unless the reference inspired the author to investigate further.•Use numerals for all numbers, except those that begins a sentence. It is suggested that authors recast sentences that begin with a number.•Abbreviate liberally. However, the abbreviations that need to be explained in the text must also be explained on first use in the text not only in the abstract.。

学术英语写作Unit-6.Introduction

methodology reported in the paper. In sentence 10 the writer announces the findings.
9
➢Background (sentences 1-4) ➢Literature Review (sentences 5-6) ➢Unresolved Question (sentence 7) ➢The Present Paper (sentences 8-10)
In sentence 6 the writer provides a brief overview of key research projects in this area.
In sentence 7 the writer describes a gap in the research.
In sentence 8 the writer describes the paper itself. In sentence 9 the writer gives details about the
Unit 6 How to Write the Introduction
1
Teaching Procedures
1
Lead-in
2
Sample Analysis

Building a Model
4
Grammar and Writing Skills
2
Lead-in 1. What information should be contained in the Introduction?
13
➢ The Present Paper
8. The present paper presents a set of criteria for selecting such a component. 9. On the basis of these criteria it then describes the preparation of a set of polymer blends using PLA and a hydro-carbon rubber (PI). 10. This combination of two mechanistically distinct polymerizations formed a novel polymer in which the incorporation of PI significantly increased flexibility .

最新研究生学术英语写作教程Unit-8-Writing-Abstract

Unit 8 Writing AbstractObjectives- Learn the purpose of writing an academic abstract- Get to understand different types of abstracts and the abstract elements- Understand features of academic English in writing an abstract- Learn how to write an academic abstract- Learn how to write key wordsContents- Teacher’s introduction- Reading and discussion:What is an academic abstract?What are the elements of an abstract?- Language focus: commonly used verbs and tenses; sentence patterns- Rewriting practice: understand different styles of academic abstracts- Rewriting practice: understand the elements of an academic abstract- Writing practice: write an abstract and key words based on the given material1.Reading Activity1.1 Pre-reading TaskAbstract is an important part of academic assignments, most often, reports and research papers. The abstract is the last item that you write, but the first thing people read when they want to have a quick overview of the whole paper. We suggest that you leave abstract writing to the end, because you will have a clearer picture of all your findings and conclusions.Before you learn the detailed steps to write an abstract, please discuss the following questions:What is the purpose of writing an abstract?What are the basic elements for an academic abstract?What language problems may you have in abstract writing? (For example: the wording problem, the tense problem and the voice problem, etc.)1.2Reading PassageSample Abstract 1This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through the early 1980s. By examining this historically important case, the writer clarifies the process by which movements transform social structures and the constraints when they try to do so. The time period studied includes the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, the desegregation of public schools and the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall of federal anti-poverty programs. Two major research strategies were used: (1) a quantitative analysis of county-level data and (2) three case studies. Data have been collected from archives, interviews, newspapers, and published reports. This dissertation challenges the argument that movements are inconsequential. Some view federal agencies, courts, political parties, or economic elites as the agents driving institutional change, but typically these groups acted in response to the leverage brought to bear by the civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge independent structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy in Mississippi.(Kenneth Tait Andrews, “‘Freedom is a constant struggle’: The dynamics and consequences of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1984″ Ph.D. State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1997 DAI-A 59/02, p. 620, Aug 1998)1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 What does the abstract talk about?1.3.2Decide how many elements this sample includes and how they function.2Language Focus2.1 Commonly used verbs and tenses in abstractsRead the following sample abstract and pay attention to the verbs used in it. Sample abstract 2Cybercrime –crime on the Internet –is of growing concern in the business community. Despite UK Government initiatives (such as BS7799) and growing sales in software solutions (e.g. anti-virus software), cyber attacks are on the increase. This dissertation focuses on ways to assess the effectiveness of current preventative measures to cybercrime and to understand why organizations continue to be vulnerable to cybercrime. This dissertation met these twin research aims through an extensive study of relevant literature and the implementation of practical research. The latter was carried out through a Case Study with Company XXX using semi-structured interviews with key I.T. security personnel. This research produced a number of key findings: recent surveys confirm a significant increase in the incidences of cybercrime and their impact on the business community but also the types of cybercrime (viruses, hacking, spam, identity theft, fraud, privacy issues, web vandalism, etc.); organizations lacked the security expertise to deal with cybercrime and so depended too much on readily available technical ways to combat cybercrime (and failing); organizations were not aware of Government recommendations on how to address Internet-based security issues; and Governments and law enforcement agencies tended to localize cybercrime, allocating scant resources to contributing to a global solution. The main conclusions drawn from this research were that current approaches to fighting cybercrime are deficient because they fail to embrace a holistic approach, instead opting for a narrow local software-based focus, and that a lack of communication between major stakeholders at local, national and international level has hindered security development. This research argues for a multi-pronged model to reduce incidences of cybercrime. It takes into account Risk-Assessment models, local management of company policies, implementation issues (including proper resourcing and review policies), the need for global support infrastructures, and a means of fostering communication networks.(/Dissertation_Abstract.htm)2.2 More verbs and sentences patterns2.2 Verb tenses in abstractsRead the abstract above again and check the tenses in the abstract.3Writing Practice3.1 Abstract writing practice3.1.1 Why do we care about the problem and the results? If the problem is not obviously "interesting", it might be better to put motivation first; but if your work is incremental progress on a problem that is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the problem statement first to indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on. This section should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if successful. Read the following paragraph and write down the Motivation in the blank.A review of groundwater remediation in use today shows that new techniques are required to solve the problems of pump and treat, containment and in-situ treatment. One such technique is the method that involves the use of permeable treatment walls. These methods use a reactive medium such as iron to remediate contaminated groundwater.3.1.2 What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work (a generalized approach, or for a specific situation)? Be careful not to use too much jargon. In some cases it is appropriate to put the problem statement before the motivation, but usually this only works if most readers already understand why the problem is important. Read the following paragraph and write the problem (aim) in the blank.Several methods of implementing this remediation strategy have been described. These methods include injection and trenching. The use of a funnel and gate system via a trench has been examined in detail using a groundwater modeling option of the FLAC program.3.1.3 How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Did you use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction, or analysis of field data for an actual product? What was the extent of your work (did you look at one application program or a hundred programs in twenty different programming languages?) What important variables did you control, ignore, or measure? Read the following paragraph and write the approach in the blank.The use of a funnel and gate system via a trench has been examined in detail using a groundwater modeling option of the FLAC program. The modeling involved an analysis of the effect of changing the lengths of the walls and gate, varying the permeability, and varying the number of gates.3.1.4 What is the answer? Specifically, most good computer architecture papers conclude that something is so many percent faster, cheaper, smaller, or otherwise better than something else. Put the result there, in numbers. Avoid vague, hand-waving results such as "very", "small", or "significant." If you must be vague, you are only given license to do so when you can talk about orders-of-magnitude improvement. There is a tension here in that you should not provide numbers that can be easily misinterpreted, but on the other hand, you do not have room for all the caveats. Read the following paragraph and write the result in the blank.The results showed that increasing the wall length, gate length and permeability increases the size of the plume captured. An important factor in designing the walls is the residence time of the water in the gate or the contact time of the contaminant with the reactive media.3.1.5 What are the implications of your answer? Is it going to change the world (unlikely), be a significant "win", be a nice hack, or simply serve as a road sign indicating that this path is a waste of time (all of the previous results are useful). Are your results general, potentially generalizable, or specific to a particular case? Read the following and write the conclusion in the blank:A sensitivity analysis has been conducted that shows that increasing the size of the capture zone decreases the residence time which will limit the design. The results of the modeling and sensitivity analysis are presented so that they can be used as an aid to the design of permeable treatment walls.3.2 The following is a structured abstract from a report examining the network legitimacy in China telecommunication market (Low, Johnston, and Wang 97). Read it and transfer it into an informative abstract.Abstract structurePurpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish the importance and approaches in securing an organization’s legitimacy from the network community of customers, suppliers and manufacturers, including private investors and state-owned institutions when marketing their products.Design/methodology/approach –The paper presents an inductive interpretative approach complemented by action-based research founded on inquiry and testing.Findings –The paper finds that the key to legitimacy success involves using legitimacy orientations to demonstrate commitment to the interests of constituents, acquiring legitimacy from them, but concurrently considering the central government’s influence on a firm’s legitimacy performance.Research limitations/implications –The multiple interactions proposed in this paper remain untested and might have to be modified pending further empirical testing and analysis.Practical implications –In China’s telecommunication market, a company’s legitimacy emanates first and foremost from the development and commercialization of innovative and creative technological solutions. This requires good, creative management of technological resource and activity links, connecting the company’s technology to network constituents which include local manufacturers, carriers, software developers, investors.Originality/value – This is the first published paper that examines the proposed interactions among legitimacy orientations, alignments, and performances from a “market-as-network” perspective in a dynamic, transitional Chinese telecommunication market.3.3Writing keywordsKeywords often stand alone after the Abstract. In choosing the key words, a wide choice of keywords increases the probability that a paper will be retrieved and read, thereby potentially improving citation counts and journal impacts. To ensure that your paper can be found and cited by as many readers as possible, as suggested by James Hartley, it might be worth considering selecting keywords from a series of categories such as Discipline (e.g. economic, chemistry, biomedical), Methods (e.g. experiment, case study, questionnaire, grounded theory), Data source (e.g. primary, secondary, tertiary students, senior citizens), Location (e.g. country, city, town, institution), Topic (e.g. air pollution, super-virus, earthquake). Such a selection of keywords allows the search engine, such as Google Advanced Scholar, to list your paper in the results no matter which of the above keywords the reader types in.The researchers sometimes have to trade-off between the keywords, particularly when they write for the journals that bound the number of keywords in the limit of 3~5. In this situation, choose the keywords from recent or often-cited titles close to your contribution. If you pick your keywords in this way, the searches that retrieve these articles will also retrieve yours. Consequently, the chances of your paper being read will increase. Read the above sample abstracts and write down the key words:4. Writing project4.1 Get prepared for writing an abstractBefore you write the Abstract section of your research paper, you need to make everything ready for your writing. The following steps may be helpful for your preparation.1) Identify the major objectives and conclusions.2) Identify phrases with keywords in the methods section.3) Identify the major results from the discussion or results section.4) Assemble the above information into a single paragraph.5) State your hypothesis or method used in the first sentence.6) Omit background information, literature review, and detailed description ofmethods.7) Remove extra words and phrases.8) Revise the paragraph so that the abstract conveys only the essential information.9) Check to see if it meets the guidelines of the targeted journal.10) Give the abstract to a colleague (preferably one who is not familiar with yourwork) and ask him/her whether it makes sense.Work in groups and discuss what other preparations you can make for writing an abstract section of your research paper.4.2 Outline an abstractWhen we outline an abstract, there are usually five major aliments to follow. The following sample paper is finished without the abstract and key words. Read the paper, find the statements concerned and fill in the blank after it.Sample paperGLOBAL MEGACITIES AND LOW CARBON: FROM CONCEPT PLANNING TO INTEGRATED MODELLINGPhil Jones, Simon Lannon, Robbert van Nouhuys, Hendrik RosenthalMega citiesIn 1950, 30% of the world’s population lived in cities. In 2000, it was 47%. By 2010 more than half of the world’s population will be living in cities. The total may even reach 60% by 2030 and possibly 85% by the middle of this century. Such rapidly increasing urbanization, particularly in developing countries, creates many opportunities and challenges.We are living in a globalized and changing world whereby increasingly we require wise use of human and natural resources. At the same time, we need to reduce the risk urbanization poses and enhance the quality of life for all those who live in, or are impacted by Megacities. Megacities are more than just large cities with populations of 10 million inhabitants or more. They are critical to national economies. Their scalecreates new dynamics, new complexity and new simultaneity of events and processes –physical, social and economic. They host highly efficient economic activities utilizing intense and complex interactions between different demographic, social, political, economic and ecological processes.Nations undergoing economic progress often generate rapid urbanization linked with considerable opportunities, as well as strong pressures for change accompanied by environmental degradation. In current times in the developing world, Megacities grow faster than ever before and much faster than their infrastructure can support. Traditionally this results in uncontrolled urban sprawl, high traffic volumes and congested transport systems, high concentrations of industrial production, ecological overload, unregulated and disparate land and property markets, insufficient housing development, excessive waste generation, loss of productivity, general economic constipation, degradation and decline.Over the past decades traditional Megacities have been suffering from inadequate representative governance, inhibiting spatial planning, building control, delivery of services (such as water supply, sewage disposal and energy distribution), and the establishment of general order (including security and disaster prevention). Existing administrations and their organizational structures may have been outgrown by the rapidly expanding city and may simply be unable to cope with the huge scale of their new responsibilities. On the other hand, megacities contain a rich mix of coexisting people and support systems when properly planned and managed. Groups with their own distinctive ethnic, community, cultural roots, lifestyles and social surroundings have opportunity to thrive and develop. Differences in economic development, social polarization, quality of infrastructure and governance are recognized and taken into account. The scale and dynamism of Megacities, coupled with complex interacting processes and the sheer concentration of human capital make them incubators of huge growth and innovation. Megacities are the focal points of globalization as well as the driving forces for development; they harbor a wide spectrum of human skill and potential, creativity, social interaction and cultural diversity.For Hanoi to develop within a rapid urbanization scenario it must look far ahead –not 20 years, not 50 years but 100 years –into the 22nd Century. The use of conventional planning and economic development guidelines have proven to be outdated, resulting in the risk of harboring pronounced poverty, social inequality, and aggravating rapid environmental degradation. Population density, if not managed, increases vulnerability to natural and man-made hazards. Thus, Megacities are both victims and producers of risk, if unmanaged and exposed to the global environmental, socio-economic and political changes to which they contribute.Megacities will be essential and efficient drivers of a nation’s gross domestic product, processes and activities. Megacities will be ideal places to drive activities and innovation to solve social, environmental, medical, socio-economic and political issues. For these reasons, Megacities are necessary and have potential to substantially contribute towards global justice and peace – and thereby prosperity.Low Carbon and Energy ModelingAspects of sustainable master planning that impact carbon and energy implications need to be understood to help inform concepts at the earliest stage of the design process. For example, the full benefits of reducing operating energy demand of buildings can only be realized if the energy supply can respond to the reduced demand, which includes the additional benefits of reducing the energy supply infrastructure, which in turn reduces its embodied energy. Likewise, if a low (or zero) carbon energy supply is to be used, for example, renewable energy, this is easier to achieve if first the energy demand is reduced. Also, as the operating energy performance of buildings is improved the carbon dioxide emissions associated with the operation of the building, for heating, cooling, lighting, etc., becomes of the same order as the embodied energy used in construction and fit-out of the building and its infra-structure. So a balanced approach across energy demand and supply infrastructure, operating energy and embodied energy, is needed to achieve optimum performance.This paper describes how the aspects of low carbon planning and design (i.e. operating energy use, embodied energy associated with buildings, energy supply infrastructures, and other infrastructures such as transport, waste, water, sewage, etc.) can be assessed using urban scale modeling, namely EEP-Urban, at a whole city and building plot level. In particular, it explores how the reduction in energy supply infrastructure together with reduced energy demand can lead to reductions in carbon dioxide emissions associated with both operating and embodied energy. The concept of the Megacity in the context of Hanoi in 2110 is used to illustrate the model.The Concept of Metabolic Super ClustersHanoi in 2110 will feature super tall skyscrapers, elevated connectors and railways, nodal communication networks, as well as electrical and energy corridors. Vertical neighborhoods, where people live, shop, relax and work, are built on and above this surface. Built structures are not just individual towers standing independent from another but instead are interlinked and inter-dependent to form an urban spatial organization that allows for vertical connectivity.The urban model proposes 1 million people on a 1 square kilometer floor plate, hence called a Super Cluster. Under current suburban density standards a similar population would require in the order of 100 square kilometers. Thus, this vision for Hanoi in 2110 saves 99% of land for other uses, most notably conservation of ecological functions and provides food, leisure, material and energy support systems for the city thereby localizing the ecological footprint of the city.Another distinct aspect of Hanoi in 2110 is that it does not have static building functions. Instead, land use layers, building envelopes and orientations change over time – hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly – to optimize performance efficiencies, therefore becoming a Metabolic Super Cluster. It is envisaged that Hanoi by the end of this century will consist of 30 metabolic super clusters in addition to its traditional urban city centre.Concentrated compact development will enhance the quality of life for urban dwellers because all infrastructures, environmentally damaging and other undesirablesurface activities are located underground or integrated into the vertical structure, thereby significantly improving the quality of living space at the ground, open-air level. Underground space may also provide a safer environment for some public and commercial activities as well as providing shelter from inclement weather conditions. This may prove to be essential for infrastructure in particular, given the predicted impacts associated with climate change. Elevated multi-level connectors between building clusters are converted into common corridors with public amenities, farms and open space.Quality of life depends on individual perceptions, attitudes, aspirations and value systems. These differ with age, ethnicity, culture and religion, as well as lifestyles, education and cultural background. An individual’s priorities and attitudes to life depend heavily upon socio-economic background and cultural environment. Historic places, cultural sites or public spaces may give Megacities a certain unique identity, heritage, and authenticity. As a result, such spatial capital contributes to social cohesion and makes people feel at home.Nevertheless, the general opinion may be that the quality of life for many residents in Megacities would be low – for rich and poor alike. Air, water and soil pollution, water and energy supply shortages, traffic congestion, environmental health problems, limited green spaces, poverty and malnutrition, social security and public safety problems place many burdens and restrictions on people.The Megacity of the future has adapted to greater diversity in socio-cultural circumstances by including and enhancing the often widespread and dynamic informal activities that enrich such communities. Further development of new visions and innovative management tools are now urgently needed in order to enhance quality of life and create cohesive communities.Urban governance and management is one of the key success factors of any global Megacity. As society and aspirations evolve over time, the city has to be designed to adapt to change. Utopian cities built around fixed ideologies have never worked. Megacities need to be versatile in order to adapt.The main challenges for a Megacity in terms of urban governance are: dealing with the speed of change with intelligent urban infrastructure systems; eradicating social exclusion; and introducing proper forms of urban governance.Way ForwardWhether or not 1 million people are appropriate for a 1 km2 super cluster remains to be seen. The optimum density for sustainability, land use and quality of life may be less and will vary with global location. The above approach is essential to inform the design of high rise high density Megacities if they are to realize their full potential for providing sustainable healthy zero carbon cities of the future that can co-exist in a sustainable way with their neighboring rural areas.4.3 According to the above table, draft an abstract and keywords for the sample paper. Abstract:Key words:5.Final Checklistbackground, purpose, findings, conclusions, recommendations and follow strictly the chronology of the report/papers.∙Avoid excessive use of jargon, and exaggerative language∙Keep within the specified word limit. Most institutions will have their own "house rules" as to the length of the abstract. The abstract should stand alone and be able to be understood without reference to citations,∙Ensure the abstract contains all your key words (for the searchable databases). ∙Add no new information but simply summarize the report/papers. Be intelligible to a wide audience。

论文季Howtowriteanabstract如何写英文摘要

论文季Howtowriteanabstract如何写英文摘要Write an Abstract如何写英文摘要春暖花开，又到了写论文的季节。

没有时间踏青？还在为论文苦恼？本期我们就一起来学习一下如何写英文摘要吧！在这个春天，我们一起做灿烂的学术宅什么是摘要 What is an abstract?An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper or entire thesis.摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。

为什么要写摘要 Why write an abstract?Selection: Abstracts allow readers who may beinterested in the paper to quickly decide whether it is relevant to their purposes and whether they need to read the whole paper.Indexing: Most academic journal databases accessed through the library enable you to search abstracts. This allows for quick retrieval by users. Abstracts must incorporate the key terms that a potential researcher would use to search.允许读者进行快速筛选，检索，通过题目，关键词等方法判断他们是否需要阅读整篇文章。

What to include in an abstract1Reasons for WritingThe importance of the research and why would readers be interested in this large work?首先，摘要中应该包含本篇论文的重要性，言简意赅阐述清楚写作目的。

How to Write an Abstract(英汉双语)

Writing PracticeHow to Write an Abstract怎样写一份好的摘要1.What is an abstract?An abstract is a summary of points of a writing presented in skeletal form, which highlights the important information covered in an article or a paper. It helps the reader to find out quickly whether the writing is of their interest or not, and whether they need to read the whole paper or not. Moreover, national or international conference organizers decide whether a participant is eligible or not usually by reviewing the abstract submitted. Therefore, writing a good abstract is of great importance for scholars and researchers.1.什么是摘要？摘要是以梗概形式呈现的一篇文章要点的总结，它强调了一篇文章所包含的重要的信息。

它也可以帮助读者快速的了解到是否这篇文章是他们感兴趣的，是否他们需要来阅读整篇文章。

而且，国家或国际出版社的编辑通常通过浏览投稿文章的摘要来决定是否投稿人的文章是可以被录用的。

因此，对于学者和研究人员来说，写一份好的摘要至关重要。

2.Criteria of a good abstract.In terms of content, a good abstract states clearly the purpose of the writing, the method used, the findings, the originality, or the implication etc. EI, for example, requires a good abstract in English should answer the following questions:1)What do you want to do?2)How did you do it?3)What results did you get and what conclusion did you draw?4)What is original in your paper?To meet the requirements, a good abstract should be accurate, concise, specific, self-contained, and coherent.*Being accurate means that an abstract presents the information that actually occurs in the paper, and avoids vagueness in definition, word choice and elsewhere.*Being concise means that an abstract includes only the most important ideals, findings, or implications, etc, and avoids wordy expressions. There is a word limit for abstract of journals or periodicals, usually within 250 words. The length varies. One should comply with the specific requirements of the journal that he/she is going to publish his/her paper. However, an abstract should not be over-simplified; otherwise the readers cannot get sufficient information about the paper.*Being specific means that an abstract should be concrete, and to the point rather than general and indirect so as to reduce vagueness and misunderstanding.*Being self-contained means an abstract is complete in itself. It covers the important points in the paper, with formalized structure showing the topic, the supporting evidence, and the conclusion.*Being coherent means that an abstract is logical and make sense. A good abstract uses tense correctly, and avoids too many changes between active voice and passive voice.2.一份好摘要的必备要素关于内容，一份好的摘要会清楚明确的叙述写作的目的，使用的方法，最新的发现，文章的原创性，或相关的应用等。

学术英语写作Unit 6.Introduction

In sentence 6 the writer provides a brief overview of key research projects in this area.
In sentence 7 the writer describes a gap in the research.
13
➢ The Present Paper
8. The present paper presents a set of criteria for selecting such a component. 9. On the basis of these criteria it then describes the preparation of a set of polymer blends using PLA and a hydro-carbon rubber (PI). 10. This combination of two mechanistically distinct polymerizations formed a novel polymer in which the incorporation of PI significantly increased flexibility .
7.However, although the effect of the rubber particles on the mechanical properties of copolymer systems was demonstrated over two years ago,8 little attention has been paid to the selection of an appropriate rubber component.

学术英语如何写好摘要How-to-Write-an-Abstract教学提纲共51页文档

nAbstract教学提纲
11、获得的成功越大，就越令人高兴。野心是使人勤奋的原因，节制使人枯萎。 12、不问收获，只问耕耘。如同种树，先有根茎，再有枝叶，尔后花实，好好劳动，不要想太多，那样只会使人胆孝懒惰，因为不实践，甚至不接触社会，难道你是野人。(名言网) 13、不怕，不悔(虽然只有四个字，但常看常新。 14、我在心里默默地为每一个人祝福。我爱自己，我用清洁与节制来珍惜我的身体，我用智慧和知识充实我的头脑。 15、这世上的一切都借希望而完成。农夫不会播下一粒玉米，如果他不曾希望它长成种籽；单身汉不会娶妻，如果他不曾希望有小孩；商人或手艺人不会工作，如果他不曾希望因此而有收益。-- 马钉路德。
1、最灵繁的人也看不见自己的背脊。——非洲 2、最困难的事情就是认识自己。——希腊 3、有勇气承担命运这才是英雄好汉。——黑塞 4、与肝胆人共事，无字句处读书。——周恩来 5、阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏捷，写作使人精确。——培根

学术英语课程介绍

Unit 3 Orientation
Orientation
2. Why？
由于英语已成为国际各学科的研究成果进行交流，以及科技经济文化交流的国际通用语（lingua franca），ESP就成为了当今世界上高校为非英语专业学生开设的核心课程。 Ypsilandis 和Kantaridou（2007）对欧洲奥地利、法国、德国、希腊、意大利、瑞典、西班牙、瑞士等国28所高校现状调查，发现其中83.3% 的高校ESP英语课程是必修课。在亚洲，连教学语言为非英语的日本、韩国和我国台湾的高校大学英语也基于以ESP为主流课程。
Unit 3 Orientation
3. 15% 演示科研成果 Oral presentation
1).时间安排参照进度表 2).1～2人一组 3).基于本Байду номын сангаас材所授技能 4).主题（参见说明-主题1）
5).每位学生陈述时间至少3分钟
6).不接受单纯读稿
7).每位学生单独得分
说明： Unit 3
Orientation
• From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia • /wiki/English_for_specific_purpos es
What is EAP
• English for academic purposes (EAP) entails training students, usually in a higher education setting, to use language appropriately for study. It is a challenging and multi-faceted area within the wider field of English language learning and teaching (ELT), and is one of the most common forms of English for specific purposes (ESP).

How to write the abstract

How to write an abstractI. DefinitionAn abstract of a research paper is the summary of your study which provides the first source of information for a prospective reader. It provides information concerning following aspects: the purpose of the study, the research questions to be addressed, the subjects to be involved, the instruments used to collect the data, the procedures for collecting and analysing the data, the findings and confusions, written after the paper is completed although it is intended to be read first.In an essay written for a humanities class, the abstract appears on a separate page after the table of contents and just before the essay itself. Normally, it should not exceed 250 words.II. FunctionThough the title of the research paper may provide information about the topic of the study, it is the abstract that provides a bird's eye view of the subject matter, the purpose and the content of the the study.III. Elements of the abstractThe format of your abstract will depend on the work being abstracted. An abstract of a scientific research paper will contain elements not found in an abstract of a literature article, and vice versa. However, all abstracts share several mandatory components,and there are also some optional parts that you can decide to include or not.Use the following as a checklist for your abstract.A. Motivation• Why do care about the problem and the results?• What is the importance of the research?• Why should a reader be interested in the larger work?B. Problem statement• What problem are you trying to solve?• What is the scope of your work?In some cases it is appropriate to put the problem statement before the motivation, but usually this only works if most readers already understand why the problem is important.C. Approach• How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem?• Did you use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction, or analysisof field data for an actual product?D. Results• What is the answer (Avoid vague results such as "very" "small""significant") ?E. Conclusions• What are the implications of your answer?• Is it going to change our conventional concept?• Are your results general, potentially generalized, o r specific to a particularcase?F. KeywordsAs the name implies, keywords are the most important words and phrases representative of the theme or subject matter of the paper. Readers can find out the theme of the paper by referring to the keywords.1. Linguistic featuresa. Keywords are usually used in the form of nouns, not verbs.b. The average number of keywords for a paper is four to six.c. The keywords usually come from the title and the abstract, where the keyterms of the words and phrases are usually contained.2. Writing requirementsa. In most cases, keywords are placed below the abstract.b. Keywords are not necessarily all capitalized, except the first letter ofkeywords as a heading. Use comma, or semicolon to separate thekeywords but not full stop.c. Both terms and abbreviations should be in confromity with therequirements of your particular field.IV. Five steps for writing the abstractA. Read through the article carefully.B. Underline or write down its main points and major supporting evidence.C. Extract the gist of each section; give special attention to introductory andconcluding paragraphs.D. Shape your abstract from the points you have underlined or the summariesyou have made of each major part of the article.E. Link your points with helpful transitions.F. Test the abstract against the article, evaluating how well it reflects what thearticle contains.V. Typical types of abstractsA. Descriptive abstractsA descriptive abstract indicates the type of information found in the work. It makes no judgements about the work, nor does it provide results or conclusions of the research. It does incorporate key words found in the text and may include the purpose, methods, and scope of the research. Essentially, the descriptive abstract describes the being abstracted. Some people consider it an outline of the work,rather than a summary. Descriptive abstracts are usually very short-100 words or less.B. Informative abstractsThe majority of abstracts are informative. A good informative abstract is that, the writer presents and explains all the main arguments and the important results and evidence in the complete article. An informative abstract dose not lonely include the information that can be found in a descriptive abstract( purpose, methods, and scope ) , but also includes the results and conclusions of the research and the recommendations of the author. The length varies but is rarely more than 10% of the length of the entire work.VI. Tips for Writing AbstractThere are different approaches to write an abstract. You can work on the thesis statement, list the main points from the outline, use topic sentences of the major paragraphs and produce your abstract. Each person has his or her way of doing things. Hope that you will find the following suggestions helpful when you are preparing your abstracts.1.Make the abstract as informative as the nature of the document willpermit. In that way, readers may decide, quickly and accurately, whether they need to read the entire document.2.Convey information in the original document accurately and concisely,with an absence of any attempt to arouse emotion. The exclamation mark (!) is never used in an abstract, and question mark (?) is seldom used.e standard terms and try to avoid using abbreviations and symbols. Incase you have to use them, give expanded versions of lesser known abbreviations and acronyms, and verbalize symbols that may be unfamiliar to readers the first time they occur in the abstract.4.Omit needless words, phrases, and sentences and keeps the total wordsunder 250.Employ standard English with complete sentences, and follow conventional grammar and punctuation rules. Both active and passive voices, first and third persons can be used.VII. Formalized Sentences for AbstractFrom the dimension of linguistic structure, a comparatively complete abstract usually consists of the following three major parts: topic sentence, supporting sentences, and concluding sentences.1.Topic SentenceThe purpose of the p aper is…The author intends to…The primary goal of this research is to…The problem presented in the paper focused on…The chief aim of the present work is to investigate…The author aims to design a study to find out…The primary object of this fundamental research will be to reveal the cause of…The work presented in this paper lies in…The experiment on…was made to investigate the features of…The problem discussed in this paper deals with the study of…This study emphasizes on the importance and implic ation of…The overall objective of this study is to explain…The author intends to outline the framework of…2.Supporting sentencesA Theoretical explanationsOur theory is based on the assumption that…This theory proceeds form the idea/principle o f…The object of this theory is to…The validity of the theory has become obvious in the light ofrecent findings.The theory received universal recognition.The basic feature of this theory is…The newly-advanced theory has some advantages(deficiencies,drawbacks, inadequacies, flaws…).B Method introductionThe method used in this study can be briefly described as…The approach we applied is referred to as…The experiment consisted of three steps, which are describedin…The technique adopted extensively is called…The present study applies a perspective from…To analyze this school of writing, the author mainly focuseson...A number of experiments were conducted to test out thehypothesis t hat…The research has recorded reliable data using the newly-developedmethod.3.Concluding sentencesAt the conclusion of this study,…Based on the fact, a conclusion of the study can be drawn that…In summing up, these findings of the research have led the author to theconclusion that…From our experiments, the authors came to realize that…The findings of the study have demonstrated that…All our preliminary results throw light on the nature of…This study involving…prove to be valid.It is our recomme ndation that…VIII. ConclusionIn the above sections we have focused on the function, elements, steps and types of an abstract as part of a longer piece of academic writing. The secret of a successful abstract is in giving the most information in the least number of words in a coherent structure. This can be achieved by reading good abstracts and then emulating them when you need to write one.IX. Examples1 Abstract 1Body language or gesture is commonly used in every human society when speaking, thinking and in other situations. Different gestures may raise various reactions amongst people in diverse circumstances. Therefore, kinesics or the study of gestures becomes significant in order to understand people better. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare some cases of kinesics in teaching in order to work out the principles. Samples are analyzed from actual data in everyday life and the findings reveal that kinesics is one of the most essential elements in communication, especially in teaching. It helps teachers to win popularity or induce misunderstanding.Kinesics plays an important part especially in modern teaching and it directly affects the validity of students’ feedbac k. (121 words)Key Words: body language, gesture, kinesics2Abstract 2Metaphor is commonly known as the use of a word or phrase denoting one kind of idea or object in place of another word or phrase for the purpose of suggesting a likeness between the two. The present paper attempts to apply recent theories of linguistics, systemic functional linguistic in particular, to the analysis of metaphorical use of language at the pragmatic level, i.e. “Pragmatic Metaphor”. The paper first gives a def inition of pragmatic metaphor and then examines two major kinds of pragmatic metaphors: dysphemistic metaphors and euphemistic metaphors. Dysphemistic metaphor means the use of good-sounding, positive and polite language with an intention to express attitudes of disrespect towards the listener or audience in the communication.Euphemistic metaphor, on the contrary, refers to the use of aggressive, impolite and irregular language with good, friendly and even affectionate feelings from the speaker. The major argument developed in the analysis is that everyday language is thoroughly suffused with metaphors and that this metaphorical use of language exists at different levels of language, lexical, grammatical and pragmatic. They are all pragmatic strategies in communication. (181 words)Key Words: metaphor, dysphemistic metaphor, euphemistic metaphor。

How To Write Abstract

How To Write Abstract?(写论文用得上)by John December and Susan KatzWhat is an abstract?An abstract is a stand-alone statement that briefly conveys the essential information of a paper, article, document or book; presents the objective, methods, results, and conclusions of a research project; has a brief, non-repetitive style.Although an abstract appears as the first section of a paper, it should be written last. You need to have completed all other sections before you can select and summarize the essential information from those sections.Many abstracts are published without the complete paper itself in abstract journals or in online databases. Thus, an abstract might serve as the only means by which a researcher determines what information a paper contains. Moreover, a researcher mightmake a decision whether to read the paper or not based on the abstract alone. Because of this need for self-contained compactness, an abstract must convey the essential results of a paper.Many publications have a required style for abstracts; the "Guidelines for Authors" provided by the publisher will provide specific instructions. This document describes general guidelines.What goes in an abstract?In doing any research, a researcher has an objective, uses methods, obtains results, and draws conclusions. In writing the paper to describe the research, an author might discuss background information, review relevant literature, and detail proceduresand methodologies. However, an abstract of the paper should:-describe the objective, methods, results, and conclusions;-omit background information, a literature review, and detailed description of methods;-avoid reference to other literatures.What is the style of an abstract?The style of an abstract should be concise and clear. Readers do not expect the abstract to have the same sentence structure flow of a paper. Rather, the abstract's wording should be very direct. For example, the following abstract is a self-containeddescription of an imaginary physics project. The key elements of an abstract are in boldface, and its style conforms to the suggestions above.AbstractThis study's objective was to determine the strangeness measurements for red, green, and blue quarks. The Britt-Cushman method for quark analysis exploded a quarkstream in a He gas cloud. Results indicate that both red and green quarks had astrangeness that differed by less than 0.453 x 10-17 Zabes/m2 for all measurements. Blue quarks remained immeasurable, since their particle traces bent into 7-tuple space. This study's conclusions indicate that red and green quarks can be usedinterchangeably in all He stream applications, and further studies must be done to measure the strangeness of blue quarks.How do you write an abstract?Writing an abstract involves boiling down the essence of a whole paper into a single paragraph that conveys as much new information as possible. One way of writing an effective abstract is to start with a draft of the complete paper and do thefollowing:1. Highlight the objective and the conclusions that are in the paper's introduction and the discussion.2. Bracket information in the methods section of the paper that contains keyword information.3. Highlight the results from the discussion or results section of the paper.4. Compile the above highlighted and bracketed information into a single paragraph.5. Condense the bracketed information into the key words and phrases that identify but do not explain the methods used.6. Delete extra words and phrases.7. Delete any background information.8. Rephrase the first sentence so that it starts off with the new information contained in the paper, rather than with the general topic. One way of doing this is to begin the first sentence with the phrase "this paper" or "this study."9. Revise the paragraph so that the abstract conveys the essential information.。

How to Write an Abstract(最终版) - 副本

How to Write an AbstractGroup TwoMain contents1.Definition of the abstract2.Function and Purpose3.Abstract Types4.Structure5.Tense/Voice and person6.Examples and analysis1.Definition of the abstractAn abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding(会议论文集) or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject or discipline. When used, an abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript or typescript.2.Function and PurposeAn abstract is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain(探知) the paper's purpose. acting as the point-of-entry for any given academic paper or patent application. Abstracting and indexing services for various academic disciplines are aimed at compiling a body of literature for that particular subject.3.Abstract Types•InformativeThe informative abstract,also known as the complete abstract,is a compendious summary of a paper's substance, including its background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusion. Usually between 100 and 200 words, the informative abstract summarizes the paper's structure, its major topics and key points. Informative abstracts may be viewed as standalone documents.•DescriptiveThe descriptive abstract,also known as the limited abstract or the indicative abstract,provides a description of what the paper covers without delving into its substance. A descriptive abstract is akin to a table of contents in paragraph form.4.Structurea)Background, statement of the problems, research issues;b)The research methods used ,such as experimental research,case studies, questionnaires, etc.);c)The results/findings of the research;d)The main conclusions and recommendations.5. Tense/Voice and personTense:a)The present tenseb)The past tensec)The future tensed)The present perfect tense∙∙∙∙∙∙Voice and Person:►Voice: ►Person:a)The active voice a)The first personb)The passive voice b)The second personc)The third person6.Examples and analysis Abstract 1Abstract 2Abstract 3Abstract 4Abstract—GPS receiver tracking loop will loose lock easily in high dynamic environments.The velocity of INS(inertial navigation system)aided GPS receiver may advance the tracking loop in a high performance and improve anti-jamming capability.In this paper,the design of FPGA and DSPs based software receiver is described.In this system,The INS processor is embedded in the GPS receiver,so the velocity of INS would be used to aid the receiver in tracking loop.The digital signal processer was composed of one FPGA and two DSPs,the FPGA was receiver’s correlation channel,one DSPs is GPS navigation processor the other is INS processor,the two DSPs communicate by their HPI interface.The experiment indicates that this design has a high performance positioning result,and is significant for the realization of deep coupled SINS/GPS integration.(136words)•在高动态的环境中，GPS接收机的跟踪环路将很容易失锁。

How to Write an Abstract

How to Write an AbstractPhilip Koopman, Carnegie Mellon UniversityOctober, 1997AbstractBecause on-line search databases typically contain only abstracts, it is vital to write a complete but concise description of your work to entice potential readers into obtaining a copy of the full paper. This article describes how to write a good computer architecture abstract for both conference and journal papers. Writers should follow a checklist consisting of: motivation, problem statement, approach, results, and conclusions. Following this checklist should increase the chance of people taking the time to obtain and read your complete paper.IntroductionNow that the use of on-line publication databases is prevalent, writing a really good abstract has become even more important than it was a decade ago. Abstracts have always served the function of "selling" your work. But now, instead of merely convincing the reader to keep reading the rest of the attached paper, an abstract must convince the reader to leave the comfort of an office and go hunt down a copy of the article from a library (or worse, obtain one after a long wait through inter-library loan). In a business context, an "executive summary" is often the only piece of a report read by the people who matter; and it should be similar in content if not tone to a journal paper abstract. Checklist: Parts of an AbstractDespite the fact that an abstract is quite brief, it must do almost as much work as the multi-page paper that follows it. In a computer architecture paper, this means that it should in most cases include the following sections. Each section is typically a single sentence, although there is room for creativity. In particular, the parts may be merged or spread among a set of sentences. Use the following as a checklist for your next abstract:Motivation:Why do we care about the problem and the results? If the problem isn'tobviously "interesting" it might be better to put motivation first; but ifyour work is incremental progress on a problem that is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the problem statement firstto indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on. This section should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if successful.∙Problem statement:What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work (a generalized approach, or for a specific situation)? Be careful not to usetoo much jargon. In some cases it is appropriate to put the problemstatement before the motivation, but usually this only works if mostreaders already understand why the problem is important.∙Approach:How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Didyou use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction, or analysis of field data for an actual product? What was the extent of your work (didyou look at one application program or a hundred programs in twentydifferent programming languages?) What important variables did youcontrol, ignore, or measure?∙Results:What's the answer? Specifically, most good computer architecture papers conclude that something is so many percent faster, cheaper, smaller, orotherwise better than something else. Put the result there, in numbers.Avoid vague, hand-waving results such as "very", "small", or"significant." If you must be vague, you are only given license to do sowhen you can talk about orders-of-magnitude improvement. There is atension here in that you should not provide numbers that can be easilymisinterpreted, but on the other hand you don't have room for all thecaveats.∙Conclusions:What are the implications of your answer? Is it going to change the world (unlikely), be a significant "win", be a nice hack, or simply serve as aroad sign indicating that this path is a waste of time (all of the previousresults are useful). Are your results general, potentially generalizable, orspecific to a particular case?Other ConsiderationsAn abstract must be a fully self-contained, capsule description of the paper. It can't assume (or attempt to provoke) the reader into flipping through looking for an explanation of what is meant by some vague statement. It must make sense all by itself. Some points to consider include:∙Meet the word count limitation. If your abstract runs too long, either it will be rejected or someone will take a chainsaw to it to get it down to size.Your purposes will be better served by doing the difficult task of cuttingyourself, rather than leaving it to someone else who might be moreinterested in meeting size restrictions than in representing your efforts in the best possible manner. An abstract word limit of 150 to 200 words iscommon.∙Any major restrictions or limitations on the results should be stated, if only by using "weasel-words" such as "might", "could", "may", and"seem".∙Think of a half-dozen search phrases and keywords that people looking for your work might use. Be sure that those exact phrases appear in your abstract, so that they will turn up at the top of a search result listing.∙Usually the context of a paper is set by the publication it appears in (for example, IEEE Computer magazine's articles are generally aboutcomputer technology). But, if your paper appears in a somewhatun-traditional venue, be sure to include in the problem statement thedomain or topic area that it is really applicable to.∙Some publications request "keywords". These have two purposes. They are used to facilitate keyword index searches, which are greatly reducedin importance now that on-line abstract text searching is commonly used.However, they are also used to assign papers to review committees oreditors, which can be extremely important to your fate. So make sure that the keywords you pick make assigning your paper to a review categoryobvious (for example, if there is a list of conference topics, use yourchosen topic area as one of the keyword tuples).ConclusionWriting an efficient abstract is hard work, but will repay you with increased impact on the world by enticing people to read your publications. Make sure that all the components of a good abstract are included in the next one you write.Further ReadingMichaelson, Herbert, How to Write & Publish Engineering Papers and Reports, Oryx Press, 1990. Chapter 6 discusses abstracts.Cremmins, Edward, The Art of Abstracting 2nd Edition, Info Resources Press, April 1996. This is an entire book about abstracting, written primarily for professional abstractors.Translations of this article:∙Belarusian: /edu/abstract-be/∙Romanian: /people/seremina/edu/abstract-rom.html© Copyright 1997, Philip Koopman, Carnegie Mellon University。