机械毕业设计外文翻译---装载机发展概况
国内外小型挖掘机发展综述外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：吴宝生学号： 052116152015 年 1 月 22 日国内外小型挖掘机发展综述1液压挖掘机简介液压挖掘机是由发动机、液压系统、工作装置、行走装置和电气控制等部分组成。
液压系统由液压泵、控制阀、液压缸、液压马达、管路、油箱等组成。
电气控制系统包括监控盘、发动机控制系统、泵控制系统、各类传感器、电磁阀等。
液压挖掘机一般由工作装置、回转装置和行走装置三大部分组成。
根据其构造和用途可以区分为：履带式、轮胎式、步履式、全液压、半液压、全回转、非全回转、通用型、专用型、铰接式、伸缩臂式等多种类型。
工作装置是直接完成挖掘任务的装置。
它由动臂、斗杆、铲斗等三部分铰接而成。
动臂起落、斗杆伸缩和铲斗转动都用往复式双作用液压缸控制。
为了适应各种不同施工作业的需要，液压挖掘机可以配装多种工作装置，如挖掘、起重、装载、平整、夹钳、推土、冲击锤等多种作业机具。
回转与行走装置是液压挖掘机的机体，转台上部设有动力装置和传动系统。
发动机是液压挖掘机的动力源，大多采用柴油要在方便的场地，也可改用电动机。
液压传动系统通过液压泵将发动机的动力传递给液压马达、液压缸等执行元件，推动工作装置动作，从而完成各种作业。
以工地使用较多的PV-200型液压挖掘机为例。
该机采用改进型的开式中心负荷传感系统（OLSS）。
该系统用控制斜盘式变量柱塞泵斜盘角（输出流量）的方法，减少了发动机的功率输出，从而减少燃油消耗，是一种节能型系统。
这种液压系统的特点是：定转矩控制，能维持液压泵驱动转矩不变，载断控制，可以减少作业时间的卸荷损失；油量控制，可减少空挡和小调控制时液压泵的输出流量，减少功率损失。
械到电力驱动和内燃机驱动回转挖掘机、应用机电液一体化技术的全自动液压挖掘机的逐步发展过程。
由于液压技术的应用，20世纪40年代有了在拖拉机上配装液压反铲的悬挂式机械，20世纪50年代初期和中期相继研制出拖式全回转液压挖掘机和履带式全液压机械。
毕业设计报告装载机
学号：毕业实习报告2011 ~ 2012学年二学期学院：交通与机械工程学院专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：实习日期：2012.2.27-------2012.3.11实习成绩：评阅教师：评阅日期：一、实习时间：2012年二、实习地点：沈阳北方交通重工集团三、实习目的：（1）为毕业设计找到更多的、更深入的、贴近实际的材料和一些自己从书上找不到的知识；（2）未毕业以后踏入社会做必要的准备工作，使自己在将来有足够的信心迈入真实的社会。
四、实习内容：在指导老师的带领下，参观了集团的几个工作车间，了解相关车型的构造、原理和装载机各方面性能的知识。
五、实习具体环节记录与小结：北方交通是国家创新型试点企业，国家高新技术企业，国家863重大科技攻关项目承接单位，辽宁省首批创新师范企业。
2009年国家统计局公布中国500强大型企业集团综合竞争实力排名，北方交通名列256名，中长期发展规划实现双百亿产值，建成千人级国家企业技术中心，建成两平方公里的工业园区，打造民族工业国际知名品牌。
企业文化：北方交通历经30年的产业积淀，现已发展成为内涵丰富、注重商道与人道完美结合,追求事业发展传承的创新型企业，拥有厚博深远的企业文化，指引企业向国际强企迈进。
企业文化核心：产业以人为本。
企业使命：产业报国，打造具有国际竞争力的民族工业知名品牌。
通过车间老师对我们的一些讲解让我们对北方交通重工集团有了一个初步的认识，接下来就是老师带领我们到每一个生产车间进行一一详细的介绍。
楼上是一些高新技术的研发中心，进去需要消毒，因此我们无缘与此直接进入工作车间。
室内像是没有温度一样，地面湿滑，而工人师傅们也不在意这些，这到时令我们这些即将步入社会的学生来说有一些意外，指导老师看出我们的不解，随即说这些车间不能有较高的温度，原来这是客观要求。
老师带我们一连去了几个车间、讲解一些技术参数的确定和装载机的上车组成。
标志装载机的主要技术性能参数有铲斗容量，额定载重量，发动机额定功率，整机质量，最大行驶速度，最小转弯半径，最大牵引力，最大挖掘力，最大卸载高度，卸载距离，工作装置三项和等。
挖掘装载机论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献挖掘装载机国内现状与市场开发之分析挖掘装载机俗称“两头忙”。
因为它具有独特的构造，前端是装载装置，后端为挖掘装置。
在工地内，您只需要转动一下座椅，即可完成从装载机到挖掘机操作手角色的转变。
挖掘装载机主要用于城市和农村的公路建设及养护、电缆铺设、电力和机场工程、市政建设、农田水利建设、农村住宅建设、开山取石以及各种小型建筑队所从事的个中建筑施工工程。
“两头忙”属于小型多功能工程机械的一种，一般在大工程完成后的小工程中使用。
一、挖掘装载机分类挖掘装载机俗称“两头忙”，同时具备装载、挖掘两种功能。
挖掘装载机分类如下：1.结构上从结构上来分，挖掘装载机有两种形式：一种是带有侧移架，另一种不带侧移架。
前者的最大特点是挖掘工作装置可以侧移，便于在特殊场地作业，它在运输状态时重心较低，有利于装载和运输。
缺点是：由于结构上的限制，支腿多为支腿，支撑点在车轮边缘以内，两支撑点距离较小，挖掘是整机稳定性差（特别是挖掘工作装置侧移到一侧时）。
这种形式的挖掘装载机功能重点在装载方面，在欧洲生产得较多，后者的挖掘工作装置不能侧移，整个挖掘工作装置可通过回转支承绕车架后部中心做180°回转，支腿为蛙腿式支撑，支撑点可伸到车轮外侧偏后，挖掘时稳定性好，有利于挖掘能力的提高。
由于没有侧移架，整机造价相应降低。
缺点是收斗时铲斗悬挂在车后部，外型尺寸长，机车处于运输和装载状态时，稳定差，对装载和运输有一定影响，此种机型功能重点在挖掘方面，以美国生产居多。
2.动力分配上从动力分配上来分，挖掘装载机有两轮（后轮）驱动和四轮（全轮）驱动两种形式。
前者不能完全利用附着重量，使机车与地面的附着力以及牵引力比后者下降，但造价比后者低得多。
1.底盘上底盘上来分：小型多功能工程机械常用的三种底盘中，微型挖掘机的动力大多在20kw 以下，整机重量1000～3000㎏、采用履带行走机构，行走速度不足5km/h,多用于农场、园林等小规模的土方作业。
机械类外文文献及翻译
机械类外文文献及翻译(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：GEAR AND SHAFT INTRODUCTIONAbstract:The important position of the wheel gear and shaft can't falter in traditional machine and modern machines.The wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis box. The passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, using for many situations respectively. So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways .Key words: Wheel gear; ShaftIn the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane. We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions. The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case ofbevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn.Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid.The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft, the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load.Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power. There is on difference between a crossed heli : cal gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is ,a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle areequal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same hand.Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gears.Worm gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single-enveloping gearing is onein which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm.. A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of double-enveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand of helix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different. The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small. Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 0-deg. Shaft angle.When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 0 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered.Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of squr gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity. In these cases it is often go : od design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of thehelical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered.It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution. The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears.A shaft is a rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elementsas gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other power-transmission elements. Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, compression, or torsional loads, acting singly or in combination with one another. When they are combined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength to be important design considerations, since a single shaft may be subjected to static stresses, completely reversed, and repeated stresses, all acting at the same time.The word “shaft” covers numerous v ariations, such as axles and spindles. Anaxle is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load. A shirt rotating shaft is often called a spindle.When either the lateral or the torsional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits, the shaft must be sized on the basis of deflection before analyzing the stresses. The reason for this is that, if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large, it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe. But by no means should the designer assume that they are safe; it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits. Whenever possible, the power-transmission elements, such as gears or pullets, should be located close to the supporting bearings, This reduces the bending moment, and hence the deflection and bending stress.Although the von Mises-Hencky-Goodman method is difficult to use in design of shaft, it probably comes closest to predicting actual failure. Thus it is a good way of checking a shaft that has already been designed or of discovering why a particular shaft has failed in service. Furthermore, there are a considerable number of shaft-design problems in which the dimension are pretty well limited by other considerations, such as rigidity, and it is only necessary for the designer to discover something about the fillet sizes, heat-treatment,and surface finish and whether or not shot peening is necessary in order to achieve the required life and reliability.Because of the similarity of their functions, clutches and brakes are treated together. In a simplified dynamic representation of a friction clutch, or brake, two in : ertias I and I traveling at the respective angular velocities W and W, one of which may be zero in the case of brake, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging the clutch or brake. Slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in a temperature rise. In analyzing the performance of these devices we shall be interested in the actuating force, the torque transmitted, the energy loss and the temperature rise. The torque transmitted is related to the actuating force, the coefficient of friction, and the geometry of the clutch or brake. This is problem in static, which will have to be studied separately for eath geometric configuration. However, temperature rise is related to energy loss and can be studied without regard to the type of brake or clutch because the geometry of interest is the heat-dissipating surfaces. The various types of clutches and brakes may be classified as fllows:. Rim type with internally expanding shoes. Rim type with externally contracting shoes. Band type. Disk or axial type. Cone type. Miscellaneous typeThe analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure. The following step are necessary:. Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces.. Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point. Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactions.Miscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others.A positive-contact clutch consists of a shift lever and two jaws. The greatest differences between the various types of positive clutches are concerned with the design of the jaws. To provide a longer period of time for shift action during engagement, the jaws may be ratchet-shaped, or gear-tooth-shaped. Sometimes a great many teeth or jaws are used, and they may be cut either circumferentially, so that they engage by cylindrical mating, or on the faces of the mating elements.Although positive clutches are not used to the extent of the frictional-contact type, they do have important applications where synchronous operation is required.Devices such as linear drives or motor-operated screw drivers must run to definite limit and then come to a stop. An overload-release type of clutch is required for these applications. These clutches are usually spring-loaded so as to release at a predetermined toque. The clicking sound which is heard when the overload point is reached is considered to be a desirable signal.An overrunning clutch or coupling permits the driven member of a machine to “freewheel” or “overrun” bec ause the driver is stopped or because another source of power increase the speed of the driven. This : type of clutch usually uses rollers or balls mounted between an outer sleeve and an inner member having flats machined around the periphery. Driving action is obtained by wedging the rollers between the sleeve and the flats. The clutch is therefore equivalent to a pawl and ratchet with an infinite number of teeth.Magnetic fluid clutch or brake is a relatively new development which has two parallel magnetic plates. Between these plates is a lubricated magnetic powder mixture. An electromagnetic coil is inserted somewhere in the magnetic circuit. By varying the excitation to this coil, the shearing strength of the magnetic fluid mixture may be accurately controlled. Thus any condition from a full slip to a frozen lockup may be obtained.齿轮和轴的介绍摘要:在传统机械和现代机械中齿轮和轴的重要地位是不可动摇的。
机械制造及其自动化专业外文翻译--我国建筑机械的发展和主要技术成就
外文原文China's construction machinery and the development of themain achievements of crutchesAbstract This paper a thorough review of China's construction machinery industry in the 50 years of the founding of the development process, On China's construction machinery industry achieved a major technological achievements, pointing out that the industry's technical level with the international advanced level in the gap and future construction machinery products in the development of technical characteristics.Keywords construction machinery technology developmentConstruction of construction machinery is the main technical equipment, to ensure project quality, improve construction efficiency, speed up the progress of the project, reduce labor intensity of workers and guarantee of safety plays an important role. The founding of New China 50 years ago, especially after the Third Plenum of the 11th Party Congress, construction machinery and supporting the cause of building technology with China's rapid development has also made significant progress and achieved great achievements.1 DevelopmentSince 1949, construction machinery industry from scratch, from small to large, experienced a start-up, industry formation and development of three high-speed development period:1.1 Industry start-up period ofIn the early years of New China, the construction site of construction machinery are left over from old China Bolai Pin, China has not yet professional construction machinery factory. For the resumption of war suffered serious damage due to the national economy, to a large-scale economic construction upsurge in the demand in the mid-1950s, some of China's construction machinery repair workshop (plant) and other machinery factory gradually developed into a professional construction machinery built factory. In addition to the repair of construction machinery, began imitating foreign construction machinery, such as the alkaline-resistant Drum drum mixer, 2 ~ 6 t boom tower crane, fighting capacity and mechanical excavators, the largest since the weight of 10 t and 15 t of mechanical crawler Cranes and 5 ~ 8 t, 8 ~ 12t, 12 ~ 15 3 static grind, such as roller. 1956, the original construction of the building mechanical design establishment of the room (after the development of machinery for the construction of metal structures Research & Design Institute) and the Institute of Construction and mechanization, the start of unified planning and development of China's independent construction machineryproducts. Ⅱ-red flag from the tower crane and the weight of 10 t and 20 t of the cable cranes at that time, and so is the representative of China's self-developed new products.1.2 during the formation of industry1961 to 1978 is a period of construction machinery industry. In 1961, former First Ministry of Machine Industry Bureau of the fifth, unified management, planning of the construction machinery and construction machinery industrial development. State Council decided to excavator plant in Fushun, mining machinery factory in Guiyang, construction machinery plant in Zhengzhou, Beijing crane plant, Xuzhou HeavyMachinery Plant, Shenyang Fengdonggongju plants, Xuanhua Construction Machinery Factory, Shaoguan excavator factory plant was placed under 20 One of the centralized leadership of the Department, specializing in the production of excavators, cranes, scraper, bulldozers, such as pneumatic Zaoyanjixie. 1963, the Ministry of construction machinery built metal structure of the Department of Design Institute was placed under a machine, changed its name to a Ministry of Construction Machinery Institute. Ministry of the original building which a group of construction machinery manufacturers, such as the Shanghai Construction Machinery Plant, Liuzhou Engineering Machinery Plant, the Harbin Engineering Machinery Plant at the same time, such as a plane was placed under the Ministry. 1964, the State Economic Commission and approved by the Ministry of a machine, to adjust production layout, the Yangtze River moving crane plant, the Yangtze River excavator plant, the Yangtze River Hydraulic Engineering Factory , Pu Shen Machinery Plant and the Yellow River Engineering Machinery Plant. During this period, the former Soviet Union in the "January 5" during the original construction aid which the Ministry of north, northeast, northwest, China and South Africa, southwest of five metal structure plant also produces construction machinery, production planning excavators, cranes project, the mobile dump truck , Bulldozers, and so on.Construction machinery and scientific research units of professional development, research, development, testing system and gradually form, enhance the independent development of capacity. 1961, a machine set up the Department of Mechanical Engineering Institute in 1969, an Institute of the Ministry of construction machinery to move to Beijing from Hunan, changed its name to a machine of the Changsha Institute of Machine Building (now the Ministry of Construction Construction Machinery Research Institute in Changsha); In 1977, China Architecture Design and Research Institute in Langfang City, Hebei reconstruction mechanized Institute in 1979, the redevelopment of the Ministry of Construction in Beijing, Beijing Construction Machinery Research Institute. The Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Railways has also set up the relevant scientific research units. These construction machinery andscientific research units have different research and technical focal point products. Large and medium-sized construction machinery factories have also established the Institute for product development or design (Branch), in the factory on the direction of product development and design. In this period, more than 20 institutions of higher industrial construction machinery or set up a professional engineering machinery, and some institutions have set up research institutes, participated in the national key scientific research projects of the research work.In a period of industry, construction machinery and construction machinery of the increasing variety of new products developed faster. In 1965, only 147 species, to 1974 to develop the 225 in 1978, has grown to more than 350, many domestic product to fill the gaps. Some models such as hydraulic excavators, truck crane, tower cranes, bulldozers, loaders, Drum diesel pile-drivers, static roller three rollers, alkaline mixer, pH vibrators, pneumatic rock drilling tools and other products has basically taken shape Series. Among them, concrete mixers, dump motor vehicles, silicon vibrators, winch, Washihangtu machines, steel processing machinery, Fengdonggongju and other products can basically meet the domestic needs without imports. With the new products increase, and a number of properties behind the old products, such as 5 t mechanical truck crane, steam rollers, in the low-frequency concrete vibrators, raise the blade of bulldozers and other wire rope be eliminated.1.3 high-speed development period of industryFrom 1978 after the Third Plenum of the 11th Party Congress until now 20, is China's construction machinery industry high-speed development period.1978, the State Council decided to construction machinery and construction machinery is divided into two manufacturing management system. Bulldozers, loaders, truck crane, forklift trucks, construction machinery, such as Zaoyanjixie a plane from the Department of Management and other construction machinery by the State Construction Committee (later changed to the Ministry of Construction) management.During this period, since China adopted economic construction as the center and the policy of reform and opening up, construction machinery booming market demand, the development of new products to further accelerate the development, product serialization level has been enhanced. According to different construction mechanization of the requirements of the construction machinery and complete sets of development, development, production with rapid development. The type of construction machinery has grown to include mining machinery, transport machinery of soil, engineering cranes, pile the machinery, compacting machinery, road machinery, concrete machinery, concrete products machinery, steel and prestressed machinery, high-altitude operating machinery, mechanical renovation , Municipal machinery, sanitationmachinery, garden machinery, elevators, escalators and automatic sidewalks, waste disposal equipment, windows and doors manufacturing machinery, and other 18 major categories.In this 18 major categories, the category is divided into 180 groups. To 1989 there were 219 products, 655 types, 1065 specifications, 2026 models. The technological level can be divided into the 50's level of a 556 model, the 1960s to early 1970s levels by 1003 models, the late 1970's and early 80's a level of 457 models. During this period, the construction machinery industry conscientiously implement the open-door policy, introduced a large number of advanced foreign technology, introduced from abroad have 125 models. Through the introduction of models of digestion and absorption and China, China's construction machinery of the major aircraft of the product structure and performance achieved in a foreign country, the late 1970s early 1980s level."June 5" to the present, China's construction machinery industry to further accelerate the pace of technological transformation and technology transfer, investment in technological transformation of up to 20 billion yuan, total technology import projects reached 99, Construction Machinery products have been developed to the specifications of over 1300, Model over 2500. Tower cranes, hydraulic excavators, vibratory roller, hydraulic pile driver, concrete mixing plant and silicon pump (trucks), crawler cranes, asphalt paver silicon, elevators and escalators, and other major models has reached the level of skills Foreign the late 1980s early 1990s, the technical level. A built-eight new products and technologies won state-level scientific and technological progress awards, 91 are ministerial-level scientific and technological progress awards, more than 100 cities Huosheng 9) scientific and technological progress awards and other incentives.China's construction machinery industry after 50 years of development, especially since reform and opening up of rapid development, has been formed to complete a basic product categories, specifications fairly complete variety, technical standards and continuously improve product quality, domestic production can meet the basic needs of a certain Production scale industries. At present, the industry already has more than 1,000 manufacturers, production amounted to more than 450 product varieties. According to the Ministry of Construction in 1997 on the original system-the backbone of construction machinery manufacturing enterprises to incomplete statistics, construction machinery products in 1997 for 13 billion yuan output value, product sales were 16.2 billion yuan admission, foreign exchange earned through exports 130 million U.S. dollars. Construction machinery industry over the pace of development of the machinery industry has become one of the fastest growing industries.2 major technological achievementsThe founding of New China 50 years ago, China's construction machinery industry is not only a tremendous development, the technological level of products has also significantly increased, mainly technological achievements in the following areas:(1) hydraulic transmission technology in the construction machinery products on a comprehensive application, earthmoving machinery and other products essential to achieve a large-scale hydraulic and hydraulic and technical performance of products on a significant level.Hydraulic, hydraulic transmission is from the 1960s to gradually develop a new transmission technology, with small size, light weight, compact, performance and speed, manipulation of light, can realize automatic control, overload the advantages of good performance . At present, China's excavator product line from the fighting capacity to more than 10 specifications of the products have adopted the entire hydraulic transmission technology; loader series of products from carrying the weight of 0.8 t to 10 t nearly 10 specifications of products using a hydraulic transmission or Hydraulic mechanical transmission vehicle crane products from the starting weight of 3 t to 160 t of more than 10 cars on the specifications of the products used hydraulic transmission; crawler cranes from the weight of products from 30 t to 150 t nearly 10 specifications of the products used Hydraulic drive. In addition, bulldozers, rollers, pile-drivers, the pressure pile driver, concrete pumps, concrete mixing delivery trucks, asphalt paver alkaline, mining loaders (two busy), and other products also use a hydraulic transmission. Some of products built using some parts of the hydraulic transmission, such as walking, steering, rotating bodies, or the top of the tower crane bodies, dump truck dump the bodies. Hydraulic system normally used high-pressure variable system, gradually replacing the low pressure in the quantitative system, further improve the speed performance of the product and improve the system's power utilization factor. Most of the manipulation of built-control products used hydraulic power, hydraulic pilot manipulation of control, manipulation of micro-performance, and more precise, and effort. Loaders, bulldozers have achieved a series of hydraulic and hydraulic transmission combination products not only speed, good control performance, and load has been greatly improved performance. The characteristics of torque converter products will change with the load, automatically adjust the pace of work and achieve full power output engine, bulldozers, loaders of earth-moving, loading capacity has been enhanced, overload protection issues have been better Resolved, to avoid overloading the engine off.(2) adopt a new structure, new materials and modern design technologies that make product design more advanced and reasonable, performance has been greatly enhanced.Hydraulic excavator product commonly used by the oil tanks driven by the boom-bucket, bucket of the backhoe excavation of the new structure, the depth of mining operations, fightingtooth cutting soil excavators and cranes capable of rotating the single-agency V olleyball-style, double-volleyball-style rotary bearing, rotating small resistance, high mechanical efficiency, compact and can further improve the operating efficiency of the fuel tank of a truck crane were driven by box-profile, multi-section telescopic crane, compact and closed state Small form factor, through good performance. Lifting the rate of state, lifting a high degree of high operating performance and loaders, rollers, dump trucks use of articulated trailers, fuel tanks to drive, small turning radius, through good performance; tower crane used fuel tank of flooding The move sets started jacking, car-range, lifting height and magnitude, a multi-speed motor, electromagnetic coupling, the inverter device, such as governor, lifting the fretting performance and speed performance of the more Increase the use of diesel hammer pile atomizing Drum impact of the new structure, piling leveraged derivative energy than doubled, piling a three-fulcrum structure, the chassis used caterpillar track from the centre of the new adjustable-piling at the fast-I. Pile-bit, a pile accurate and oblique angle adjustment capacity, and improve the overall stability of the pile-and walk through the haulage of concrete mixing plant floor, commonly used by computer control of the silicon ingredients new institutions, high-precision measurement, control manipulation Convenient, concrete mixing quality of the inverted cone to ensure that new materials and silicon-mixer, Shuangwo axis compulsory mixer, replacing the old-fashioned dark silicon mixer drum. New Silicon blenders mixing with good quality, mixing short time, the noise smaller advantages. With the development of materials science, new materials and new technology, such as high-strength low-alloy steel, powder metallurgy, engineering plastics, such as plasma spray, and other construction machinery products are widely applied.Progressive people since the 1990s, construction machinery in the design process, have more common use of a computer-aided design and optimize the design of modern design methods. At present, hydraulic excavators, loaders, tower cranes, pile-drivers, and other new products have been used in the design of an advanced research and design methods to make more rational design, performance and more advanced.(3) mechanical vibration technology applications, significantly increased the compaction, the pile, the pH level of mechanical products of technology.Vibratory roller, shock and vibration ram, vibration-Stubbs pile driver, soft foundation strengthening vibrator, silicon vibrators and other products used in construction machinery of representative mechanical vibration technology products. Roller application of vibration technology to some exciting force, vibration frequency and amplitude of the vibration, significantly improved the roadbed and roller compacted soil compaction effect of stability and vibration compaction productivity Shen Stubbs pile driver in a certain exciting products Thedirection of the exciting force, vibration frequency and amplitude of the vibration, for vibration alkaline pile, the infusion sand piles, piles sink pipe and Stubbs pile construction, the general in the soil N value of not more than 50 conditions, with Shen Stubbs pile high efficiency, good quality dense pile of features. In order to better adapt to different conditions in different soil subsidence Stubbs pile construction, has now successfully developed a vibration parameters - exciting force, frequency and amplitude of the vibration adjustable-Stubbs pile driver, exciting force adjustment range of 0 to a few 100 tons between no-conditioning, the frequency can be between 10 ~ 50 HZ regulation. In order to achieve adjustable amplitude, the successful development of adjustable eccentric moments vibration Shen Stubbs pile driver, amplitude adjustment range 0 ~ 20 mm. Adjustable vibration parameters of the vibration Shen Shen Stubbs Stubbs pile driver not only pile high efficiency, and starting, stopping performance, and can be launched empty, pile driver for the start-up, parking survived the transition process pile-natural frequency, to avoid pile - Resonance because of damage. In order to reduce vibration-Stubbs pile driver at the construction site of the vibration pollution, vibration-pulling a pile driver to the ultra-high frequency (50 Hz or more) low-amplitude in the direction of the trend. China's Development of the adjustable eccentric moments vibration Shen Stubbs pile driver, is currently the world's leading level. Soft foundation strengthening vibrator is also piling the use of mechanical vibration technology as a construction equipment, has been widely used. Alkaline density of the project quality is important, the application of principles developed by mechanical vibration vibrators silicon products can solve the problem of the construction, China's current mass production of high-frequency plug-in vibrator and attached vibrator relatively advanced performance, the use of reliable Of high technology has basically reached the level of similar foreign products of technology.(4) construction crane and alkaline machinery to achieve the basic package of domestic tower crane and alkaline mixer output ranked the highest in the world, the basic replace the imported products.Construction cranes in the construction of major construction projects for building materials and equipment being lifted onto the installation. At present, China has been able series production of tower cranes, truck crane, wheeled cranes, crawler cranes, lifts and other construction hoist and lifting equipment. The weight of a truck crane from 3 ~ 160 t a total of 17 specifications; wheeled cranes have been the weight of 5 ~ 40 t a total of eight specifications; tower cranes are lifting torque 10 ~ 900 t m a total of 15 specifications; crawler cranes have been weight 8 ~ 400t a total of 11 specifications; hoist a fast, slow, manual three series of 13 specifications 56 models, construction lift a five specifications, eight models. The complete set of these cranes, to complete the requirements of different projects hoisting tasks. Tower craneprimarily applicable to high-rise building and general civil construction crane vehicle good mobility, for temporary lifting, hoisting and rescue works in the freight yard is not a general handling of cranes from the weight of relatively large, good stability, can be loaded walk, Hoisting works than for the larger industrial and civil construction works winch is a universal application, the simple application of lifting equipment, mainly used for the gantry, tic-tac-toe planes, such as small basket supporting lifting equipment for rural construction and Construction of small and medium-sized construction sites using a rack and lift rope transmission are mainly used for construction of high-rise building with the tower crane upgrade building materials, construction equipment and personnel from top to bottom. At present, construction of the lift is still developing varieties that can be used in power plants hyperbolic cooling tower construction of the special lift has been successfully developed. In addition, the construction of hydropower stations for the cable crane and heavy tower crane for the petrochemical projects and the hanging of municipal works and other special cranes in China has been rapid development, product performance and specifications can basically meet the needs of the market .Alkaline pH mixing machinery mainly include machinery, mechanical vibration silicon, silicon transportation machinery, machinery and alkaline pH products molding machinery, such as conservation. These alkaloids have been serialized China's machinery, complete sets of production. Development of goods pH is a major cause of building China's technological and economic policies, to promote the development of silicon products, commodities such as construction machinery and complete sets of alkaline bulk cement trucks, alkaline mixing station (House), silicon stirring carriers, alkaline pump (pump) and silicon Cloth installed in the 1990s by the rapid development of a relatively high starting point for the development of technology, commonly used by hydraulic transmission, computer control, and other advanced technology, product quality, reliability made considerable progress. At present, the pH blenders have been four series, silicone vibrators have three series, alkaline Jets have two series, mixing carriers have two series, there are other mechanical alkaline five series of 18 series, nearly 100 specifications , About 200 types of products.At present, China's annual output of construction cranes up to 50,000 / t around 250,000, of which the tower crane in August 1000 about Taiwan, about 10 million t. Concrete machinery output in the 350,000 / 200,000 t around. Construction cranes and silicon construction machinery is in the application of Damian-products, our tower crane and silicon mixer output rank the highest in the world, meet the basic needs of the domestic market, replacing imported products.Renovation and construction machinery, such as weak machinery products reinforced by the rapid development and change the decoration and steel processing technology operating behind the face.Construction and renovation process has been reinforced is the weak link in building construction, construction of backward technology, manual, labour-intensive, low productivity, poor quality construction. 50, in the mechanical aspects of building renovation, development of a mortar mixer, paint spraying machine, gray pump, mortar joint aircraft carrier, Ma knife ash mixing machine, terrazzo aircraft, ground hand-ray machine, Siqie sets of machines, tiles Cutting machine, stone cutting machine, silicon drilling machine, She Dingqiang, Bending, cement spray gun, the external wall decoration basket, decoration take-off and landing platform and various other hand-held electric tools, and other decoration, a total of 17 series over 70 Nearly 100 models of specifications, the realization of the building decoration mechanization. To speed up the progress of the project, further improve the technological level of mechanization decoration, since the 1980s, efforts to develop new varieties, and continuously improve the design, to achieve small size, light weight, easy manipulation, construction of high efficiency, aesthetic appearance, the use of reliable, long life purpose. Now, China's actual production machinery decoration up to 30 million units in nearly 20,000 t, variety, the whole comparison specifications, can basically meet the domestic market demand, a small amount of foreign exchange earned through exports able. As the decoration of the development and production of machinery and universal application of fundamental changes to China's renovation of the backward state of operations.Steel processing workload, the high labour intensity of the main construction works and foundation works in the quality of good or bad relations major. In the early years of New China, the construction of steel processing technology is very backward, and mainly rely on manual or simple tools, labour-intensive, low production efficiency, quality difficult to ensure that. 50, China Construction in steel processing technology and equipment have made great progress and has developed a prestressed reinforced stretching machine, hydraulic Duntou steel, electrical steel cold pier, all kinds of steel cutting machine, straight-cut Machines, bending machines, bending machines hoop, drawing machine, steel welding machines, steel forming machine network, connecting thread of steel, steel casing and its supporting squeeze connection with hydraulic jacks, electric pumps, Anchorage, and other ancillary equipment. Products using the hydraulic, electronic control and other advanced technologies, the use of performance and continuously improve product quality, most technology products reached a level of foreign late 1980s. At present steel processing machinery has been developed to the 11 series, more than 40 specifications, more than 80 models, the annual output up to 15 million units, weighing about 10,000 tons, can basically meet the domestic demand, changes in China's steel processing technology and equipment and backward outlook .(6) the establishment of China's construction machinery products standard system, step bystep with international standards.Product technical standards is to engage in product design, manufacturing, testing, use, trade and economic activities of the main technical basis, the product of technological progress and quality assurance is of great significance. The founding of New China 50 years ago, China's construction machinery industry for the establishment of the development of construction machinery products standard system, done a lot of work and achieved very significant results. Secretary-scale management of the Ministry of Construction, Ministry of Construction in Beijing Construction Machinery Research Institute, centralized management of construction machinery of standardization work. The standardization of adherence to high standards and strict requirements to product quality and performance standards as the center, the formulation of complete sets of standards, including performance, quality standards, testing methods, inspection rules, safety standards, and so on. Require active use of international standards and advanced foreign standards. China's construction machinery standard is divided into three levels national standards, industry standards and corporate standards. Damian-volume, significant economic, safety and environmental requirements to higher product development of national standards. Industry standards, should be most businesses through its own efforts to achieve the standards. Some of these standards mandatory, most of the recommendations. Enterprises also in accordance with international standards, foreign advanced than the standard-setting industry standards require a higher corporate standards. A standard release, a new product identification, production license examination, quality inspection and check have to be based on standards to be checked. As of June 1999, issued by the Ministry of Construction belong to the standards of construction machinery total 394, of which 111 national standards, industry-standard 283. Nearly 10 standards received national and ministerial-level scientific and technological progress awards.To further use of advanced international standards, China's machine building industry to participate actively in activities of the International Organization for Standardization. In recent years, the entire industry in general and implementing a series of quality management system standards, certification for the quality of work, for construction machinery in "dead" with the international standards after the necessary preparations.3. Technology Development OutlookThe founding of New China 50 years ago, the technological progress of construction machinery is very significant, is a tremendous achievement for the cause of building China's rapid development has made due contributions to. To meet the arrival of the new century, better End "11th Five-Year" plan to meet the growing domestic market demand to take part in international competition in the market, built for the challenges facing the industry and shoulder。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译81畜禽运输车的发展概述
附录AThe development of livestock transporters paper Livestock truck belongs to the store house bar type car one kind, store house bar type car is refers has the warehouse cage type or the fence car type structure, it is mainly used in the vehicle transport bulk grain food or feed, livestock and other goods.At present our country store house bar type car mainly bulk grain bulk truck, bulk carriers, livestock transporters, feed poultry truck, a beekeeper car etc. Among them, the bulk grain bulk truck, bulk feed transporter designed for warehouse cage type car, livestock transporters, poultry truck, a beekeeper vehicles for the fence type car.With the development of society, the automobile transport have developed rapidly. Among them, bulk transportation and container transport is the main development direction of automobile transport. Euramerican developed country since the 1930s began to research and application of bulk transportation, at present the scattered grain of material transportation accounts for about 80%, bulk truck technology also have very big development.Our bulk transportation start later, in the late 1960s first car market, then car bulk cement of various types of arise bulk cement truck, food truck, bulk cement truck, bulk pulverized coal electric vehicle, etc.At present, our country bulk transportation level is still very low, although since 1970s some domestic research departments and manufacturers in the bulk carriers, especially the development of car bulk cement achieved gratifying achievements, but compared with the developed countries, the country is still a big gap.In today's world, with the rapid development of economy, the expressway mileage rapid increase, car to specialization, fast pace, the development trend of ChongXingHua direction is more and more apparent, contributed to the special demand increases year by year. A. has become transportation and various special use main in the automobile industry that will be a pivotal status.Special automobile refers to device has a special equipment, have special function, used to undertake special transportation tasks or special assignments car, special automobile manufacture, production and application of not only in achieving specialization transportation and operations by the social attention and welcome, and in improving transportation efficiency and reduce the transportation cost, expand the application fields car has played a very important role.At present, China's pig, ox, sheep livestock and chicken, duck, goose to wait the buyingand selling of poultry, egg transport is used mostly ordinary cars. Purchase season, still use tractor transporting, thus inevitable existence many insurmountable shortcomings. If transport unsafe, livestock high mortality rate, transport losses, etc. Each country by hundreds of millions of dollars of losses. Due to the economic benefit of transport backward, and low, make livestock management appear generally losses.Then double livestock transporters emerged, double livestock truck belongs to the store house bar type truck. And the standard of store house bar called store house bar type truck in special truck, car on exterior design, strive to modelling beautiful, internal rational structure, advanced technology and using high quality steel skeletons in strict accordance with industry standards, welded by jig, compartments board into corrugated type, suppress and high strength, with light-weight, store house bar railing can half complete disconnect and optional splits, lifting, convenient and practical, safe and reliable, etc.According to user requirements design double fresh animal vechile, lots of fruits and vegetables truck, etc. Suitable for the masses of users ZhongDuanTu highway transportation use, also can make ordinary bills in highly developed car use, the highway transportation, particularly the rapid development of modern logistics industry. Store house bar type truck will get rapid promotion, popularity. Is the city, the development of logistics market intercity economical products.Although China special vehicle development has made great progress, but China special automobile industry with overall from Europe, America, Japan and other countries and regions, compared to the advanced level in domestic special automobile market development is slower, market segmentation, product ray enough big, cannot satisfy user homosexual individualized demand, low level of competition is relatively serious, mainly reflects in following aspects.(1) production enterprise too much too scattered, currently China most special automobile production enterprise symptom is: ChangDian dispersed, on a smaller scale, development ability are relatively weak.(2) product structure is unreasonable, because China is in developing countries to developed countries in the process of transformation, infrastructure construction also at peak, so China special automobile market demand or to transport supplies, meet the infrastructure construction is given priority to, plus China labor resources abundant, the market form decided the Chinese special vehicle structure form a single, presented at single function, low value-added products too many conditions.(3) high scientific and technological content of products lack of independent research and development capacity. (4) production process tooling level is low. (5) the development and production of special chassis with marketdemand still have difference. (6) special-purpose automobile market development certain limits.The development of specialized automobile industry in China market space is huge, economic development brings refinement, social division of labor of special automobile demand performance for diversity. Along with market demand increases, technology demand increase, will push towards the brand, specialized automobile factory specialization, collectivization, scale direction. The new situation, how to narrow the gap with foreign developed countries, the Chinese special automobile market bigger and stronger is an important and far-reaching subject.With China's sustained economic development, national policies and the gradual improvement in the industry, believe that the joint efforts, our special automobile industry through actively participates in the international market competition, will catch up with and even surpass the developed countries of the world development level, achieved by China manufacturing to China to create leap.Along with the healthy development of the national economy, the continued expansion of domestic demand, our special automobile market will obtain rapid development. In the next few years are mainly concentrated in focusing on the development of urban construction, service and high grade highway transportation aspects. Specific to the following aspects:1, Dump TruckWith the expansion of domestic demand in recent years the policy of national implementation, actively investing in infrastructure construction and the construction of large project, all of the corresponding dump vehicle demand have plenty of growth, and the big and heavy tonnage is the direction of development, mov proportion will further increase.2,Traction carWith China's highways and roads of growth, the highway, the highway expansion to improve transport efficiency brings the need, this will be for the leading models in the future in highway's big volume of van semi-trailer will greatly increase, the corresponding half hanged tractor demand will also be greatly increased, and long distance transportation of high-power, highway of tractor is the hot market demand.3, Tank carTank cars including common tanker, bulk cement car, concrete mixing truck, and use the high pressure tanker relatively few, chemical liquid gas tanker, suck unclean liquidtanker, etc. Along with the development of the western region oil and gas resources will drive petrochemical oil-refining development, so big a tanker demand will also increase. The half hanging large-tonnage tanker growth rate will also accelerated.4, Bulk cement car and Concrete mixerIn recent years, along with the rise of the housing boom and public infrastructure construction of development of bulk cement caused the car and concrete mixing the car is in great demand.5, Municipal transportMunicipal transport including large buses, pavement sweeper, can change the CheXiangShi car, suck FenChe garbage compression, sewer dredge car, all kinds of YouZhengChe, sprinkler and cleaning tall buildings to aloft working car etc. As countries establish accelerating urbanization, in order to adapt to all kinds of urban construction need special construction projects will be huge demand is very rich, and varieties will. Urbanization will not only drive economic development, at the same time for all sorts of special needs will increase up, pull the car industry development.6, Highway maintenance vehiclesThe rapid development of national highway, with "five longitudinal and transverse" give priority to seven of road network, the complete skeleton national highway traffic total mileage will reach 3.5 million kilometers. As the great western development constantly advancing and western regions of the increasing expressway mileage, large highway pavement maintenance QingZhangChe, car, pavement sweeper, rescue trailers, take the large crane JiuYuanChe etc have big market.7, Fire trucksThe number of specialization, the special jin-wei more and more, but the actual situation of car from view, at present our country engines in quantity and quality of there is great, especially models lack structure unreasonable, the special low proportion of the total amount of 69.2%, water pottruck accounted for, and the special (except pitchers, dry powder, foam outside of the vehicle) only 10%. In the future the special will become the specialization of the key demand.8,Medical exclusiveA. including the ambulance, medical treatment of medical CaiXieChe, epidemic prevention ambulance, car, assay car etc. 2003 national due to the influence of the SARS epidemic and southeast Asia countries currently popular bird flu virus, will greatly boost domestic medical exclusive demand.9, Airport exclusiveCurrent, the country to establish the airport construction on the development of western China, along with the airport is built, the airport car, need the ramp baggage car, food supplies, the plane large car tanker truck, JiuYuanChe, fire truck aircraft tractor, etc. In addition to the airport's power engines for no other than domestic production of all with enterprise production, but one of the big tonnage refuel aircraft in the car, structure and technical performance, can not completely guaranteed, arid improve soon pass level.10, Oilfield exclusiveOilfield in universal special is the heavy tonnage truck chassis with various drilling and workover on such a special equipment operation. Along with the development of the western oil resources, the western regions with the vehicle demand desert oilfield large cementing car, drilling car, life cars, car and other types of repairing.11, Container carWith the high-speed development of national economy, modern logistics speeding up and used in meat, quick-frozen food, cold, dairy products and fruit class commodity production and transportation, container transportation will increase of China's automobile transportation development is an important direction of container car every year, the demand will increase greatly.Along with the development of our national economy, improvement of people's living standard. People on the poultry, meat products demand has increased dramatically. And livestock and poultry breeding sites away from downtown, so it needs to fresh livestock and poultry transportation to the designated place. So the market demand of livestock transporters bigger also. And double livestock transporters can transport chicken, duck, goose to wait to poultry, can also transport pig, ox, sheep, meet consumer and evaluated the animal breeding owner needs, thus double livestock transporters in recent years more and more domestic market demand, market prospect.Special automobile manufacture, production and application of not only in real door to door professional transportation and operations by the social attention and welcome, and in the large scale enhancement transportation efficiency and reduce the transportation cost, expanding car aspects of application field play an important role, automobile transport system, can reduce damage in transit goods sent to improve transport and the safety and reduce the pollution, and protect the environment. With the development of economy, livestock transporters presents ChongXingHua, intelligent, high-grade, multipolarization development trend.附录B畜禽运输车的发展概述畜禽运输车属于仓栅式汽车的一种，仓栅式汽车是指具有仓笼式或栅栏式结构的车厢的车辆，它主要用于运输散装颗粒食物或饲料、畜禽等货物。
机械毕业设计外文翻译---装载机发展概况
装载机发展概况AbstractThis paper have discussed s.s. ZL-50 type fork-lift truck mainly overall fictitious prototype design as well as some kinds of typical schoolwork operating modes imitate and emulate , include equipment and the overall parts needed build mould. In this design course, have applied ADAMS software and the software of PRO/ENGINEER. ADAMS software is used in the emulation of some kinds of schoolwork operating modes, and the software of PRO/ENGINEER is used to build mould mainly. Through the simulated emulation for some kinds of overall schoolwork operating modes, can see relatively distinctly the overall possible condition in actual schoolwork course that met , can in time modify , have reduced actual design time , have raised production efficiency.The innovation of this design Zhi is in in, imitate and have emulated fork-lift truck the 3 kinds of typical schoolwork operating mode in actual schoolwork, is effect again have imitated in actual schoolwork the hydraulic impact of use, so when being helpful to solve actual loading, the actual problem of meeting the stock that is hard to uninstall can so raise production efficiency.Key words: Fork-lift truck 、 fictitious prototype , build mould,emulation, optimization、 production efficiencyLoader DevelopmentChina's modern 20 wheel loaders began in the mid-1960s of the Z435. The aircraft as a whole rack, rear axle steering. After years of hard work, the attraction was the world's most advanced technology wheel loader on the basis of the successful development of the power of 162 KW of shovel-fit wheel loaders, stereotypes for Z450 (later ZL50), and in 1971 December 18, formally appraised by experts. Thus the birth of China's first articulated wheel loader, thus creating our industry loader formation and development history.Z450-type loader with hydraulic mechanical transmission, power shift, Shuangqiaoshan drive, hydraulic manipulation, articulated power steering, gas oil Afterburner brake wheel loaders, and other modern, the basic structure of the world's advanced level for the time . Basically represent the first generation of wheeled loading the basic structure. The aircraft in the overall performance of dynamic, and insertion force a rise of power and flexibility, manipulation of light, the higheroperating efficiency of a series of advantages.1978, Heavenly Creations by the Department in accordance with the requirements of machinery, worked out to LIUGONG Z450-based type of wheel loaders series of standards. The development of standards, with reservations Z representatives loaders, L replaced by "4" on behalf of wheel, for ZL50 to Z450, it is so developed a LIUGONG ZL50-based China ZL-wheel loaders series of standards, this is Wong loader on the development of China's a major turning point. The standard was worked out by the industry after the division of labor, LIUGONG Xiamen ZL40 the manufacture of the large and medium wheel loaders, as workers, to the following small and medium-sized manufacturing ZL30 wheel loaders, and gradually formed a LIUGONG Xiamen workers, and 10% for workers at the loader to four backbone enterprises. To the late 1970s, early 1980s loader manufacturing enterprises inChina has increased to more than 20, China has initially formed the loader industry. So far, China has developed wheel loader to the third generation, but the basic structure is still the Z450 (ZL50) evolved from. Change is not a very large second generation, third generation of some larger changes. 2001 China loader industry-wide total sales have exceeded 30,000 Taiwan, the world loader in the forefront of the market. Therefore, at present, China has become the world's loader marketing power.Prospect of small loaderFor a long time, small loader always been neglected in the status of a government department, not to regulate the management of the industry, well-known businesses loader products is dismissive. However, these did not affect small loader (hereinafter referred to small equipment) rapid development, and now with a small market despite its huge market demand has attracted such as the Long renowned engineering machinery enterprises to participate in the competition, the main battlefield in the rural areas with the small size of the market, sales have already reached 4 ~ 5 million, more than 200 brands to participate in market competition. But small market can be said to be installed speed expansion disorderly competition coexist. How to achieve industrial upgrading is placed in front of the small equipment industry must resolve a problem.Lack industry attributionCompared with large and medium-sized industries loaders, small with the development of the industry can use "plan" to describe, not only government departments related to the absence of industrial policies or development plans, and to date, industry has not completely clear attribution, the reality of the small equipment industries across engineering machinery, agricultural machinery and construction machinery, the three industries of grey areas. Despite the small market with a flourishing, but all small equipment manufacturers and dealers can dodge exists in the industry before the many obstacles to development.Small installed mainly refers to the rated load between 0.3 ~ 0.9 T products, also known as micro-loader. As industry ownership is not clear, with small products has been no unified national technology and quality standards, the overwhelming majority of products are installed in the small-wheeled tractor developed on the basis of the. In addition small installed the product is currently used by the main component parts from tractors and light truck, not by the needs of small equipment for low-speed heavy-duty bridge, special bins key component parts, including even small projects with special tires. As a low technical content, resulting in a very low threshold of industry and become the de facto "open" industry, any person, business can be very easily installed into small industries.Small enterprises have installed a number of "fans", according to Construction Machinery Association Scraper Branch Secretary-General Chen Kai Yun, a conservative estimate at more than 200. More concentrated in Shandong Laizhou, Taian, Weifang, in Luoyang, Henan Province, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, and other places, annual sales of more than 2,000 Taiwanenterprises with a small handful, the majority of small businesses with annual sales in 3200 by the following, with the production of small enterprises , the same easy to set up and close down.It is precisely because the strength of small enterprises with very limited products without high technology content, in the vast majority of enterprises to participate in market competition are in the process of basically a single means to price competition to sell products for the purpose, without taking into account future market things. In the common with the credit industry, services, brand competition means small industry basically not installed, in addition to differences in the strength of enterprises and product differentiation, marketing and management philosophy that is the deep-seated causes.Because users of the products of small equipment to mainly rural users, and users can only cover rural farm machinery sales networks, construction machinery and construction machinery sales are only part of the network coverage in rural areas. And the sale of equipment similar, with small products also requires agents or distributors can take the initiative to sell products to users and to users with standard and thoughtful service, and farm machinery dealers more customary sit shop operator, has no sales force, There is no specialized service teams, more difficult to expect the market planning, customer management. Construction machinery dealers and farm machinery dealers also have a lot of similarities, and engineering machinery dealers not accustomed to deal with rural users. Therefore, the small market is not mature with the sales network, to a large extent affected the market maturation process can not be achieved on the one hand, the user guide, on the other hand, can not be achieved on the manufacturers facilitating role. Operating environment and the use of the different habits, resulting in a lack of support for non-small pieces of installed products can hardly meet the actual needs of users, increasing the cost of services at the same time, improve customer satisfaction become almost impossible task.Increased market differentiationUnlike the preceding two years, with no small on the future of the market is basically no doubts. However, when the small rural installed by the new face of the building the vast potential market demand, whether it is the product itself, or the level of industrial development is clearly not satisfied., And because of the double impact of external factors, with small market differentiation is an inexorable trend.Relying solely on price competition means does not make the small favorably with industry development. In fact, it is due to excessive price competition, leading to small enterprises with low profitability, sales, and the prosperity of the entire industry can not hide the crisis of survival. Anticipate with a few small companies have started the "innovation" in the product upgrades at the same time, learn from the equipment industry and other related industries experience, to establish their own marketing team and distribution network and market competition tends to differentiation.In the high-end users with the needs of small change, directly contributing to small enterprises with the differentiation, with the concept of progress and consumer financial strength of the expansion, some of the rural users (particularly in the industrialized operation of agriculture users) product performance and after-sales service and put forward higher requirements. Liaoning Anshan Haihong such as production of high-end products not only with small to have their own patented technology (use of mechanical devices greatly enhance the performance of its products, avoid using electric control, hydraulic devices, such as product performance after upgrading to the use of rural users increased maintenance costs ), and introduced the "non-controversial" services.Especially in big enterprises with increased involvement of small enterprises with pressure, the end of 2006, the Dragon Holdings acquired Henan Baiyun electrical and mechanical equipment involved in the production of small fields.Small with a huge potential market demand, but only to meet user needs, and guide the user needs, small equipment will have lasting vitality. Existing small enterprises with well-known loaders already facing small enterprises involved with the production sectors and small users to buy equipment or equipment, such as small excavators alternative products twin crises, with the production of small enterprises can take the initiative to upgrade their win more more time and greater market space.Any industries are indispensable for the development of market competition and government regulations two factors. With the status quo on small industries, market competition and excessive government regulation missing, the entire industry in a very low level of operation development, and a lack of development of the industry often staying power will gradually shrink, or even disappear.First to be addressed is the issue of trade with small, small equipment products really have their own products "definition", a specialproduct standards. Although at this stage with small user groups mainly concentrated in the rural market, but the market coverage of the future is certainly both urban and rural areas, this is because small equipment can be widely used for municipal maintenance, landscape construction, building and construction, underground loading and unloading areas.Second, improve industry access threshold is a feasible solution. Small equipment industry can learn from the industry's largest equipment manufacturers licensing system, in terms of production quality suitable restrictions and improve the industry's manufacturing standards.In recent years loader well-known enterprises in recent years have involved with the production of small areas, such as the Dragon, XCMG, and the mountains, but not really most of the production of one ton of small equipment products, the main reason is hindering their high-end products in the market inadequate capacity. However, this also means that for the small enterprises with not too much time, if not in the relatively short period of time upgrading of enterprises and products, from business philosophy, product marketing idea to the concept of all-roundself-improvement, self-transformed into a long-term development objectives and market competition-conscious modern manufacturing enterprises, and a larger-scale sales, in the future and well-known enterprises loader win in the competition may be very small.Mechanical Engineering Society of China was founded in 1936, China was set up earlier, the largest one of the Institute of Engineering. The existing 33 professional chapters, 180,000 members, of whom there are more than 3,000 senior members, more than 500 members of Hong Kong, Macao and overseas, there are more than 4,000 corporate members.Academic exchange is the Institute's basic functions, the Institute is held annually hundreds, and colorful academic conferences. Special is an annual Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society annual meeting, the topic is the integration activities of the various large-scale comprehensive meeting. , The main thrust of the report will include the General Assembly, the topic of academic, scientific and technological progress releases, forums, lectures, display, a number of activities such as presentation, rich in content, as well as inside and outside the country in the industry has had a tremendous impact.Editing, publishing and academic meetings and academic exchanges wings. Over the years, the organization has prepared a "China Materials Engineering ceremony," and "machine repair manual," such as hundreds of large-scale tool, science and technology books and related materials. Academic journals published by the "Journal of mechanical engineering", "Chinese Mechanical Engineering", more than 60 species, and for promoting the development of academic disciplines has played an important role.Member Society is the mainstay of the Institute and the basis for the existence of the necessary conditions for achieving democracy Office will learn organizational guarantee. Member services is the Institute for the work of the main tasks of Institute staff is a sacred duty. Has been the establishment of a wide range of multi-level structure and membership of the service system, and conducting appropriate Member activities, and actively explore characteristics of the times with the Member services. Institute of years of development experience has shown that membership is a source of vitality Institute.Continuing education and professional certification is the Institute's an effective way to serve the community. Over the years, have carried out fruitful work. 1983 founded the mechanical engineer degree (nowBeijing mechanical engineer OLI), is the first in China to establish a "mechatronics" and the "Industrial Engineering" two professional, and entrusted Quanguokaowei for higher education self-study examination. To welding and nondestructive testing for the representatives of accredited professionals work focused on quality, service-oriented economy, and widely alleged members and the industry peer Road. In recent years, actively promote the international mutual recognition of qualifications engineers.Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society of China's machinery industry is a very important external communication channels, to the industry and the large number of government departments entrusted task of the international exchange and cooperation. Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society of China's accession to the representatives of 11 international organizations, 23 countries and 38 first-class academic institutions and professional organizations has signed bilateral cooperation agreements with more than 60 countries and regions, including more than 1,000 scientific research, teaching, design, manufacturing, consulting, intermediary and social welfare institutions established a good working relationship.I will stick to science and technology and economic integration as the key link, and always bring the Institute for Scientific and Technological Advice as to promote economic development and work closely with the main battlefield, active structures for economic development platform. I will rely on his close "in Beijing Teng-day certification Advisory Center," galaxy of talent and give full play to the advantages of network, enterprises actively carry out technical advice, enterprise certification advisory and development strategy consulting. Not only to learn activities closer to the corporate and service industries, and effectively speed up the Institute's own capabilities and the enhancement of overall strength.International Exhibition is I will carry out international exchanges and cooperation forms an important one. The exhibition platform, organizations Chinese and foreign entrepreneurs, technology sector between the exchanges and cooperation and promote economic and trade development and industrialization of technological progress. As Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society masterpiece in the field of exhibitions, Beijing Essen Welding and Cutting Fair has become first inAsia and second in the world in the welding professional exhibitions.I will set up a "Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society Science and Technology Award", and China Machinery Industry Federation and jointly set up the "China Machinery Industry, Science and Technology Award." Over the years, the China Association for Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Engineering, recommending talents, and actively promote respect for independent innovation, and abide by scientific ethics, and the pursuit of harmony and progress of scientific thought, effectively mobilize the broad masses of scientific and technological workers initiative and creativity.I will also attach great importance to their work, procedures, scientific management and democratic management, and in 2004 took the lead in the national Institute adopted the ISO9001: 2000 quality management system certification. It is not only that I will work more scientific and standardized At the same time, the community has also been the recognition and praise.翻译:本文主要论述了ZL-50轮式装载机整机虚拟样机设计以及几种典型作业工况的模拟和仿真，包括工作装置和整机所需要部件的建模。
国外轮式装载机技术的发展现状
一、概述轮式装载机是一种常见的建筑机械，通常用于土方工程、道路修建、基础设施建设等领域。
随着城市化进程的加速和建筑行业的不断发展，轮式装载机在国内市场上需求量逐渐增加。
然而，国内轮式装载机技术还存在一定的局限性，主要表现在燃油效率、环保性能、智能化水平等方面。
相比之下，国外轮式装载机技术的发展已经相对成熟，具有一些值得借鉴和学习的地方。
二、国外轮式装载机技术的发展趋势1. 环保性能在国外，轮式装载机制造商已经开始致力于研发环保型的装载机。
他们采用先进的排放控制技术，如DPF（颗粒捕集器）、SCR（尿素选择性催化还原）等，以减少氮氧化物（NOx）、颗粒物等有害气体的排放。
还大量采用可再生能源、零排放动力源等，以提升轮式装载机的环保性能。
2. 智能化水平国外的轮式装载机已经开始具备一定的智能化水平，主要体现在智能控制系统、自动化操作等方面。
通过激光雷达、摄像头等传感器实现对工作区域的自动感知和控制，以减少操作人员的劳动强度，提高工作效率。
还可以通过智能控制系统实现对轮式装载机的动力输出、传动系统等的智能化调控，使其在不同工况下都能实现最佳的性能表现。
3. 燃油效率燃油效率一直是轮式装载机制造商和用户关注的重点。
国外的一些轮式装载机机构已经着手研发高效节能的动力系统，如液压传动系统、混合动力系统等。
这些新型动力系统能够更好地利用动能，减少动力损耗，从而提升轮式装载机的燃油效率。
三、国外轮式装载机技术的发展现状1. 主要制造商国外轮式装载机制造商主要集中在欧洲、美国、日本等发达国家。
其中，美国的卡特彼勒、德国的沃尔沃、瑞典的拓斯卡等企业在轮式装载机领域具有较强的技术实力和市场影响力。
他们在技术研发、生产工艺、产品质量等方面都处于国际领先水平。
2. 技术特点国外轮式装载机技术的发展主要体现在以下几个方面：（1）先进的动力系统：包括高效节能的发动机、智能化的液压传动系统等；（2）环保性能：采用新型的排放控制技术，符合国际标准；（3）智能化操作：具备自动感知、智能控制等功能，提高操作便利性和工作效率；（4）结构设计：采用轻量化、高强度材料，提升整机的工作性能和耐久性。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译487我国深松机械的研究现状和发展趋势
附录The research status and development trend of subsoiling machinery in China Abstract：The subsoiling machinery is one kind of effective machines and tools for nature cultivation of conservation tillage on dry land. Its development is having direct impact to our country’s development very much.For this purpose，by analyses the development Situation of subsoiling machinery，it has carried out classification on subsoiling machinery of our country，summed up various virtue and shortcoming，and has brought forward several suggestion to our country development of subsoiling machinery in the future.Key words：subsoilingmachinery；conserration tillage；development trendBased on tilling the soil deep loosening technology is summed up an adaptation to drought homework conservation tillage method. Deep loosening cultivation can promote soil physical improvement, since the restoration of soil fertility, improve for a long time due to the weight gain due to the large fertilizer production. So deep loosening technology has been widely applied in wheat, cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, crops such as corn, soybean production test and practice. The essence of mechanical deep loosening technology is: through mechanical tillage, loose and not flip soil, breaking plough bottom, compared to adjust the soil solid, liquid, gas, improving the structure of the top layer of soil, reduce soil erosion and improve soil water storage ability.Western developed countries has been made in the 1930 s and deep tillage research, and has started to use this technology, achieved good effect. Due to many years of practical experience as well as the rapid development of science and technology, the United States, Western Europe and other countries for deep pine machinery research has been quite perfect, and form a series, and according to the different needs of the development and production of a variety of deep loosening machine. The digging ways mainly include the extrusion and vibration digging dirt comes in two forms. Abroad at present, the existing power tractor matching with deep loosening machine mainly, its characteristic is deep loosening deep, operation speed, good quality and suitable for deep loosening in an all-round way. Its main have mechanical the deep loose plough and the vibrating deep loose machine two. Mechanical deep plough sort is more,among them, the representative has two: John Deere 900 v scarifier and west Germany's hanging deep loosening machine produced by our company. Hanging deep loosening machine deep loosening shovel handle face for arc, of which the parts similar to straight lines, blade, pointed to the shovel handle inside the distance is longer than Deere deep loosening shovel. The shovel handle this structure makes it has better cutting performance, no hanging grass phenomenon. Vibrating deep loosening function to solve the work resistance of the deep loose plough is big, the problem of large energy consumption. Its working principle is the tractor power output shaft to drive the eccentric vibrator make the plough produces vibration, reduce the traction resistance, thus improve the power efficiency. At the same time, along with the deep pine technology constantly improve, the development of deep loosening machine, also in order to adapt to the requirement of joint operations, on the basis of the deep loosening machine, overseas has developed a variety of deep loose joint rig.For deep loosening technology research, started late in our country. In the early 1960 s began to realize the importance of deep loosening technology, and has carried on the corresponding research. In design and manufacture of deep loosening shovel has many colleges and universities, research institutes and farms and other units to do a lot of research work, created the actual deep loosening shovel, and through the experiment and actual production applications, good results have been achieved.A single deep breath a sigh of single machine function, it is mainly on the soil deep loosening operations, its structure is simple, articulated way is given priority to with three-point suspension. Again, according to the scope of the deep loose a single deep breath a sigh of machine can be divided into local deep loosening and all-round deep loosening machine two kinds of models. Local deep loosening machine according to the way of working can be divided into two categories, type mechanical and vibration. Mechanical is deep loosening machine driven directly by tractor traction machines, extrusion, cutting and breaking up the soil was carried out on the soil. Its specific forms are various, such as: chisel type, winged type, rod type deep loosening machine, airfoil rod tooth deep loosening machine, single column with vane, hanging light turn the deep loose plough, tilting the bidirectional shallow deep loose plough, etc. , it had a tail deep loosening shovel can effectively increase the soil disturbance range, reduce resistance, increase the tillage depth and improve the quality of the deep loosening. The vibrating deep pinemachine is using vibration method, soil tillage machine produce the vibration of a certain frequency, make the soil loose, achieve the purpose of reducing resistance, has been many researchers to study and prove this method. Developed by heilongjiang province water conservancy science research institute of multi-functional vibrator soil change opportunity, this machine adopts self-excited reciprocating inertial vibration source, created a precedent of mechanical vibrating tillage soil preparation operation in our country, deep loosening vibration than other types of deep loosening save energy over 20%. All-round deep loosening machine is a kind of brand-new of deep pine for farmlandIndustry machine, it is suitable for dry land wheat or rice two areas. All-round deep loosening soil coefficient is big, has a good effect on cultivating. There are three common: China agricultural university, the development and production of "V" shape all-round deep loosening machine, production in heilongjiang province "L" shape all-round deep loosening machine cut tooth and all-round deep loosening. China agricultural university to develop all-round deep loosening machine, use "V" type deep loose parts, cut off from soil out of the "V" shaped cross section twenty-nine-inch rows from trapezoid framework, and then falling on the surface, make soil subjected to shear, bending, stretching and get efficient breaking up. Heilongjiang province production 1 sq - 340 comprehensive deep loosening machine's working parts like "L" shape, its working principle is similar to "V". Chisel type all-round deep loosening is improvement of small and medium-sized all-round deep loosening machine, the omni-directional depth it loose with the traditional chisel plough be combined in one machine, one-way operation can achieve a comprehensive energy saving effect of the deep loose, loose the whole joint.Deep loose joint rig is done in deep loosening and fertilization, planting, cultivating, ridging, stubble, spraying pesticide or herbicide, etc. More than two kinds of operation equipments. Around, according to the actual production, on the basis of the deep loosening added other functions, to develop all kinds of deep loose joint rig. Some this kind of machine can reach before sowing time into soil preparation requirement, so that it can reduce labor consumption, reduce pressure to times, save time, improve the utilization rate of power tractor, thus reducing operating costs. Common models include: deep pine fertilizer applicator, 1 FFSL - shallow over deep loose type 5 flip plow, corn no-till seeding fertilizer deep loose joint rig, SGTN - 180, type 200 biaxial stubble rotary tillage ridging joint machine, deep loosening soil preparationmachine, frame type deep loose joint rig rotary tillage, deep ploughing joint rig, 3 gz - 6 type hanging LBZ combined seeder and 2-5 - a type of ridge sowing seeds under the machine, and henan agricultural university institute of electrical and mechanical engineering to develop SQS - type 2 deep loosening, ridging, applying fertilizer, the rig and the yunnan agricultural university and qujing city tobacco companies develop 1 GQQSN - 200 rotary tillage, deep loosening ridging joint rig, etc.Deep loosening machine chisel type of deep loosening and pole tooth deep loosening machine structure is simple, the price is low, but the pulverizing effect is bad, digging range is limited, only 0.2 ~ 0.2, the consumed power is larger. Airfoil pole tooth deep loosening machine absorbed the pole tooth deep loosening and all-round deep loosening machine advantage of the two, four, five plough plough column assembly landed, installed on the airfoil stem deep loosening shovel teeth, working depth more than 35 cm, deep loosening coefficient of 0.437, compared with previous machine, the function and efficiency improved obviously. The vibrating deep pine machine pulverizing effect is better, depth of digging deep, can be up to 50 ~ 60 cm, less power consumption. But the structure is more complex, some parts of material demand is higher, the cost relative to other deep loosening machine is much higher.Single column type, suspension type shallow turn over the deep loose plough is hanging furrow plough, with wings chisel type deep loosening shovel plough body instead of the original huasheng type, relatively simple structure, wide applicability, a job can complete turn of shallow and deep loosening soil.Tilting two-way light turn over the deep loose plough with wings carved deep loosening shovel and shallow parts combination, combined with a deep sigh of shallow turn hydraulic flip, a one-time deep subsoil, light stubble etc many homework, working efficiency is high, the broken soil ability strong, but the adaptation of a narrow, only suitable for dry farming areas of northern China stubble, hemp crop and pasture improvement of deep shallow over homework.All-round deep loosening machine has large range of digging, deep tillage depth, coefficient of high working efficiency, digging big wait for a characteristic, but with the high-power tractor kit, and this kind of machine operation when higher requirements on the surface. Deep loose joint rig variety is less, can't satisfy the need of agricultural production. Many areas according to the requirements of the regional agricultural technology, even thoughconverted some of the deep loose joint rig, but generally have large energy consumption, low efficiency and high operation cost, not easy popularization and application.With the development of dryland farming soil conservaton agricultural new technology in our country, must be to develop new type of deep loosening and joint operation deep loosening soil preparation machine. Tillage soil conservaton technology is a five-year period and 2010 years ago, one of the main measures of rainfed agriculture in our country, deep loosening machine is the realization of agronomic measures of main machinery and equipment. At present, the domestic molding combined soil preparation machine, are mainly small and medium-sized, structure form are all horizontal. Along with the expansion of large power tractor also needs a large number of new high efficiency combined soil preparation machine to match. Our country is an agricultural big country, now many places still to use it in rural is a small mechanical, not only the production efficiency is low, also delay the season. So large efficient joint research and development of soil preparation machine is necessary, and has a broad market space. So we must to improve the existing agricultural machines from multiple aspects.For technical innovation. Change the deep loosening shovel working face structure parameters and working mode, adopting appropriate deep loose parts, reasonable decorate the relative position between the deep loosening shovel, make machine to save energy consumption, to reduce working resistance. At present, the measures to reduce the cultivation resistance deep loosening machine mainly has two kinds: one is to change machine working face parameter, the second is with the method of vibration. According to overseas for deep loosening shovel handle working surface of the test show that the shovel handle work surface is parabola, the minimum needed traction, the grave performance is best. Circular arc second, straight blade is the largest. Plough blade thickness, operating quality and operating effect of different types of soil are also different. Method of vibration of the drag reduction, make the plough shovel and spade pointed produces a certain vibration frequency, loose soil, so as to achieve the goal of reduced tillage resistance. In recent years the development of bionic drag reduction technology for deep loose parts of drag reduction technology research put forward a new way of thinking. In addition, we should focus on the latest research results, digesting and absorbing the advanced technology for drag reduction, and improve the existing agricultural machinery.Raise the level of products manufacturing process. Soil tillage machine work load big, the seasonally strong, high reliability requirements of machine work. , therefore, we should improve the level of product manufacturing process, improve and guarantee the quality of the machine and the working parts, ensure machine work reliability, and better meet market demand.Machines for agriculture standardization, standardized management, strengthen the promotion of the machine. For existing domestic joint rig deep pine machinery and comprehensive investigation, and according to soil conditions around, agricultural technical requirements, to develop a deep loosening machine technical classification, manufacturing standards and acceptance criteria. At present, deep loosening mechanical varieties of many, but more is developed according to the region's agricultural production condition, has certain limitation, does not have the management requirement of standardization and seriation, brought some difficulties to promotion, hindered the development of agriculture in our country.Accelerating the development of high-power tractor promotion efforts, multi-use of the deep loose joint rig. Joint rig is the development direction of China's agricultural machinery industry. Over the next few years, we should sum up the experiences of deep loose joint rig use, according to the requirements in different parts of the agricultural technology, seriation, standardization of developed to adapt to the different parts of the deep loose joint rig. Change according to different season different working parts at the same time, the real achieve multi-usage, improve the utilization rate of large power tractor. General less deep loose joint operation of machinery, agricultural technical requirements adapted according to the region in many parts of some deep loose joint rig but poor versatility should be developed according to the requirements in different parts of the agricultural technology is used in different parts of the series of standardized mechanical deep loose joint operations according to the different working parts of different seasons change achieve multi-usage.In order to strengthen the management of agricultural machinery information, reasonable allocate machine, increasing NongJiHu income. To rational allocation of regional agricultural machinery, agricultural machinery avoid idle time is too long, affect agricultural machinery utilization, thus indirectly improving NongJiHu income. At the same time, the area of agricultural machinery are temporarily lack of farm machinery deployment guide, implement the inter-district homework, increase NongJiHu income.我国深松机械的研究现状和发展趋势摘要：深松机械是旱地保护性耕作的一种有效机具，它的发展直接影响着我国的农业发展。
装载机概况外文翻译-其他专业
本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Loader Overview文献、资料来源：互联网文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：机电工程学院专业：机械工程及自动化班级：机械姓名：学号： 2指导教师：翻译日期：外文文献：Loader OverviewThe main function of the loader shovel of loose material and short-distance transport operations. It is the fastest growing engineering machinery, machine production and sales and market demand one. We usually see the largest wheel loaders, it is acrawler loaders. Crawler than it has good mobility, does not destroy the road surface, easy to operate, etc.. Wheel loaders has been widely used.A loader (also known as: bucket loader, front loader, front end loader, payloader, scoop loader,shovel, skip loader, and/or wheel loader) is a type of tractor, usually wheeled, sometimes on tracks, that has a front-mounted square wide bucket connected to the end of two booms (arms) to scoop up loose material from the ground, such as dirt, sand or gravel, and move it from one place to another without pushing the material across the ground. A loader is commonly used to move a stockpiled material from ground level and deposit it into an awaiting dump truck or into an open trench excavation.Loaders in general by the chassis, powertrain, running gear, working device, steeringbrake, hydraulic system and operating system.The basis of the loader classification is the Society of Automotive Engineers of America (SAE) rated capacity of the bucket. The classification is based on the largest general purpose bucket offered by the manufacturer or the bucket size adopted by the Contractor, whichever is the loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools—for example, many can mount forks to lift heavy pallets or shipping containers, and a hydraulically opening "clamshell" bucket allows a loader to act as a light dozer or scraper. The bucket can also be augmented with devices like a bale grappler for handling large bales of hay or straw.Large loaders, such as the Kawasaki 95ZV-2, John Deere 844K, Caterpillar 950H, V olvo L120E, Case 921E, or Hitachi ZW310 usually have only a front bucket and are called Front Loaders, whereas small loader tractors are often also equipped with a small backhoe and are called backhoe loaders or loader backhoes or JCBs, after the company that first invented them.The largest loader in the world is LeTourneau L-2350. Currently these large loaders are in production in the Longview, Texas facility. The L-2350 uses a diesel electric propulsion system similar to that used in a locomotive. Each rubber tired wheel is driven by its own independent electric motor.Komatsu-integrated design offers the best value, reliability, and versatility. Hydraulics, powertrain, frame, and all other major components are engineered by Komatsu. You get a 18machine whose components are designed to work together for higher production, greater reliability, and more versatility. Komatsu’s highly productive, innovative technology, environmentally friendly machines built for the 21st century.Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble, and digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging as it cannot dig very deep below the level of its wheels, like a backhoecan. The capacity of a loader bucket can be anywhere from to 36 m3 depending upon the size of the machine and its application. The front loader's bucket capacity is generally much bigger than a bucket capacity of a backhoe loader.Unlike most bulldozers, most loaders are wheeled and not tracked, although track loaders are common. They are successful where sharp edged materials in construction debris would damage rubber wheels, or where the ground is soft and muddy. Wheels provide better mobility and speed and do not damage paved roads as much as tracks, but provide less traction. In construction areas loaders are also used to transport building materials - such as bricks, pipe, metal bars, and digging tools - over short distances.Front loaders are commonly used to remove snow especially from sidewalks, parking lots, and other areas too small for using snowplows and other heavy equipment. They are sometimes used as snowplows with a snowplow attachment but commonly have a bucket or snowbasket, which can also be used to load snow into the rear compartment of a snowplow or dump truck. High-tip buckets are suitable for light materials such as chip, peat and light gravel and when the bucket is emptied from a height.Loaders bucket characteristicsedge for super-hard wear resistant steel plate up to 500 Brinell hardnessfor long life.shell and side Brinell hardness of 400 to resist abrasive wear. Installed bythe enhancedtreatment of attachment hinge points to reduce Wear and tear.cutting blade for resistance to abrasive wear of steel, Brinell hardness of 500. Resistantliner installed in the bucket on the floor byThe bolt may be replaced, the Brinell hardness of 500.4. bolt and the edge of savings and staging to prevent unnecessary wear of thecutting edge.5. V olvo bucket tooth system is equipped with a bolt or weld type connector, theBrinellhardness of 515, with best interpolation into the depth and the smaller the wear and tear.Skid-steer Loader Features1. The round-back bucket design is stronger with no angled corners. This configuration makesit easier to fill and dump —improving productivity.2. The ROPS/FOPS structure protects and shields the operator.3. A total of four exterior lights help to illuminate any job site day or night.4. A safety system locks lift, tilt and drive systems when the operator leaves the seat, raisesthe seat bar, or turns off the ignition switch. The brakes are wet-type multiple discs that require no maintenance.5. Heavy-duty tires are standard —matching the durability of the skid-steer.6. The rugged all-welded unitized frame is constructed of .375-inch gauge steel for years ofproductivity. Step bushings are placed in all key pivot areas to increase strength and reduce stress.7. A wider wheelbase provides for a smooth ride and more balance for stability with heavierloads. A 9-inch ground clearance allows easy maneuverability through mud and other terrain.8. Hydraulic lines are protected within the loader arm.9. Mustang features a self-leveling vertical lift.10. The advanced hydraulic system affords longer service intervals and comes with a sight glass for quick and easy fluid level inspections.11. A drop-down step makes it convenient to check engine and maintenance Points.This wheel loader offers two selectable engine operating modes —Normal and Power. The operator can adjust the machine’s engine performance to match the condition requirements.This system is controlled with a dial on the right side control panel.（1）Normal Mode: provides maximum fuel efficiency for most general loading conditions. （2）Power Mode: provides maximum power output for hard digging conditions or hill climb operations.2 Automatic Transmission with Four Mode Select SystemThis operator controlled system allows the selection of manual shifting or three levels of automatic shifting modes (low, medium, and high). The operator can match the machine’s operating requirements with optimum performance efficiency. This system is controlled with a dial on the right side of the control panel.（1）Manual: The transmission is fixed to the gear speed and selected with the gear shift lever.（2）Auto Low: Low mode provides smooth gear shifting at low engine speeds suitable for general excavating and loading while offering reduced fuel consumption.（3）Auto Medium: Medium mode provides gear shifting at mid-range engine speeds required for more aggressive conditions.（4）Auto High: High mode provides maximum rim pull and fast cycle times by shifting the transmission at high engine speeds. This mode is suitable for hill-climb and load and carry operations..Unlike backhoes or standard tractors fitted with a front bucket, many large loaders do not use automotive steering mechanisms. Instead, they steer by a hydraulically actuated pivot point set exactly between the front and rear axles. This is referred to as "articulated steering" and allows the front axle to be solid, allowing it to carry greater weight. Articulated steering provides better maneuverability for a given wheelbase. Since the front wheels and attachment rotate on the same axis, the operator is able to "steer" his load in an arc after positioning the machine, which can be useful. The tradeoff is that when the machine is "twisted" to one side and a heavy load is lifted high, it has a greater risk of turning over to the "wide" side.Front loaders gained popularity during the last two decades, especially in urbanengineering projects and small earthmoving works. Heavy equipment manufacturers offer a wide range of loader sizes and term "loader" is also used in the debris removal field to describe the boom on a grapple truck.The Israeli Combat Engineering Corps use armored Caterpillar 966 wheel loader for construction and combat engineeringmissions in hostile territories such as the West Bank. They are often seen building or removing road blocks, building bases and fortifications and starting in 2005, demolishing small houses. The IDF added armor plating for the loader, protecting it against rocks, stones, molotov cocktails, and light gunfire.Rio de Janeiro's police elite squad BOPE have recently acquired one wheel loader of military purposes to open routes and make way for the police in Rio de Janeiro's slums, which are controlled, and blocked, by drug dealers.These loaders are a popular addition to tractors from 50 to 200 hp. Its current 'drive-in' form was originally designed and developed in 1958 by a company called Quicke. They were developed to perform a multitude of farming tasks, and are popular due to their relatively low cost (compared toTelehandler) and high versatility. Tractor loaders can be fitted with many attachments such as hydraulic grabs and spikes to assist with bale and silagehandling, forks for pallet work, and buckets for more general farm activities.Popular additions to compact utility tractors and farm tractors are Front End Loaders, also referred to as a FEL. Compact utility tractors, also called CUTs are small tractors, typically with 18 to 50 horsepower (37 kW) and used primarily for grounds maintenance and landscape chores. There are 2 primary designs of compact tractor FELs, the traditional dogleg designed style and the curved arm style.John Deere Tractor manufactures a semi-curved loader design that does not feature the one piece curved arm, but also is not of the traditional two piece design. New Holland Ag introduced a compact loader with a one piece curved arm on its compact utility tractors, similar one piece curved arm loaders are now available on compact tractors on many brands including Case/Farmall, and some Montana and Kioti tractors. Kubota markets traditional loader designs on most of its compact tractors but now features a semi-curved loader design similar to the John Deere loader design on several of its small tractors.While the Front End Loaders on CUT size tractors are capable of many tasks, given theirrelatively small size and low capacities when compared to commercial loaders, the compact loaders can be made more useful with some simple options. A Toothbar is commonly added to the front edge of a loader bucket to aid with digging. Some loaders are equipped with a quick coupler, otherwise known as a Quick Attach (QA) system, the QA system allows the bucket to be removed easily and other tools to be added in its place. Common additions would include a set of Pallet Forks for lifting pallets of goods or a Bale Spear for lifting hay bales.A skid loader is a small loader utilizing four wheels with hydraulic drive that directs power to either, or both, sides of the vehicle. Very similar in appearance and design is the track loader, which utilizes a continuous track on either side of the vehicle instead of the wheels. Since the expiration of Bobcat's patent on its quick-connect system, newer tractor models are standardizing on that popular format for front end attachments.A swing loader is a rigid frame loader with a swinging boom. The boom can swing 180 degrees or more. Swingloaders are primarily used by the railroad industry to lay rail. Like other loaders many attachments can be attached to the boom such as magnets, forks, and buckets. Smaller swingloaders are used in farming applications for loading out. A swinging boom is advantageous where space is limited. The loader is able to lift on all sides and dump off on all sides.At present, foreign multi-functional logistics equipment and related technologies are increasingly improved, and development series, large-scale, miniaturization, multi-purpose and other direction. Internationally renowned manufacturers (such as Lynx, Case, Caterpillar, Komatsu, liebherr, V olvo, etc.) widely used in microelectronics and information technology, and improve computer-aided driving systems, information management systems, such as the application of electronic monitoring and automatic alarm system, materials used for precision fitted, upload, GPS positioning and weight of the operation of industry automatic weighing device; the use of special noise reduction materials, noise suppression to eliminate or reduce machine noise in the loader work; through continuous improvement EFI devices to further reduce exhaust emissions of diesel engines, non-polluting, economical, environmentally friendly power plant; optimize the structural design of the working device, such as a single "Z"-type linkage evolution of the eight parallel institutions, TP linkage and ERASLINK "institutions (single-action arm cast steel structure), and O & K is designed specifically for small multi-function loaderLEAR linkage in order to improve the operating productivity of the loader, have developed many of the features ultra- strong systems, such as: power electronics control / management system automatically adjusts the engine output power; engine automatic control system, when the loader in a non-working condition, automatically reduces engine speed, reducing fuel consumption and engine noise; key information display systemand so on. Loader industry leading products are basically developed in the early 1970s Liugong ZL50-based development, an international technical level of the 1960s. In the 1980's digestion and absorption of advanced technology in the United States, Caterpillar, Komatsu of Japan, and gradually the successful development of the second generation wheel loader. Compared to China's second-generation products with international advanced products in the mechanical and electrical integration, manipulation of comfort, operating efficiency, a wide gap between the biggest gap is the product reliability, domestic multi-function loader machine reliability (average time between failures is less than 400 hours), lack of core technology and key components are imported, and products a single, low-grade products. Although domestic loaders and related technical work started late, but soon the pace of development, such as multi-function loader sales have accounted for half of the loader market in the world, China has become the world's multi-function loader production and marketing power.China Loader Industry has the third-generation products. The third-generationmachine reliability is greatly improved, the main performance indicators largely withthe international advanced level. However, in reliability, comfort, operational efficiency and manufacturing levels of baking and foreign advanced level there is a considerable gap. Fourth-generation product in the third generation on the basis offurther optimization of the overall performance and configuration, the electric control box, wet brake technology has been applied, and formed a proprietary technologyand patented technologies in enterprises, so that product with a new face to the market. These will further promote the technological progress of China's loader industry.Microelectronics and information technology will be widely used, further improve thecomputer-aided driving systems, information management systems and fault diagnosis system; single sound-absorbing material, the noise suppression methodsto eliminate or reduce machine noise; through continuous improvement of the fuel injection device further reduce exhaust emissions of diesel engines. In addition tothese, but: multifunctional bucket, ripper, liquid Villagehammer, snow, etc. a variety of devices, small size, power, lightweight and flexible, and better fuel economy, increased cab size and glazing area, improve the indoor air pressure to the dust, to improve the control system and the joystick position to improve the operating environment of comfort, reduce the operator's labor intensity, and beautify theappearance. Particular because of China's mining loader started late, whether it isproduct variety, performance parameters, or the use of reliability, after-sales serviceand so on, and abroad there is a considerable gap. Therefore, the trend of its development is the introduction of foreign advanced technology to develop high-quality, multi-functional, multi-species, multi-standard range of products to increase market competitiveness; strengthen basic components, parts production and quality, in particular, is to improve the hydraulic the quality of the components, in order to achieve to meet the requirements of the premise of the product reliability,reduce product cost; improve the quality of service products.Half of the market, China has become the world's multi-function loader production and marketing power.中文译文：装载机概况装载机是一个通常用于建筑的重型设备，主要用于将材料（等asasphalt，拆除杂物，灰尘，雪，饲料，砾石，原木，矿物原料，再生材料，岩石，沙，木屑）装入另一种类型的机械（如自卸车，输送带，进料斗，或车厢）。
数控专业毕业设计外文翻译----中国数控车床的现状和发展趋势分析
Not only the Chinese numerical control lathe present situation andthe trend of developmentanalysis numerical control technology application has brought the revolutionary change for the traditional manufacturing industry, causes the manufacturing industry to become the industrialization the symbol, moreover along with numerical control technology unceasing development and application domain expansion, it to national economy and the people's livelihood some important professions (IT, automobile, light industry, medical service and so on) development more and more vital role, because these professions must equip the digitization already was the modern development major tendency. The current numerical control lathe presents following trend of development. 1. high speed, high precisionHigh speed, precise is the engine bed development eternal goal.Development progresses by leaps and bounds which along with the science and technology, the mechanical and electrical products renewal speed speeds up, increasingly is also high to the components processing precision and the surface quality request.In order to satisfy this complex changeable market the demand, the current engine bed to the high-speed cutting, is doing the cutting and does the direction of cut to develop, the processing precision also in unceasingly enhances. On the other hand, the electricity main axle and the straight line electrical machinery success application, the ceramics ball bearing, the high accuracy lead greatly hollow in cold and the ball bearing nut strong cold low temperature high speed ball bearing guide screw vice-and the belt ball bearing retainer straight line guide rail vice-and so on engine bed function part appearing on the market, also for the engine bed to high speed, the precise development has created the condition. The numerical control lathe picks uses electricity the main axle, has cancelled links and so on leather belt, band pulley and gear, reduced the master drive rotation inertia greatly, enhanced the main axle dynamic speed of response and the work precision, when thorough settlement main axle high-speed operation transmission and so on leather belt and band pulley vibrations and noise question.Picks uses electricity the main axle structure to be possible to enable the main axle rotational speed to achieve above 10000r/min.The straight line motor-driven speed is high, adds the moderating properties to be good, has the superior response characteristic and the followed precision. Made the servo with the straight line electrical machinery to actuate, to omit the ball bearing guide screw this intermediate drive link, eliminated the transmission gap (including reverse gap), themovement inertia was small, the system rigidity was good, could locate precisely under high speed, thus increased the servo precision enormously.Straight line trundle guide rail, because it has respectively to the gap for the zero and the extremely small rolling friction, wears slightly, gives off heat may ignore, has the extremely good thermostability, increased the entire journey pointing accuracy and the repetition pointing accuracy. Through the straight line electrical machinery and the straight line trundle guide rail vice-application, may make the engine bed the rapid traverse speed to enhance 60~80m/min from present 10~20m/mim, even reaches as high as 120m/min.2. redundant reliablenumerical control engine bed reliability is a numerical control engine bed product quality crucial target.Whether does the numerical control engine bed display its high performance, the high accuracy and the high efficiency, and obtains the good benefit, the key is decided by its reliable height.3. function recombinefunction recombine goal is further enhances the engine bed the production efficiency, uses reduces to few in the non-processing non-cutting time.Through the function recombine, may expand the engine bed the use scope, enhances the efficiency, realizes multipurpose one machine, one machine many energy, namely a numerical control lathe already may realize the turning function, also may realize the milling processing; Or in also may realize the abrasive machining by the mill primarily engine bed on.4. intellectualizations, the network, the flexibility and the integrated21st century numerical control equipments has certain intellectualized system. In order to pursue the processing efficiency and the processing quality aspect intellectualization, like processing process adaptive control, craft parameter automatic production; In order to enhance the actuation performance and the use connection aspect intellectualization, like feed-forward control, electrical machinery parameter auto-adapted operation, automatic diagnosis load automatic designation model, self regulating grade; Simplification programming, simplification operation aspect intellectualization, like intellectualized automatic programming, intellectualized man-machine contact surface and so on; Also has the intelligence to diagnose, aspect and so on intelligent monitoring contents, by facilitates the system the diagnosis and the service and so on. The numerical control engine bed the tendency which develops to the flexibility automated system is: From (numerical control single plane, processing center and numerical control compound processing engine bed), line (FMC, FMS, FTL, FML) to surface (construction sectionworkshop independent manufacture island, FA), body (CIMS, distribution network integration manufacture system) the direction develops, on the other hand develops to the attention utility and the efficient direction. The flexible automation technology is the manufacturing industry adapts the dynamic market demand and the product rapid renewal main method, is the various countries' manufacturing industry development mainstream tendency, is the advanced manufacture domain foundation technology.Its key point is by enhances the system the reliability, changes into the premise practical, take the easy networking and the integration as the goal, the attention enhancement unit technology development and the consummation.The CNC single plane to the high accuracy, the high velocity and the high flexible direction develops. The numerical control engine bed and the constitution flexibility manufacture system can conveniently and joints and so on CAD, CAM, CAPP and MTS, develops to the information integration direction.The network system to the opening, the integration and the intellectualized direction develops.中国数控车床的现状和发展趋势分析数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化，使制造业成为工业化的象征，而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大，它对国计民生的一些重要行业(IT、汽车、轻工、医疗等)的发展起着越来越重要的作用，因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译167港口起重机
附录APortal powerChina’s rapid economic growth in the past decade has resulted in a big increase in freight traffic through the country’s seaports . Old ports are being expanded and new ports built to handle the large growth in container and bulk cargo traffic all along the Chinese coastline.China’s port expansion programme has provided a strong boost to the domestic port equipment industry, which has enjoyed a strong increase in demand for port cranes of various types, including container cranes and portal cranes along with bulk cargo handling equipment.State-run China Harbour Engineering (group) Corporation Ltd, established under the ruling State Council, is China’s largest supplier of port cranes and bulk cargo handling equipment. The organization controls both Shanghai Zhenhua Port Machinery Co Ltd (ZPMC),the world’s largest manufacturer of quayside container cranes, and Shanghai Port Machinery Plant (SPMP), which specializes in the manufacturer of portal cranes and other cranes used in ports along with dry bulk cargo handling equipment.SPMP’s main market is China, although the company is looking to expand its overseas sales. Although less well known than its associate ZPMC, SPMP also operates large manufacturing facilities, and is due to move part of its production shortly to Changxing Island near Shanghai where ZPMC already operates a large container crane fabrication plant.Portal and other harbour cranes are SPMP’s major production item. During the past two years, the corporation has won contracts for 145 portal cranes from port authorities throughout China, both from new ports under construction and ports undergoing expansion.In recent years, SPMP has also supplied portal cranes to the United States, Iraq,and Myanmar.The port Rangoon of Myanmar in has purchased a 47m,40t portalcrane while BIW of the United States has purchased three cranes-15t,150t, and 300t portal cranes. Elsewhere, SPMP has supplied 12 portal cranes to several ports in Iraq since the end of the Saddam regime.In China, SPMP’s recent major orders for portal cranes include eight 40t, 45m radius cranes for Tianjin Overseas Mineral Terminal, while Yan Tai Port Bureau in Guangdong in southern China has purchased six 40t, 45m radius cranes. Other large orders include seven 10t, 25m radius cranes for Zhenjiang Port Group and an order of 1025t, 33m radius cranes from Fangcheng Port Bureau, while the Yingkou Port Group has ordered 1325t,35m radius cranes along with two 40t, 44m radius port cranes.MANY CRANES BUILT TO ORDERSPMP also supplies other cranes used in ports and harbours, many of which are built to order for clients. Quayside container cranes have been supplied to a number of foreign clients including Bangkok Port in Thailand, Kaohsiung Port in Taiwan, and Port of Vancouver in Canada. In China, SPMP has supplied quayside container cranes to Shanghai Port, Tianjin Port, Yin Kou Port, Yan Tai Port and others. The company also supplies rubber-tyred container gantry cranes to domestic and overseas clients. Customers for other cranes used in ports include Guangzhou Port in Guangdong, which purchased a 25t floating crane while Zhonggang Port has bought two double trolley 125/63t gantry cranes, along with a700t overhead crane, In 2003 Zhonggang Port awarded a contract to SPMP for a 2,600t floating crane, whichi is the largest crane the company has made in recent years.Other customers include Zhongyuan Nanytong Shipyard of Jiangsu Province has purchased two 300t goliath cranes for use in its shipyard, while Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipyard uses two of SPMP’s 600t goliath cranes for its shipbuilding operations. SPMP has two factories. The Shanghai plant employs 2,000 workers while a factory in Jiangsu Province employs 1,500 workers. The combined total of 3,500 workers includes 800 technical and management staff involved in designing, developing, and building portal and other cranes along with dry bulk cargo loading and unloading equipment.Currently, SPMP is preparing to vacat e its Shanghai factory site as the company’s existing plot of land is part of a riverside area earmarked by the Shanghai Expo in 2010. SPMP’s Shanghai factory will close at the end of 2006, and move to a new site on nearby Changxing Island.“The new factory will be much bigger than the present plant,” Li said. “Phase 1 will be ready for us when we move at the end of 2006.”In addition to moving the Shanghai factory to a new site, SPMP expects future business operation with ZPMC.Officials at China Harbour Engineering (Group) Corporation are understood to have told SPMP of plants for SPMP and ZPMC to co-operate more in bidding for projects in future. Both companies are expected to retain their individual manufacturing capability, however, with precise details of future co-operation still some way from being finalised.Meanwhile, SPMP associate company ZPMC is strengthening its position as the world’s largest manufacturer of ship-to-shore container cranes, supplying slightly more than half the annual international container crane market. In addition to operating four crane production complexes for its crane manufacturing and other businesses.ZPMC’s full range of products includes quayside container cranes, rubber-tyred gantry cranes, bulk material ship loaders and unloaders, bucket-wheel stackers and reclaimers, portal cranes, floating cranes, and engineering vessels. The company has also diversified into manufacturing other large steel structures including large steel bridges.ZPMC EXPANDING PRODUCTIONZPMC’s c ranes and other products are in use at over 150 shipping terminals in 37 countries and regions worldwide. By the end of December 2005, ZPMC had supplied 705 quayside container cranes, and had orders in hand to deliver another 128 quayside container cranes in 2006. In addition, at the end of 2005 ZPMC had delivered 1,148 rubber-tyred gantry cranes to customers worldwide and had orders in hand to deliver 308 rubber-tyred gantry cranes to customers in 2006.ZPMC is expanding production facilities in expectation that the volume of orders will grow in future. The company owns four crane production complexes in Shanghai and the surrounding area at Jiangyin, Changzhou, Zhangjiang and Changxing Island. The Changxing production site, which was completed in 2001, covers one million sq m, and has a 3.5km coastline. The facility is capable of manufacturing 160 quayside ship-to-shore container cranes each year along with 300 rubber-tyred gantry cranes and 200,000 metric tons of large steel bridge structures.Plans call for a futher 3 million sq m of land to be reclaimed at Changxing, which ZPMC will develop to become its largest production centre.Korea looks inwardIn a fragmented global port crane industry, Korean manufacturers are being forced to look for more business in their domestic marketsSouth Korea’s container crane and port crane equipment manufacturing industry has become more focused on the domestic market in recent years as manufacturers have faced tough price competition from ZPMC of China in major foreign markets. The problem is the same as that faced by other port crane manufacturers around the world, none of which account for more than about an 8% share of the world container crane market.As well as ZPMC, competition from European and Japanese equipment suppliers is also strong, both for quayside container cranes and for rubber-tyred gantry crane contracts. While South Korean firms-including Hyundai Heavy Industries, Samsung Heavy Industries, Doosan Heavy Industries, and Hanjin Heavy Industries – continue to bid for international contracts, winning large orders has become increasingly rare. Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Co Ltd is believed to be the only South Korean port crane maker to have won a large container crane contract during the past few years, with most orders booker by Korean manufacturers being for less than10 crane units.Doosan recently completed delivery of a 42-unit rubber-tyred gantry crane (RTGC) order to the Port of Singapore Authority PSN that was awarded in 2004. Including a recent contract. Doosan has received orders to supply the Port of Singapore with a total of 120 RTGCs since 1997. The recent batch of RTGCs is designed for increased safety. Esch of the RTGCs is fitted with 16 wheels instead of the usual eight.“We have supplied container cranes locally and overseas. Most projects are one or two units, but Singapore has been 120 units,” commented a source in Doosan Heavy Industries’ material handling equipment division. “Container cranes ca n lift one or two containers depending on the client, but the twin spreader design is normal now. Our biggest contract before was with Pusan Port for over 10 container cranes.”BUILDING POWER PLANTSDoosan Heavy Industries’ major activities include the design and construction of power plants. Apart from supplying protection equipment, Doosan also manufactures turbines and generator sets. Doosan has a large castings and forging division. Other major activities include the construction of desalination plants in the Middle East.Container port handling equipment is produced by Doosan’s material handling equipment division, which supplies coal handling equipment and bulk cargo handling facilities for other industries.Port of Singapore Authority is the largest customer for RTGCs. Other recent clients include Southern Gateway Terminals in Colombo, Sri Lanka, and Korea Express in the Port of Pusan.Doosan also supplies ship to shore container cranes. Recent quayside gantry crane clients include Jakarta Container Terminal in Indonesia, Jawaharlal Nehru Port near Mumbai in India, and Frazer Terminal in Vancouver.“Prospects for our port crane sales are not bright. ZPMC is dominating the world market due to price,” the source commented. “We are looking for p rojects not invoving ZPMC as they are not concerned with all projects. We got contracts inSingapore in 2004 and 2005. We had no success anywhere else, but we are still bidding on various tenders.”Doosan is expected to be one of the bidders for container cranes to be installed in South Korea’s planned Kwangyang Bay Port expansion. The company’s R&D division is involved developing new automated controls that will be required for quayside container cranes installed in the port expansion.“Container crane s are well developed in technical terms. There is nothing else to develop except for automation,” the source said. “We are developing more automated controls, but the new features are not commercialized yet.Our government has a plan for Kwangyang Bay 3-2 terminal project, which they announced will be developed as an automated terminal. We have to adapt to this. The tender has been postponed for about six years. We expect the project will be tendered again in 2007 or 2008.”South Korea’s other container crane manufacturers also are expected to bid for the Kwangyang Bay project, which is likely to be awarded to a local supplier. Hyundal Samho Heavy Industries will be among the bidders having recently commissioned five automated rail mounted gantry cranes (RMGCs) also known as automated transfer cranes at Pusan East Container Terminal (PECT) .The terminal has become the first terminal in Korea to install automated cranes, which are in service at new berths four and five .The cranes stack nine-wide between a 28.5m rail gauge, and have dual cantilevers covering two road lanes . Stack height is 1 over 6 by 9ft 6in high and operational speeds are 150m/min for the gantry , 120m/min for the trolley and 75-80m/min for the empty hoist .Among other recent orders that Hyundai has won is a contract for four quayside container cranes from Hutchison Port Holdings and one for Uam Port. Competition from ZPMC remains the main challenge in winning overseas contracts according to Hyund ai Heavy Industries sales manager Lee Yong Tae : “ We are trying to get more projects , but ZPMC has a very low price . We will try to cut our price but we think it will lead to a bad situation in future . ”“ if customers think that quality is important then we are ok , but if they just think about price we cannot win the project . We have experience of building cranes to lift one or two containers .We buy the main crane controls system from ABB and then use a Korean fabricator .”附录B港口起重机中国经济在过去的高速增长已经大幅增加了本国港口货流量，以至于不断扩大老港口以及不断修建新的港口以应对快速增长的集装箱业务以及大宗货物的流通。
毕业设计英文翻译
装载机发展概况A loader is a type of construction equipment (engineering vehicle) machinery that is primarily used to "load" material into another type of machinery (dump truck, conveyor belt, rail-car, etc.).Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble, and digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging as it cannot dig very deep below the level of its wheels, like a backhoe can. Their deep bucket can usually store about 3-6 cubic meters of earth. The front loader's bucket capacity is much bigger than a bucket capacity of a backhoe loader. Loaders are not classified as earthmoving machinery, as their primary purpose is other than earthmoving.Unlike most bulldozers, most loaders are wheeled and not tracked, although track loaders are common. They are successful where sharp edged materials in construction debris would damage 2 rubber wheels, or where the ground is soft and muddy. Wheels provide better mobility and speed and do not damage paved roads as much as tracks, but provide less traction.Unlike standard tractors fitted with a front bucket, many large loaders do not use automotive steering mechanisms. Instead, they steer by a hydraulically actuated pivot point set exactly between the front and rear axles. This is referred to as "articulated steering" and allows the front axle to be solid, allowing it to carry greater weight. Articulated steering provides better maneuverability for a given wheelbase. Since the front wheels and attachment rotate on the same axis, the operator is able to "steer" his load in an arc after positioning the machine, which can be useful.The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools--for example, many can mount forks to lift heavy pallets or shipping containers, and a hydraulically-opening "clamshell" bucket allows a loader to act as a light dozer or scraper.The wheel loader is a type of engineering vehicle used primarily to move crude material over shorter distances. As the vehicle is designed without wheel suspension, wheel oader drivers are exposed to high levels of whole body vibration which influences ride comfort negatively.Construction machines, sometimes referred to as engineering vehicles or earth movers, are basically a class of self-propelled machines designed for use in civil engineering. The work in this thesis concerns a special class of construction machines, the wheeled loader. This vehicle is essentially a type of tractor equipped with permanently attached, front mounted lifting arms operated by hydraulic cylinders. Unlike vehicles designed primarily for transport, the wheel loader is built without any axle suspension. The front wheels are attached directly to the vehicle body, and the rear axle is allowed to oscillate around the longitudinal axis, thus allowing all wheels to maintain contact with the ground. An example of a medium sized wheel loader is shown in figure 1.Wheel loaders are mainly used in construction or surface mining for moving crude material over shorter distances, but because of the versatility of the machines they are also commonly used for pallet handling, timber loading and similar tasks. Since the advent of the first purpose-built wheel loader about 50 years ago, considerable effort has been made to improve the efficiency, safety and operability of the vehicle. However, less attention has been given to issues like ride vibrations or handling stability. Traditionally, wheel loaders have been seen as machines more than vehicles and so the driving dynamics have been considered less important. However, since the demands for increased task performance and operator comfort are continuously growing, future requirements for vibration isolation and highspeed transport capacity will call for suspension systems that allow safe and comfortable travel under a range of operating conditions. This means that vehicle dynamic considerations are becoming increasingly important in the design of wheel loaders.As a consequence of the primitive vehicle design and the rough surfaces where wheel loaders are usually operated, wheel loader drivers are often exposed to high levels of whole body vibration. In short-term perspective these vibrations will affect operator comfort negatively and cause driver fatigue. Long term exposure to low frequency vibrations has been shown to increase the risk for lower back pain , and is also believed to be the cause of various internal organ disorders. Thus, whole-body vibration can be considered a major occupational hazard for earth mover operators and have been the focus of various legislations such as the European Vibration Directive . As the wheel loader does not have any axle suspension, primary isolation from ground induced vibrations is provided by the tyres. Earth mover tyres are typically large and soft, thus filtering out and absorbing some of the vibrations and shocks caused by ground roughness. Theoretically, tyres could be engineered to dampen higher amounts of vibration although this would in reality be highly impractical. According to Lines etal [3], tyres would have to absorb about five to ten times more vibration energy in order to fully protect the operator from ground induced vibrations. This would greatly affect the rolling resistance of the tyre and hence the energy consumption of the vehicle would increase as well. Furthermore, the larger energy absorption would lead to high thermal and mechanical stress in the tyre material, which would accelerate wear. It is obvious that tyre design for increased vibration isolation would soon conflict with economic and environmental considerations. Cab and seat suspensions also function to reduce operator vibration levels. The cab is usually mounted on rubber elements, sometimes combined with an integrated oil volume, thus providing vibration isolation through flexibility and viscous damping. More refined cab suspensions also exist where the cab is mounted on a suspended subframe [4]. High-end driver seats are commonly designed with hydraulic or pneumatic dampers to cushion the driver from vibrations and shocks. The main imitation of seat and cab suspensions is the small amount of suspension stroke available. Because of these lim itations, the stiffness coefficien t of the flexible elements needs to be high enough to avoid impacts with suspension ends at large transient loads, and therefore the eigenfrequency of the cab or seat suspension is generally too high to provide vibration isolation in the lower frequency range. Furthermore, cab and seat suspensions mainly reduce vibrations in the vertical direction. This could possibly be alleviated by active systems [5], although the potential of advanced seat technology is Vehicle dynamic analysis of wheel loaders with suspended axles still unclear. It should also be noted that the vibration isolation of the seat is often reduced by inadequate operator posture . In addition to cab and seat suspensions,larger wheel loaders are commonly fitted with a lifting arm suspension system to decouple the mass and inertia of the lifting arms from the vehicle body. The bucket and lifting arms are isolated from the vehicle by means of gas springs incorporated in the lifting hydraulics and thereby pitching and vertical oscillations to some extent, mainly for a loaded vehicle. Considerably greater vibration isolation can be provided by designing the wheel loader with full wheel suspension. This would mean flexibly attaching the wheels to the vehicle body by means of springs and dampers, as on virtually all road vehicles and on most offroad vehicles. Axle suspensions have greater potential for improved ride comfort as the available suspension travel is larger, and also have the potential to alleviate vibrations in the lateral and longitudinal directions in ways not possible by cab and seat suspensions. Apart from reducing driver exposure to vibrations, axle suspensions could also improve the task performance of the loader. As theefficiency of an earth mover is usually defined by the volume of material that can be transported in a specified time, the working performance is directly related to the maximum practical velocity of the vehicle. This velocity is currently limited to a large extent by the operator’s ability to withstand vibrations and therefore shielding the operator from vibrations will in practice increase the attainable vehicle speed. An axle suspension also functions to reduce wheel load fluctuations, thus improving handling quality and manoeuvring stability at high speeds. Therefore suspended axles are not only beneficial for driver comfort but also for the performance of the vehicle.. With the inclusion of suspended wheel axles, a large part of the vehicle mass will be oscillating on the axle suspension rather than simply the tyre flexibility. This will clearly have an impact on the driving dynamics of the vehicle.Naturally, the increased complexity of the vehicle will also add to overall cost and maintenance needs, which is not an unimportant consideration. Suspended axles have been used on certain engineering vehicles for some time, mainly off-highway dump trucks which utilise rubber springs or hydropneumatic struts as suspension elements. On agricultural tractors, suspended front axles are becoming increasingly common and some models feature rear axle suspension as well [6]. Applications to loader vehicles are less common and have mainly been limited to military models that are equipped with suspended axles to enable high speed road travel, thereby allowing rapid deployment and increased combat survivability [7, 8]. Since previous information regarding wheel loader suspension design is limited, a review of the applicability of current design methods, as well as the development of new methodology, is required to provide the necessary knowledge for wheel loader suspension design.In construction areas loaders are also used to transport building materials - such as bricks, pipe, metal bars, and digging tools - over short distances.Loaders are also used for snow removal, using their bucket or a snowbasket, but usually using a snowplow attachment. They clear snow from streets, highways and parking lots. They sometimes load snow into dump trucks for transport.Front loaders gained popularity during the last two decades, especially in urban engineering projects and small earthmoving works. Many engineering vehicle manufacturers offer a wide range of loaders, the most notable are those of John Deere,Caterpillar, Case, Volvo, Komatsu and Liebherr.The following we will introduce Carter 938G Series II Wheel Loader.EngineThe 938G II provides more power, excellent fuel economy, and reduced maintenance.Turbocharged, ATAAC. Turbocharging packs dense air into the cylinders for more complete combustion and lower emissions. Air-to-air aftercooling (ATAAC) provides a separate cooling system for intake manifold air. The ATAAC system reduces smoke and emissions by providing cooler inlet air for more efficient combustion.Constant Net Horsepower. The 938G II’s electronic engine is integrated with an on-demand cooling fan. The engine compensates for varying fan loads and provides constant net horsepower, regardless of operating conditions. A consistent level of “working”horsepower is provided and fuel consumption is reduced.Oil Change Intervals. The engine oil change interval is increased to 500 hours (with CH-4 oil), reducing costs and downtimePowerful Performance. The 3126B ATAAC engine delivers net power of 119 kW (160 hp), and meets EPA Tier 2 emissions standards. Its advanced system keeps fuel at low pressure in the fuel lines until it is injected into the cylinder. Fuel pressure is created hydraulically in response to a signal from the ADEM III™Electronic ControlModule.Electronic Control Module. The Advanced Diesel Engine Module (ADEM III) fuel system is a proprietary electronic control module, which provides improved engine response and fuel efficiency,plus advanced diagnostics and reduced emissions. Altitude capability is increased to 3050 meters (10,000 feet) without derating. ADEM III allows full electronic integration of the engine and transmission for maximum power train efficiency.Power TrainAdvanced Caterpillar power train is reliable and fuel efficient.Electronic Power Shift Transmission.The electronic power shift transmission with automatic shift capability is a countershaft design built by Caterpillar. It is electronically controlled and allows full power shifts and directional changes. Fully modulated gear shifts contribute to operator comfort and increase component life.Electronic Clutch Pressure Control (ECPC). Senses input from both the transmission and the operator controls in the cab to modulate each individual clutch through a proportional electro-hydraulic valve. This results in smoother gear changes and improved shift quality. Energy is modulated into the clutches, resulting in longer clutch life.Integrated Braking System. New for G Series II, IBS integrates downshifting and transmission neutralization into the left-hand brake pedal. IBS provides smooth, optimized transmission neutralizer performance with a greater range of adjustability. The Integrated Braking System also lowers owning and operating costs by reducing axle oil temperatures, which can extend service brake life.Easy Service. Daily transmission oil level check is done from the ground through a well-protected sight gauge.An oil sampling valve allows quick,clean access to the transmission for S•O•SSM oil analysis.Cooling SystemNew G Series II cooling package reduces radiator plugging and improves fuel efficiency.Reverse Flow. Air enters through the rear grill and exits out the top opening and side hood doors. Rear air flow picks up less debris from the ground, reducing plugging.Improved System Access. The 938G II adds a swing-out grill, hydraulic oil cooler and air conditioner condenser for easier cleaning. Side panels open to allow access to both sides of all cores for cleaning. A heavy duty Airborne Debris Grill, with 4 mm perforations is available as an attachment.On-Demand Fan. Electronically controlled, variable speed on-demand fan adjusts to meet the varying cooling requirements of the machine. Fan speed is determined by oil, coolant and inletmanifold temperatures. In cooler operating conditions, average fan speed is reduced, resulting in less fuel consumption, lower noise levels and less radiator plugging.Unit Core Radiator. New unit core radiator with square wave shaped fins.Lower fin density (6 fins per inch) allows debris to pass through more easily.Environmental FeaturesCaterpillar cares about the environment and continues to develop innovative solutions.Low Exhaust Emissions. The Cat 3126B ATAAC engine used in the 938G Series II is a low emission engine designed to meet Tier 2 emission regulations. It is electronically controlled, with air-to-air aftercooling for more efficient combustion and cleaner emissions.Reduced Sound. The electronic on-demand fan automaticallyregulates fan speed depending on cooling requirements. The fan draws less horsepower in cooler ambient temperatures, which reduces fuel consumption.Sound levels are also reduced when the fan slows down.There is additional insulation around the engine to reduce sound levels.Environmental Fluids. Extended Life Coolant/Antifreeze with anti-foaming and anti-corrosion properties provide extended service intervals (up to 6000 hours) and requires less frequent fluid changes and disposals. Air conditioning refrigerant is CFC-free.Operator Station1 Steering. Low effort hand metering unit steering. Tilt steering column helps fit the wheel to the operator. Load sensing steering directs power through the steering system only when needed. When not steering, more engine power is available to generate rimpull, breakout and lift forces.2 Excellent Visibility. The front window provides remarkable forward and peripheral viewing, including the machine wheels and bucket corners. Bonded glass in the windshield eliminates frame obstructions.The sloping hood provides excellent visibility to the rear of the machine.3 Finger Tip Controls. New pilot-assisted hydraulic implement controls deliver comfortable, low-effort operation. Single lever joystick and lift lever F-N-R switch are available as attachments.4 New Instrument Cluster. Gauges, status indicators and alert indicators are now centrally located. 3-level warning system monitors key functions. The system alerts the operator of immediate or impending problems with engine oil pressure, parking brake, fuel pressure,electrical system, brake oil pressure,hydraulic oil temperature, transmission filter bypass, engine inlet manifold temperature, primary steering oil pressure and the air inlet heater. LED warning indicators with no bulbs to replace.5 Cab Access. Left and right side doors swing open 180 degrees and latch for optimal ventilation, visibility and communication to ground level. Left and right side sliding windows are available as an attachment. Full service platforms are provided on both sides of the machine for safety and easy maintenance access.6 Floor Mounted Pedals. All pedals including the new electronic governor,are floor mounted for greater operator comfort. Left pedal incorporates the new Integrated Braking System that combines service brake, transmission neutralizer and downshift functions.7 Generous Storage partments for lunchbox, coolersand cups.8 Seat Options. The standard cloth and vinyl seat adjusts 6 ways. A new Caterpillar Contour air suspension seat (attachment) provides increased operator comfort with 6-way adjustment and automotive-style lumbar support.9 Electronic Autoshift Control. Set for manual or one of two fully automatic shifting modes.10 Ride Control System Switch.Attachment that reduces fore and aft pitch for a smoother, more comfortable ride. Allows the selection of three different modes: Off –always off service. On –always in service.Auto –the system is automatically actuated when themachine travels at a speed greater than 9 km (6 mph).11 Transmission Neutralizer Lockout Switch. Rocker switch that locks out the neutralizer. Defaults back to neutralizer “on”upon machine start up.China's modern 20 wheel loaders began in the mid-1960s of the Z435. The aircraft as a whole rack, rear axle steering. After years of hard work, the attraction was the world's most advanced technology wheel loader on the basis of the successful development of the power of 162 KW of shovel-fit wheel loaders, stereotypes for Z450 (later ZL50), and in 1971 December 18, formally appraised byexperts. Thus the birth of China's first articulated wheel loader, thus creating our industry loader formation and development history.Z450-type loader with hydraulic mechanical transmission, power shift, Shuangqiaoshan drive, hydraulic manipulation, articulated power steering, gas oil Afterburner brake wheel loaders, and other modern, the basic structure of the world's advanced level for the time . Basically represent the first generation of wheeled loading the basic structure. The aircraft in the overall performance of dynamic, and insertion force a rise of power and flexibility, manipulation of light, the higher operating efficiency of a series of advantages.1978, Heavenly Creations by the Department in accordance with the requirements of machinery, worked out to LIUGONG Z450-based type of wheel loaders series of standards. The development of standards, with reservations Z representatives loaders, L replaced by "4" on behalf of wheel, for ZL50 to Z450, it is so developed a LIUGONG ZL50-based China ZL-wheel loaders series of standards, this is Wong loader on the development of China's a major turning point. The standard was worked out by the industry after the division of labor, LIUGONG Xiamen ZL40 the manufacture of the large and medium wheel loaders, as workers, to the following small and medium-sized manufacturing ZL30 wheel loaders, and gradually formed a LIUGONG Xiamen workers, and 10% for workers at the loader to four backbone enterprises. To the late 1970s, early 1980s loader manufacturing enterprises in China has increased to more than 20, China has initially formed the loader industry. So far, China has developed wheel loader to the third generation, but the basic structure is still the Z450 (ZL50) evolved from. Change is not a very large second generation, third generation of some larger changes. 2001 China loader industry-wide total sales have exceeded 30,000 Taiwan, the world loader in the forefront of the market. Therefore, at present, China has become the world's loader marketing power.Prospect of small loaderFor a long time, small loader always been neglected in the status of a government department, not to regulate the management of the industry, well-known businesses loader products is dismissive. However, these did not affect small loader (hereinafter referred to small equipment) rapid development, and now with a small market despite its huge market demand has attracted such as the Long renowned engineering machinery enterprises to participate in the competition, the main battlefield in the rural areas with the small size of the market, sales have already reached 4 ~ 5 million, more than 200 brands to participate in market competition. But small market can be said to be installed speed expansion disorderly competition coexist. How to achieve industrial upgrading is placed in front of the small equipment industry must resolve a problem.Lack industry attributionCompared with large and medium-sized industries loaders, small with the development of the industry can use "plan" to describe, not only government departments related to the absence of industrial policies or development plans, and to date, industry has not completely clear attribution, the reality of the small equipment industries across engineering machinery, agricultural machinery and construction machinery, the three industries of grey areas. Despite the small market with a flourishing, but all small equipment manufacturers and dealers can dodge exists in the industry before the many obstacles to development.Small installed mainly refers to the rated load between 0.3 ~ 0.9 T products, also known as micro-loader. As industry ownership is not clear, with small products has been no unified national technology and quality standards, the overwhelming majority of products are installed in the small-wheeled tractor developed on the basis of the. In addition small installed the product is currently used by the maincomponent parts from tractors and light truck, not by the needs of small equipment for low-speed heavy-duty bridge, special bins key component parts, including even small projects with special tires. As a low technical content, resulting in a very low threshold of industry and become the de facto "open" industry, any person, business can be very easily installed into small industries.Small enterprises have installed a number of "fans", according to Construction Machinery Association Scraper Branch Secretary-General Chen Kai Yun, a conservative estimate at more than 200. More concentrated in Shandong Laizhou, Taian, Weifang, in Luoyang, Henan Province, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, and other places, annual sales of more than 2,000 Taiwan enterprises with a small handful, the majority of small businesses with annual sales in 3200 by the following, with the production of small enterprises , the same easy to set up and close down.It is precisely because the strength of small enterprises with very limited products without high technology content, in the vast majority of enterprises to participate in market competition are in the process of basically a single means to price competition to sell products for the purpose, without taking into account future market things. In the common with the credit industry, services, brand competition means small industry basically not installed, in addition to differences in the strength of enterprises and product differentiation, marketing and management philosophy that is the deep-seated causes.Because users of the products of small equipment to mainly rural users, and users can only cover rural farm machinery sales networks, construction machinery and construction machinery sales are only part of the network coverage in rural areas. And the sale of equipment similar, with small products also requires agents or distributors can take the initiative to sell products to users and to users with standard and thoughtful service, and farm machinery dealers more customary sit shop operator, has no sales force, There is no specialized service teams, more difficult to expect the market planning, customer management. Construction machinery dealers and farm machinery dealers also have a lot of similarities, and engineering machinery dealers not accustomed to deal with rural users. Therefore, the small market is not mature with the sales network, to a large extent affected the market maturation process can not be achieved on the one hand, the user guide, on the other hand, can not be achieved on the manufacturers facilitating role. Operating environment and the use of the different habits, resulting in a lack of support for non-small pieces of installed products can hardly meet the actual needs of users, increasing the cost of services at the same time, improve customer satisfaction become almost impossible task.Increased market differentiationUnlike the preceding two years, with no small on the future of the market is basically no doubts. However, when the small rural installed by the new face of the building the vast potential market demand, whether it is the product itself, or the level of industrial development is clearly not satisfied. And because of the double impact of external factors, with small market differentiation is an inexorable trend. Relying solely on price competition means does not make the small favorably with industry development. In fact, it is due to excessive price competition, leading to small enterprises with low profitability, sales, and the prosperity of the entire industry can not hide the crisis of survival. Anticipate with a few small companies have started the "innovation" in the product upgrades at the same time, learn from the equipment industry and other related industries experience, to establish their own marketing team and distribution network and market competition tends to differentiation.In the high-end users with the needs of small change, directly contributing to small enterprises with the differentiation, with the concept of progress andconsumer financial strength of the expansion, some of the rural users (particularly in the industrialized operation of agriculture users) product performance and after-sales service and put forward higher requirements. Liaoning Anshan Haihong such as production of high-end products not only with small to have their own patented technology (use of mechanical devices greatly enhance the performance of its products, avoid using electric control, hydraulic devices, such as product performance after upgrading to the use of rural users increased maintenance costs ), and introduced the "non-controversial" services.Especially in big enterprises with increased involvement of small enterprises with pressure, the end of 2006, the Dragon Holdings acquired Henan Baiyun electrical and mechanical equipment involved in the production of small fields.Small with a huge potential market demand, but only to meet user needs, and guide the user needs, small equipment will have lasting vitality. Existing small enterprises with well-known loaders already facing small enterprises involved with the production sectors and small users to buy equipment or equipment, such as small excavators alternative products twin crises, with the production of small enterprises can take the initiative to upgrade their win more more time and greater market space.Any industries are indispensable for the development of market competition and government regulations two factors. With the status quo on small industries, market competition and excessive government regulation missing, the entire industry in a very low level of operation development, and a lack of development of the industry often staying power will gradually shrink, or even disappear.First to be addressed is the issue of trade with small, small equipment products really have their own products "definition", a special product standards. Although at this stage with small user groups mainly concentrated in the rural market, but the market coverage of the future is certainly both urban and rural areas, this is because small equipment can be widely used for municipal maintenance, landscape construction, building and construction, underground loading and unloading areas.Second, improve industry access threshold is a feasible solution. Small equipment industry can learn from the industry's largest equipment manufacturers licensing system, in terms of production quality suitable restrictions and improve the industry's manufacturing standards.In recent years loader well-known enterprises in recent years have involved with the production of small areas, such as the Dragon, XCMG, and the mountains, but not really most of the production of one ton of small equipment products, the main reason is hindering their high-end products in the market inadequate capacity. However, this also means that for the small enterprises with not too much time, if not in the relatively short period of time upgrading of enterprises and products, from business philosophy, product marketing idea to the concept of all-round self-improvement, self-transformed into a long-term development objectives and market competition-conscious modern manufacturing enterprises, and alarger-scale sales, in the future and well-known enterprises loader win in the competition may be very small.Mechanical Engineering Society of China was founded in 1936, China was set up earlier, the largest one of the Institute of Engineering. The existing 33 professional chapters, 180,000 members, of whom there are more than 3,000 senior members, more than 500 members of Hong Kong, Macao and overseas, there are more than 4,000 corporate members.Academic exchange is the Institute's basic functions, the Institute is held annually hundreds, and colorful academic conferences. Special is an annual Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society annual meeting, the topic is the integration。
机械专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)
机械专业外文翻译（中英文翻译）第1页Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyorsplaya very important part in the reliable carrying of material over longdistances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and morecomplex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolutionand will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and havebrought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives suchas 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drivesin Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque iscritical to belt conveyors’ performance．An efficient drive system should beable to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions withinthe specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque andspeed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design.Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many morereliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems[1]covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices. Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage startersare adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loadsand．depending on the ratio between fu11- and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are第2页 limited to the low-power, simple-profile conveyor belt drives．Reduced-voltage starters．As conveyor power requirements increase，controlling the applied motor torque during the acceleration period becomes increasinglyimportant．Because motor torque 1s a function of voltage，motor voltage must be controlled．This can be achieved through reduced-voltage starters by employinga silicon controlled rectifier(SCR)．A common starting method with SCRreduced-voltage starters is to apply low voltage initially to takeup conveyorbelt slack．and then to apply a timed linear ramp up to full voltage and beltspeed．However, this starting method will not produce constant conveyor beltacceleration．When acceleration is complete．the SCRs, which control the applied voltage to the electric motor． are locked in full conduction, providing fu11-linevoltage to the motor．Motors with higher torque and pull—uptorque，can provide better starting torque when combined with the SCR starters, which are availablein sizes up to 750 KW．Wound rotor induction motors．Wound rotor induction motors are connecteddirectly to the drive system reducer and are a modifiedconfiguration of a standardAC induction motor．By inserting resistance in series with the motor’s rotor windings．the modified motor control system controlsmotor torque．For conveyor starting，resistance is placed in series with the rotor for low initial torque．As the conveyor accelerates，the resistance is reduced slowly to maintain a constantacceleration torque．On multiple-drive systems．an external slip resistor may beleft in series with the rotor windings to aid in load sharing．The motor systems have a relatively simple design．However, the control systems for these can behighly complex，because they are based on computer control of the resistanceswitching．Today，the majority of control systems are custom designed to meet aconveyor system’s particular specifications．Wound rotor motors are appropriatefor systems requiring more than 400 kW ．DC motor．DC motors．available from a fraction of thousands of kW ，are designed to deliver constant torque below base speed and constant kW above base speed tothe maximum allowable revolutions per minute(r/min)．with the majority of conveyordrives, a DC shunt wound motor is used．Wherein the motor’srotating armature is第3页 connected externally．The most common technology for controlling DC drives is aSCR device． which allows for continual variable-speed operation．The DC drive system is mechanically simple, but can include complex custom-designed electronicsto monitor and control the complete system．This system option is expensive incomparison to other soft-start systems．but it is a reliable, cost-effective drivein applications in which torque,1oad sharing and variable speed are primaryconsiderations．DC motors generally are used with higher-power conveyors，including complex profile conveyors with multiple-drive systems，booster tripper systems needing belt tension control and conveyors requiring a wide variable-speed range．Hydrokinetic couplings，commonly referred to as fluid couplings．are composed of three basic elements; the driven impeller, which acts as a centrifugal pump；the driving hydraulic turbine known as the runner and a casing that encloses thetwo power components．Hydraulic fluid is pumped from the driven impeller to thedriving runner, producing torque at the driven shaft．Because circulating hydraulicfluid produces the torque and speed，no mechanical connection is required betweenthe driving and driven shafts．The power produced by this coupling is based onthe circulated fluid’s amount and density and the torque in proportion to inputspeed．Because the pumping action within the fluid coupling depends on centrifugalforces．the output speed is less than the input speed．Referred to as slip．this normally is between l% and 3%．Basic hydrokinetic couplings are available inconfigurations from fractional to several thousand kW ．Fixed-fill fluid couplings．Fixed-fill fluid couplings are the most commonlyused soft-start devices for conveyors with simpler belt profiles and limitedconvex/concave sections．They are relativelysimple,1ow-cost,reliable,maintenance free devices that provide excellent softstarting results to the majority of belt conveyors in use today．Variable-fill drain couplings．Drainable-fluid couplings work on the sameprinciple as fixed-fill couplings．The coupling’s impellers are mounted on the ACmotor and the runners on the driven reducer high-speed shaft．Housing mounted to the drive base encloses the working circuit．The coupling’s rotating casing contains第4页 bleed-off orifices that continually allow fluid to exit the working circuit intoa separate hydraulic reservoir．Oil from the reservoir is pumped through a heatexchanger to a solenoid-operated hydraulic valve that controls the filling of thefluid coupling．To control the starting torque of a single-drive conveyor system，the AC motor current must be monitored to provide feedback to the solenoid controlvalve．Variable fill drain couplings are used in medium to high-kW conveyor systemsand are available in sizes up to thousands of kW ．The drives can be mechanicallycomplex and depending on the control parameters．the system can be electronicallyintricate．The drive system cost is medium to high, depending upon size specified．Hydrokinetic scoop control drive．The scoop control fluid coupling consistsof the three standard fluid coupling components：a driven impeller, a driving runnerand a casing that encloses the working circuit．The casing is fitted with fixedorifices that bleed a predetermined amount of fluid into a reservoir．When the scoop tube is fully extended into the reservoir, the coupling is l00 percentfilled．The scoop tube, extending outside the fluid coupling，is positioned using an electric actuator to engage the tube from the fully retracted to the fullyengaged position．This control provides reasonably smooth acceleration rates．to but the computer-based control system is very complex．Scoop control couplings are applied on conveyors requiring single or multiple drives from l50 kW to 750kW.Variable frequency control is also one of the direct drive methods．The emphasizing discussion about it here is because that it has so uniquecharacteristic and so good performance compared with other driving methods forbelt conveyor． VFC devices Provide variable frequency and voltageto the inductionmotor, resulting in an excellent starting torque and acceleration rate for beltconveyor drives．VFC drives．available from fractional to several thousand(kW ),are electronic controllers that rectify AC line power to DC and，through an inverter, convert DC back to AC with frequency and voltage contro1．VFC drives adopt vector control or direct torquecontrol(DTC)technology，and can adopt different operating speeds according to different loads．VFC drives can make starting or stalling第5页 according to any given S-curves．realizing the automatic track for starting orstalling curves．VFC drives provide excellent speed and torque control for startingconveyor belts．and can also be designed to provide load sharing for multipledrives．easily VFC controllers are frequently installed on lower-powered conveyordrives，but when used at the range of medium-high voltage in the past．the structure of VFC controllers becomes very complicated due to the limitation of voltage ratingof power semiconductor devices，the combination of medium-high voltage drives andvariable speed is often solved with low-voltage inverters usingstep-uptransformer at the output，or with multiple low-voltage inverters connected inseries．Three-level voltage-fed PWM converter systems are recently showingincreasing popularity for multi-megawatt industrial driveapplications becauseof easy voltage sharing between the series devices and improved harmonic qualityat the output compared to two-level converter systems With simple series connectionof devices．This kind of VFC system with three 750 kW /2．3kV inverters has been successfully installed in ChengZhuang Mine for one 2．7-km long belt conveyordriving system in following the principle of three-level inverterwill be discussedin detail．Three-level voltage-fed inverters have recently become more and more popularfor higher power drive applications because of their easy voltage sharingfeatures．1ower dv/dt per switching for each of the devices，and superior harmonic quality at the output．The availability of HV-IGBTs has led to the design of anew range of medium-high voltage inverter using three-level NPC topology．This kind of inverter can realize a whole range with a voltagerating from 2．3 kV to 4．1 6 kV Series connection of HV-IGBT modules is used in the 3．3 kV and 4．1[2,3]6 kV devices．The 2．3 kV inverters need only one HV-IGBT per switch.To meet the demands for medium voltage applications．a three-level neutral point clamped inverter realizes the power section．In comparison to a two-levelinverter．the NPC inverter offers the benefit that three voltage levels can besupplied to the output terminals，so for the same output current quality，only第6页1/4 of the switching frequency is necessary．Moreover the voltage ratings of theswitches in NPC inverter topology will be reduced to 1/2．and the additional transient voltage stress on the motor can also be reduced to 1/2 compared to thatof a two-level inverter．The switching states of a three-level inverter are summarized in Table 1．U．V and W denote each of the three phases respectively；P N and O are the dc bus points．The phase U，for example，is in stateP(positive bus voltage)when theswitches S and S are closed，whereas it is in state N (negative bus voltage) 1u2uwhen the switches S and S are closed．At neutral point clamping，the phase is 3u4uin O state when either Sor S conducts depending on positive or negative phase 2u 3ucurrent polarity，respectively．For neutral point voltage balancing，the average current injected at O should be zero．For standard applications．a l2-pulse diode rectifier feeds the divided DC-linkcapacitor．This topology introduces low harmonics on the line side．For even higher requirements a 24-pulse diode rectifier can be used as an input converter．For more advanced applications where regeneration capability is necessary, an activefront．end converter can replace the diode rectifier, using the same structureas the inverter．Motor Contro1．Motor control of induction machines is realized by using a rotorflux．oriented vector controller．Fig．2 shows the block diagram of indirect vector controlled drive thatincorporates both constant torque and high speed field-weakening regions wherethe PW M modulator was used．In this figure，the command flux is generated as function of speed．The feedback speed is added with the feed forward slip commandsignal . the resulting frequency signal is integrated and then the unit vectorsignals(cos and sin )are generated．The vector rotator generates the voltageand angle commands for the PW M as shown．PWM Modulator．The demanded voltage vector is generated using an elaborate第7页 PWM modulator．The modulator extends the concepts of space-vector modulation tothe three-level inverter．The operation can be explained by starting from aregularly sampled sine-triangle comparison from two-level inverter．Instead of using one set of reference waveforms and one triangle defining the switchingfrequency， the three-level modulator uses two sets of reference waveforms U and r1U and just one triangle．Thus, each switching transition is used in an optimal r2way so that several objectives are reached at the same time．Very low harmonics are generated．The switching frequency is low and thusswitching losses are minimized．As in a two-level inverter, a zero-sequencecomponent can be added to each set of reference waveform s in order to maximizethe fundamental voltage component．As an additional degree of freedom，the position of the reference waveform s within the triangle can be changed．This can be used for current balance in the two halves of the DC-1ink．After Successful installation of three 750 kW /2．3 kV three-level invertersfor one 2．7 km long belt conveyor driving system in Chengzhuang Mine．The performance of the whole VFC system was tested．Fig．3 is taken from the test，which shows the excellent characteristic of the belt conveyor driving system withVFC controller．Fig．3 includes four curves．The curve 1 shows the belt tension．From the curve it can be find that the fluctuation range of the belt tension is very smal1．Curve 2 and curve 3 indicate current and torque separately．Curve 4 shows the velocityof the controlled belt．The belt velocity have the“s”shape characteristic．A1l the results of the test show a very satisfied characteristic for belt drivingsystem．Advances in conveyor drive control technology in recent years have resultedin many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systemchoices for users．Among these choices，the Variable frequency control (VFC) methodshows promising use in the future for long distance belt conveyor drives due toits excellent performances．The NPC three-level inverter using high voltage IGBTs第8页 make the Variable frequency control in medium voltage applications become muchmore simple because the inverter itself can provide the medium voltage needed atthe motor terminals，thus eliminating the step-up transformer in most applicationsin the past．The testing results taken from the VFC control system with NPC three．1evel inverters used in a 2．7 km long belt conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine indicatesthat the performance of NPC three-level inverter using HV-IGBTs together with thecontrol strategy of rotor field-oriented vector control for induction motor driveis excellent for belt conveyor driving system．第9页在运送大量的物料时，带式输送机在长距离的运输中起到了非常重要的竞争作用。
装载机论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献附录一中文翻译轮式装载机的典型20 世纪 20 年代，小型农用拖拉机都配备的轻质材料 re-handling 装载机铲斗。
这难以置信担任现代轮式装载机的最早的原型。
轮式装载机的最早版本是旋转桶和电梯武器装载上农场型拖拉机。
一桶装上拖拉机离合器的绞盘，通过使用金属丝绳，然后甩重力了通过旅行释放机制。
20 世纪 30 年代，多家厂家正在发展小型轮式装载机的紧固水桶到拖拉机上。
科技公司在英国曼彻斯特，桶装的拖拉机的他们缪尔山加载程序的第一次录制制造商之一，28 马力拖拉机装入 0.5 立方码 (0.4 m3) 电缆控制斗。
刚性框架轮式装载机1939 年，来自芝加哥的一位工程师弗兰克 G.霍夫的名称，开发第一个自包含、两轮驱动、橡胶累了、装载机称为 Hough 模型 HS。
这台机器了斗容量的 1/3 立方码(0.25 m3)。
桶重力通过闩锁机制被甩了。
其他制造商开始生产综合四轮驱动轮式装载机。
许多第一次的轮式装载机的有刚架。
虽然这些机器被集成在一起，他们刚架有限导致要转大圆圈损在严密的地方经营的机的操纵性能。
由毛毛虫，开发的第三个轮式装载机，例如了刚架。
其他制造商喜欢欧几里得 / 特雷克斯轮式装载机市场中输入 1957 年较晚，与小刚架轮式装载机单元称为L-7。
古河 FL35I 4 x 4 铰接式装载机也许在轮式装载机的演变中的最重要里程碑之一是铰接架的介绍。
厂商在俄勒冈州波特兰首创这一技术在 1953 年模型 LD-5，在 1944 年，霍夫接着液压与第一个生产装载机驱动斗倾斜。
这给了机器控制倾倒的能力，操作员可以接近低齿轮的一家银行和通过装载期间回倾斜桶铲充分的斗。
1947 年，霍夫将推进轮式装载机发展再一次当公司开发了世界上第一个四轮驱动液压轮式装载机 HM 模型。
模型仍被视为现代轮式装载机的先行者。
制造可以引进与液压马达时它开发模型 H 轮式装载机在 1952 年的第一个轮式装载机和模型 HP 轮式装载机在 1957 年贷记。
浅谈中国工程机械发展史外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：金雨轩学号：052115382015 年4月3日外文资料原文On the history of the development of china constructionmachineryChina is the world's first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred years.After the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our country's mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical industry.（1）Just small ramming machinery:In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial ramming.Early 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceedednational science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970's, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be eliminated.In 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by Tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise production.In 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, Tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, Changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market.In 1983, Changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of Hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, Xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and Tianjin dozens of dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development,production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market.Vibration shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction machine.（2）The mechanical processing:According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made (46.5 tons) and tower (63 tons ) of great 3-ton bells made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modeling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modeling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuber oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting process.In 1959, Beijing second metal forming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metal forming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on imports.Before 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering,carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas intruding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, Tsinghai university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine Datong laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid brooding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefy petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, Tsinghai university invented new MIG welding arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma cutting.Visible, China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.外文资料翻译译文浅谈中国工程机械发展史中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。
装载机国内现状与市场开发之分析外文翻译
毕业论文外文翻译题目:装载机国内现状与市场开发之分析专业：机械设计制造及其自动化班级：机升111 班学号：姓名：指导教师：Domestic Market Present Situation And The Development Of TheExcavating Loader AnalysisThe loader digger is so called “two favour”. Because it has special structure, loads device being the head and the equipment for the excavation behind. in the workplace , you need to turn the chair, completing the change from loader to the excavator loader digger is mainly used for the highway construction and protect of the city and village, the electric cable build, electric power and airport engineering, municipal services construction, farmland irrigation construction, village residence construction, opening mountain to take stone and various small scaled and multi-function engineering machine, generally used in the small project after the completion of the big ones.FIRST: A CLASSIFICATION OF THE LOADERDIGGER The loader digger is so called “two favour”having two kinds of funcitions of lading and scooping out in the meantime. The classifications are as fallows ONE: from the structureAccording to the structure, loader diggers have two kinds of forms: one is with oblique tones move frame, the dinging device can be moved with side, which is easy to work in the special place, the center of gravity is lower when it transports. It is advantageous to loading and transporting. The weakness is: because of the restriction of the structure, the ground jack usually adopts vertical leg. The supporting point is within the wheel edge, the distance of the two supporting point is relatively small. While scooping the whole machine’s stability is bad. ( especially the scooping device moves to one side). The functional main point of this kind of machine is in the aspects of loading, producing more in Europe ; the excavation device of the latter can’t move to side, the whole excavation device can make 180°turn-over through the rotary supporting, the ground jack is like the frog leg, the supporting point can stretch outside side the wheel, the stability is good when excavating, which is advantageous to the exaltation of with excavation ability. Because having no oblique tones move frame, the cost of the whole machine is lower. The weakness is the bucket hangs at the truck’s tail, the size is long, when the locomotive is in conveyance and loads, the stability is bad , which has certain scooping, with the US producing most.TWO: from the motive allotmentFrom the motive allotment, the loader digger has two kinds of forms: two-wheel(rear-wheel) to drive and four-wheel(whole round)to drive. the former can’tmake use of adherence to weight completely, making the adhesive strength of motorcycle and ground and the leading force are to descend, but the cost is much lower than the latter.THREE：of the bedrockFrom the bedrock, among the 3 kinds of common bedrocks used in the small scaled and multi-function engineering machine, the motive of the miniature loader digger is mostly below 20 KW, the height of the whole machine is 1000-3000Kg,adopting track-run structure, the speed dose not reach 5km/h usually used for the yardage processing of small scales, such as farm and park…etc.Because its model is partial to small, cost is higher is 30-60KW, the weight is relatively heave, about 5000-8000Kg, the scooping ability is strong, uses wheeled walks the structure, driven by the whole round, making use of the turn round driving axle or hinge joint, the car speed is higher, reaching to 20km/h, the abroad usually use it as assistance work for the yardage processing and large-scale fabricating yard of farm, capital construction, road maintainance…etc. this model’s shape is bigger, the flexibility is worse, generally it hard to adapt the work of narrow and small place.SECOND: local present condition and development trend of loader digger, local technique conditionAt present in our country the enterprises producing the loader diggers are more than 10 hours, mainly is SHANDONG mechanical engineering, YANTAI mechanical engineering, LIAOLINGCHAOYANG mechanical engineering, LIUZHOU mechanical engineering, XIAMEN mechanical engineering, XUZHOU mechanical engineering, etc.. Currently the product’s year yield is about 400pedestals.From the history of our small scaled and multi-function loader digger, we can see that our machine has been dropping behind, its development speed is slow. Our country just started to design it by ourselves at the beginning of 70’s in last century, first the BEIJING building mechanical engineering developed successfully W Z 2 A and W Z 2hudraulic pressure loader digger, the YANTAL mechanical engineering manufactures ZW2Aand WZ2B hydraulic loader digger successfully in 1987,After that the FUJIAN mechanical engineering、SHANDONG GUANGRAO hydraulic pressure engineering develop the loader diggers of WZ25,DFH-904WZ,T55Z/W0-25 respectively. The LIUZHOU excavate loading、Liuzhou Project Mechanical Limited liability company developed WZ30-25 and WZ25-20 loader diggers respectively in 1992.in july,2001,the SHANDONG Project Mechanical Limited liability companysuccessfully developed WZ30-25 loader digger.The products produced by the following manufacturers are mainly representing the technique level of domestic loader digger.①the WZ30-25 loader digger of CHANGLIN: the engine system adopts comins turbine pressurization engine . the rated output is 63 kNs ,the tap accords with European standard .The turn round for standard truck(front axle)is non-driven swing axle, the bearings adopt imported pieces .Choose to use imported driving axle(back axle)kitted to loader digger. Having non-maintenance wet brake, which greatly raise the safety and the credibility of the truck belt difference speed padlock raises the draw bar performance of the whole truck .The standard truck driven by two-wheel ,can be equipped with a four-wheel drive according to the customer’ demand .The hydraulic system adopts efficient gear pump system, the main parts such as pump, selector valve and redirector, all choose foreign well-known companies’ products.②the WZ25-20 of YANTAL Project Mechanical Limited liability company:WZ25-20 loader digger takes loading machine for main part, with the head refitted to multi-purpose bucket, the back end added excavation device.. The 904WZ loader digger of one drag DONGFANG red is based on the LF90 tractor whose technique is brought from Italian Fiat, with the corollary design of the agriculture engineering machine of various functions.③The WZ30-25 if LIUZHOU Excavation car loader factory :The LIUZHOU Excavation car loader factory’s product of WZ30-25 loader digger and the WZ30-25 loader digger of LIUZHOU engineering machinery incorporated company , all are new products based on the CAT technique and combine with our craftsmanship. these two models all adopt special bedrock, adopt the technology of the load telesthesia control as the same as the CAT company .As these two models adopt variable system ,so they have higher request to cleanness and reliability of system.④the LIUZHOU AOLIU machine machinery incorporated company series of loader diggers of HACH995Engine: provided with the sophisticated turbo pressurization diesel engine, the rated output reaches to 95horsepowers, reaching to the torsional force of 384mN at the rotate speed of 1500ture/the minute. The core parts adopt the imported famous brand product in the world , the credibility is higher. All new external appearance is pleasing to eyes, the cab room is relatively large; the standard disposal of 4 in 1 bucket makes the machine have more multi-function and use. Various workenclosures can be chosen to go together with, being competent with more works; adopting special frame of the loader digger. The cab room can be replaced respectively, associated with frame through five damping decouple devices the hydraulic tank and burning tank also can be replaced ,and laid in low bit ,benefit in lowering the machine’s center of gravity ,exalting the stability ,and is suitable for fuel add and fix-check on the ground. They also become the part of stairs when ascending the truck.⑤The WZ30-25 of TAIANSHI loading machinery incorporated company:Motive system: This machine adopts the 4 B T 3.9-C 74 turbine pressurization engine, with the characteristics of tight structure ,great power, low oil consume, little noise ,work credibility and long life span etc. The hydraulic system: This machine adopts the original pump and manoeuvring valve of German LELISHI. The system adopts load telesthesia control technique, when the valve plug of the king valve is situated in meso position, the differential pressure that is produced by manoeuvring valve feedback to varable delivery pump, so as to reduce the output of the pump automatically, make the discharge nearly to zero; At this time ,the pressure of pump attains to set pressure of 22M P ,in order to guarantee the pressure of the hold-down cylinder. While working, according to the opening of the manoeuvring valve’s plug, the pump provides the discharge of with demand, avoiding the way of controlling overflow by the traditional hydraulic systems, reducing the empty flow loss of hydraulic power with maximum. Work device: The anti-spade equips is the structure with oblique tones move frame, fastened by four hold-down cylinder and rear car frame. The anti-spade device can move side along the slippery way, extending the work scope.The movable arm of the anti-spade equips adopts a big one, when the swing takes back, it is advantageous to reduce the size of horizontal shape. While traveling ,the anti-spade device following a slippery way move to left or right ,with the pole and bucket putting away, then swinging to the rear frame of the truck. Thus reducing the length size consumedly. When the whole machine is running and transferring ,raising the flexibility ,making the machine be able to transfer in the place of narrowness and work; The distribution of the whole machine’s centre of gravity is more reasonable, being advantageous to the stability of machine. The manipulates system of the anti-spade device is mechanical two-pole manipulation, flexible and convenient. The lading equips adopt the Z reversal bell clank linkage ,greatgrowing-up force and can be set level automatically; The adoption of stamping box relieves the weight and raise the capabilities of stiffness and loading.The manoeuvring system is mechanical monolever.Running system: it adopts the non-driving sure round front axle, the turn jug is double piston rod affect jug ;the rear axle is the transmission, adopting the bipole deceleration structure .The Drive motor is equipped on the hull of the main decelerator, moved by spiral taper gear, the round-side decelerator is the planetary gear system, the stiffness of the whole structure is good ,output speed is steady .Between the main decelerator and the effect of semi axle when the axle housing is working in the process of distortion .The Running system adopts the static hydraulic pressure transportation. The truck frame adopts a whole weld type structure, having the characteristics of good rigidity and great strength.. The ground jack is H-type vertical leg, connected with the truck frame into a integral .The drive of transmission adopts hydraulic pincer tray type ,the advantage of the hydraulic manipulation is celerity and reliability. Applies the brake in the vehicle for the drum central brake, manoeuvring mechanically. The anti-spade of the cab room is integral large-window roll-in structure ,which is beneficial for aeration and mind-expanding, convenient for operating, the rear driving tire adopts diameter low-pressure tire ,when running ,it can buffer vibration and ease vehicle to jolt, raining the comfort of the pilot .Because the development of the loader digger in our country starts late ,compared with abroad we have a long distance to run, such as the range of product, functional parameter ,the credibility and after-sales service...etc.2: Domestic excavation car loader competition enterprise and domestic trend of developmentAt present the domestic excavation car loader competition enterprise and divides into:①Export modeif :Sichuan road machine shop production multi-purpose project machinery 80﹪ above all for sale abroad, moreover the sale is continuously very good moreover, Guilin Forestry machine shop produces the small marching excavation car loader specially, product major part exportation.②Overseas enters, the domestic assembly: If Shanghai CASE590580 series product. Overseas import domestic agent: if JCB 2CX/3CX/4CX; VOLVO LB60/BL71;CASE 590580 at present all have the proxy. ③Home production enterprise: the home production enterprise has10YuJia , Its product for low-grade excavation car loader. The price is: in 380,000yuan Therefore,excavates the car loader the home trend of development is the introduction overseas vanguard technology, develops high grade, multi- purpose, the multi-varieties, the multi-specification excavation car loader series product, Enhancement foundation part production, enhances the excavation car loader hydraulic pressure part in particular the quality, Achieved in satisfies under the product reliable premise, reduces the excavation car loader product cost, enhances the excavation car loader product the post-sale service lever.3、domestic and foreign disparities and development requestBecause our country’s excavation car loader mainly is the necessary reliability post-sale service, with overseas compares has the quite big disparity .Displays in: The domestically produced exaction car loader mainly is the necessary reliability is inferior overseas. existence reliable question including: crude oil engine hydraulic pressure Hydraulic system cleanliness transmission part, electrical system and electric appliance part fastening technology and seal technology tire and work installment and so on The excavation car loader product performance difference, the reliability are low. Except recent years from overseas introduction some products the domestic part excavation car loader performance also occupies the international 1990s levels, the early failure rate is high can not construct the road completely satisfiedly the request. The excavation car loader foundation part quality is bad, the necessary quality does not stand up to the most rigorous test. At present, Domestically produced qualities and so on engine and hydraulic system cylinder pump valve have become the restriction car loader product quality “the bottleneck” Excavates the car loader few the variety, the complete difference, the model not entire, the partial products have not formed the series. No matter our country’s excavation car loader all also has quite many blanks in the variety and the type aspect.The loader product lacks the innovation and is in sole possession of the technology. Our country excavates the car loader the development work to lack the innovation, Not own unique technology .Is taking the technology to introduce, Not too takes to digest the absorption and key technologies grasping and the research Therefore, the domestic excavation car loader development should develop high grade, multi-purpose, the multi-varieties, the multi-specification series product and strengthens the foundation part, the part production, Enhances the hydraulic pressure part in particular the quality Achieved in satisfies under the product reliable premise reduces the product cost, And enhances the product the post-sale service level.装载机国内现状与市场开发之分析挖掘装载机俗称“两头忙”。
毕业设计英文翻译：装载机发展概况
毕业设计英文翻译：装载机发展概况装载机发展概况A loader is a type of construction equipment (engineering vehicle) machinery that is primarily used to "load" material into another type of machinery (dump truck, conveyor belt, rail-car, etc.).Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble, and digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging asit cannot dig very deep below the level of its wheels, like a backhoe can. Their deep bucket can usually store about 3-6 cubic meters of earth. The front loader's bucket capacity is much bigger than a bucket capacity of a backhoe loader. Loaders are not classified as earthmoving machinery, as their primary purpose is other than earthmoving.Unlike most bulldozers, most loaders are wheeled and not tracked, although track loaders are common. They are successful where sharp edged materials in construction debris would damage 2 rubber wheels, or where the ground is soft and muddy. Wheels provide better mobility and speed and do not damage paved roads as much as tracks, but provide less traction.Unlike standard tractors fitted with a front bucket, many large loaders do not use automotive steering mechanisms. Instead, they steerby a hydraulically actuated pivot point set exactly between the frontand rear axles. This is referred to as "articulated steering" and allows the front axle to be solid, allowing it to carry greater weight.Articulated steering provides better maneuverability for a given wheelbase. Since the front wheels and attachment rotate on the same axis, the operator is able to "steer" his load in an arc after positioning the machine, which can be useful.The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools--for example, many can mount forks to lift heavy pallets or shipping containers, and a hydraulically-opening "clamshell" bucket allows a loader to act as a light dozer or scraper.The wheel loader is a type of engineering vehicle used primarily to move crude material over shorter distances. As the vehicle is designed without wheel suspension, wheel oader drivers are exposed to high levels of whole body vibration which influences ride comfort negatively.Construction machines, sometimes referred to as engineering vehicles or earth movers, are basically a class of self-propelled machines designed for use in civil engineering. The work in this thesis concernsa special class of construction machines, the wheeled loader. This vehicle is essentially a type of tractor equipped with permanently attached, front mounted lifting arms operated by hydraulic cylinders. Unlike vehicles designed primarily for transport, the wheel loader is built without any axle suspension. The front wheels are attacheddirectly to the vehicle body, and the rear axle is allowed to oscillate around the longitudinal axis, thus allowing all wheels to maintain contact with the ground. An example of a medium sized wheel loader is shown in figure 1.Wheel loaders are mainly used in construction or surface mining for moving crude material over shorter distances, but because of the versatility of the machines they are also commonly used for pallet handling, timber loading and similar tasks. Since the advent of thefirst purpose-built wheel loader about 50 years ago, considerable effort has been made to improve the efficiency, safety and operability of the vehicle. However, less attention has been given to issues like ride vibrations or handling stability. Traditionally, wheel loaders have been seen as machines more than vehicles and so the driving dynamics have been considered less important. However, since the demands for increased task performance and operator comfort are continuously growing, future requirements for vibration isolation and highspeed transport capacity will call for suspension systems that allow safe and comfortable travel under a range of operating conditions. This means that vehicle dynamic considerations are becoming increasinglyimportant in the design of wheel loaders.As a consequence of the primitive vehicle design and the rough surfaces where wheel loaders are usually operated, wheel loader drivers are often exposed to high levels of whole body vibration. In short-term perspective these vibrations will affect operator comfort negatively and cause driver fatigue. Long term exposure to low frequency vibrations has been shown to increase the risk for lower back pain , and is also believed to be the cause of various internal organ disorders. Thus, whole-body vibration can be considered a major occupational hazard for earth mover operators and have been the focus of various legislations such as the European Vibration Directive . As the wheel loader does not have any axle suspension, primary isolation from ground induced vibrations is provided by the tyres. Earth mover tyres are typically large and soft, thus filtering out and absorbing some of the vibrations and shocks caused by ground roughness. Theoretically, tyres could be engineered to dampen higher amounts of vibration although this would in reality be highly impractical. According to Lines etal [3], tyres would have to absorb about five to ten times more vibration energy in order to fully protect the operator from ground induced vibrations. This would greatly affect the rolling resistance of the tyre and hence the energy consumption of the vehicle would increase as well. Furthermore, the larger energy absorption would lead to high thermal and mechanical stress in the tyre material, which would accelerate wear. It is obvious that tyre design for increased vibration isolation would soon conflict with economic and environmentalconsiderations. Cab and seat suspensions also function to reduceoperator vibration levels. The cab is usually mounted on rubber elements, sometimes combined with an integrated oil volume, thus providingvibration isolation through flexibility and viscous damping. Morerefined cab suspensions also exist where the cab is mounted on a suspended subframe [4]. High-end driver seats are commonly designed with hydraulic or pneumatic dampers to cushion the driver from vibrations and shocks. The main imitation of seat and cab suspensions is the small amount of suspension stroke available. Because of these lim itations,the stiffness coefficien t of the flexible elements needs to be high enough to avoid impacts with suspension ends at large transient loads, and therefore the eigenfrequency of the cab or seat suspension is generally too high to provide vibration isolation in the lower frequency range. Furthermore, cab and seat suspensions mainly reduce vibrations in the vertical direction. This could possibly be alleviated by active systems [5], although the potential of advanced seat technology is Vehicle dynamic analysis of wheel loaders with suspended axles still unclear. It should also be noted that the vibration isolation of theseat is often reduced by inadequate operator posture . In addition tocab and seat suspensions,larger wheel loaders are commonly fitted with a lifting arm suspension system to decouple the mass and inertia of the lifting arms from the vehicle body. The bucket and lifting arms are isolated from the vehicle by means of gas springs incorporated in the lifting hydraulics and thereby pitching and vertical oscillations tosome extent, mainly for a loaded vehicle. Considerably greater vibration isolation can be provided by designing the wheel loader with full wheel suspension. This would mean flexibly attaching the wheels to the vehicle body by means of springs and dampers, as on virtually all road vehicles and on most offroad vehicles. Axle suspensions have greater potentialfor improved ride comfort as the available suspension travel is larger, and also have the potential to alleviate vibrations in the lateral and longitudinal directions in ways not possible by cab and seat suspensions. Apart from reducing driver exposure to vibrations, axle suspensionscould also improve the task performance of the loader. As the efficiency of an earth mover is usually defined by the volume of material that can be transported in a specified time, the working performance is directly related to the maximum practical velocity of the vehicle. This velocity is currently limited to a large extent by the operator’s ability to withstand vibrations and thereforeshielding the operator from vibrations will in practice increase the attainable vehicle speed. An axle suspension also functions to reduce wheel load fluctuations, thus improving handling quality and manoeuvring stability at high speeds. Therefore suspended axles are not only beneficial for driver comfort but also for the performance of the vehicle.. With the inclusion of suspended wheel axles, a large part of the vehicle mass will be oscillating on the axle suspension rather than simply the tyre flexibility. This will clearly have an impact on the driving dynamics of the vehicle.Naturally, the increased complexity of the vehicle will also add to overall cost and maintenance needs, which is not an unimportant consideration. Suspended axles have been used on certain engineering vehicles for some time, mainly off-highway dump trucks which utilise rubber springs or hydropneumatic struts as suspension elements. On agricultural tractors, suspended front axles are becoming increasingly common and some models feature rear axle suspension as well [6]. Applications to loader vehicles are less common and have mainly been limited to military models that are equipped with suspended axles to enable high speed road travel, thereby allowing rapid deployment and increased combat survivability [7, 8]. Since previous information regarding wheel loader suspension design is limited, a review of the applicability of current design methods, as well as the development of new methodology, is required to provide the necessary knowledge for wheel loader suspension design.In construction areas loaders are also used to transport building materials - such as bricks, pipe, metal bars, and digging tools - over short distances.Loaders are also used for snow removal, using their bucket or a snowbasket, but usually using a snowplow attachment. They clear snow from streets, highways and parking lots. They sometimes load snow into dump trucks for transport.Front loaders gained popularity during the last two decades, especially in urban engineering projects and small earthmoving works. Many engineering vehicle manufacturers offer a wide range of loaders,the most notable are those of John Deere,Caterpillar, Case, Volvo, Komatsu and Liebherr.The following we will introduce Carter 938G Series II Wheel Loader.EngineThe 938G II provides more power, excellent fuel economy, and reduced maintenance.Turbocharged, ATAAC. Turbocharging packs dense air into thecylinders for more complete combustion and lower emissions. Air-to-air aftercooling (ATAAC) provides a separate cooling system for intake manifold air. The ATAAC system reduces smoke and emissions by providing cooler inlet air for more efficient combustion.Constant Net Horsepower. The 938G II’s electronic engine is integrated withan on-demand cooling fan. The engine compensates for varying fan loads and provides constant net horsepower, regardless of operating conditions. A consistent level of “working” horsepower is provided and fuel consumption is reduced.Oil Change Intervals. The engine oil change interval is increased to 500 hours (with CH-4 oil), reducing costs and downtimePowerful Performance. The 3126B ATAAC engine delivers net power of 119 kW (160 hp), and meets EPA Tier 2 emissions standards. Its advanced system keeps fuel at low pressure in the fuel lines until it is injected into the cylinder. Fuel pressure is created hydraulically in response to a signal from the ADEM III? Electronic ControlModule.Electronic Control Module. The Advanced Diesel Engine Module (ADEM III) fuel system is a proprietary electronic control module, which provides improved engine response and fuel efficiency,plus advanced diagnostics and reduced emissions. Altitude capability is increased to 3050 meters (10,000 feet) without derating. ADEM III allows full electronic integration of the engine and transmission for maximum power train efficiency.Power TrainAdvanced Caterpillar power train is reliable and fuel efficient.Electronic Power Shift Transmission.The electronic power shift transmission with automatic shift capability is a countershaft design built by Caterpillar. It is electronically controlled and allows full power shifts and directional changes. Fully modulated gear shifts contribute to operator comfort and increase component life.Electronic Clutch Pressure Control (ECPC). Senses input from boththe transmission and the operator controls in the cab to modulate each individual clutch through a proportional electro-hydraulic valve. This results in smoother gear changes and improved shift quality. Energy is modulated into the clutches, resulting in longer clutch life.Integrated Braking System. New for G Series II, IBS integrates downshifting and transmission neutralization into the left-hand brake pedal. IBS provides smooth, optimized transmission neutralizer performance with a greater range of adjustability. The IntegratedBraking System also lowers owning and operating costs by reducing axleoil temperatures, which can extend service brake life.Easy Service. Daily transmission oil level check is done from the ground through a well-protected sight gauge.An oil sampling valve allows quick,clean access to the transmission for S•O•SSM oil analysis.Cooling SystemNew G Series II cooling package reduces radiator plugging and improves fuel efficiency.Reverse Flow. Air enters through the rear grill and exits out thetop opening and side hood doors. Rear air flow picks up less debris from the ground, reducing plugging.Improved System Access. The 938G II adds a swing-out grill,hydraulic oil cooler and air conditioner condenser for easier cleaning. Side panels open to allow access to both sides of all cores for cleaning.A heavy duty Airborne Debris Grill, with 4 mm perforations is available as an attachment.On-Demand Fan. Electronically controlled, variable speed on-demandfan adjusts to meet the varying cooling requirements of the machine. Fan speed is determined by oil, coolant and inletmanifold temperatures. In cooler operating conditions, average fan speed is reduced, resulting in less fuel consumption, lower noise levels and less radiator plugging.Unit Core Radiator. New unit core radiator with square wave shaped fins.Lower fin density (6 fins per inch) allows debris to pass through more easily.Environmental FeaturesCaterpillar cares about the environment and continues to develop innovative solutions.Low Exhaust Emissions. The Cat 3126B ATAAC engine used in the 938G Series II is a low emission engine designed to meet Tier 2 emission regulations. It is electronically controlled, with air-to-air aftercooling for more efficient combustion and cleaner emissions.Reduced Sound. The electronic on-demand fan automaticallyregulates fan speed depending on cooling requirements. The fan draws less horsepower in cooler ambient temperatures, which reduces fuel consumption.Sound levels are also reduced when the fan slows down.There is additional insulation around the engine to reduce sound levels.Environmental Fluids. Extended Life Coolant/Antifreeze with anti-foaming and anti-corrosion properties provide extended service intervals (up to 6000 hours) and requires less frequent fluid changes and disposals. Air conditioning refrigerant is CFC-free.Operator Station1 Steering. Low effort hand metering unit steering. Tilt steering column helps fit the wheel to the operator. Load sensing steeringdirects power through the steering system only when needed. When notsteering, more engine power is available to generate rimpull, breakout and lift forces.2 Excellent Visibility. The front window provides remarkable forward and peripheral viewing, including the machine wheels and bucket corners. Bonded glass in the windshield eliminates frame obstructions.The sloping hood provides excellent visibility to the rear of the machine.3 Finger Tip Controls. New pilot-assisted hydraulic implementcontrols deliver comfortable, low-effort operation. Single leverjoystick and lift lever F-N-R switch are available as attachments.4 New Instrument Cluster. Gauges, status indicators and alert indicators are now centrally located. 3-level warning system monitorskey functions. The system alerts the operator of immediate or impending problems with engine oil pressure, parking brake, fuelpressure,electrical system, brake oil pressure,hydraulic oil temperature, transmission filter bypass, engine inlet manifold temperature, primary steering oil pressure and the air inlet heater. LED warning indicators with no bulbs to replace.5 Cab Access. Left and right side doors swing open 180 degrees and latch for optimal ventilation, visibility and communication to ground level. Left and right side sliding windows are available as an attachment. Full service platforms are provided on both sides of the machine for safety and easy maintenance access.6 Floor Mounted Pedals. All pedals including the new electronic governor,are floor mounted for greater operator comfort. Left pedalincorporates the new Integrated Braking System that combines service brake, transmission neutralizer and downshift functions.7 Generous Storage partments for lunchbox, coolersand cups.8 Seat Options. The standard cloth and vinyl seat adjusts 6 ways. A new Caterpillar Contour air suspension seat (attachment) provides increased operator comfort with 6-way adjustment and automotive-style lumbar support.9 Electronic Autoshift Control. Set for manual or one of two fully automatic shifting modes.10 Ride Control System Switch.Attachment that reduces fore and aft pitch for a smoother, more comfortable ride. Allows the selection of three different modes: Off – always off service. On – always in service.Auto – the system is automaticallyactuated when themachine travels at a speed greater than 9 km (6 mph).11 Transmission Neutralizer Lockout Switch. Rocker switch that locks out the neutralizer. Defaults back to neutralizer “on” upon machine start up.China's modern 20 wheel loaders began in the mid-1960s of the Z435. The aircraft as a whole rack, rear axle steering. After years of hard work, the attraction was the world's most advanced technology wheel loader on the basis of the successful development of the power of 162 KWof shovel-fit wheel loaders, stereotypes for Z450 (later ZL50), and in 1971 December 18, formally appraised byexperts. Thus the birth of China's first articulated wheel loader, thus creating our industry loader formation and development history.Z450-type loader with hydraulic mechanical transmission, power shift, Shuangqiaoshan drive, hydraulic manipulation, articulated power steering, gas oil Afterburner brake wheel loaders, and other modern, the basic structure of the world's advanced level for the time . Basically represent the first generation of wheeled loading the basic structure. The aircraft in the overall performance of dynamic, and insertion force a rise of power and flexibility, manipulation of light, the higher operating efficiency of a series of advantages.1978, Heavenly Creations by the Department in accordance with the requirements of machinery, worked out to LIUGONG Z450-based type of wheel loaders series of standards. The development of standards, with reservations Z representatives loaders, L replaced by "4" on behalf of wheel, for ZL50 to Z450, it is so developed a LIUGONG ZL50-based ChinaZL-wheel loaders series of standards, this is Wong loader on the development of China's a major turning point. The standard was workedout by the industry after the division of labor, LIUGONG Xiamen ZL40 the manufacture of the large and medium wheel loaders, as workers, to the following small and medium-sized manufacturing ZL30 wheel loaders, and gradually formed a LIUGONG Xiamen workers, and 10% for workers at the loader to four backbone enterprises. To the late 1970s, early 1980sloader manufacturing enterprises in China has increased to more than 20, China has initially formed the loader industry. So far, China has developed wheel loader to the third generation, but the basic structure is still the Z450 (ZL50) evolved from. Change is not a very large second generation, third generation of some larger changes. 2001 China loader industry-wide total sales have exceeded 30,000 Taiwan, the world loader in the forefront of the market. Therefore, at present, China has become the world's loader marketing power.Prospect of small loaderFor a long time, small loader always been neglected in the status of a government department, not to regulate the management of the industry, well-known businesses loader products is dismissive. However, these did not affect small loader (hereinafter referred to small equipment) rapid development, and now with a small market despite its huge market demand has attracted such as the Long renowned engineering machinery enterprises to participate in the competition, the main battlefield in the rural areas with the small size of the market, sales have already reached 4 ~ 5 million, more than 200 brands to participate in market competition. But small market can be said to be installed speed expansion disorderly competition coexist. How to achieve industrial upgrading is placed in front of the small equipment industry must resolve a problem.Lack industry attributionCompared with large and medium-sized industries loaders, small with the development of the industry can use "plan" to describe, not only government departments related to the absence of industrial policies or development plans, and to date, industry has not completely clear attribution, the reality of the small equipment industries across engineering machinery, agricultural machinery and construction machinery, the three industries of grey areas. Despite the small market with a flourishing, but all small equipment manufacturers and dealers can dodge exists in the industry before the many obstacles to development.Small installed mainly refers to the rated load between 0.3 ~ 0.9 T products, also known as micro-loader. As industry ownership is not clear, with small products has been no unified national technology and quality standards, the overwhelming majority of products are installed in the small-wheeled tractor developed on the basis of the. In addition small installed the product is currently used by the maincomponent parts from tractors and light truck, not by the needs of small equipment for low-speed heavy-duty bridge, special bins key component parts, including even small projects with special tires. As a low technical content, resulting in a very low threshold of industry and become the de facto "open" industry, any person, business can be very easily installed into small industries.Small enterprises have installed a number of "fans", according to Construction Machinery Association Scraper Branch Secretary-General Chen Kai Yun, a conservative estimate at more than 200. More concentrated inShandong Laizhou, Taian, Weifang, in Luoyang, Henan Province, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, and other places, annual sales of more than 2,000Taiwan enterprises with a small handful, the majority of smallbusinesses with annual sales in 3200 by the following, with theproduction of small enterprises , the same easy to set up and close down.It is precisely because the strength of small enterprises with very limited products without high technology content, in the vast majorityof enterprises to participate in market competition are in the processof basically a single means to price competition to sell products forthe purpose, without taking into account future market things. In the common with the credit industry, services, brand competition means small industry basically not installed, in addition to differences in the strength of enterprises and product differentiation, marketing and management philosophy that is the deep-seated causes.Because users of the products of small equipment to mainly rural users, and users can only cover rural farm machinery sales networks, construction machinery and construction machinery sales are only part of the network coverage in rural areas. And the sale of equipment similar, with small products also requires agents or distributors can take the initiative to sell products to users and to users with standard and thoughtful service, and farm machinery dealers more customary sit shop operator, has no sales force, There is no specialized service teams,more difficult to expect the market planning, customer management. Construction machinery dealers and farm machinery dealers also have alot of similarities, and engineering machinery dealers not accustomed to deal with rural users. Therefore, the small market is not mature with the sales network, to a large extent affected the market maturation process can not be achieved on the one hand, the user guide, on the other hand, can not be achieved on the manufacturers facilitating role. Operating environment and the use of the different habits, resulting in a lack of support for non-small pieces of installed products can hardly meet the actual needs of users, increasing the cost of services at the same time, improve customer satisfaction become almost impossible task.Increased market differentiationUnlike the preceding two years, with no small on the future of the market is basically no doubts. However, when the small rural installed by the new face of the building the vast potential market demand, whether it is the product itself, or the level of industrial development is clearly not satisfied. And because of the double impact of external factors, with small market differentiation is an inexorable trend. Relying solely on price competition means does not make the small favorably with industry development. In fact, it is due to excessive price competition, leading to small enterprises with low profitability, sales, and the prosperity of the entire industry can not hide the crisis of survival. Anticipate with a few small companies have started the "innovation" in the product upgrades at the same time, learn from the equipment industry and other related industries experience, to establishtheir own marketing team and distribution network and market competition tends to differentiation.In the high-end users with the needs of small change, directly contributing to small enterprises with the differentiation, with the concept of progress andconsumer financial strength of the expansion, some of the ruralusers (particularly in the industrialized operation of agriculture users) product performance and after-sales service and put forward higher requirements. Liaoning Anshan Haihong such as production of high-end products not only with small to have their own patented technology (use of mechanical devices greatly enhance the performance of its products, avoid using electric control, hydraulic devices, such as product performance after upgrading to the use of rural users increased maintenance costs ), and introduced the "non-controversial" services.Especially in big enterprises with increased involvement of small enterprises with pressure, the end of 2006, the Dragon Holdings acquired Henan Baiyun electrical and mechanical equipment involved in the production of small fields.Small with a huge potential market demand, but only to meet user needs, and guide the user needs, small equipment will have lasting vitality. Existing small enterprises with well-known loaders already facing small enterprises involved with the production sectors and small users to buy equipment or equipment, such as small excavatorsalternative products twin crises, with the production of small。
装载机的发展历程
装载机的发展历程装载机发展概况我国现代轮式装载机起始于20世纪60年代中期的Z435型。
该机为整体机架、后桥转向。
经过几年的努力，在吸收当时世界最先进的轮式装载机技术的基础上，开发成功了功率为162KW的铲接式轮式装载机，定型为Z450(即后来的ZL50)，并于1971年12月18日正式通过专家鉴定。
就这样诞生了我国第一台铰接式轮式装载机，从而开创了我国装载机行业形成与发展的历史。
Z450型装载机具有液力机械传动、动力换挡、双桥驱动、液压操纵、铰接式动力转向、气推油加力制动等现代轮式装载机的基本结构，为当时世界先进水平。
也基本上代表了我国第一代轮式装载的基本结构。
该机在总体性能方面具有动力性好，插入力有掘起力大、机动灵活、操纵轻便、作业效率高等一系列优点。
1978年，天工所根据机械部的要求，制订出以柳工Z450为基型的我国轮式装载机系列标准。
制订标准时，保留用Z代表装载机，用L取代“4”代表轮式，改Z450为ZL50，就这样制订出了以柳工ZL50型为基型的我国ZL轮式装载机系列标准，这是我国装载机发展鸣上的重大转折点。
该标准制订出来后按当时的行业分工，柳工、厦工制造ZL40以上的大中型轮式装载机，成工、宜工制造ZL30以下的中小型轮式装载机，逐步形成了柳工、厦工、成工和宜工当时的装载机四大骨干企业。
到70年代末、80年代初我国装载机制造企业已增加至20多家，初步形成了我国装载机行业。
到目前为止，我国轮式装载机已经发展到了第三代，但最基本的结构仍然是由Z450(ZL50)演变而来。
第二代变化不很大，第三代变化稍大一些。
2001年我国装载机全行业总销售量已突破3万台，居世界装载机市场的前列。
因此，目前我国已经成了世界上装载机产销大国。
装载机是一种广泛用于公路、铁路、建筑、水电、港口、矿山等建设工程的土石方施式机械，它主要用于铲装土壤、砂石、石灰、煤炭等散状物料，也可对矿石、硬土等作轻度铲挖作业。
换装不同的辅助工作装置还可进行推土、起重和其他物料如木材的装卸作业。
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外文资料翻译学生姓名：专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化04级2班指导教师：2008年6月装载机发展概况AbstractThis paper have discussed s.s. ZL-50 type fork-lift truck mainly overall fictitious prototype design as well as some kinds of typical schoolwork operating modes imitate and emulate , include equipment and the overall parts needed build mould. In this design course, have applied ADAMS software and the software of PRO/ENGINEER. ADAMS software is used in the emulation of some kinds of schoolwork operating modes, and the software of PRO/ENGINEER is used to build mould mainly. Through the simulated emulation for some kinds of overall schoolwork operating modes, can see relatively distinctly the overall possible condition in actual schoolwork course that met , can in time modify , have reduced actual design time , have raised production efficiency.The innovation of this design Zhi is in in, imitate and have emulated fork-lift truck the 3 kinds of typical schoolwork operating mode in actual schoolwork, is effect again have imitated in actual schoolwork the hydraulic impact of use, so when being helpful to solve actual loading, the actual problem of meeting the stock that is hard to uninstall can so raise production efficiency.Key words: Fork-lift truck 、fictitious prototype , build mould, emulation, optimization、production efficiencyLoader DevelopmentChina's modern 20 wheel loaders began in the mid-1960s of the Z435. The aircraft as a whole rack, rear axle steering. After years of hard work, the attraction was the world's most advanced technology wheel loader on the basis of the successful development of the power of 162 KW of shovel-fit wheel loaders, stereotypes for Z450 (later ZL50), and in 1971 December 18, formally appraised by experts. Thus the birth of China's first articulated wheel loader, thus creating our industry loader formation and development history.Z450-type loader with hydraulic mechanical transmission, power shift, Shuangqiaoshan drive, hydraulic manipulation, articulated power steering, gas oil Afterburner brake wheel loaders, and other modern, the basic structure of the world's advanced level for the time . Basically represent the first generation of wheeled loading the basic structure. The aircraft in the overall performance of dynamic, and insertion force a rise of power and flexibility, manipulation of light, the higher operating efficiency of a series of advantages.1978, Heavenly Creations by the Department in accordance with the requirements of machinery, worked out to LIUGONG Z450-based type of wheel loaders series of standards. The development of standards, with reservations Zrepresentatives loaders, L replaced by "4" on behalf of wheel, for ZL50 to Z450, it is so developed a LIUGONG ZL50-based China ZL-wheel loaders series of standards, this is Wong loader on the development of China's a major turning point. The standard was worked out by the industry after the division of labor, LIUGONG Xiamen ZL40 the manufacture of the large and medium wheel loaders, as workers, to the following small and medium-sized manufacturing ZL30 wheel loaders, and gradually formed a LIUGONG Xiamen workers, and 10% for workers at the loader to four backbone enterprises. To the late 1970s, early 1980s loader manufacturing enterprises in China has increased to more than 20, China has initially formed the loader industry. So far, China has developed wheel loader to the third generation, but the basic structure is still the Z450 (ZL50) evolved from. Change is not a very large second generation, third generation of some larger changes. 2001 China loader industry-wide total sales have exceeded 30,000 Taiwan, the world loader in the forefront of the market. Therefore, at present, China has become the world's loader marketing power.Prospect of small loaderFor a long time, small loader always been neglected in the status of a government department, not to regulate the management of the industry, well-known businesses loader products is dismissive. However, these did not affect small loader (hereinafter referred to small equipment) rapid development, and now with a small market despite its huge market demand has attracted such as the Long renowned engineering machinery enterprises to participate in the competition, the main battlefield in the rural areas with the small size of the market, sales have already reached 4 ~ 5 million, more than 200 brands to participate in market competition. But small market can be said to be installed speed expansion disorderly competition coexist. How to achieve industrial upgrading is placed in front of the small equipment industry must resolve a problem.Lack industry attributionCompared with large and medium-sized industries loaders, small with the development of the industry can use "plan" to describe, not only government departments related to the absence of industrial policies or development plans, and to date, industry has not completely clear attribution, the reality of the small equipment industries across engineering machinery, agricultural machinery and construction machinery, the three industries of grey areas. Despite the small market with a flourishing, but all small equipment manufacturers and dealers can dodge exists in the industry before the many obstacles to development.Small installed mainly refers to the rated load between 0.3 ~ 0.9 T products, also known as micro-loader. As industry ownership is not clear, with small products has been no unified national technology and quality standards, the overwhelming majority of products are installed in the small-wheeled tractor developed on the basis of the. In addition small installed the product is currently used by the main component partsfrom tractors and light truck, not by the needs of small equipment for low-speed heavy-duty bridge, special bins key component parts, including even small projects with special tires. As a low technical content, resulting in a very low threshold of industry and become the de facto "open" industry, any person, business can be very easily installed into small industries.Small enterprises have installed a number of "fans", according to Construction Machinery Association Scraper Branch Secretary-General Chen Kai Yun, a conservative estimate at more than 200. More concentrated in Shandong Laizhou, Taian, Weifang, in Luoyang, Henan Province, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, and other places, annual sales of more than 2,000 Taiwan enterprises with a small handful, the majority of small businesses with annual sales in 3200 by the following, with the production of small enterprises , the same easy to set up and close down.It is precisely because the strength of small enterprises with very limited products without high technology content, in the vast majority of enterprises to participate in market competition are in the process of basically a single means to price competition to sell products for the purpose, without taking into account future market things. In the common with the credit industry, services, brand competition means small industry basically not installed, in addition to differences in the strength of enterprises and product differentiation, marketing and management philosophy that is thedeep-seated causes.Because users of the products of small equipment to mainly rural users, and users can only cover rural farm machinery sales networks, construction machinery and construction machinery sales are only part of the network coverage in rural areas. And the sale of equipment similar, with small products also requires agents or distributors can take the initiative to sell products to users and to users with standard and thoughtful service, and farm machinery dealers more customary sit shop operator, has no sales force, There is no specialized service teams, more difficult to expect the market planning, customer management. Construction machinery dealers and farm machinery dealers also have a lot of similarities, and engineering machinery dealers not accustomed to deal with rural users. Therefore, the small market is not mature with the sales network, to a large extent affected the market maturation process can not be achieved on the one hand, the user guide, on the other hand, can not be achieved on the manufacturers facilitating role. Operating environment and the use of the different habits, resulting in a lack of support for non-small pieces of installed products can hardly meet the actual needs of users, increasing the cost of services at the same time, improve customer satisfaction become almost impossible task.Increased market differentiationUnlike the preceding two years, with no small on the future of the market is basically no doubts. However, when the small rural installed by the new face of thebuilding the vast potential market demand, whether it is the product itself, or the level of industrial development is clearly not satisfied., And because of the double impact of external factors, with small market differentiation is an inexorable trend.Relying solely on price competition means does not make the small favorably with industry development. In fact, it is due to excessive price competition, leading to small enterprises with low profitability, sales, and the prosperity of the entire industry can not hide the crisis of survival. Anticipate with a few small companies have started the "innovation" in the product upgrades at the same time, learn from the equipment industry and other related industries experience, to establish their own marketing team and distribution network and market competition tends to differentiation.In the high-end users with the needs of small change, directly contributing to small enterprises with the differentiation, with the concept of progress and consumer financial strength of the expansion, some of the rural users (particularly in the industrialized operation of agriculture users) product performance and after-sales service and put forward higher requirements. Liaoning Anshan Haihong such as production of high-end products not only with small to have their own patented technology (use of mechanical devices greatly enhance the performance of its products, avoid using electric control, hydraulic devices, such as product performance after upgrading to the use of rural users increased maintenance costs ), and introduced the "non-controversial" services.Especially in big enterprises with increased involvement of small enterprises with pressure, the end of 2006, the Dragon Holdings acquired Henan Baiyun electrical and mechanical equipment involved in the production of small fields.Small with a huge potential market demand, but only to meet user needs, and guide the user needs, small equipment will have lasting vitality. Existing small enterprises with well-known loaders already facing small enterprises involved with the production sectors and small users to buy equipment or equipment, such as small excavators alternative products twin crises, with the production of small enterprises can take the initiative to upgrade their win more more time and greater market space.Any industries are indispensable for the development of market competition and government regulations two factors. With the status quo on small industries, market competition and excessive government regulation missing, the entire industry in a very low level of operation development, and a lack of development of the industry often staying power will gradually shrink, or even disappear.First to be addressed is the issue of trade with small, small equipment products really have their own products "definition", a special product standards. Although at this stage with small user groups mainly concentrated in the rural market, but themarket coverage of the future is certainly both urban and rural areas, this is because small equipment can be widely used for municipal maintenance, landscape construction, building and construction, underground loading and unloading areas.Second, improve industry access threshold is a feasible solution. Small equipment industry can learn from the industry's largest equipment manufacturers licensing system, in terms of production quality suitable restrictions and improve the industry's manufacturing standards.In recent years loader well-known enterprises in recent years have involved with the production of small areas, such as the Dragon, XCMG, and the mountains, but not really most of the production of one ton of small equipment products, the main reason is hindering their high-end products in the market inadequate capacity. However, this also means that for the small enterprises with not too much time, if not in the relatively short period of time upgrading of enterprises and products, from business philosophy, product marketing idea to the concept of all-round self-improvement,self-transformed into a long-term development objectives and marketcompetition-conscious modern manufacturing enterprises, and a larger-scale sales, in the future and well-known enterprises loader win in the competition may be very small.Mechanical Engineering Society of China was founded in 1936, China was set up earlier, the largest one of the Institute of Engineering. The existing 33 professional chapters, 180,000 members, of whom there are more than 3,000 senior members, more than 500 members of Hong Kong, Macao and overseas, there are more than 4,000 corporate members.Academic exchange is the Institute's basic functions, the Institute is held annually hundreds, and colorful academic conferences. Special is an annual Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society annual meeting, the topic is the integration activities of the various large-scale comprehensive meeting. , The main thrust of the report will include the General Assembly, the topic of academic, scientific and technological progress releases, forums, lectures, display, a number of activities such as presentation, rich in content, as well as inside and outside the country in the industry has had a tremendous impact.Editing, publishing and academic meetings and academic exchanges wings. Over the years, the organization has prepared a "China Materials Engineering ceremony," and "machine repair manual," such as hundreds of large-scale tool, science and technology books and related materials. Academic journals published by the "Journal of mechanical engineering", "Chinese Mechanical Engineering", more than 60 species, and for promoting the development of academic disciplines has played an important role.Member Society is the mainstay of the Institute and the basis for the existence of the necessary conditions for achieving democracy Office will learn organizational guarantee. Member services is the Institute for the work of the main tasks of Institute staff is a sacred duty. Has been the establishment of a wide range of multi-levelstructure and membership of the service system, and conducting appropriate Member activities, and actively explore characteristics of the times with the Member services. Institute of years of development experience has shown that membership is a source of vitality Institute.Continuing education and professional certification is the Institute's an effective way to serve the community. Over the years, have carried out fruitful work. 1983 founded the mechanical engineer degree (now Beijing mechanical engineer OLI), is the first in China to establish a "mechatronics" and the "Industrial Engineering" two professional, and entrusted Quanguokaowei for higher education self-study examination. To welding and nondestructive testing for the representatives of accredited professionals work focused on quality, service-oriented economy, and widely alleged members and the industry peer Road. In recent years, actively promote the international mutual recognition of qualifications engineers.Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society of China's machinery industry is a very important external communication channels, to the industry and the large number of government departments entrusted task of the international exchange and cooperation. Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society of China's accession to the representatives of 11 international organizations, 23 countries and 38 first-class academic institutions and professional organizations has signed bilateral cooperation agreements with more than 60 countries and regions, including more than 1,000 scientific research, teaching, design, manufacturing, consulting, intermediary and social welfare institutions established a good working relationship.I will stick to science and technology and economic integration as the key link, and always bring the Institute for Scientific and Technological Advice as to promote economic development and work closely with the main battlefield, active structures for economic development platform. I will rely on his close "in Beijing Teng-day certification Advisory Center," galaxy of talent and give full play to the advantages of network, enterprises actively carry out technical advice, enterprise certification advisory and development strategy consulting. Not only to learn activities closer to the corporate and service industries, and effectively speed up the Institute's own capabilities and the enhancement of overall strength.International Exhibition is I will carry out international exchanges and cooperation forms an important one. The exhibition platform, organizations Chinese and foreign entrepreneurs, technology sector between the exchanges and cooperation and promote economic and trade development and industrialization of technological progress. As Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society masterpiece in the field of exhibitions, Beijing Essen Welding and Cutting Fair has become first in Asia and second in the world in the welding professional exhibitions.I will set up a "Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society Science and Technology Award", and China Machinery Industry Federation and jointly set up the "China Machinery Industry, Science and Technology Award." Over the years, the China Association for Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Engineering, recommending talents, and actively promote respect for independent innovation, and abide by scientific ethics, and the pursuit of harmony andprogress of scientific thought, effectively mobilize the broad masses of scientific and technological workers initiative and creativity.I will also attach great importance to their work, procedures, scientific management and democratic management, and in 2004 took the lead in the national Institute adopted the ISO9001: 2000 quality management system certification. It is not only that I will work more scientific and standardized At the same time, the community has also been the recognition and praise.翻译:本文主要论述了ZL-50轮式装载机整机虚拟样机设计以及几种典型作业工况的模拟和仿真，包括工作装置和整机所需要部件的建模。