江苏自学考试英语语言学概论教材大纲

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英语语言学—中文版

单元练习..．.．.7６页英语语言学概论—自学指导主编：支永碧王永祥英语语言学概论—自学指导主编：支永碧王永祥副主编:李葆春丁后银王秀凤前言本书主要为参加英语专业（本科段）自学考试和全国研究生入学考试的考生而编写，是《英语语言学概论》（王永祥、支永碧，2０07）的配套辅导用书。

自2007年起,《英语语言学概论》(王永祥、支永碧,200７)被确定为英语专业（本科段）自学考试的指定教材。

在此期间，许多参加自学考试的考生希望能再出一本配套的辅导教材。

他们中的不少人不仅希望自学考试轻松过关,还希望和全国其他学生一样将来能参加全国统一的研究生入学考试继续升造求学。

而现有的教材内容和相关练习似乎还不能充分满足他们的需求。

其一，配套练习尚不够全面,缺少问答题的参考答案；其二，和研究生入学考试真题相比,配套练习的类型也不够全面;其三,参加自学考试的学生往往很难得到老师的亲自授课和指导，而英语语言学理论和概念往往抽象难懂，再加上其它各种原因，不少考生不能轻易地掌握各章的所有重点、难点,因此,他们迫切需要有一本简单实用的自学考试指南和辅导练习帮助他们解决问题;此外,在英语专业研究生入学考试中,英语语言学是一门必考科目。

入学以后,英语语言学也是英语专业研究生的一门必修课。

鉴于此,他们希望了解更全面的英语语言学基本理论，多做一些更实用的英语语言学练习和真题,以备将来需要。

为了满足广大自考学生和准备参加英语专业研究生入学考试的考生的需要,我们在广泛征求了各方面的意见之后,精心编写了本书。

本书的编写除了主要参照王永祥、支永碧主编的《英语语言学概论》以外,我们还参考了胡壮麟主编的《语言学教程》（修订版）和戴炜栋、何兆熊主编的《新编简明英语语言学教程》和其它一些高校使用的语言学教程。

本书第一部分为英语语言学核心理论和概念,主要包括：本章主要考点,课文理解与重点内容分析;第二部分为英语语言学概论的十三章单元配套练习，和原教材中的练习稍有不同的是，在本部分，我们选编了部分自学考试真题和各个高校历年考研真题,以便考生更好地了解本章重点。

自考英语(本科-)《现代语言学》-复习大纲设计

what is linguistics?1.1 定义 definitionLinguistics is generally defined as scientific study of language.1.2 语言学的研究范畴 the scope of linguisticsa. The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.把语言作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。

b. The study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of a branch oflinguistics called phonetics.语音学How speech sounds are produced and classified.c. how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.how sounds form systems and function to convey meaning. phonology音位学/ 音系学交际中语音的组合规律及传达意义的方式d. The study of the way in which these symbols are arranged to form words has constituted the branchof study called morphology.形态学how morphemes are combined to form words.这些符号通过排列组合而成构成语词，对于这种排列组合方式的研究构成了语言学研究的另一个分支，如对形态学的研究。

e. The combination of these words to form permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules.The study of these rules constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies, syntax. 句法学how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences.f. The study of meaning. semantics 语义学 (in abstraction)g. the study of meaning is conducted in context of use. pragmatics 语用学h. the study of language with reference to society. sociolinguistics.社会语言学i. the study of language with reference to the workings of the mind. psycholinguistics 心里语言学j. the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. applied linguistics1.3 语言学研究中的一些基本概念 some important distinctions in linguistics.1.3.1 规定性和描述性 prescriptive vs. descriptiveif a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use;如果一种语言学的研究是对人们实际使用中的语言进行的描述和分析——描述性的descriptiveif it aims at to lay down rules for “correct” behaviour to tell people what they should say and what they should not say如果某种研究的目的是在对所谓“正确的”行为制定一些规则——规定性的prescriptive现代语言学通常是描述性的，与“语法”的语言研究是大相径庭的1.3.2 共时性和历时性 synchronic vs. diachronicthe description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study;the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.现代语言学中，共时性研究比历时性研究更受人青睐。

江苏自考 27036 英语泛读(三)大纲(高纲1546)

高纲1546江苏省高等教育自学考试大纲27036英语泛读（三）南京师范大学编江苏省高等教育自学考试委员会办公室I 课程的性质和学习目的英语泛读（三）是江苏省高等教育自学考试英语专业本科阶段的一门必考课程，是英语专业阅读能力培养与拓展的基础课程。

本课程旨在通过选题各异的经典文献阅读，帮助学生丰富词汇量，接触理解各种语言现象，提升英文阅读中应具备的基本阅读基本技能与逻辑思维能力，并深入了解英语语言文化背景知识，从而提高自身人文素养。

本课程中的阅读篇章蕴含多样的题材、风格，可以丰富学生各个领域方面的词汇量，拓展学习者的知识面，增强英语语感，逐步培养学生在阅读过程中的分析、归纳、综合和判断的能力，提高学生的阅读技能，包括细读、略读、查阅等能力。

本课程的阅读文章皆为经典性的、具独特精神内涵的文章，故而有助于提高学生阅读过程中的批评思辨能力和分析欣赏能力，有助于学生从西方传统文化以及现当代文化中汲取精华，更激发学生自我强烈的阅读兴趣，为进一步提高专业英语水平打下坚实的基础。

本课程的难点在于，阅读过程中会涉及各方面的英语词汇以及不同文化背景知识，这要求学生在阅读过程中借助于工具书或各种媒介查阅相关的文化背景知识，这样才能更好地理解文章。

II 课程内容与学习要求本课程共分十二个单元，每个单元有Text A和Text B两篇阅读材料。

每篇阅读材料中的生词、难词备有注释，这些注释有意识地给读者提供了一定的选词空间，这就要求学生根据文章上下文的语境作出正确的词义选择。

每篇课文后面，附有一些文化背景方面的提示解说，有助于阅读者深入了解作者本人以及文章选题的背景。

每个单元后面都有针对性较强的练习。

回答问题和正误判断部分主要是考察学生对原文语篇内容的理解。

解释划线部分以及翻译原文中的词组表述是对学生在特定上文中的把握单词、词组语义的检测，更好地突出语境中学习语言的重要性。

阅读评述讨论部分旨在训练学生口头及笔头的表达能力，可以引导学生有意识地对论题进行批评性思考，深刻领会西方文化的内涵。

自考英语语言学概论大纲考核章节精华中文版教材

第一章语言（Language）●本章主要考点●课文理解与重点内容分析：本章介绍语言的基本知识，包括语言的定义、语言的识别性特征和语言的功能。

1. 语言的定义语言是用于人类交际的任意性的发音的符号系统。

该定义有五个要点，即系统、任意性的、发音/声的、系统、用于人类交际。

2. 语言的识别性特征语言的识别性特征指人类语言区别于任何其他动物交流系统的特点。

主要包括：1）能产性：能产性也称创造性，人们能用语言创造新的意义，并立即被从未接触过它的人所理解。

创造性归因于语言的二重性和递归性。

2）离散性：3）不受时空限制的属性/位移性：人类语言可以让使用者表达说话时(时间和处所)并不存在的物体、事件和观点。

这一特性赋予人们概括和抽象的能力。

4）任意性：任意性是语言的核心特征，指符号的形式或声音与意义间没有理据或逻辑关系。

任意性有不同的程度。

5）文化传递性：语言不是靠遗传，而是通过教与学，由人们接触的文化代代传递的。

6）结构二重性：二重性指底层有限的语音结构是上层词、句和语篇结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则，使语言拥有强大的能产性。

7）互换性：互换性指人可以是信息的发出者，也可以是信息的接收者。

3. 语言的功能按照韩礼德的表述，幼儿语言有如下七个功能：1）工具功能：说话人可以使用语言做事情。

2）调节功能：语言可用来控制事件。

3）表现功能：语言可用来传达知识、汇报事件、进行陈述、说明、解释关系、传递信息等。

4）互动功能：语言可用来与周围的人进行交际。

5）自指性功能：语言可以用来表达个人的情感并展示个性。

6）启发功能：使用语言可以获得知识、了解世界。

语言可以用于学习，语言可以用于问答、用于争辩，用于验证假设、推导结论和新奇发现。

7）想象功能：语言用于创造想象系统，可以是文学作品、哲学领域里，也可以是空想、白日做梦和发呆遐想。

成人语言有三大元功能：人际功能、概念功能和语篇功能。

国内著名学者胡壮麟等人在其《语言学教程》中，用如下词语来表达语言的七大功能：1）信息功能：被认为是语言最主要的功能。

自考英语(二)教学大纲

自考英语（二）教学大纲一、课程性质英语（二）是各专业本科段必修的公共基础课。

通过考试，学生可得14学分。

二、使用教材《大学英语自学教程》（上下册），上册共25单元，下册15单元。

三、教学目的英语（二）的目的是使学习者能比较熟练地掌握英语基础知识和语言技能，做到具有较好的阅读能力、一定的英译汉能力和初步的听、说写及汉译英的能力，为获取专业所需要的信息及进一步提高英语水平打下较扎实的基础。

英语（二）考纲规定本课程的目的是英语的基本词汇和语法。

课程的主要目的是培养阅读能力。

具体地说，从以下几方面体现：（一）词汇：学生应掌握英语单词3800 个和常用词组750 个。

具体要求：1. 能流利地读出，语音基本正确。

2. 能识别并说出词的语法特征，主要指词类和形态变化。

例如：名词单数变复数规则；动词的过去式、过去分词、现在分词、不定式、单数第三人称变化；形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形式。

3. 能说出汉语词义，对比较常用的词要能英汉互译，拼写正确并记住固定搭配。

4. 了解基本的构词规则，记住常用前缀、后缀的意义，并能根据构词规则猜测词性和词义。

（二）语法：了解和掌握英语基本语法知识。

英语（二）要求掌握的主要语法有：词类和句子成分、基本句型、句子结构、形容词的比较级和最高级、动词的时态语态和语气、动词的非谓语形式、从句、倒装句、和强调句。

（三）阅读：阅读能力应达到能阅读与教材后期课文难度相当的一般性材料。

生词不超过所读词数的3% ，速度为每分钟30 个词，理解基本正确。

（四）翻译：分为两个部分，一是英译汉，要求能将阅读的材料译成汉语，译文基本正确，文字通顺；二是汉译英，要求能把结构比较简单、由常用词构成的汉语句子译成英语，译文基本正确。

四、教学要求与原则（一）重在培养学生的技能学习英语主要是学习一种技能，这与学习许多其他学科，如数学、经济、哲学等有所不同。

学英语不仅要求掌握必要的英语知识（如语音、词汇、语法）和相关的文化知识，而且要拥有运用这些知识的能力和技巧。

【自学考试】江苏省自考英语语言学概论(27037)填空题与选择题题库及中文翻译最新

第一章绪论填空题或选择题1. A symbol consists of two parts : a concrete form and the meaning which it conveys.一个符号由两个部分组成：一个具体的形式和它所表达的意思。

2.By saying language is arbitrary ,we mean we can’t give a sound reason why such a form ispronounced in this way rather than in that way, and why a particular meaning should be indicated by this form rather than by that form..当说语言是任意的，我们指我们不能合理地解释为什么这个音以这种形式而不是以那种形式发音。

并且为什么以这种形式而不是以那种形式来表明某种特殊的意义。

3. Language has two levels .They are grammatically meaningful level and sound meaninglesslevel.语言有两个层次：语法上有意义的层次和声音上无意义的层次。

4.Human languages have such design features asproductivity ,discreteness ,displacement ,arbitrariness ,cultural transmission ,duality and interchangeability . 人类语言具有以下的甄别性特征：能产性，离散性，不受时空限制的特性，任意性，文化传递性，双重性和互换性。

nguage is a system because every language consists of a set of rules which underlie people’sactual speech or writing .语言是一种体系，因为每种语言都是由一套规则组成的，这些规则表明了人们的真正语言或书面形式。

英语语言学概论（自考）

1. What are the difference between general linguistics and descriptive linguistics and what sis the relationship between them? (P.1)A: Differences between general and descriptive linguistics:(1) They have different goals:General linguistics deals with language; descriptive linguistics study one particular language;(2) They have different aims:General linguistics aims at developing a theory that describes the rules of human language in general;Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish a model that describes the rules of this particular language.Relationships between general and descriptive linguistics:General and descriptive linguistics depend on each other:(1) General linguistics provides descriptive linguistics with a general framework in which a particular language can be analyzed and described; (2) The resulting descriptions of particular languages supply empirical evidence which may confirm or refute the models put forward by general linguists.2. What is the nature of language? (P7)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols, which is creative, double-structured and changeable.3. What is the difference between langue and parole? (P2/P24)a. Langue is the system of language. Parole is the speakers’ speech.b. Langue refers to the abstract system of a language, while parole refers to the concrete act of speaking in a definite time, place and situation.c. Langue underlies parole and parole, in turn, is a manifestation of langue.4. What is the difference between competence and performance? (P2)a. Competence is the speaker-hearer’s knowledge of his language.b. Performance is the actual use of language in concrete situations.c. Competence is abstract, while performance is concrete.5. Why do linguists maintain that language is primarily speech? (P4) Linguists maintain that language is primarily speech, and not the written form. This view may be justified by the following reasons.a. Biologically speaking, children begin to learn to speak much earlier than to learn to read and write.b. Functionally speaking, the spoken form is used more frequently than the written form in our daily life.c. Historically speaking, all human languages were spoken before they were written and there are still many languages in the world today which have not been written down.The emphasis on the spoken form indicates that linguistic study is primarily based on the data collected from living speech.6. What does it mean by saying that language is arbitrary, creative and double-structured? (P4-5)A. The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.B. Language is creative.a. Every language contains an infinite number of sentences, which, however, are generated by a small set of rules and a finite set of words.b. The length of a sentence has no limit in theory.c. The rules with recursive properly can account for the creative aspect of language.C. Language is double-structured. There are two levels: grammatically-meaningful and sound-meaningless.7. What features of language can differentiate human languages from animal communicative systems? (P7)Human language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols, which is creative, double-structured and changeable. Those unique features like creativity, duality of structure and changeability can differentiate human languages from animal communicative systems and enable human languages to be the most efficient, flexible and versatile means of communication in the world.8. How many stages does the scientific method have? What are they? (P9) There are four stages of scientific method:a. collecting data,b. forming a hypothesisc. testing the hypothesisd. drawing conclusions9. What are the three linguistic biases? (P9-10, P7)a. One common linguistic bias is that some languages are primitive and some languages are advanced.b. Another deep-rooted bias is that only the standard variety is the pure form of a language.c. Change is not natural for all living languages and such a language is a sign of corruption and decay.10. How is a rule constructed? (P15)a. To construct a rule, the linguist starts with collecting data.b. Based on the data collected, he may construct a very simple rule as a tentative version.c. Then he examines the tentative rule against further data. If the additional data do not agree with it, he has to modify it.d. He keeps on testing the rule and, accordingly, revising the rule until the rule can account for all the relevant data collected.Thus, the rule formed is open to further modifications.11. Give examples to illustrate the two features of an adequate model of competence: explicitness and generativeness. (P15-16/P6)a. By saying a linguistic model is explicit, we mean that the rules the model contains are clearly and precisely defined. Even a computer can produce all and only the grammatical sentences if the rules are fed to the machine.b. By saying the model is generative, we mean that the model contains only a small set of rules which, however, can generate an indefinitely large number ofc. For example, “so…that” is explicit, but they can generate infinite sentences. eg. He is so fat that he could not ran fast.He was so lazy that he never washed his clothes.…12. What are the four types of linguistic knowledge? (P18-19)The four types of linguistic knowledge are phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic.a. Phonological knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about the sounds and sound patterns of his language.b. Morphological knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about how a word is formed.c. Syntactic knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about whether a sentence is grammatical or not.c. Semantic knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about the meaning of language.13. Why is Saussre regarded as the former of modern linguistics? (P21-22)a. The obvious reason is that the book under his name “A Course in General Linguistics” is the first real essay on linguistic theory.b. In this book, quite a few theoretical distinctions introduced have become foundations of linguistic study and exerted great influence on the later development linguistics.c. Chief among them are the distinctions between synchronic and diachronic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic, langue and parole.14. Give examples to illustrate the difference between synchronic and diachronic. (P22)a. If we study the changes in the Chinese language that took place between the 1940’s and the 1960’s, it would be a diachronic study.b. But if we study the Chinese language in the 1940’s, then it would be a synchronic study.concerned with the historical development of a language and the latter is concerned with the “state” of a language at a particular point of time.15. Give examples to illustrate the difference between syntagmatic and paradigmatic. (P116-118/P22-23)a. A syntagmatic relation refers to the sequential characteristic of speech.b. A paradigmatic relation is a relation between a linguistic element in an utterance and linguistic elements outside that utterance.c. We can go tomorrow syntagmatic relationShe may come soonI will ask nextY ou could sleep now………paradigmatic relation16. What is a consonant and what is a vowel? (P30)a. A consonant is a speech sound where the airstream from the longs is either completely blocked, partially blocked or where the opening is so narrow that the air escapes with audible friction.b. A vowel is a speech sound in which the airstream from the lungs is not blocked in any way in the mouth or throat, and which is usually pronounced with vibrations of the vocal cords.17. Is the spelling of words a reliable means of describing English sounds? Why or Why not? (P30-31)No, it isn’t.a. Sometimes a single letter may represent different sounds.b. Sometimes, different letters or combinations of letters may r4epresent a single sound.c. The advantage of this system is that within the system, one symbol represents one sound and every symbol has a consistent value.18. What is the difference between plosives and affricates? (P37)b. Affricates are brought together to form a complete closure but not followed by a sudden release, rather by a low release with audile friction.19. What is the difference between phonetics and phonology? (P20, P53)a. English phonetics is concerned with all speech sounds that occur in the English language. It studies how those sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived, and how they re described and classified.b. Different from English phonetics, English phonology does not deal with the actual production of English sounds, but with the abstract aspects: the function of sounds and their patterns of combination.20. What are the three conditions of a minimal pair? (P54)a. They are different in meaningb. They differ only in one sound segment.c. The different sounds occur in the same position in strings.21. Give examples to illustrate the differences between phonemes, phones and allophones. (P90)a. Phonemes are said to be minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.b. Phones are the realizations of phonemes.c. Allophones are the realizations of a particular phoneme.d. For example,22. Give examples to illustrate the differences between contrastive distribution, complementary distribution and free variation. (P59-60)a. If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another brings about a change in meaning, they are in contrastive distribution.b. If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment, they are said toc. If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another does not cause a change in meaning, they are said to be in free variation.d. The sounds either in contrastive distribution or in free variation can occur in the same environment. The difference between them lies in the fact that in the former case, the substitution of one sound for another results in a change in meaning, but this does not happen in the latter case. Complementary distribution is clearly different from the previous two types of distribution. The sounds in complementary distribution never occur in the same environment.23 What are the 3 principles of identifying phonemes? (P61)a. The sounds that are in contrastive distribution are different phonemesb. The sounds that are always in free variation are allophones of the same phoneme.c. The sounds that are in complementary distribution and also phonetically similar are allophones of the same phoneme.24. What is the difference between segmental features and suprasegmental features? What are the suprasegmental features? (P69)a. The distinctive features, which can only have an effect on one sound segment, are called segmental features.b. The distinctive features, which can affect more than one sound segment and can also contrast meaning, are called suprasegmental features.25. What’s the difference between phonemes and morphemes? (P54, P83)a. Phoneme is defined as a minimal distinctive unit in the sound system of a language.b. A morpheme is defined as a minimal meaningful unit in the grammatical system of a language.26. What are interrelations between semantic and structural classifications of morphemes? (P84, P86)a. Semantically, morphemes are grouped into general categories: root morphemes (roots) and affixational morphemes (affixes).b. Structurally, they fall into two classes: free morphemes and bound morphemes.c. All free morphemes are roots, but not all roots are free morphemes. All affixes are bound morphemes, but not all bound morphemes are affixes..27. Please explain the difference between inflectional and derivational28. How do we judge whether two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are one morph or different morphs? (P92-93)a. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are identical in both form and meaning, then they are regarded as one morph.b. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are the same in form but different in meaning, then there are as many morphs as there are meanings.c. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are the same in meaning but different in form, then there are as many morphs as there are forms.d. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are different both in form and meaning, there are as many morphs as there different forms and meanings.If two or more morphs are semantically identical and also in complementary distributing, they are then said to allomorphs of the same morpheme; otherwise, they belong to different morphemes.30. What is IC analysis? (P99/P126)a. IC analysis simply means that we divide the morphemes of a word into the two groups and then divide each group into subgroups and so on, until we reach single morphemes.b. Labeled IC simply means that we divide the morphemes of a word or the words of a sentence into the two groups and then divide each group into subgroups and so on, until we reach single morphemes of a word on a signal word of a sentence..31. What is the difference between an empty morph and a zero morph? (P97-98)a. Empty morph is defined as a morph that has form but no meaning.b. Zero morph is defined as a morph that has no form but has meaning.32. What are two ways of studying sentences? Explain them. (P116)a. We make structural descriptions of sentences to illustrate the parts of a sentence and the relationships among them, this is called static study.b. We examine the process by which sentences are generated by syntactic rules this is called dynamic study.33. What are the three syntactic relations? (P116-118)a. Sequential or syntagmatic relations are refers to the linear ordering of the words and the phrases within a sentence.b. Substitutional (paradigmatic) relation is a kind of relation between linguistic forms in a sentence and linguistic forms outside the sentence.c. Hierarchical relation shows us the inner layering of sentences.34. What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure?a. A surface structure corresponds to the linear arrangement of words; a deep structure corresponds to the meaningful grouping of words.b. A surface structure is relatively concrete, and a deep structure is abstract.c. A surfaces structure gives the form of a sentence; while the deep structure gives the meaning of a sentence.d. A surface structure is pronounceable, but a deep structure is not pronounceable.35. What are the three kinds of operations performed by T-rules? (P180)a. rearranging the sentence elements;b. adding a new element to the phrase marker;c. deleting an element from the phrase marker.36. What are the differences between PS rules and T-rules? (P139)a. TG grammar has assumed that to generate sentences, we start with deep structures and then transform them into surface structures.b. Deep structures are generated by phrase structure rules (PS rules), and surface structures are derived from their deep structures by transformational rules (T-rules).英语语言学概论11Phonetics has three sub-branches:(1) articulatory phonetics that is concerned with how a sound is produced by the vocal organs;(2) acoustic phonetics that deals with how a sound is transmitted from the speaker ’s mouth to the listener ’s ears;(3) auditory phonetics that investigates how a sound is perceived by the listener.2. Speech organs1-nasal cavity; 2-lips; 3-teeth; 4-aveolar ridge; 5-hard palate 6-velum (soft palate); 7-uvula; 8-apex (tip) of tongue; 9-blade (front) of tongue;10-dorsum (back) of tongue; 11-oral cavity;12-pharynx; 13-epiglottis;14-larynx; 15-vocal cords; 16-trachea; 17-esophagus;。

自考语言学复习大纲(整理)

自考英语语言学复习大纲Chapter 1Introduction 绪论1.What is linguistics?什么是语言学1.1Definition:Linguistics is generally defined as scientific study of language.语言学普遍被定义为对语言进行的科学研究。

2.What is language?什么是语言？2.1Definitions:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是用于人类交流的一个任意的语音符号系统。

(1)language is a system (2)language is arbitrary (3)language is vocal (4)language is human specific Chapter 2Phonology 音位学1.The phonic medium of language 语言的语音媒介2.Phonetics 语音学 a.The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.普通语言学。

b.The study of sounds,which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.语音学c.The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.音位学d.The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology.形态学e.The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.句法学f.The study of meaning in language is called semantics.语义学g.The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.语用学h.The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.社会语言学i.The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycholinguistics.心理语言学j.The study of applications(as the recovery of speech ability)is general known as applied linguistics.应用语言学h.Other related branches include anthropological linguistics,(人类语言学)neurological linguistics(神经语言学),mathematical linguistics(数字语言学)and computational linguistics(计算机语言学).1.2The scope of linguistics 语言学的研究范畴a.语言的任意性（武断性）Arbitrarinessb.语言的能产性Productivityc.语言的双重性Dualityd.语言的移位性Displacemente.语言的文化传递性Cultural transmission1Prescriptive vs.Descriptive 规定性与描写性2Synchronic vs.Diachronic 共时性与历时性(Saussure)3Speech and Writing 口头语和书面语4Langue and Parole (both from French words)语言（抽象）和言语（具体）(Saussure)5Competence and Performance 语言能力与语言运用(Chomsky)1.3Some important distinctions in linguistics 语言学研究中的一些重要的区分2.2Design features语言的甄别性特征Hockett人类语言和其他动物的交际系统区别开来的一些特征语言学内部的主要分支跨学科分支2.1Definition:phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language.语音学关注的是语言世界中的所有声音↘three points of view 2.2Organs of speech 从三个角度审视语言的发音器官2.3Orthographic representation of speech sounds —broad and narrow transcriptions IPA-International Phonetic Alphabet 国际音标语音的正字表征—宽式标音和严式标音There are two ways to transcribe speech sounds:两种标音方法2.4Classification of English speech sounds 英语语音的分类(1)articulatory phonetics 发音语音学→研究语言的产生(2)auditory phonetics 听觉语音学→研究语言怎样被感知(3)acoustic phonetics 声学语音学→研究语音的物理属性The pharyngeal cavity 咽腔(the throat)→喉咙The oral cavity 口腔(the mouth)→嘴巴The nasal cavity 鼻腔(the nose)→鼻子One is the transcription with letter-symbols only called broad transcription.The other is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics called narrow transcription.stops 闭塞音/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/fricatives 摩擦音/f/,/v/,/s/,/z/,/ʃ/,/ʒ/,/θ/,/ð/,/h/affricates 塞擦音/tʃ/,/dʒ/liquids 流音/l/,/r/nasals 鼻音/m/,/n/,/ŋ/glides 滑音/w/,/j/bilabial 双唇音/p/,/b/,/m/,/w/labiodental 唇齿音/f/,/v/dental 齿音/θ/,/ð/alveolar 齿龈音/t/,/s/,/d/,/z/,/n/,/l/,/r/palatal 鄂音/ʃ/,/ʒ/,/tʃ/,/dʒ/,/j/velar 软腭音/k/,/g/,/ŋ/glottal 喉音/h/Front 前元音/i:/,/i/,/e/,/æ/,/a/Central 中元音/ɜ:/,/ə/,/ʌ/back 后元音/u:/,/u/,/ɔ:/,/ɔ/,/a:/close vowels 闭元音/i:/,/i/,/ɜ:/,/u/semi-close vowels 半闭元音/e/,/ɜ:/semi-open vowels 半开元音/ə/,/ɔ:/open vowels 开元音/æ/,/a/,/ʌ/,/ɔ/,/a:/Consonants 辅音in terms of manner of articulation 按照发音方式in terms of place of articulation按照发音部位Vowels元音the position of the tongue in the mouth按照舌在口腔的位置the openness of the mouth 按照嘴的张合度the shape of the lips 按照嘴唇形状the length of the vowels 按照音的长度rounded vowels 圆唇元音/u:/,/u/,/ɔ:/,/ɔ/unrounded vowels 不圆唇元音/i:/,/i/,/e/,/æ/,/a/,/ɜ:/,/ə/,/ʌ/long vowels 长元音/a:/,/ɔ:/,/ə:/,/i:/,/u:/short vowels 短元音/ʌ/,/ɔ/,/ə/,/i/,/u/,/e/,/æ/monophthong 单元音在元音中还有一些双元音(diphthong),包括：/ei/,/ai/,/au/,/əu/,/ɔi/,/iə/,/εə/,/uə/3.Phonology 音位学3.1phonology and phonetics 音位学和语音学3.2phone,phoneme,allophone 音素、音位和音位变体3.3Phonemic contrast,complementary distribution,and minimal pair 音位对立，互补分布和最小对立体3.4Some rules in phonology 3.5Suprasegmental features Chapter 3Morphology 形态学1.Definition:Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.形态学是语法学的一个分支，它研究的是单词的内在结构及单词的构成规律。

自考语言学概论全部根据标准教材考试大纲整理第一章语言和语言学

自考语言学概论全部根据标准教材考试大纲整理第一章语言和语言学第一章语言和语言学一、识记1.语系：各种语言在语音、语汇、语法等方面是否有共同的来源和相似性的大小对语言进行的分类，其中最大的类叫做语系，属于同一个语系的语言都有古老的共同来源。

语族：语系的下一级叫做语族。

同一语族的语言不但有相同的来源，相似点也更多。

2.屈折语：主要是句子中某些词本身有丰富的形态变化，典型的如德语、俄语。

孤立语：没有形态变化，如汉语。

3.综合语：通过词的形态变化来体现各种结构意义的语言就是“形态语”和“综合性语言”。

分析语：没有形态变化的则为“孤立语”和“分析性语言”。

4.语言符号：5.能指：语言符号中能够指称某种意义的声音。

所指：语言符号中由特定声音表示的意义。

6.约定：人为的某些规定或共同认可的某些习惯。

任意：用什么符号表示什么意义是不需要什么道理的，只要大家都认定或习惯就行。

7.不变：一旦符号与意义的对应关系固定下来，就不能轻易改变了，至少在一定时间和一定范围里还是固定的。

可变：符号也不是一点也不变的，有时需要适当调整。

8.线性：说话只能一个字一个、一句话一句话地说，不能同时说两个以上的字、两句以上的话。

因此从语言符号只能一个接一个出现的角度看，语言符号的结构必须是按照时间顺序成一条线的样子排列，这就是语言结构的“线性”特征。

离散：因为语言符号是一个又一个出现的，所以语言符号又可以分解还原成原来的一个一个的符号，这就是语言符号的“离散性”特征。

9.层次：一个小单位内部成分的排列组合。

层级：各个小单位之间的这种关系。

10.组合：句子中哪个成分在前、哪个成分在后的问题反映了一种结构的特性，这就是“组合关系”。

聚合：句子中的词如果不是同类的成分就不能替换出现在同一个位置上，可见组合其实并不只是一个一个成分的组合，而是一类一类成分的组合，这种什么成分能替换出现在某个位置上的问题也反映了一种结构特性，这就是“聚合关系”。

11.“小学”：古代中国的语言研究是从研究汉字的构造（形）、读音（音）和意义（义）开始的，并由此形成了统称为小学的文字学、音韵学、训诂学。

英语语言学概论教学大纲

英语语⾔学概论教学⼤纲《英语语⾔学概论》课程教学⼤纲课程代码：070141029课程英⽂名称：Introducing Linguistics课程总学时：44 讲课：44 实验：0 上机：0适⽤专业：英语⼤纲编写（修订）时间：2017. 10⼀、⼤纲使⽤说明（⼀）课程的地位及教学⽬标语⾔学是语⾔⽂学专业的⼀门重要学科。

作为外语专业的学⽣，除了要掌握所学语⾔的听、说、读、写、译的基本语⾔能⼒外，还应该具备⼀些对⼈类语⾔的理性认识，掌握⼀定的语⾔学基础知识和基本理论。

这不仅有利于提⾼学⽣的语⾔修养，同时也有助于学⽣更好地掌握语⾔。

通过本课程地学习，使学⽣初步掌握语⾔学的基本范畴及研究⽅法，了解语⾔学研究的最新动态和科研成果，为进⼀步从事语⾔研究奠定基础。

（⼆）知识、能⼒及技能⽅⾯的基本要求掌握普通语⾔学的基本内容和基础理论，具备较强的运⽤语⾔理论分析和解决实际问题以及初步的科研能⼒。

（三）实施说明第六学期开设《英语语⾔学概论》，教学时间为11周，每周4学时，总计44学时。

（四）对先修课的要求⽆（五）对习题课、实验环节的要求1. 要求能够⽤英语描述语⾔学的基本概念、阐述语⾔学的基本理论。

2. 运⽤所学的语⾔学知识，说明、分析具体的语⾔现象和解决相关的语⾔问题，并能够提出⼀些⾃⼰的见解和观点。

（六）课程考核⽅式1.考核⽅式：考试。

2.考核⽬标：考核学⽣对语⾔学理论的掌握和运⽤，重点考核学⽣运⽤语⾔学理论解决实际语⾔问题的能⼒。

3.成绩构成：本课程的总成绩由三部分组成：平时成绩(包括出勤情况等)占10%，期中成绩占20%（期中作业），期末考试成绩占70%。

（七）参考书⽬:《新编简明英语语⾔学教程》，戴炜栋、何兆熊编，上海外语教育出版社, 2002《语⾔学教程》，胡壮麟编，北京⼤学出版社，2001⼆、中⽂摘要英语语⾔学概论是为英语专业本科学⽣设置的⼀门课程。

它包含了基本的语⾔学知识和理论以及与之相关联的主要的分⽀，除此之外，它也向学⽣介绍了⼀些语⾔学领域的最近的发展和所取得的成就，使学⽣对语⾔的本质和内涵有更好的理解，在语⾔应⽤中对语⾔的把握更为准确。

江苏：自学考试英语语法（28237）教材大纲

28237 英语语法江苏教育学院编（⾼纲号 0626）⼀、课程性质及其设置⽬的与要求（⼀）课程性质和⽬的《英语语法》课程是我省⾼等教育⾃学考试师范类英语专业（独⽴本科段）的必修课。

⽬的是培养应考者掌握⽐较系统的基本英语语法知识和技能，并在语⾔实践中能运⽤这些知识和技能。

（⼆）本课程的基本要求通过本课程的学习，应考者应达到以下要求： 1、要求应考者掌握通过扩展或缩减来改变句⼦结构⽽不改变句⼦基本原义的⽅法，学会理解结构不同⽽意义相同的句⼦和利⽤不同句⼦结构去表达相同的意思，从⽽提⾼语⾔运⽤能⼒； 2、要求应考者对英语语法的体系、概念有较全⾯的了解，能⽐较熟练地运⽤英语语法的各项基本规则。

（三）本课程与相关课程的联系通过本课程的学习，使应考者对英语语法有⽐较系统的了解并能借助英语语法知识解决英语学习过程中的有关问题，如翻译、写作等课程中的语法问题。

⼆、课程内容与考核⽬标第 1 讲句⼦结构学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、领会：基本句型及其转换与扩⼤第 2 讲主谓⼀致（⼀）第 3 讲主谓⼀致（⼆）学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、掌握：主谓⼀致的指导原则：语法⼀致，意义⼀致和就近原则。

2、领会：其它⽅⾯的主谓⼀致问题第 4 讲名词和名词词组学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、领会：各类名词的单复数规则第 5 讲名词属格学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、领会：独⽴属格和双重属格第 6 讲限定词（⼀）第 7 讲限定词（⼆）学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、领会：各类限定词之间的搭配关系和⽤法，冠词⽤法第 8 讲代词（⼀）第 9 讲代词（⼆） 1、领会：⼈称代词的⼈称、数、性的⼀致；物主代词、疑问代词、不定代词、反⾝代词的⽤法。

第 10 讲动词和动词词组学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、掌握：动态动词和静态动词第 11 讲动词的时和体（⼀）第 12 讲动词的时和体（⼆）学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、掌握：现在时与过去时，进⾏体与完成体的意义和⽤法第 13 讲将来时间表⽰法学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、掌握：将来时间表达法的形式、意义和⽤法第 14 讲被动态（⼀）第 15 讲被动态（⼆）学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、掌握：被动态的结构形式和⽤法 2、领会：主动结构表⽰被动意义的问题第 16 讲虚拟式学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、掌握：Be型虚拟式和Were型虚拟式第 17 讲助动词（⼀）第 18 讲助动词（⼆）学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、领会：情态意义表⽰法；情态助动词的推测性⽤法和⾮推测性⽤法第 19 讲不定式（⼀）第 20 讲不定式（⼆）学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、掌握：不定式与形容词、名词、动词的搭配关系第 21 讲 ING分词学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、掌握：ING分词与动词的搭配关系第 22 讲 ED分词学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、领会：ED分词做前置修饰语第 23 讲形容词和形容词词组 1、领会：形容词（词组）作名词修饰语；形容词词组作补语第 24 讲副词和副词词组学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、掌握：副词和副词词组的主要⽤法第 25 讲⽐较等级和⽐较结构学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、掌握：⽐较结构 2、领会：关于⽐较结构⽤法的补充说明第 26 讲介词和介词词组学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、掌握：介词与形容词、动词、名词的搭配关系 2、领会：复杂介词、介词词组与某些限定分句的转换关系第 27 讲陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、掌握：附加疑问句的⽤法第 28 讲存在句学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、掌握：存在句的结构特征第 29 讲 IT句型学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、领会：虚义IT和先⾏IT；分裂句引导词IT 第 30 讲并列结构学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、领会：并列结构的各种形式 2、掌握：并列连词的意义和⽤法第 31 讲从属结构（⼀）学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、掌握：限定从属分句 2、领会：关于状语分句的⼏点补充说明第 32 讲从属结构（⼆）学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、掌握：不定式分句、ING分句、ED分词分句、⽆动词分句、关于“独⽴结构” 第 33 讲关系分句学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、掌握：关系词的选择 2、领会：由“介词+关系代词”引导的分句结构第 34 讲条件句学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、掌握：四种条件句的基本形式 2、领会：四种条件句的变体形式第 35 讲直接引语和间接引语学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、掌握：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句转换为间接引语的⽅法第 36 讲修饰学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、领会：名词词组同位语的结构形式第 37 讲替代学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、领会：名词性替代、动词性替代、分句性替代第 38 讲省略学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、领会：并列结构中的省略现象、主从结构中的省略现象第 39 讲后置、前置、倒装学习、考核的重要知识点与考核要求 1、掌握：前置与倒装第 40 讲从句到篇本讲不作考核要求三、有关说明和实施要求（⼀）关于“课程内容与考核⽬标”中有关提法的说明在⼤纲的考核要求中，提出了“领会”、“掌握”两个不同的能⼒层次，后者必须建⽴在前者的基础上。

自学考试《语言学概论》(00541)考试大纲答案必背重点复习资料全

语言学概论第一章语言和语言学第一节认识人类的语言一、语言的性质和类型1.只有人类才有语言【领会】语言是人类所独有的。

人类的语言跟动物的“语言”相比较，有几个显著和重要的特点：一是“内容更多”。

多种场合、多种方式、多种内容。

二是“用处更大”。

主要：交际功能。

其它：标志、记录、思维、认知，等等。

三是“能够创造”。

具有离散性，能用有限的声音和意义按照一定规则组配成无限的话语。

2.语言和民族、国家的关系【领会】大多数情况：一个民族使用一种语言。

但不能把“相互能够听懂”作为确定语言的标准，并进一步作为确定民族和国家的标准。

这种理解只适合于欧洲的“新兴民族国家”，对一个历史悠久、幅员辽阔的国家是不适应的。

尽管“语言”是最直观、最容易识别的民族标志，但事实上还不是最可靠的标志。

从目前了解到的情况来看，“共同的历史文化传统和由此产生的民族认同感”也许是维系一个民族的最根本的因素，因而也是确定一个民族的最根本的标准。

3.语言的谱系分类和语言的形态分类【领会】语言的谱系分类就是从“历时”演变角度划分不同的语言，是根据各种语言在语音、语汇、语法等方面是否有共同来源和相似性的大小对语言进行的分类。

也叫“语言的亲属关系分类”。

从语言的“共时”角度来划分不同的语言，可以建立“语言的形态分类”，也叫“语言的结构类型分类”。

可分为“形态语”和“孤立语”，或者分成“综合性语言”和“分析性语言”。

4.语系、语族；屈折语、孤立语；综合性语言、分析性语言【识记】谱系分类层级：语系、语族、（语支）、语言、方言、次方言（土语）。

语系是根据语言有无历史同源关系划分出来的语言类别，是语言谱系中最大的类。

语系的下一级叫作“语族”，同一语族的语言不但有相同的来源，相似点也更多。

形态语（综合性语言）指通过词的形态变化来体现各种结构意义的语言。

包括“屈折语、黏着语”等小类。

如俄语、维吾尔语。

孤立语（分析性语言）指没有形态变化的语言。

如汉语。

屈折语主要是句子中某些词本身有丰富的形态变化，是形态语中的一个小类。

江苏：自学考试英语（一）教材大纲

江苏省教育学院编编写说明根据苏教师［1999］9号⽂件《关于进⼀步做好全省教师⾃学考试⼯作的通知》要求，我们制定了江苏省⼩学教育、学前教育专业（专科）课程考试新⽅案，按照此“新⽅案”，我们组织江苏教育学院的专业⼈员编写了2000年（下）⼩学教育、学前教育专业（专科）开考课程《英语（⼀）》的考试⼤纲，并经专家进⾏了审定。

现印发给各助学单位和考⽣使⽤，作为考试的要求和依据。

欢迎各地在使⽤过程中提出修改意见。

江苏省中⼩学教师⾃学考试办公室⼀、要求《⼤众英语》主要⾯向社会⾮英语专业的幼⼉教师和⼩学教师，要求⾃学者基本掌握语⾳、语法、词汇等语⾔知识，通过句型操练（Pattern Drills）课⽂学（Text）及⼝笔语活动（Oral and Written Work）等综合训练，全⾯提⾼⾃学者的英语⽔平。

⼆、考试内容本课程使⽤胡⽂仲主编的《⼤众英语》（上、下册）及林克美、张盛龙主编的《⼤众英语⾃学辅导》（上、下册）为⾃学教材。

《⾃学辅导》中的课⽂讲解（Languge Points）、练习答案（Key to Exercises）以及补充阅读材料（Supplementary Reading）可与《⼤众英语》教材配套使⽤。

该课程（上册）前五课为语⾳阶段，不作任何考试要求，其余各篇课⽂的学习有以下具体要求： 1.熟读课⽂。

课⽂是每⼀课的核⼼部分，是每课学习的重点，学员要认真学习、理解和消化。

⽽课⽂的学习离不开⽣词及短语（Words and Expressions）的掌握，这是学员进⾏课⽂学习的前提。

课⽂注释（Notes to the Text）以及⽂化背景注释（Cultural Notes）可以帮助学员全⾯理解课⽂。

另外，书后的练习不容忽视：单词与释义匹配练习、课⽂理解练习等，对学员的⾃学、⾃测和独⽴思考相当重要，必须认真完成。

2.词组及短语。

考试⼤纲⾥所列词组及短语，⾃学者不仅要熟练掌握，更重要的是能灵活运⽤。

江苏：自学考试英语教学法教材大纲

江苏教育学院编⼀、要求通过本课程的学习，要求学员了解英语教学各种流派的产⽣及发展背景、其理论依据及优缺点。

以语⾔学、社会语⾔学、⼼理语⾔学和教育学等学科理论为依据，以英语教学实践为基础，探讨交际法教学的过程及规律，掌握语法、词汇、听⼒、会话、阅读及写作的教学⽅法和技巧，研究课堂教学的基本模式、直观教具的使⽤以及课内外教学活动的组织等，提⾼中学英语教学的能⼒。

⼆、考试内容第⼀章　导论要求：了解最近英语教学史的主要流派；了解观⾏教学⽅法的理论依据；了解不同类型的英语教学⼤纲以及设置⼤纲的步骤第⼀节英语的教与学学习英语的⽬标与曾经流⾏的教学⽅法第⼆节　英语教学⽅法及流派的发展背景 1.语⾔的作⽤ 2.语法翻译教学法 3.功能的及表意的教学途径 4.语⾔的社会性 5.听说法及学习第⼀语⾔和学习第⼆语⾔的⽐较 6.⼈本主义的教学途径 7.语⾔教学的综合途径第三节课程设制 1.不同类型的教学⼤纲 2.需求分析 3.课程设制步骤第⼆章交际法的教学要求：了解培养交际能⼒的理论依据；理解语⾔加⼯及处理过程，并将其中的理论运⽤于教学及选择补充材料中；了解交际英语教学的基本原理；能够运⽤信息互补和⾓⾊扮演活动锻炼学⽣的交际能⼒。

第⼀节交际能⼒ 1.语⾔的真实意图 2.功能意义的表达 3.恰当地语⾔表达 4.什么是交际能⼒ 5.交际能⼒的培养第⼆节语⾔加⼯及表达 1.语⾔加⼯的过程 2.背景知识对课⽂理解的作⽤ 3.背景知识的运⽤ 4.⼝头与书⾯表达的不同之处 5.⼝头交际的基本特点第三节运⽤交际法的语⾔教学 1.教学⼤纲 2.语⾔的真实性 3.课堂教学中真实性的运⽤ 4.教师在教学中的⾓⾊ 5.学⽣在教学中的⾓⾊第四节交际教学法中的教学活动 1.必要性，不可预计性，选择性 2.交际活动的本质 3.交际活动的类型 4.信息互补活动 5.⾓⾊扮演活动第三章阅读课教学要求：理解阅读是⼀个积极的，注重于意义的过程；明确不同的阅读⽅式：⾃下⽽上法，⾃上⽽下法，互相作⽤法；能够运⽤主要的阅读技巧：略读，浏览，推测等；能够通过三个阶段教授阅读课：阅读前，阅读中，阅读后。

自考基础英语教学提纲

基础英语教学提纲一．重点课文（词汇除外）上册（1、3、4、6、7、9、11、12、13）；下册（1、2、4、5、6、7、8、10、14）二．语法上册：（所有课文中出现的语法现象）一般现在时+定语从句（L1），一般过去时（L2），现在完成时（L3），现在进行时（L4），过去完成时（L5），其它将来时（L6），被动语态（L7+L8），状语从句（L9+L10+L11），非限定动词+动词不定式（L12），动名词（L13），分词（L14）下册：（所有课文中出现的语法现象）名词的数（L1+L2），情态动词（L3+L4），短语动词（L5+L6），副词在句子中的位置（L7），形容词在句子中的位置（L8），数词（L9），定语从句（L10），名词性从句（L11+L12），条件状语从句（L13+L14）三．词汇1. 每课中的重点词汇（见“举例”）2.（见词汇表）四．中英互译短语重点：（所有课文中出现的专有名词、短语、习语等）五．中英互译句子重点：（所选课文后面的注释部分：惯用法、语法、词汇、句式、句型）六．课后练习部分：造句、各类词汇填空、同义词近义词辨析填空、完形填空、语法练习、翻译练习七．作业：八套模拟题（3-10）+ 三套真题（见试题册2008-2010）举例：上册：Lesson One –What Does An Economist Do?1.WORD AND STUDY: affect, average, charge, concerned, relate（结合notes）EFUL PHRASES, COLLECTIONS AND IDIOMS （5个短语）3.NOTES: 短语、惯用法、量词、介词等。

4.语法：一般现在时+定语从句5.练习：除“回答问题”部分可在讲授课文时完成外，其余均要求学员完成。