外文翻译---冷冲压模具发展现状
冷冲模具毕业设计外文翻译-----冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策
Die Life of cold stamping die and mprovementsOverview of stamping dieStamping Die - Stamping in the cold, the material (metal or non-metallic) processing into parts (or half) of a special technical equipment, called cold stamping die (commonly known as Die). Press - is at room temperature, using the die installed in the press to put pressure on the material to produce a separation or plastic deformation, and thus to obtain the necessary parts of a pressure processing method.Stamping die in the form of many, the general categories according to the following main features:1. According to the technical nature of(1) Die along the closed or open contour the material are derived from mold. If blanking die, punch die, cut off the mold, cut mode, cutting mode, split mode, etc..(2) bending mode to blank or blank sheet along a straight line (curved line) to bend, deform, and thus obtain a certain angle and shape of the workpiece in the mold.(3) The drawing die is made of the blank sheet opening hollow, or hollow pieces of further changes to the shape and size of the mold.(4) Die rough or semi-finished workpiece is convex according to plan, direct copy the shape of the die shape, the material itself, generate only local plastic deformation of the mold. Such as the bulging mode, reducing the die, expansion die, forming die rolling, flanging mold, plastic mold.2. According to the degree classification process combination(1) single process model in a press tour, just completed a die stamping process.(2) composite model is only one station, in a press tour, at the same station at the same time to complete more than two or two die stamping process.(3) Progressive Die (also known as the modulus of continuity) in the feeding direction, rough, with two or more of the station, at the press of a visit, work in different places on the completion of two or two successive Road over stamping die process.Chong called cold stamping die Die-wide.Cold stamping die is used in cold stamping die mold industry, and accessories required for high-performance structural ceramic materials, preparation methods, high-performance ceramic materials, molds and accessories from the zirconium oxide and yttrium aluminum powder increases, Pr element composition, Preparation is the solution of zirconia, yttria solution, praseodymium oxide solution, according to a certain percentage of alumina solution when mixed liquor, ammonium bicarbonate infusion, by co-precipitation synthesis of ceramic materials, molds and accessories needed for raw materials, reaction precipitate generated by the treatment, drying, calcining and accessories by high performance ceramic mold material superfine powder, and then after forming, sintering, finishing, they will have high-performance ceramic materials,molds and accessories. Advantages of this invention is the invention made of cold stamping dies and parts and long service life, the process does not appear in the press and its parts and stamping die bond generated the phenomenon of stamping surface is smooth, no glitches, can replace traditional high-speed steel, tungsten steel.Die with the main partsDie stamping tools is the main process equipment, stamping rely on the relative movement under the mold completed. Processing time because the upper and lower mold between the constant division and, if continued operation of the fingers of workers to enter or remain in the mold closed, there will certainly pose a serious threat to their personal safety.(A) of the mold main parts, function and safety requirements1. Working parts is a direct punch to blank forming the working parts, therefore, it is the key to mold parts. Punch not only sophisticated and complex, it should meet the following requirements:(1) be of sufficient strength, can not be broken or destroyed during stamping.(2) should be appropriate to its material and heat treatment requirements, to prevent too high hardness and brittle fracture.2. Positioning parts positioning part is to determine the location of the parts installed blank, there are pins (board), gauge pin (plate), lead is sold, guide plate, knife set from the side, side pressure etc.. Design should be considered when positioning parts easy to operate and should not have had orientation, location to facilitate observation, preferably in the forward position, contouring to correct the pin location and positioning.3. Binder, unloading and discharging parts binder components are blank holder, binder board. Blank holder pressure can drawing blank holder force, thereby preventing billets under the action of the tangential pressure arch formed folds. The role of pressure plate to prevent movement and bounce blank. Top of the device, discharge board's role is to facilitate the pieces and clean up waste. Them by the spring, rubber and equipment, putting on the air-cushion support, can move up and down, knocking out pieces of the design should have enough top output, movement to the limited spaces. Stripper plate area should be minimized or closed position in the operating groove milling out empty-handed. Exposure of the stripper plate should have protection around the plate, to prevent finger inserted into or foreign objects inside, exposed surface edges should be blunt down.4. Guide parts and guide sleeve guide pin is the most widely used part of a guide. Its role is to ensure punch the punching clearance when accurate match. Therefore, the guide posts, guide cover the gap should be less than the blanking clearance. Guide Post located next mold base, to ensure that the stroke bottom dead center, the lead column in the template on the face over the top for at least 5 to 10 mm. Guide columns should be arranged far away from the module and the pressure plate in the area, so the operator's arms do not get to take over the lead column material.5. Supporting and clamping the upper and lower parts which includes templates, die handle,fixed plate punch, plate, stopper, etc..Up and down the template is the basis of the cold die parts, other parts are respectively fixed at the top. Template plane size, especially around the direction to be compatible with the workpiece, too large or too small are not conducive to action.Some molds (blanking, punching type mold) to the pieces of convenience, be set up under the mold plate. At this time the best and the template plate connected between the screw, the two plate thickness should be absolutely equal. Plate spacing out the pieces to be able to prevail, not too much, so as not to break the template.6. Fastening parts which includes screws, nuts, springs, pins, washers, etc., are generally used standard parts. Die more with the amount of standard parts, design choice and flexibility should be tightened to ensure the top out of the need to avoid exposure to the surface fastener operating position, the staff and impede operation to prevent bumps.Die with the development ofSince reform and opening, with the rapid development of the national economy, the market demand with the growing Die. In recent years, Die with the industry has been around 15% growth rate of the rapid development of industrial enterprises with ownership Die components also changed dramatically, in addition to the professional mold factory outside of state-owned, collective, joint ventures, wholly-owned and private has been a rapid development.As with the accelerating pace of international integration, the increasing competition in the market, it has been increasingly recognized product quality, cost, and new product development capacities. The cold die manufacturing is the most basic elements of the chain, one of the cold die manufacturing technology to measure a country's manufacturing sector has become an important symbol of the level, and largely determine the viability of enterprises.Die with enterprises to increase in recent years many technological advances for investment, technological progress will be seen as an important driving force for enterprise development. Some domestic enterprises have popularized the two-dimensional mold CAD, and gradually began to use UG, Pro / Engineer, I-DEAS, Euclid-IS and other international common software, individual manufacturers have also introduced Moldflow, C-Flow, DYNAFORM, Optris and MAGMASOFT etc. CAE software, and successfully applied in stamping die design.A car cover mold as the representative of a large stamping die manufacturing technology has made great progress, Dongfeng Motor Corporation mold factory, mold manufacturers such as FAW mold center has been able to produce some car cover mold. In addition, many research institutions and universities to carry out technology research and development of mold. After years of effort, in the mold CAD / CAE / CAM technology has made remarkable progress; in improving quality and reducing mold die design and manufacturing cycle, and so contributed. Although China Die with the industry over the past decade has made remarkable development, but in many ways compared with the industrialized countries there is still a large gap. Forexample, the precision machining equipment, processing equipment in Die with the relatively low proportion; CAD / CAE / CAM technology penetration is not high; many advanced mold technology not widely so, resulting in a considerable number of large, sophisticated, complex and long Die life with dependence on imports.With the continuous progress of science and technology, modern industrial production of increasingly complex and diverse, product performance and quality is ever increasing, thus the cold stamping technology put forward higher requirements. In order to adapt to the cold stamping technology industry needs, cold stamping technology itself also in innovation and development. cold stamping technology idea is to improve and expand as much as possible the advantages of the cold stamping process, to overcome its shortcomings. in the cold stamping technology development, should note the following aspects:(1) cold stamping technology process parameters should be properly identified and Die with the work of some of the shape and size, to improve the quality of stamping parts and shorten the new product production cycle should be in strengthening the metal forming the basis of theoretical studies, to metal forming theory to practice can produce a direction, and gradually establish a close connection with the actual production of the advanced process of calculation. abroad have begun to use plastic finite element method, automobile parts forming process of the stress and strain analysis and computer simulation to predict the forming part of a process plan on the possibilities and potential problems.(2) to accelerate product replacement, mold design to overcome the shortcomings of a long cycle. Should vigorously carry out computer-aided design and manufacture of molds (CAD / CAM) Research. In my country, paying particular attention to strengthening the multi-position progressive die CAD / CAM Technology.(3) to meet the needs of mass production, and reduce labor intensity. Should strengthen cold stamping of mechanized and automated, so that the average, small pieces of high-speed presses in a multi-position progressive die production, production reached a high degree of automation to further improve stamping productivity.(4) expand the scope of application of cold stamping production. So cold pressing both suitable for mass production, but also for small batch production; both the general accuracy of product production, but also can produce precision parts. Should pay attention to development such as fine blanking (especially thick material fine blanking), forming high-energy, soft mold forming, pressure and processing new superplastic forming process, but also promote the easy mode (soft mode and the low melting point alloy mold), Universal Hybrid model, the use of CNC punch press and other equipment.In addition, the performance improvement of sheet metal stamping, mold new material, die development of new processing methods should be further strengthened.Die with life and CountermeasuresDie with the life of the workpiece by punching out the number of terms. Many factors affect the life Die. There are die structure design, manufacture molds used in the punch and die materials, die quality and surface hardening heat treatment, precision die manufacturing parts and cold stamping materials selection. In addition, there are die installation, adjustment, use and maintenance.1. Die Design on Life(1) Layout design of layout methods and take the boundary value a great impact on the die life, too small to take the boundary value, often causing rapid wear and convex mold, die bite wounds on the. Starting from material savings, take the boundary value smaller the better, but take the edge is less than some value, the cut surface of the mold and the quality of life adversely. There will be left behind in the blanking die Q-gap were to produce spare parts glitch, or even damage the die edge, reduce die life. Therefore, consider increasing the material utilization of the same time, parts must yield, quality and life expectancy to determine the layout methods and take the boundary.(2) die structure prone to stress concentration on the cracking of the die structure, composite structure can be used or mosaic structure, and prestressed structure to enhance the mold life. (3) the impact of clearance when the gap is too small, compressed extrusion of interest, increased friction, increased wear, the wear side of aggravated discharge and push pieces after blanking time, materials and convex, the friction between die will cause wear and tear than the end edge on the side of the grinding much, but also easily lead to convex, concave mold temperature is high, the adsorption of metal debris in the side edge to form a metal tumor, so that male and female die chipping or expansion occurs crack phenomenon. Therefore, the gap is too small to Die Life very bad. Gap is too large will increase the punch and the die face the edge of the concentration of stress, resulting in a sharp increase in stress, so blade edge quickly lose angular yield deformation. Therefore, addition of blanking force, thereby enabling faster edge edge wear, reduce die life. But in order to reduce the male and female die wear, extending mold life, while ensuring quality of stamping pieces under the premise that larger space designed properly it is necessary.(4) Die-oriented structure of the life of a reliable guide for the working parts reduce wear, prevent male and female die bite wound is very effective. In particular, non-small-Q gap Q gap or Die, compound die and multi-position progressive die even more important. To improve the die life, must be based on processes and the demand of precision, the correct choice-oriented form and orientation accuracy, the choice should be higher than the accuracy-oriented convex, concave mold with precision.(5) the impact of cold stamping materials, cold stamping materials selected should meet the design requirements of workpieces and stamping process requirements, or easy to mold damage and reduce mold life. Poor surface quality of cold stamping, punching, cracking when the workpiece is also easy to scratch mold. Bad cold stamping plastic materials, deformation is small,easy to press when the workpiece rupture, but also easy to scratch mold. In addition, the material thickness tolerances shall comply with national standards. Die because of a certain thickness of material suitable for forming, bending, flanging, drawing die of the male and female die structure gap is directly determined by the thickness of the material. Therefore, uneven thickness, will result in waste generation and mold damage.2. Die Die Life ofDie Die Life of a mold material properties, chemical composition, structure, hardness and comprehensive reflection of metallurgical quality. Among them, the material properties and heat treatment affect the quality of the most obvious. Mold material properties on the impact of die life is great. If the same workpiece, using a different mold material of the bending test, the test results: The 9Mn2V material, the life of 5 million; with Crl2MoV nitriding, the life of up to 40 million. Therefore, the choice of materials, the batch size should be based on workpiece, rational use of mold materials. The hardness of the die parts to Die Life a great impact. But not the higher hardness, longer die life. This is because the hardness and strength, toughness and abrasion resistance are closely related. Some die demands of high hardness, long life. Such as the use of T10 steel dies, hardness 54 ~ 58HRC, only washed thousands of times a burr on the workpiece great. If the hardness to 60 ~ 64HRC, the grinding life of up to 2 to 3 million. However, if continue to improve hardness, fracture occurs earlier. Some die hardness should not be too high, as the die manufacturing using Crl2MoV 58 ~ 62HRC hardness, the general life of 2-3 million, invalid form of chipping and cracking, and if the hardness down to 54 ~ 58HRC, life expectancy increased to 5 ~ 60 000, but decreased to 50 ~ 53HRC hardness appears easy to blunt the die edge phenomenon. Thus, mold hardness must be based on material properties and failure modes may be. Should enable the hardness, strength, toughness and wear resistance, resistance to fatigue strength needed to achieve a particular stamping process the best match.3. The surface of the mold heat treatment to strengthen the quality and impact on lifeMold heat treatment the nature and quality of life of the mold a great impact. Practice shows that the die parts of the quenching distortion and cracking, early fracture during use, while the metallurgical and materials quality, forging quality, mold structure and process related, but related more to die of heat treatment. According to statistical analysis of failure causes of mold, heat treatment failure due to improper accounting for more than 50%. Practice shows that the mold material must be accompanied by high heat treatment process properly, can really play a material's potential. Parts surface hardening mold work purpose is to obtain the effect of external hard tough inside, so be hardness, wear resistance, toughness, good resistance to fatigue with. Many ways to die surface hardening, surface treatment technology of new technologies developed rapidly. In addition to Nitrocarburizing and ion nitride, boride, seepage niobium, vanadium permeability, hard chrome plated and spark strengthening, the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) has been gradually adopted. By CVD and PVD treatment, the mold surface covered with super-hard material, such as TiC, TiN, etc..High hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, adhesion is very good, can improve the die life several times to several times.4. Manufacturing precision of the die parts of die lifePrecision die manufacturing and life in it in particular, mold surface roughness on the mold a great impact. If using Crl2MoV steel blanking die, if the surface roughness value R = 1.6 m, its life span is about 30,000. Such as polished by the precision, surface roughness value R = 0.4 m, life can be increased to 4-5 million. Therefore, the working parts of the mold surface, the general must go through grinding, grinding, polishing and other finishing and fine processing.5. Other aspects of the impact of die life(1) Press the accuracy is not high, but also easy to make die damage.(2) die in the press or not installed properly and the operator's technical level, on the tool life is also greatly affected.(3) dies in the custody and maintenance of good and bad, and the use of lubricant condition also affects mold life.6. ConclusionIn actual production, sheet metal dies for use, rare case of non-normal wear and tear. But when the die plate was found prone to irregular wear, we always study for the problems summarized. Because of a cold die, from the design, manufacture, assembly, commissioning and installation and use, all spent many hours, while the convex die, die material used, mostly high-quality alloy steel. Therefore, the die cost is relatively high. Therefore, in the production of understanding the factors that affect the die life and take the appropriate measures to guide the production of great practical significance.冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策冲压模具概述冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中，将材料（金属或非金属）加工成零件（或半成品）的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冷冲压模具（俗称冷冲模）。
冲压模具技术的现状和发展趋势
冲压模具技术的现状和发展趋势冲压模具技术的现状和发展趋势冲压模具技术的现状和发展趋势104174243 张亚庆近年许多模具企业加大了用于技术进步的投资力度，将技术进步视为企业发展的重要动力。
一些国内模具企业已普及了二维CAD，并陆续开始使用UG、Pro/Engineer、I-DEAS、Euclid-IS等国际通用软件，个别厂家还引进了Moldflow、C-Flow、DYNAFORM、Optris和MAGMASOFT等CAE软件，并成功应用于冲压模的设计中。
改革开放以来，随着国民经济的高速发展，市场对模具的需求量不断增长。
近年来，模具工业一直以15%左右的增长速度快速发展，模具工业企业的所有制成分也发生了巨大变化，除了国有专业模具厂外，集体、合资、独资和私营也得到了快速发展。
浙江宁波和黄岩地区的“模具之乡”；广东一些大集团公司和迅速崛起的乡镇企业，科龙、美的、康佳等集团纷纷建立了自己的模具制造中心；中外合资和外商独资的模具企业现已有几千家。
随着与国际接轨的脚步不断加快，市场竞争的日益加剧，人们已经越来越认识到产品质量、成本和新产品的开发能力的重要性。
而模具制造是整个链条中最基础的要素之一，模具制造技术现已成为衡量一个国家制造业水平高低的重要标志，并在很大程度上决定企业的生存空间。
以汽车覆盖件模具为代表的大型冲压模具的制造技术已取得很大进步，东风汽车公司模具厂、一汽模具中心等模具厂家已能生产部分轿车覆盖件模具。
此外，许多研究机构和大专院校开展模具技术的研究和开发。
经过多年的努力，在模具CAD/CAE/CAM技术方面取得了显著进步；在提高模具质量和缩短模具设计制造周期等方面做出了贡献。
例如，吉林大学汽车覆盖件成型技术所独立研制的汽车覆盖件冲压成型分析KMAS软件，华中理工大学模具技术国家重点实验室开发的注塑模、汽车覆盖件模具和级进模CAD/CAE/CAM软件，上海交通大学模具CAD国家工程研究中心开发的冷冲模和精冲研究中心开发的冷冲模和精冲模CAD软件等在国内模具行业拥有不少的用户。
冷冲压模具设计与制造的技术现状及发展趋势
一、冲压模具市场情况我国冲压模具无论在数量上,还是在质量、技术和能力等方面都已有了很大发展，但与国发经济需求和世界先进水平相比，差距仍很大，一些大型、精度、复杂、长寿命的高档模具每年仍大量进口,特别是中高档轿车的覆盖件模具，目前仍主要依靠进口.一些低档次的简单冲模，已趋供过于求，市场竟争激烈。
据中国模具工业协会发布的统计材料，2004年我国冲压模具总产出约为220亿元，其中出口0.75亿美元,约合6.2亿元。
根据我国海关统计资料，2004年我国共进口冲压模具5。
61亿美联社元,约合46。
6亿元.从上述数字可以得出2004年我国冲压模具市场总规模约为266。
6亿元.其中国内市场需求为260.4亿元,总供应约为213。
8亿元，市场满足率为82％.在上述供求总体情况中，有几个具体情况必须说明：一是进口模具大部分是技术含量高的大型精密模具,而出口模具大部分是技术含量较低中的中低档模具，因此技术含量高的中高档模具市场满足率低于冲压模具总体满足率，这些模具的发展已滞后于冲压件生产，而技术含量低的中低档模具市场满足率要高于冲压模具市场总体满足率;二是由于我国的模具价格要比国际市场低格低许多，具有一定的竟争力，因此其在国际市场前景看好，2005年冲压模具出口达到1。
46亿美元，比2004年增长94.7％就可说明这一点；三是近年来港资、台资、外资企业在我国发展迅速,这些企业中大量的自产自用的冲压模具无确切的统计资料,因此未能计入上述数字之中。
近年来,我国冲压模具水平已有很大提高.大型冲压模具已能生产单套重量达50多吨的模具。
为中档轿车配套的覆盖件模具内也能生产了.精度达到1～2μm，寿命2亿次左右的多工位级进模国内已有多家企业能够生产。
表面粗糙度达到Ra≤1.5μm的精冲模,大尺寸（φ≥300m m）精冲模及中厚板精冲模国内也已达到相当高的水平.1、模具CAD/CAM技术状况我国模具CAD/CAM技术的发展已有20多年历史。
冲压模具成型外文翻译参考文献
冲压模具成型外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)4 Sheet metal forming and blanking4.1 Principles of die manufacture4.1.1 Classification of diesIn metalforming,the geometry of the workpiece is established entirely or partially by the geometry of the die.In contrast to machining processes,ignificantly greater forces are necessary in forming.Due to the complexity of the parts,forming is often not carried out in a single operation.Depending on the geometry of the part,production is carried out in several operational steps via one or several production processes such as forming or blanking.One operation can also include several processes simultaneously(cf.Sect.2.1.4).During the design phase,the necessary manufacturing methods as well as the sequence and number of production steps are established in a processing plan(Fig.4.1.1).In this plan,theavailability of machines,the planned production volumes of the part and other boundary conditions are taken into account.The aim is to minimize the number of dies to be used while keeping up a high level of operational reliability.The parts are greatly simplified right from their design stage by close collaboration between the Part Design and Production Departments in order to enable several forming and related blanking processes to be carried out in one forming station.Obviously,the more operations which are integrated into a single die,the more complex the structure of the die becomes.The consequences are higher costs,a decrease in output and a lower reliability.Fig.4.1.1 Production steps for the manufacture of an oil sumpTypes of diesThe type of die and the closely related transportation of the part between dies is determined in accordance with the forming procedure,the size of the part in question and the production volume of parts to be produced.The production of large sheet metal parts is carried out almost exclusively using single sets of dies.Typical parts can be found in automotive manufacture,the domestic appliance industry and radiator production.Suitable transfer systems,for example vacuum suction systems,allow the installation of double-action dies in a sufficiently large mounting area.In this way,for example,the right and left doors of a car can be formed jointly in one working stroke(cf.Fig.4.4.34).Large size single dies are installed in large presses.The transportation of the parts from oneforming station to another is carried out mechanically.In a press line with single presses installed one behind the other,feeders or robots can be used(cf.Fig.4.4.20 to 4.4.22),whilst in large-panel transfer presses,systems equipped with gripper rails(cf.Fig.4.4.29)or crossbar suction systems(cf.Fig.4.4.34)are used to transfer the parts.Transfer dies are used for the production of high volumes of smaller and medium size parts(Fig.4.1.2).They consist of several single dies,which are mounted on a common base plate.The sheet metal is fed through mostly in blank form and also transported individually from die to die.If this part transportation is automated,the press is called a transfer press.The largest transfer dies are used together with single dies in large-panel transfer presses(cf.Fig.4.4.32).In progressive dies,also known as progressive blanking dies,sheet metal parts are blanked in several stages;generally speaking no actual forming operation takes place.The sheet metal is fed from a coil or in the form of metal ing an appropriate arrangement of the blanks within the available width of the sheet metal,an optimal material usage is ensured(cf.Fig.4.5.2 to 4.5.5). The workpiece remains fixed to the strip skeleton up until the laFig.4.1.2 Transfer die set for the production of an automatic transmission for an automotive application-st operation.The parts are transferred when the entire strip is shifted further in the work flow direction after the blanking operation.The length of the shift is equal to the center line spacing of the dies and it is also called the step width.Side shears,very precise feeding devices or pilot pins ensure feed-related part accuracy.In the final production operation,the finished part,i.e.the last part in the sequence,is disconnected from the skeleton.A field of application for progressive blanking tools is,for example,in the production of metal rotors or stator blanks for electric motors(cf.Fig.4.6.11 and 4.6.20).In progressive compound dies smaller formed parts are produced in several sequential operations.In contrast to progressive dies,not only blanking but also forming operations areperformed.However, the workpiece also remains in the skeleton up to the last operation(Fig.4.1.3 and cf.Fig.4.7.2).Due to the height of the parts,the metal strip must be raised up,generally using lifting edges or similar lifting devices in order to allow the strip metal to be transported mechanically.Pressed metal parts which cannot be produced within a metal strip because of their geometrical dimensions are alternatively produced on transfer sets.Fig.4.1.3 Reinforcing part of a car produced in a strip by a compound die setNext to the dies already mentioned,a series of special dies are available for special individual applications.These dies are,as a rule,used separately.Special operations make it possible,however,for special dies to be integrated into an operational Sequence.Thus,for example,in flanging dies several metal parts can be joined together positively through the bending of certain metal sections(Fig.4.1.4and cf.Fig.2.1.34).During this operation reinforcing parts,glue or other components can be introduced.Other special dies locate special connecting elements directly into the press.Sorting and positioning elements,for example,bring stamping nuts synchronised with the press cycles into the correct position so that the punch heads can join them with the sheet metal part(Fig.4.1.5).If there is sufficient space available,forming and blanking operations can be carried out on the same die.Further examples include bending,collar-forming,stamping,fine blanking,wobble blanking and welding operations(cf.Fig.4.7.14 and4.7.15).Fig.4.1.4 A hemming dieFig.4.1.5 A pressed part with an integrated punched nut4.1.2 Die developmentTraditionally the business of die engineering has been influenced by the automotive industry.The following observations about the die development are mostly related to body panel die construction.Essential statements are,however,made in a fundamental context,so that they are applicable to all areas involved with the production of sheet-metal forming and blanking dies.Timing cycle for a mass produced car body panelUntil the end of the 1980s some car models were still being produced for six to eight years more or less unchanged or in slightly modified form.Today,however,production time cycles are set for only five years or less(Fig.4.1.6).Following the new different model policy,the demands ondie makers have also changed prehensive contracts of much greater scope such as Simultaneous Engineering(SE)contracts are becoming increasingly common.As a result,the die maker is often involved at the initial development phase of the metal part as well as in the planning phase for the production process.Therefore,a muchbroader involvement is established well before the actual die development is initiated.Fig.4.1.6 Time schedule for a mass produced car body panelThe timetable of an SE projectWithin the context of the production process for car body panels,only a minimal amount of time is allocated to allow for the manufacture of the dies.With large scale dies there is a run-up period of about 10 months in which design and die try-out are included.In complex SE projects,which have to be completed in 1.5 to 2 years,parallel tasks must be carried out.Furthermore,additional resources must be provided before and after delivery of the dies.These short periods call for pre-cise planning,specific know-how,available capacity and the use of the latest technological and communications systems.The timetable shows the individual activities during the manufacturing of the dies for the production of the sheet metal parts(Fig.4.1.7).The time phases for large scale dies are more or less similar so that this timetable can be considered to be valid in general.Data record and part drawingThe data record and the part drawing serve as the basis for all subsequent processing steps.They describe all the details of the parts to be produced. The information given in theFig.4.1.7 Timetable for an SE projectpart drawing includes: part identification,part numbering,sheet metal thickness,sheet metal quality,tolerances of the finished part etc.(cf.Fig.4.7.17).To avoid the production of physical models(master patterns),the CAD data should describe the geometry of the part completely by means of line,surface or volume models.As a general rule,high quality surface data with a completely filleted and closed surface geometry must be made available to all the participants in a project as early as possible.Process plan and draw developmentThe process plan,which means the operational sequence to be followed in the production of the sheet metal component,is developed from the data record of the finished part(cf.Fig.4.1.1).Already at this point in time,various boundary conditions must be taken into account:the sheet metal material,the press to be used,transfer of the parts into the press,the transportation of scrap materials,the undercuts as well as thesliding pin installations and their adjustment.The draw development,i.e.the computer aided design and layout of the blank holder area of the part in the first forming stage–if need bealso the second stage–,requires a process planner with considerable experience(Fig.4.1.8).In order to recognize and avoid problems in areas which are difficult to draw,it is necessary to manufacture a physical analysis model of the draw development.With this model,theforming conditions of the drawn part can be reviewed and final modifications introduced,which are eventually incorporated into the data record(Fig.4.1.9).This process is being replaced to some extent by intelligent simulation methods,through which the potential defects of the formed component can be predicted and analysed interactively on the computer display.Die designAfter release of the process plan and draw development and the press,the design of the die can be started.As a rule,at this stage,the standards and manufacturing specifications required by the client must be considered.Thus,it is possible to obtain a unified die design and to consider the particular requests of the customer related to warehousing of standard,replacement and wear parts.Many dies need to be designed so that they can be installed in different types of presses.Dies are frequently installed both in a production press as well as in two different separate back-up presses.In this context,the layout of the die clamping elements,pressure pins and scrap disposal channels on different presses must be taken into account.Furthermore,it must be noted that drawing dies working in a single-action press may be installed in a double-action press(cf.Sect.3.1.3 and Fig.4.1.16).Fig.4.1.8 CAD data record for a draw developmentIn the design and sizing of the die,it is particularly important to consider the freedom of movement of the gripper rail and the crossbar transfer elements(cf.Sect.4.1.6).These describe the relative movements between the components of the press transfer system and the die components during a complete press working stroke.The lifting movement of the press slide,the opening and closing movements of the gripper rails and the lengthwise movement of the whole transfer are all superimposed.The dies are designed so that collisions are avoided and a minimum clearance of about 20 mm is set between all the moving parts.4 金属板料的成形及冲裁4. 模具制造原理4.1.1模具的分类在金属成形的过程中，工件的几何形状完全或部分建立在模具几何形状的基础上的。
(完整版)冲压类外文翻译、中英文翻译冲压模具设计
"sheet-metal forming". Sheet-metal forming ( also called stamping or pressing )is
is hard to imagine the scope and cost of these facilities without visiting an
Minimum bend radii vary for different metals, generally, different annealed metals
be bent to a radius equal to the thickness of the metal without cracking or
modes can be illustrated by considering the deformation of small sheet elements
Sheet forming a simple cup
the blank flange as it is being drawn horizontally through
Minimum bend radius for various materials at room temperature
Condition
Hard
0 6T
0 4T
0 2T
5T 13T
0.5T 6T
0.5T 4T
0.7T 3T
2.6T 4T
——thickness of material
one punch to prevent its buckling under pressure from the ram of the press.
文献综述冲压模具
毕业论文（毕业设计）文献综述摘要：在科技技术日益发展的今天，冲压工艺得到不断的发展，在工业生产中的作用越来越重要。
冲压技术在新技术、新工艺、新设备、新材料的涌现下，不断革新和发展。
本文从冲压模的特点，使用原则，装配结构，探讨了冲压模具的冲压工艺。
关键词：冲压工艺、冲压模、模具设计、模具制造Abstract: in the increasingly development of science and technology today, the stamping process has been developed constantly, in the industrial production more and more important roles in stamping technology in the emergence of new technology and new technology new equipment, new material, the constant innovation and development in this paper, from the characteristics of composite modulus, use principle, formal inversion structure, discusses the composite die stamping processKeywords:stamping process,Stamping die,Mold design，Mould manufacturing1.冲压的概念及其优点冲压的概念冲压是利用安装在冲压设备（主要是压力机）上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件（俗称冲压或冲压件）的一种压力加工方法。
冲压通常是在常温下对材料进行冷变形加工，且主要采用板料来加工成所需零件，所以也叫冷冲压或板料冲压。
【机械类文献翻译】冲压模具
冲压模具的外文翻译摘要冲压模具在工业生产中应用广泛。
冲压模具的设计充分利用了机械压力机的功用特点在室温的条件下对坯件进行冲压成形，生产效率提高，经济效益显著。
冲压模具的设计充分利用了机械压力机的功用特点，在室温的条件下对坯件进行冲压成形，生产效率提高，经济效益显著。
本文介绍的模具实例结构简单实用，使用方便可靠，对类似工件的大批量生产具有一定的参考作用。
在传统的工业生产中，工人生产的劳动强度大、劳动量大，严重影响生产效率的提高。
随着当今科技的发展，工业生产中模具的使用已经越来越引起人们的重视，而被大量应用到工业生产中来。
冲压模具的自动送料技术也投入到实际的生产中，冲压模具可以大大的提高劳动生产效率，减轻工人负担，具有重要的技术进步意义和经济价值。
1、国内外模具工业的发展与现状1953年，长春第一汽车制造厂在中国首次建立了冲模车间，该厂于1958年开始制造汽车覆盖件模具。
我国于20世纪60年开始生产精冲模具。
在走过了温长的发展道路之后，目前我国已形成了300多亿元（未包括港、澳、台的统计数字，下同）各类冲压模具的生产能力。
上海交通大学为瑞士法因托（Finetool）精冲公司开发成功精密冲裁级进模CAC/CAM 系统，西安交通大学开发出多工位弯曲级进模CAD系统等。
展望国内外模具CAD/CAE/CAM 技术的发展，本世纪的科学技术正处于日新月异的变革之中，通过与计算机技术的紧密结合，人工智能技术、并行工程、面向装配、参数化特征建模以及关联设计等一系列与模具工业相关的技术发展之快，学科领域交叉之广前所未见。
目前我国模具年生产总量虽然已位居世界第三，其中，冲压模占模具总量的40%以上，但在整个模具设计制造水平和标准化程度上，与德国、美国、日本等发达国家相比还存在相当大的差距。
在设计制造方法、手段上已基本达到了国际水平，模具结构功能方面也接近国际水平，在轿车模具国产化进程中前进了一大步。
但在制造质量、精度、制造周期和成本方面，以国外相比还存在一定的差距。
2024年冷冲压模具市场规模分析
2024年冷冲压模具市场规模分析1. 引言冷冲压模具（Cold Forming Die）作为一种高精度的模具制造技术，在现代制造业中扮演着重要的角色。
冷冲压模具的广泛应用带来了冷冲压模具市场的快速增长。
本文将对冷冲压模具市场的规模进行分析，以揭示其发展趋势和未来前景。
2. 冷冲压模具市场概述2.1 冷冲压模具的定义及应用领域冷冲压模具是一种用于处理金属材料的模具制造技术。
它通过在常温下将金属材料压制成所需形状，并通过模具来控制加工过程中的变形，从而实现高精度和高效率的生产。
冷冲压模具广泛应用于汽车制造、电子设备制造、家电制造等行业。
2.2 冷冲压模具市场规模的定义冷冲压模具市场规模是指在特定时间段内，冷冲压模具销售额或产量的总和。
市场规模是衡量一个行业的发展程度和潜力的重要指标。
3. 2024年冷冲压模具市场规模分析3.1 历史发展冷冲压模具市场经历了持续的增长和变化。
在过去几十年里，随着制造业的不断发展和技术的不断进步，冷冲压模具得到了广泛的应用。
市场规模从最初的较小规模快速增长至今天的庞大规模。
3.2 当前市场规模根据市场调研分析，目前冷冲压模具市场规模已经达到了XX亿元。
随着汽车、电子设备等行业的快速发展，冷冲压模具市场有望继续保持稳定增长。
3.3 市场规模预测根据行业专家的分析，预计未来几年冷冲压模具市场规模将继续扩大。
这主要受益于汽车行业的增长和新兴领域的发展。
预计到XXXX年，冷冲压模具市场规模有望达到XX亿元。
4. 市场规模增长因素分析4.1 汽车行业的发展汽车行业作为冷冲压模具的主要应用领域之一，对市场规模的增长起到了关键作用。
随着汽车产量的增加和新能源车辆的发展，冷冲压模具的需求将持续增加。
4.2 新兴领域的发展除了传统的汽车制造业，还有一些新兴领域对冷冲压模具的需求正在逐渐增长。
例如，新能源领域、航空航天领域等都对冷冲压模具提出了更高的要求，这将进一步推动市场规模的增长。
4.3 技术进步与创新随着制造技术的不断进步和创新，冷冲压模具的精度和效率得到了显著提高。
外文文献翻译、中英文翻译--冷锻技术的发展现状与趋势
附录1:翻译（汉）冷锻技术的发展现状与趋势摘要：冷锻技术是一种精密塑性成形工艺，具有切削加工不可比拟的优点，广泛应用于各种机械产品关键零部件的制造。
本文从冷锻零件的形状、材料、工艺革新、生产率、数值模拟技术和数字化/智能化设计技术应用、以及优化技术几个方面综合论述了冷锻技术的发展现状与趋势。
关键词：冷锻，工艺/模具设计，数值模拟，基于知识的工艺设计，设计优化。
冷锻工艺是一种精密塑性成形技术，具有切削加工无可比拟的优点，如制品的机械性能好，生产率高和材料利用率高，特别适合于大批量生产，而且可以作为最终产品的制造方法（net-shape forming），在交通运输工具、航空航天和机床工业等行业具有广泛的应用。
当前汽车工业、摩托车工业和机床工业的飞速发展，为冷锻这一传统的技术的发展提供了原动力，例如，我国1999年摩托车的全国总产量就有1126万多辆，而根据2000年的初步估计，我国汽车的总需求量到2005年将达到330万辆，其中轿车130-140万辆，仅汽车行业的锻件需求在50-60万吨以上。
冷锻技术在我国的起步虽然不算太晚，但发展速度与发达国家有很大的差距。
到目前为止，我国生产的轿车上的冷锻件重量不足20Kg，相当于发达国家的一半，开发潜力很大。
加强冷锻技术开发与推广应用是我国目前的一项紧迫任务。
1、冷锻件的形状越来越复杂冷锻零件的形状越来越趋于复杂，由最初的阶梯轴、螺钉/螺母和导管等，发展到形状复杂的零件，如图1所示为不同尺寸的摩托车花键轴与花键套，花键轴的典型工艺为：正挤压杆部-镦粗中间头部分-挤压花键；花键套的主要工艺为：反挤压杯形件-冲底制成环型件-正挤压轴套。
如图2所示为汽车输出轴与输入轴，以及其他冷锻制品。
如图3所示为我国采用摆动碾压技术制成的各种汽车/摩托车用锥齿轮、螺旋锥齿轮和其他圆盘类零件，如图4所示为日本某公司生产的冷锻零件，图4所示的涡旋增压器，我国已经列入国家“十五”攻关项目。
当代冷冲压模具技术发展现状
当代冷冲压模具技术发展现状引言随着制造业的快速发展，冷冲压模具技术作为一种先进的制造工艺逐渐得到推广和应用。
本文将探讨当代冷冲压模具技术的发展现状，包括其定义、特点、应用领域以及未来的发展趋势。
希望通过本文的介绍，读者能更好地了解冷冲压模具技术，并为相关行业的技术提升提供参考。
什么是冷冲压模具技术冷冲压模具技术，简称冷冲模技术，是一种利用模具将板材加工成零件的先进制造技术。
与传统的热冲压模具技术相比，冷冲模技术在生产过程中不需要进行加热处理，因而能够节省能源、减少环境污染，并提高零件的精度和质量。
冷冲压模具技术的特点冷冲压模具技术具有以下几个显著的特点：1.高精度：冷冲模技术采用较高精度的模具，能够生产出更精密、更复杂的零件。
2.低能耗：由于无需进行加热处理，冷冲模技术能够显著降低能源消耗，减少生产成本。
3.环保：冷冲模技术无废气、无废液排放，对环境污染较小。
4.高效率：冷冲模技术具有高效率的特点，能够大幅提高生产效率和产能。
冷冲压模具技术的应用领域冷冲压模具技术广泛应用于以下领域：汽车制造汽车制造是冷冲模技术的主要应用领域之一。
由于汽车零部件通常需要具备较高的精度和质量要求，而且需要大批量生产，因此冷冲模技术尤为适用。
冷冲压模具技术在汽车制造领域能够实现零部件的高精度、高效率生产，并能够提高汽车的整体性能。
家电制造家电制造也是冷冲模技术的重要应用领域。
冷冲模技术能够生产出各类家电零部件，如冰箱壁板、洗衣机外壳等。
相比传统的加工方法，冷冲模技术能够提高零件的精度和质量，并且在生产过程中能够减少能源消耗。
电子设备制造随着电子设备的普及和更新换代的加速，冷冲压模具技术在电子设备制造领域的应用也日益增多。
冷冲模技术能够生产出电子设备的外壳、连接器等零部件，并且能够满足不同电子设备的尺寸要求和外观要求。
其他行业冷冲压模具技术还可应用于航空航天、建筑、通信设备等各个行业。
由于冷冲模技术的高精度和高效率特点，使其在生产过程中能够保证零件的质量和准确性，得到各行业的广泛应用。
模具 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 模具的发展与趋势
一、Die history and die trend1、Die position in industrial productionWith mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold workpieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match. Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological development. The basis of the modern industrial economy.Mold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment.The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role. March 1989 the State Council promulgated "on the current industrial policy decision points" in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an important position in the national economy. Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the "current national focus on encouraging the development of industries, products and technologies catalog" and "to encourage foreign investment industry directory." Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry. All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support. Mold around the world about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool industry, beginning in 1997, China's industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output.According to statistics, home appliances, toys and other light industries, nearly 90% of the parts are integrated with production of chopsticks; in aircraft, automobiles, agricultural machinery and radio industries, the proportion exceeded 60%. Such as aircraft manufacturing, the use of a certain type of fighter dies more than 30,000 units, of which the host 8000 sets, 2000 sets of engines, auxiliary 20 000 sets. From the output of view, since the 80's, the United States, Japan and other industrialized countries die industry output value has exceeded the machine tool industry, and there are still rising. Production technology, according to the International Association predicts that in 2000, the product best pieces of rough 75%, 50% will be finished mold completed; metals, plastics, ceramics, rubber, building materials and other industrial products, most of the mold will be completed in more than 50% metal plates, more than 80% of all plastic products, especially through the mold into.2、The historical development of moldThe emergence of mold can be traced back thousands of years ago, pottery and bronze foundry, but the large-scale use is with the rise of modern industry and developed.The 19th century, with the arms industry (gun's shell), watch industry, radio industry, dies are widely used. After World War II, with the rapid development of world economy, it became a mass production of household appliances, automobiles, electronic equipment, cameras, watches and other parts the best way. From a global perspective, when the United States in the forefront of stamping technology - many die of advanced technologies, such as simple mold, high efficiency, mold, die and stamping the high life automation, mostly originated in the United States; and Switzerland, fine blanking, cold in Germany extrusion technology, plastic processing of the Soviet Union are at the world advanced. 50's, mold industry focus is based on subscriber demand, production can meet the product requirements of the mold. Multi-die design rule of thumb, reference has been drawing and perceptual knowledge, on the design of mold parts of a lack of real understanding of function. From 1955 to 1965, is the pressure processing of exploration and development of the times - the main components of the mold and the stress state of the function of a mathematicalsub-bridge, and to continue to apply to on-site practical knowledge to make stamping technology in all aspects of a leap in development. The result is summarized mold design principles, and makes the pressure machine, stamping materials, processing methods, plum with a structure, mold materials, mold manufacturing method, the field of automation devices, a new look to the practical direction of advance, so that pressing processing apparatus capable of producing quality products from the first stage.Into the 70's to high speed, launch technology, precision, security, development of the second stage. Continue to emerge in this process a variety of high efficiency, business life, high-precision multi-functional automatic school to help with. Represented by the number of working places as much as other progressive die and dozens of multi-station transfer station module. On this basis, has developed both a continuous pressing station there are more slide forming station of the press - bending machine. In the meantime, the Japanese stand to the world's largest - the mold into the micron-level precision, die life, alloy tool steel mold has reached tens of millions of times, carbide steel mold to each of hundreds of millions of times p minutes for stamping the number of small presses usually 200 to 300, up to 1200 times to 1500 times. In the meantime, in order to meet product updates quickly, with the short duration (such as cars modified, refurbished toys, etc.) need a variety of economic-type mold, such as zinc alloy die down, polyurethane rubber mold, die steel skin, also has been very great development.From the mid-70s so far can be said that computer-aided design, supporting the continuous development of manufacturing technology of the times. With the precision and complexity of mold rising, accelerating the production cycle, the mold industry, the quality of equipment and personnel are required to improve. Rely on common processing equipment, their experience and skills can not meet the needs of mold. Since the 90's, mechanical and electronic technologies in close connection with the development of NC machine tools, such as CNC wire cutting machine, CNC EDM, CNC milling, CNC coordinate grinding machine and so on. The use of computer automatic programming, control CNC machine tools to improve theefficiency in the use and scope. In recent years, has developed a computer to time-sharing by the way a group of direct management and control of CNC machine tools NNC system.With the development of computer technology, computers have gradually into the mold in all areas, including design, manufacturing and management. International Association for the Study of production forecasts to 2000, as a means of links between design and manufacturing drawings will lose its primary role. Automatic Design of die most fundamental point is to establish the mold standard and design standards. To get rid of the people of the past, and practical experience to judge the composition of the design center, we must take past experiences and ways of thinking, for series, numerical value, the number of type-based, as the design criteria to the computer store. Components are dry because of mold constitutes a million other differences, to come up with a can adapt to various parts of the design software almost impossible. But some products do not change the shape of parts, mold structure has certain rules, can be summed up for the automatic design of software. If a Japanese company's CDM system for progressive die design and manufacturing, including the importation of parts of the figure, rough start, strip layout, determine the size and standard templates, assembly drawing and parts, the output NC program (for CNC machining Center and line cutting program), etc., used in 20% of the time by hand, reduce their working hours to 35 hours; from Japan in the early 80s will be three-dimensional cad / cam system for automotive panel die. Currently, the physical parts scanning input, map lines and data input, geometric form, display, graphics, annotations and the data is automatically programmed, resulting in effective control machine tool control system of post-processing documents have reached a high level; computer Simulation (CAE) technology has made some achievements. At high levels, CAD / CAM / CAE integration, that data is integrated, can transmit information directly with each other. Achieve network. Present. Only a few foreign manufacturers can do it.3、The trend of the die(1) mold software features integratedDie software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. Series such as the UK Delcam's software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geometry, advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems. A higher degree of integration of the software includes: Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA, etc.. Shanghai Jiaotong University, China with finite element analysis of metal plastic forming systems and Die CAD / CAM systems; Beijing Beihang Haier Software Ltd. CAXA Series software; Jilin Gold Grid Engineering Research Center of the stamping die mold CAD / CAE / CAM systems .(2) mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensionalTwo-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration. Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and information management and sharing. Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such as with parametric, feature-based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineering possible. In addition, Cimatran company Moldexpert, Delcam's Ps-mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interactive 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure . Australian company Moldflow realistic three-dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely praised by users and applications. China Huazhong University of Science have developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University,Z-mold software. For manufacturing, knowledge-based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sign of advanced and practical one. Such as injection molding experts Cimatron's software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligently process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results.(3) mold software applications, networking trendWith the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible. The United States in its "21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy" that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive development cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months.二、The injection and Compression MoldingInjection molding si principally used for the production of the thermoplastic parts, although some progress has been made in developing a method for injection molding some thermosetting materials. The problem of injecting a melted plastic into a mold cavity form a reservoir of melted material has been extremely difficult to solve for thermosetting plastics which cure and harden under such conditions within a few minutes. The principle of injection molding is quite similar to that of die-casting. The process consists of feeding a plastic compound in powdered or granular form from a hopper through metering and melting stages and then injecting it into a mold. After a brief coolling period, the mold is opened and the solidified part ejected. Injection-molding machines can be arranged for manual operation, automatic single-cucle operation, and full automatic operation. The advantage of injection molding are:(i) a high molding speed adapted for mass production is possible;(ii)there is a wide choice of thermoplastic materials providing a variety of usefull properties;(iii)it is possible to mold threads, undercuts, side holes, and large thin sections.Several methods are used to force or inject the melted plastic into the mold. The most commonly used system in the larger machines is the in-line reciprocating screw.The screw acts as a combination and plasticizing unit.As the plastic is fed to the rotating screw,it passes through three zones as shown: feed,compression, and metering. After the feed zone, the screw-flight depth is gradually reduced,forcing the plastic to compress. The work is converted to heat by shearing the plastic, making it a semifluid mass. In the metering zone, additional heat is applied by conduction from the barrel surface. As the chamber in front of the screw becomes filled, it forces thescrew back, tripping a limit switch that activates a hydraulic cylinder that forces the screw forward and injects the fluid plastic into the closed mold.An antiflowback valve prevents plastic under pressure from escaping back into the screw flights.The clamping force that a machine is capable of exerting is part of the size designation and is measured in tons. A rule-of-thumb can be used to determine the tonnage required for a particular job. It is based on two tons of clamp force per square inch of projected area. If the flow pattern is difficult and the parts are thin,this may have to go to three or four tons.Many reciprocating - screw machines are capable of handing thermosetting plastic materials.Previously these materials were handled by compression or transfer molding.Thermosetting materials cure or polymerize in the mold and are ejected hot in the range of 375℃～410℃.Thermoplastic parts must be allowed to cool in the mold in order to remove them without distortion.Thus thermosetting cycles can be faster.Of course the mold must be heated rather than chilled,as with thermoplastics.The importance of Injecting the mold are :⑴、Plastics have the density small, the quality light, the specific tenacity big, theinsulating property good, the dielectric loss low, the chemical stability strong, the formation productivity high and the price inexpensive and so on the merits,obtained day by day the widespread application in the national economy andpeople's daily life each domain, as early as in the beginning of 1990s, the plastic annual output already surpassed the steel and iron and the non-ferrous metalannual output sum total according to the volume computation.In mechanical and electrical (for example so-called black electrical appliances), domains and so on measuring appliance, chemical, the automobile and astronautics aviation, theplastic has become the metal the good substitution material, had the metalmaterial plastic tendency.⑵、Take the automobile industry as the example , as a result of the automobilelightweight, the low energy consumption development request, the automobile spare part material constitution occurred obviously has modelled the band steelthe change, at present our country automobile plastic accounts for 5% which the automobile was self-possessed to 6%, but overseas has reached 13%, forecast according to the expert, the automobile plastic bicycle amount used will also be able further to increase.On modern vehicles, regardless of is outside installs the assorted items, the internal installation assorted items, the function and the structural element, all may use the plastic material, outside installs the assorted items to have the bumper, the fender, the wheel hub cap, the air deflector and so on; After the internal installation assorted items have in the display board, thevehicle door the board, the vice-display board, the sundry goods box lid, the chair, the guard shield and so on; The function and the structural element have the fuel tank, the radiator header, the spatial filter hood, the fan blade and so on.Statistics have indicated, our country in 2000 automobile output more than 200 tenthousand, the vehicle amounted to 1,380,000 tons with the plastic.Looked from the domestic and foreign automobile plastic application situation that, theautomobile plastic amount used already became one of weight automobileproduction technical level symbols.⑶、Injection of a molding formation as plastic workpiece most effective formationmethods because may by one time take shape each kind of structure complex, the size precise and has the metal to inlay a product, and the formation cycle isshort, may by mold multi-cavities, the productivity be high, when massproductions the cost isvery inexpensive, easy to realize the automatedproduction, therefore holds the extremely important status in the plasticprocessing profession.Statistics have indicated, plastic mold composition allmolds (including metal pattern) 38.2%, the plastic product gross weight about 32% is uses in injecting the formation, 80% above engineering plasticsproduct all must use the injection formation way production. 4. counts according to the customs, our country in 2000 altogether imported mold 977,000,000 US dollars, in which plastic molding forms altogether 550,000,000 US dollars, occupied for 56.3%,2001 years altogether to import mold 1,112,000,000 US dollars, in which plastic molding forms altogether 616,000,000 US dollars,accounted for 55.4%.From the variety, the import volume biggest is the plastic molding forms.⑷、Counts according to the customs, our country in 2000 altogether importedmold 977,000,000 US dollars, in which plastic molding forms altogether550,000,000 US dollars, occupied for 56.3%, 2001 years altogether to import mold 1,112,000,000 US dollars, in which plastic molding forms altogether616,000,000 US dollars, accounted for 55.4%.From the variety, the import volume biggest is the plastic molding forms.In compression molding the palstic material as powder or preforms is placed into a heated steel mold cavity,Since the parting surface is in a horizontal plane ,the upper half of the mold descends vertically.It closes the mold cavity and pressures for a predetermined period.A pressure of from 2 to 3 tons square inch and a temperaure at approximately 350F converts the plastic to a semiliquid which flows to all parts of the mold ually from 1 to 15 minutes is required for curing,altough a recently developed alkyd plastic will cure in less than 25 secends. The mold is then opended and the molded part removed.If metal insers are desired in the parts,they should be placed in the mold cavity on pins or in the holes before the plastic is loaded.Also, the preforms should be preheated before loading into the mold cavity to eliminate gases,inprove flow,and decrease curing time.Dieletric heating is a convenient method of heating the preforms.Since the plastic material is placed directly into the mold cavity,the mold itself can be simpler than those used for other molding precesses.Gates and sprues are unnecessary.This also results in a saving in material,because trimmed-off gates and sprues would be a complete loss of the thermosetting plastic.The press require the full attention of one operator.However,several smaller presses can be operated by one operator. The presses are conveniently located so the operator can easilymove from one to the next.By the time he gets around to a particular press again,that mold will be ready to open.the thermosetting plastics which harden under heat and pressure are suitable for compression molding and transfer molding.It is not practical to moid shermoplastic materials by these methods,since the molds would have to bealternately heated and cooled.In order to harden and eject thermoplastic parts form the mold,cooling would be necessary.Types of molds for compression molding.The molds used for compression molding are classified into four basic types, namely ,positive molds,landed positive mold,flash-type molds,and semipositive molds.In a positive mold the plunger on the upper mold enters the lower mold cavity.since there are no lands or stops on the lower die ,the plunger completely trap the plastic material and descends with full pressure on the charge.A dense part with good electrical and physical properties is produced.The amount of plastic placed in the die cavity must be accurately measured,since it determines the thickness of the part .A landed positive mold is similar to a positive mold except that lands are added to stop the travel of the plunger at predetermined point.In this case,the lands absorb some of the pressure that should be exerted on the parts.The thickness of the parts will be accurately controlled,but the density may vary cansideraby.In a flash-type mold,flash redges are added ti the top and bottom molds.As the upper mold exerts pressure on the plastic,excess material is forced out between the flash ridges where it forms flash.This flash is further compressed.becomes hardened,and finally stops the downard thavel of the upper mold.A slight excess of the plastic material is always chared to ensure sufficient pressurs to produce a dense molded part.This type of mold is widely used because it is comparatively easy to construct and it controls thickness and density within colse limits.The semipositive mold is a combination od the flash type and landed posive molds.In addition to the flash ridges,a land is employed to restrict the travel of the upper mold.三、The latheThe lathe is one of the most useful and versatile machines in the workshop, and capable of carrying out a wide variety of machining operations. The main components of the lathe are the headstock and tailstock at opposite ends of a bed , and a tool-post between them which holds the cutting tool. The tool-post stands on a cross-slide which enables it to move sidewards across the saddle or carriage as well as along it , depending on the kind of job it is doing .The ordinary centre lathe can accommendate only one tool at a time on the tool-post , but a burret lathe is capable of holding five or more tools on the revolving turret . The lathe bed must be very solid to prevent the machine from bending or twisting under stress.The headstock incorporates the driving and gear mechanism, and a spindle which holds the workpiece and causes it to rotate at a speed which depends largely on the diameter of the workpiece. A bar of large diameter should naturally rotate more slowly than a very thin bar , the cutting feed-shaft from the headstock drives the tool-post along the saddle , either forwards or backwards , at a fixed and uniform speed. This enables rotation of the shaft, and therefore the forward or backward movement of the tool-post. The gear which the operator will select depends on the type of metal which he is cutting and the amount of metal he has to cut off. For a deep or roughing cut the forward movement of the tool should be less than for a finishing cut.Centres are not suitable for every job on the lathe . The operator can replace them by various types of chucks, which hold the work between jaws, or by a front-plate, depending on the shape of work and the particular cutting operation. He will use a chuck, for example, to hold a short piece of work , or work for drilling , boring or screw-cutting .A transverse movement of the tool-post across the saddle enables the tool to cut across the face of the workpiece and give it a flat surface. For screw-cutting , the operator engages the leadscrew, a long screwed shaft which runs along in front of the bed and which rotates with the spindle. The lead-screw drives the tool-post forward along the carriage at the correct speed, and this ensures that the threads on the screw are of exactly the right pitch. The operator can select different gear speeds , and this will alter the ratio of spindle and laedscrew speeds and therefore alter the pitch of the threads. A reversing lever on the headstock enables him to reverse the movement of the carriage and so bring the tool back to its original position.The purpose of any machine tool is to remove metal. Each machine tool removes metal in a different way. For example , in one type (the lathe )metal is removed by a single point tool as the work is rotated , whereas in another type(the milling machine) a cutter is rotated and metal is removed as the work is progressed beneath it .Which machine tool is to be used for a particular job depends to a large extent upon the type of machining required . There is , however, a certain amount of overlapping and some machine tools can be utilized for several different operations but it must not be assumed that the particular machine tool is restricted to the operation shown.The machine tools which will be found in the modern toolroom are as follow：⑴Lathes for turning ,boring and screwcutting, ect. The primary purpose of the latheis to machine cylindrical forms. The contour is generated by rotating the work with respect to a single-point cutting tool.⑵Cylindrical grinding machines for the production of precision cylindrical surfaces.The cylindrical grinding machine is used for precision grinding cylindrical mould parts. Metal is removed by the action of abrasive grinding wheel which is broughtinto contact with a contra-rotating workpiece.⑶Shaping and planning machines for the reduction of steel blocks and plates to therequired thickness and for ‘squaring up’these plates .As the primary purpose of a shaping machine is to produce flat blocks. The workpiece is mounted on a table and a reciprocating single-point tool removes metal in a series of straight cuts.⑷Surface grinding machines for the production of precision flat surfaces . Anexcellent surface finish combined with accuracy can be achieved on hard or soft steel with the surface grinding machine. The workpiece is mounted on a table which is reciprocated beneath a rotating abrasive grinding wheel and metal is removed in a series of straight cuts.⑸Milling machines for the rapid removal of metal , for machining slots, recesses,boring holes, machining splines, etc. Milling is an operation in which metal is removed from a workpiece by a rotating milling cutter. The workpiece can be moved in three directions at right angles to each other with respect to the cutter.The three directions are longitudinal, transverse and vertical, respectively.⑹Tracer-controlled milling machines for the accurate reproduction of complexcavity and core forms.The principle of tracer-controlled milling machine is similar to that of the vertical milling machine in that an end mill cutter is used to remove metal in a series of cuts. With tracer-controlled milling, however , the required form is generated by causing a tracer, directly coupled to a cutting head , to followa template or a model.In addition to the above list of major machine tools there is, of course, ancillary equipment without which no toolroom would be complete. This includes power saws , drilling machines, toolpost grinders, hardening and polishing facilities, ect.四、Electric discharge machiningElectric discharge machining is the latest process being used extensively in the moldmaking field. It can be applied to soft and hard metals, and it exters no mechanical forces that might be detrimental to frail parts. The process is constantly being improved not only in terms of new machines being capable of producing better。
外文翻译原文-国内外轿车覆盖件冲压模具设计概况
Domestic and foreign car coverage Die Design OverviewA.S. Pouzada, E.C. Ferreira and A.J. PontesAbstract : In introducing the current domestic car stamping die design and manufacture of the foundation, expounded foreign auto company cars panel particular panel of the stamping process and die design status application of new technologies .Key words : mechanical manufacturing; Car panel; Stamping technology; Mold Design1 IntroductionIn recent years, China's car market has developed very rapidly in 2002 in car sales more than one million on the basis of in 2003 to 2 million people relations forward, reaching 1.97 million. However, in the car heat rapidly warming, had to face the embarrassment of this reality-market best-selling vehicle for the majority of people must be directly imported from abroad. As domestic car cover mold design and manufacturing capability on the whole is relatively weak, in order to produce these models, each company had to spend hundreds of millions or hundreds of billion of overseas procurement die. People with foreign automobile companies, because the relatively small scale of production, This has resulted in motorcycle smoothing wood into the mold much higher than foreign cars, This is also produced cars along with high wood manufacturing into one of the main reasons.2 Domestic car coverage Die development capabilityMajor car manufacturers to Die : Die Manufacturing Co. Ltd. of FAW, Dongfeng Motor Die Works, Tianjin Automobile Die Company, CAC Integration Technology Co., Ltd Nanjing mold equipment, Shanghai Auto Body 1000 margin Die Company. Most people as a domestic car production and sales of commercial-vehicle population of Shanghai Limited, also has its own mold design and manufacturing departments ((TMM Division). Currently, Although domestic Die in Car cover the mold design and manufacturing has a small capacity, auto plants can undertake some development projects die, but for a very high surface accuracy and surface quality requirements of the outside panel. It is especially the high-grade cars outside panel, auto plants rarely die by the will of such domestic development.Shanghai Public Motors Limited in order to reduce vehicle production costs, but also to increase the company's core technical competencies, Since the beginning of 2001, set foot in the car stamping die design and manufacturing fields. 2001 -2002 completed POLO cars manually presses the production line 10 Die simple parts , the company's quality assurance department as well and put into production. Beginning in 2002, the type of people to the complex, automation, 6000kN the design and manufacture of automatic production line POLO cars tyres. Die Block (dimensions of the parts, deep drawing deep, complex shape) in 2003, in order to further enhance the design and manufacture of mold ability and level We get involved in the Multi-Position 20000kN Press and 10000kN automatic production line of die design. Shanghai over the past number of people in many public spaces 20000kN Press on the use of the mold, all u need to progress, Die domestic business still lacks the ability to design and manufacture the mold. To this end, we chose POLO Car column plate mold design. 20000kN Multi-Position Press is the world's most advanced presses, integration, a very high degree of automation. Of course, this right mold design requirements also increased accordingly. Parts Feeding height, distance, location manipulator strict requirements ensure that the manipulator in the course of the campaign and die without interference, so the mold design for space on a small lot. In considering many factors, we finally completed the whole mold design, CAD state assembly as shown in figure 1. In addition, we have completed the POLO cars 10000kN automatic production line of the rear wheel cover mold design, In last year's build on that. These successful completion of the Shanghai marks the number of people die design capability has reached advanced domestic level. thus for the future of Shanghai people die Domestic car lay a solid foundation. Nevertheless, with the international advanced level, the more people there are still gaps, For example, in the car outside cover mold design or from the air.Die in Car, the most difficult of the outer covering die design, mainly in the following two aspects :(1)Overcome by the resilience of parts surface deviationsBreakdown, wrinkling, Rebound car is stamping process of forming the main shortcomings, as car outside panel dimensions. deep drawing shallow, plastic deformation low level generally will not crack, Resilience as a result of such parts on the manufacturing process and the main problems, it will seriously affect the parts with the mutual relations. Finite element simulation software in the stamping die design universal application, has been able to accurately predict rupture and wrinkle-free. thus contribute to the design of appropriate auxiliary surfaces to improve the process of drawing materials flow, improve parts forming ft. However, to date) unknown. Most of the finite element software can not be accurately forecast Stamping Die them removed from the rebound after deformation. Therefore, the external panel dealing with the resilience of the major changes to rely on the experience of the die face, stamping parts are forming over, to offset rebound led to the deformation.(2)Stamping the pick-upAs foreign coverage (eg front cover plate, the roof and fender panels) are subject to complex flanging plastic or anticipated beading crafts, This makes the design of the mold structure, we must consider the ram after forming the pick-up, the current people are relying on more complex Wedge institutional linkages to achieve some of the work to mold parts his resignation to achieve to enable them to pieces. The resulting mold of the entire structure is very complicated.3 Foreign coverage Die DesignCurrently, foreigners Motors Corporation in order to reduce mold development and manufacturing costs, shorten production cycles, In addition to cars outside panel of people out of the car Stamping Die Mold were left to professional companies (such as Fontana epple.Schuler Cartec.Ogi-ha la-Fuji Techniaca etc.) to design and manufacture, these companies have strong development capabilities, and in some parts of the manufacturing mold with unique advantages. But as auto plants, taking into account the development of new models in the process of confidentiality, such as the right-wing boards, suitcase covers,doors, side-Wai, the roof front cover and other sensitive parts of the die, die by their own manufacturing sector to design and manufacture.3.1 Software EnvironmentStamping die design, in addition to the need for CAD software, also large-scale application of the finite element simulation software If AutoForm.PamStamp. DynaForm. Indeed, aided design stamping process. Below, AutoForm as an example to show how the use of CAE software design process of drawing surfaces. AutoForm is supplied by the Swiss Development professional rapid simulation of sheet metal forming software can be used in sheet, welded plate stamping, such as Hydroforming process simulation, with different functional modules, can also be used for single-step stamping parts and the simulation of forming processes of drawing surfaces ((Addendum) Design . Car stampings, About two-thirds of the use of AutoForm Diedesigner Module Module Design A ddendum the module under specified by the designer or by the software automatically generate pressure-ring face and and the process of multi-added section of the line (Profile), to produce rapid-added process, Drawing for the simulation process, as shown in Figure 2. V-ring face and Profile parameter can be the adjustment. This rapid design is based on surface Addendum Construction of the rough, curved surface film itself, and between the curved surface of the film is not very continuous fairing, Despite this surface is not used directly to the mold surface machining. But the simulation accuracy is not affected people. According to the simulation results. designers can easily add-on technology adjustment until simulation results meet design requirements. Finally, will Blankholder circle Profile Addendum to surface and neutral data format output IGS or VDA, CAD software for surface reconstruction and digital-analog integrated products, will be able to be machined can use the drawing process a few Die Mold.Stamping Process traditional design methods : First, on the basis of experience, the use of CAD technology to add noodles. Secondly, CAD will be transmitted to the model number of AutoForm software such as CAE deep drawing process simulation; According to the simulation results. in CAD add-on process adjustments and a few new CAD - CAE pass to start new simulation, Until meet the requirements for competition. This is one from CAD to CAE to return to the CAD kept in the process. Because each of the CAD surface structure than in AutoForm are complex, therefore, The whole process will have to spend much more time. And the new method of stamping process in the design stage, Diedesigner Module used in AutoForm software design and adjust the deep drawing process surfaces with the traditional design methods, we will be able to greatly improve the efficiency of design.A AutoForm is due to the rapid simulation software in a relatively short time stamping parts of the complicated process of forming the evaluation of membrane modules used to model discrete geometry, bound to reduce the simulation accuracy, therefore, Some car companies prior to the start of mold design will use high-precision simulation of the CAE software, Germany on the number of people using the software Indeed, Drawing on procedures for the simulation again ((Indeed calculation software is based on the thickness of the shell element. to be more accurate results, However, the calculation of time spent AutoForm is usually several times that of the 10, The software is applicable to the ultimate test), Drawing all must pass Indeed Process simulation and validation to be feasible, in order for mold design.Mold design complete, the combination of drawings through the bubble acceptance model (Figure 3) different procedures with different colors of the lines marking the bubble model, the so intuitive and clear. Technology should also be organized, including designers, project planning, mold testing, Die operators and other stakeholders to discuss acceptance. For the stamping process difficult to solve the problem of forming, product development should also be invited to discuss personnel, look for changes in product design possibilities.3.2 Rebound amendment responseThe former is known, the rebound was cars outside panel forming process of the main questions are covered plate before example, conduct detailed analysis.①Usually panel of the rebound following two categories :Large flat surface caused by the elastic response of buckling or collapse, as illustrated in figure 4, Part C Click below, dotted said parts removed from the mold and rebound occurred after the position. In such cases, the design process is not normally be considered. Technology products in a few die-face with some of the data from the product development departments of consistent data, and for die manufacturing. To tryout, and the specimens were seized compared with measurements, according to the deviation of drawing surface model amendment. If designers to control such problems have very rich experience, can be estimated in advance surface elastic recovery and the direction of offset, and will reverse its superposition of several product-development, Rebound consider seeking deformation of the surface of deep drawing process, the calculation process requires specialized computer software to accomplish, In Germany public, using the ICEM.②Flanging plastic part by bending the rebound fold angle changes, as illustrated in figure 4 B Click below. For this kind of problem, in addition to the Department of Drawing and cutting edge, but also includingflanging and Wedge plastic, plastic take-off process is forming 2 -3, to offset the springback. The process design work completed and reflected in the number of program modules.3．3 Wedge new outer body mold coverage on the applicationCurrently, many of the new models outside panel, fender panels (Figure 5) front cover plate, the roof flanging plastic processes, used as a "revolving Wedge," new technology. The working principle see figure 6, rotating Wedge part of the cavity is required plastic stamping parts of the region, when the plastic process is complete, Cylinder - driven carriers to promote Wedge around rotating drum rotation, so as to achieve the purpose of the yield components, After the convenience of plastic parts, removed from the mold. Rotating Wedge's advantages are : plastic parts for stamping parts and materials entrusted part of the mosaic is very fairing, Therefore, there is no obvious parts indentation; Die simple structure; maintenance is simple and low cost.4 Concluding remarksIn recent years, through the tireless efforts and the car stamping die design and manufacturing capabilities made significant progress. However, the car is especially luxury cars outside the coverage of mold development, the international level and there are still more people gap. However, this gap is not narrowing, So long as we strengthen international exchanges and learn from their foreign counterparts in designing and manufacturing experience, car will be able to accelerate the coverage Die domestic process.References[1] C. Burke and R. Malloy, An experimental study of the ejection forces encountered during injection molding, SPE ANTEC Tech. Pap.37 (1991).[2] R. Balsamo, D. Hayward and R. Malloy, An experimental evaluation of ejection forces: frictional effects, SPE ANTEC Tech. Pap.39 (1993).[3] A.J. Pontes and A.S. Pouzada, Ejection force in tubular injection moldings. Part I: Effect of processing conditions, Polym. Eng. Sci.44 (2004), p. 891.[4] G. Menges and H. Bangert, Measurement of coefficients of static friction as a means of determinating opening and demoulding forces in injection moulds, Kunstst. Ger. Plast.71 (1981), p. 552.[5] B.J. Araújo and A.S. Pouzada, Design of ejection systems for injection moulds, O Molde54 (2002), p. 36.[6] A.J. Pontes, A.M. Pinho, A.S. Miranda and A.S. Pouzada, Effect of processing conditions on ejection forces in injection moulds, O Molde34 (1997), p. 25.[7] P. Collins, E.M.A. Harkin-Jones and P.J. Martin, The role of tool/sheet contact in plug-assisted thermoforming, Intern. Polym. Process.17 (2002), p. 361.[8] P. Blau (Ed.), Friction, Lubrication and Wear Technology, ASM Handbook, vol. 18, ASM International, Ohio, 1992, p. 8.[9] N.A. Waterman and M.F. Ashby, The Materials Selector vol. 3, Chapman & Hall (1997).[10] D.I. James and W.G. Newell, A new concept in friction testing, Polym. Test.1 (1980), p. 9.[11] M. Vaziri, F.H. Stott and R.T. Spurr, Studies of the friction of polymeric materials, Wear122 (1988), p. 313.[12] R. Malloy and P. Majeski, Design of pin ejector systems for injection molds, SPE ANTEC Tech. Pap. 47 (1989).[13] P.A. Dearnley, Low friction surfaces for plastic injection moulding dies—an experimental case study, Wear229 (1999), p. 1109.[14] T. Sasaki, N. Koga, K. Shirai, Y. Kobayashi and A. Toyoshima, An experimental study on ejection force of injection molding, J. Precis. Eng.24 (2000), p. 270.[15] A.J. Pontes, R. Pantani, G. Titomanlio and A.S. Pouzada, Ejection force in tubular injection moldings. Part II: A prediction model, Polym. Eng. Sci.45 (2005), p. 325.[16] Friction and Wear Testing Source Book, ASM International, Ohio, 1997.[17] ISO 8295, Plastics—Film and Sheeting—Determination of the Coefficients of Friction, 1995.。
外文翻译---模具存在的问题及发展状况
外文资料翻译Problems and development of mouldIn modern production of dies and moulds, is the production of various important processes of industrial products and equipment, he it to its specific shape by means of certain raw materials. For example, stampings and forgings by stamping and forging a way that is obtained on plastic deformation occurs in the mold of metallic materials, metal die casting, powder metallurgy components as well as plastic, ceramics, rubber, glass and other non-metallic parts, the vast majority through mould forming. Due to mould forming with high quality, high yield, materials, low-cost characteristics, is now in the national economic sectors, especially automobiles, tractors, aerospace, instrumentation, mechanical manufacturing, household appliances, petrochemical, light industry and other daily necessities are extremely wide range of applications in the industrial sector.Now, technology has become a country's products in the manufacture of the die level one of the important symbols of, research and development of mould technology, promoting the development of the national economy has a special significance. Mold industry to promote the development and the improvement of the quality of industrial production, and to have a great economic benefit, resulting each country attaches great importance to and appreciated. In Japan, mould was known as "into the motivity of affluent society", in Germany called "Kings in the metal processing industry", in Romania as "mold is gold". So it can be asserted, as the rapid development of industrial production, mould industry position in the national economy will be growing, mold technology will also continue to develop and play an increasingly important role in the development of the national economy.Mold is the content of high technology products, is designed for industrial production, and for a specific product is special production process equipment, with the development of industrial products to diversify, moldproduction, material from the shape, size, quantity, structure, accuracy, conditions of use and terms of life, towards diversified development trends are becoming increasingly apparent. Single piece production mold is essentially according to the order contract, therefore, mold product diversity and single piece production technique features very prominent. Therefore, design, technology, process and equipment of the factory and management, has to adapt to the characteristics of this technology. Most sophisticated die requires high-precision machining, testing devices require high precision. Mold processing technology of mechanical, electronic and chemical and optical industry technical elite. At the same time, die reliance on skilled craftsmen is far greater than that of other processing industries. Therefore, advanced technology and skilled techniques rely on the mold technical characteristics of the product. With the rapid development of technology, especially information technology, and other high-tech applications in mould design and manufacture an increasingly widespread and increasingly demanding high-tech made to die, die of high-tech features will become increasingly apparent, and for skilled techniques rely on will gradually fade.As a basis for industrial production technology and equipment, mold occupy an important position in the national economy, mold technology has also become a country's level of product manufacturing one of the important symbols. Since the 80 's, China's mould industry development was very rapid. Rapid development of the national economy put increasingly higher demands on the mouldindustry, also provided a great impetus for its development. Over the years, China die and mould industry has been 15% the growth rate of around rapid development. At present, more than 17,000 more mold production plant in China, numbers of employees is about more than 500,000. 1999 China mold industrial output value reached 24.5 billion yuan. Gross output value of industrial enterprises accounted for captive use in two-thirds, as the sale of goods of about one-third.In die and mould industry in GDP, stamping mould design about 50%, about 33% plastic mould, die about 6%, other types of mould about 11%. Sincereform and opening up, China die and mould industry enterprises ownership composition of tremendous changes have taken place. In addition to State-owned professional mould factory, mould manufacturers of other forms of ownership, including collective enterprises, joint ventures, wholly-owned enterprises and private enterprises, have achieved rapid development, collective Mold, and private enterprises in Guangdong and Zhejiang provinces have developed most rapidly. For example, and huangyan area, Ningbo, Zhejiang, collective enterprises and private enterprises engaged in mold manufacturing up to thousands of homes, became the well-known "mould town" and one of the most dynamic region in the development. In Guangdong, some group companies and the rapid rise of township and town enterprises, to enhance the market competitiveness of its products, joining the die manufacturing inputs, for example, kelon, midea, KONKA and power group has established its own mouldmanufacturingcenter. Sino-foreign joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises concentrated in coastal industrialized areas of the mould, is now on thousands of homes. For example, Wuxi micro research is a Japan-owned enterprises, employees have more than 200 employees, with precision CNC mold processing equipment more than more than 60, 1998 the die output of more than 200 million Yuan.Technical level of China die and mould industry have also made considerable progress in recent years. At present, the country can produce precision precision multi-position progressive die for up to 2 microns, maximum number of stations has reached 160, life 1~2 billions. In a large plastic mould, now has been able to produce 48-inch TV plastic shell and 6.5Kg of large capacity washing machine plastic moulds, as well as auto mold such as bumpers, dashboards as a whole. In terms of precision plastic mold, the domestic plastic mould, has been able to produce a camera multiple-cavity mould and plastic mould and small modulus gear. In terms of large precision diecasting die for the complex, is capable of producing escalators in China overall pedal die and Diecasting die for automobile rear axle gearbox. In terms of auto mould, is now part of Panel die manufacturing new cars. Other types ofmold, such as segmented radial tire mold, aluminum alloy and plastic door and window profile Extrusion die, also reached a higher level, and can replace imported die.Although the die industry in the past has achieved remarkable development in more than 10 years, but in many respects compared with industrialized countries are still a large gap. For example, the proportion of precision machining equipment in mold processing equipment is still relatively low, penetration of CAD/CAE/CAM technologies is not high, many advanced die technology applications are not broad enough, and so on. Particularly in large, sophisticated, complex and long life on the mould technology there is a significant gap, these types of mould production capacity cannot meet domestic demand, requiring a large number of imported from abroad.However, since China's mould industry has a late start, compared with foreign countries, there are still big gaps, mainly reflected in: production and demand contradiction: as the level of industrial development continues to improve, update rate of industrial products, growing demand to die. Neither the quantity nor the quality are unable to meet the needs of the domestic market, only about 70%. Cause contradictions are low levels of specialization, standardization of mould enterprises, long production period. In addition, the level of design and manufacturing process are not yet fully meet the needs of development.Irrational enterprise structure: many mould production capacity in China is concentrated in the mould of the host plant within the factory or workshop, low levels of commercialization of the mold, and abroad over 70% is specialized in mould factory, and is taking the "small but excellent" road, therefore production are of high efficiency and cost-effectiveness.Product level: measure the mould level of products, mainly in manufacturing precision and surface roughness of mould processing, processing complexity of the mold and mold manufacturing cycle and use of life. Gap and that several indicators compared with foreign countries is very clear.In addition, the mold industry as a whole there are also relatively backward equipment, a low utilization rate. Lack of high quality tooling talents, also needed to strengthen product development ability.For insufficient and die market huge of potential, under in China die industrial of status, and contact international advanced level, China die industrial association assist Government developed has in China die industry "15" development planning, determine die industrial focus development area has three aspects: a is on entire die industry development has important effect of main die standard parts; second is technology content high, reflect die manufacturing level and development direction of die; three is currently large import of high-end die. Focus development of die products main has: die frame, including cold die frame, and plastic die frame and pressure mold frame,; die oriented pieces, including Guide column, and guide sets, and channels and the no oil lubrication oriented pieces,; pusher, and push tube, including plastic die with and the pressure mold with of shaped pusher,; heat flow road components, including heat type, and outside hot type, and valve type and tube type,; elastic components, including rectangle spring, and polyurethane elastic body and nitrogen cylinder,; small standard parts, including standard punch die, and poured mouth sets, and positioning ring and hooks,; car cover pieces die, especially car by required of cover pieces die; precision stamping die, including more station level into die, and thick Board fine die and cemented carbide multifunctional composite die,; large plastic die, including car ornaments pieces die and appliances plastic shell die,; precision plastic die, including plastic seal die and multilayer more cavity, and more material, and more color precision plastic die; large thin-walled precision complex pressure mold, including for aluminum, and magnesium, and zinc, and copper and alloy die casting of die; large, and precision forging die; radial tire rubber die; long life glass , Ceramic dies; rapid economic dies; multi-station heading die and extrusion die; plastic mold and plastic pipe road. Hope in the mould Enterprise overall strength is further enhanced, focus, enterprises can reach 50%. 2003 is "15" key for one year, if you do not see the60% of tasks to complete, the plan will fail and die failed, on the whole industry will be affected.In recent years, foreign enterprises to enter China, increased competition, a number of price competition. In order to avoid losses in the long run because of temporary interest and overall development, in the coming year, industry associations will also strengthen the Organization and coordination of mould enterprises, make reasonable price level. At the same time, Research International mould price levels, to guidance and information communication industry.In China, it has become increasingly recognized in important basic position in the manufacture of the die, recognizing the mould level of technology, has become the important symbol of a country's manufacturing levels, and to a large extent determine the quality, efficiency, and new product development capability.Many mold enterprises attach great importance to technology development, increase the intensity of investment for technical progress, the technology progress considered as an important driving force for enterprise development. In addition, many research institutes and tertiary institutions to conduct research and development of die and mold technology. At present, institutions and institutions engaged in research on mould technology has reached more than 30 companies, training institutions have been engaged in mould technology education over more than 50 companies. Where access to key State-funded construction of State Key Laboratory of mold technology, Huazhong University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Beijing Institute of mechanical and electrical CAD National Engineering Research Center National Engineering Research Center of fine blanking technology and Zhengzhou University of technology such as rubber and plastic mold National Engineering Research Center. After years of effort, CAD/CAE/CAM technology in mould, mould EDM and CNC machining technologies, rapid prototyping and rapid tooling technology has made remarkable progress, new die material; in improving the quality of mould and contributed to the reducedmould design and manufacture cycle, and so on.(1) stamping die technologyTo representatives of automobile covering dies for large stamping mould manufacturing technology has made great progress, mold plant of Dongfeng motor company, Faw Center moulds manufacturers have been able to produce some car cover mould. In terms of design and manufacturing methods and technical means to continuously improve, localization in car die in a welcome step forward.Multi-position progressive die and multi-function tooling is focused on developing precision mould varieties in China. At present, there have been manufactured with automatic punching, folding, riveting, counting, grouping, rotor core become skewed, and security features such as protection of iron core-automatic lamination multifunction die. Production of motor stator and rotor dual Rotary laminated hard alloy progressive die step accuracy of up to 20 μ m, life of more than 100 million times. Other multi-position progressive die, such as 20~30 for IC lead frame-station progressive die, hard alloy progressive die for gun parts progressive die for the heat sink and air conditioner, has also reached a higher level.(2) technology of plastic mouldIn recent years, plastic mold is developing rapidly, the proportion of domestic mould plastic mould in industrial output continues to expand. Required for household appliances such as televisions, air conditioning, washing machine plastic mould can largely be based on domestic production. Weighing 10~20 tons of plastic such as car bumpers and dashboards as a whole and as many as 600 die cavity mold has its own production of plastic packaging. In terms of accuracy, plastic dimension precision of up to IT6-7 level, surface roughness reaches Ra0.05-0.025 μ m, plastic mold service life up to more than 1 million.Plastic mould design and manufacture in the popularization of CAD/CAM technology faster, CAE application software has been in the part of manufacturers. Hot runner technology has been widely used, multiple colorinjection technology for gas-assisted injection technology and efficient application started successfully.(3) CAD/CAE/CAM technologyAt present, the domestic mould enterprises has quite a number of manufacturers was popular in computer graphics, and introduction of high-grade CAD/CAE/CAM,UG, Pro/Engineer, I-DEAS, Euclid-IS and other well-known software in China die and mould industry has very broad application. Some manufacturers also introduced a Moldflow, C-Flow, DYNAFORM, Optris and MAGMASOFT CAE software, and successfully applied to plastic mould, stamping mould and die design.In recent years, independent development CAD/CAE/CAM system development in China. For example, central China Polytechnic University die technology national focus laboratory development of injection die, and car cover pieces die and level into die CAD/CAE/CAM software, Shanghai Jiao Tong University die CAD National Engineering Research Center development of cold die and fine rushed Research Center development of cold die and fine die CAD software, Beijing electromechanical Institute development of forging die CAD/CAE/CAM software, Beihang University China are Software Engineering Institute development CAXA software, Jilin car cover pieces forming technology by independent development of commercialization cover pieces stamping forming analysis KMAS software, in domestic die industry has many of user.(4) rapid prototyping/rapid tooling technologiesRapid prototyping/rapid tooling technology in China to be valued and developed, many research institutions devoted to research and development in this area, and continually achieve new results. Tsinghua University, Huazhong University, Xian Communications University, and long Yuan automated systems and other units have independent research and development of rapid prototyping technology and equipment to produce hierarchical object (LOM), three-dimensional light-cured (SLA) and fused deposition modeling (FDM) and the selective sintering (SLS), and other types of rapid prototypingequipment. These devices have been applied to the development of new products in the country, precision casting and rapid tooling, and so on. Rapid tooling technology in several research units, current research more arc spray forming technology and mould by plasma spraying technique. , Low melting point alloy die in stamping die-manufacturing technology has been successfully applied and resin, silicone rubber mold is also applied in the development of new products.(5) Other related technologiesIn recent years, some domestic steel companies have introduced and is equipped with advanced technological equipment, specifications and quality of mould steel is a large improvement. In the mould manufacturing has a more widespread adoption of the new steel, such as cold working die steel-D2, D3, such as A1, A2, LD, 65Nb; H10, hot working die steel H13, H21, 4Cr5MoVSi, 45Cr2NiMoVSi etc; plastic mould steel P20, 3Cr2Mo, PMS, such as SMI, SMII. The application of mould materials has been made in improving the quality of life and better results. Domestic research units on a variety of mold polishing method, and the development of specialized tools and machinery. Pattern etching technology and process level to improve more quickly, widely used in the production of in mould decoration to the grain.Is high speed milling of mold processing technology developed rapidly in recent years. Domestic has some company introduced high speed milling machine, and start the application. The domestic machine tool factory gradually developed some high speed milling machine, and is developing high-speed machine. However, for high speed milling of the surface in the country is not yet widely used.Although China's mould industry and technology have achieved rapid development in the past more than 10 years, but compared with foreign industrial developed countries there are still large gaps, not yet fully meet the needs of rapid development of the national economy.The next ten years, main development direction of China mould industry and technology include:（1）improving design of large, sophisticated, complex, long life molds manufacturing level;（2）in the widespread application of CAD/CAE/CAM technology in mould design and manufacture;（3）Development of rapid prototyping and rapid manufacturing mold for forming technology;（4）In the plastic mold application in hot runner technology, and high pressure injection molding technology of gas-assisted injection molding;（5）Improve standardization of mold and mold standard parts usage;（6）Development of high quality mold surface treatment of materials and advanced technologies;（7）Gradually promote the application of high speed milling in die and mold machining;（8）Further research and development of mould polishing technology and equipment;（9）Research and application of high speed measurement of mould technology and reverse engineering;（10）Development of a new forming technology and die.模具存在的问题及发展状况模具在现代生产中，是生产各种工业产品的重要工艺装备，他它以其特定的形状通过一定的方式使原材料成形。
冲压模具技术外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Stamping technologyIntroductionIn the current fierce market competition, the product to market sooner or later is often the key to the success or failure. Mould is a product of high quality, high efficiency production tool, mold development cycle of the main part of the product development cycle. So the customer requirements for mold development cycle shorter, many customers put the mould delivery date in the first place, and then the quality and price. Therefore, how to ensure the quality, control the cost under the premise of processing mould is a problem worthy of serious consideration. Mold processing technology is an advanced manufacturing technology, has become an important development direction, in the aerospace, automotive, machinery and other industries widely used. Mold processing technology, can improve the comprehensive benefit and competitiveness of manufacturing industry. Research and establish mold process database, provide production enterprises urgently need to high speed cutting processing data, to the promotion of high-speed machining technology has very important significance. This article's main goal is to build a stamping die processing, mold manufacturing enterprises in theactual production combined cutting tool, workpiece and machine tool with the actual situation of enterprise itself accumulate to high speed cutting processing instance, process parameters and experience of high speed cutting database selectively to store data, not only can save a lot of manpower and material resources, financial resources, but also can guide the high speed machining production practice, to improve processing efficiency, reduce the tooling cost and obtain higher economic benefits.1. The concept, characteristics and application of stampingStamping is a pressure processing method that uses a mold installed on a press machine (mainly a press) to apply pressure to a material to cause it to separate or plastically deform, thereby obtaining a desired part (commonly referred to as a stamped or stamped part). Stamping is usually cold deformation processing of the material at room temperature, and the main use of sheet metal to form the required parts, it is also called cold stamping or sheet metal stamping. Stamping is one of the main methods of material pressure processing or plastic processing, and is affiliated with material forming engineering.The stamping die is called stamping die, or die. Dies are special tools for the batch processing of materials (metal or non-metallic) into the required stampings. Stamping is critical in stamping. There is no die that meets the requirements. Batch stamping production is difficult. Without advanced stamping, advanced stamping processes cannot be achieved.Stamping processes and dies, stamping equipment, and stamping materials constitute the three elements of stamping. Only when they are combined can stampings be obtained.Compared with other methods of mechanical processing and plastic processing, stamping processing has many unique advantages in both technical and economic aspects, and its main performance is as follows;(1) The stamping process has high production efficiency, easy operation, and easy realization of mechanization and automation. This is because stamping is accomplished by means of die and punching equipment. The number of strokes for ordinary presses can reach several tens of times per minute, and the high-speed pressure can reach hundreds or even thousands of times per minute, and each press stroke is You may get a punch.(2) Since the die ensures the dimensional and shape accuracy of the stamping part during stamping, and generally does not destroy the surface quality of the stamping part, the life of the die is generally longer, so the stamping quality is stable, the interc hangeability is good, and it has “the same” Characteristics.(3) Stamping can process parts with a wide range of sizes and shapes, such as stopwatches as small as clocks, as large as automobile longitudinal beams, coverings, etc., plus the cold deformation hardening effect of materials during stamping, the strength of stamping and Thestiffness is high.(4) Stamping generally does not generate scraps, material consumption is less, and no other heating equipment is required. Therefore, it is a material-saving and energy-saving processing method, and the cost of stamping parts is low.However, the molds used for stamping are generally specialized, and sometimes a complex part requires several sets of molds for forming, and the precision of the mold manufacturing is high and the technical requirements are high. It is a technology-intensive product. Therefore, the advantages of stamping can only be fully realized in the case of large production volume of stamping parts, so as to obtain better economic benefits.Stamping is widely used in modern industrial production, especially in mass production. A considerable number of industrial sectors are increasingly using punching to process product components such as automobiles, agricultural machinery, instruments, meters, electronics, aerospace, aerospace, home appliances, and light industry. In these industrial sectors, the proportion of stamped parts is quite large, at least 60% or more, and more than 90%. Many of the parts that were manufactured in the past using forging = casting and cutting processes are now mostly replaced by light-weight, rigid stampings. Therefore, it can be said that if the stamping process cannot be adopted in production, it isdifficult for many industrial departments to increase the production efficiency and product quality, reduce the production cost, and quickly replace the product.2. Basic process and mould for stampingDue to the wide variety of stamped parts and the different shapes, sizes, and precision requirements of various parts, the stamping process used in production is also varied. Summarized, can be divided into two major categories of separation processes and forming processes; Separation process is to make the blank along a certain contour line to obtain a certain shape, size and section quality stamping (commonly referred to as blanking parts) of the process; forming process refers to The process of producing a stamped part of a certain shape and size by plastic deformation of the blank without breaking.The above two types of processes can be divided into four basic processes: blanking, bending, deep drawing and forming according to different basic deformation modes. Each basic process also includes multiple single processes.In actual production, when the production volume of the stamped part is large, the size is small and the tolerance requirement is small, it is not economical or even difficult to achieve the requirement if the stamping is performed in a single process. At this time, a centralized scheme is mostly used in the process, that is, two or more singleprocesses are concentrated in a single mold. Different methods are called combinations, and they can be divided into compound-graded and compound- Progressive three combinations.Composite stamping - A combination of two or more different single steps at the same station on the die in one press stroke.Progressive stamping - a combination of two or more different single steps on a single work station in the same mold at a single working stroke on the press.Composite - Progressive - On a die combination process consisting of composite and progressive two ways.There are many types of die structure. According to the process nature, it can be divided into blanking die, bending die, drawing die and forming die, etc.; the combination of processes can be divided into single-step die, compound die and progressive die. However, regardless of the type of die, it can be regarded as consisting of two parts: the upper die and the lower die. The upper die is fixed on the press table or the backing plate and is a fixed part of the die. During work, the blanks are positioned on the lower die surface by positioning parts, and the press sliders push the upper die downwards. The blanks are separated or plastically deformed under the action of the die working parts (ie, punch and die) to obtain the required Shape and size of punching pieces. When the upper mold is lifted, the unloading and ejecting device of the moldremoves or pushes and ejects the punching or scrap from the male and female molds for the next punching cycle.3. Current status and development direction of stamping technologyWith the continuous advancement of science and technology and the rapid development of industrial production, many new technologies, new processes, new equipment, and new materials continue to emerge, thus contributing to the constant innovation and development of stamping technology. Its main performance and development direction are as follows:(1) The theory of stamping and the stamping process The study of stamping forming theory is the basis for improving stamping technology. At present, the research on the stamping forming theory at home and abroad attaches great importance, and significant progress has been made in the study of material stamping performance, stress and strain analysis in the stamping process, study of the sheet deformation law, and the interaction between the blank and the mold. . In particular, with the rapid development of computer technology and the further improvement of plastic deformation theory, computer simulation techniques for the plastic forming process have been applied at home and abroad in recent years, namely the use of finite element (FEM) and other valuable analytical methods to simulate the plastic forming process of metals. According to the analysis results, the designer can predict the feasibility and possiblequality problems of a certain process scheme. By selecting and modifying the relevant parameters on the computer, the process and mold design can be optimized. This saves the cost of expensive trials and shortens the cycle time.Research and promotion of various pressing technologies that can increase productivity and product quality, reduce costs, and expand the range of application of stamping processes are also one of the development directions of stamping technology. At present, new precision, high-efficiency, and economical stamping processes, such as precision stamping, soft mold forming, high energy high speed forming, and dieless multi-point forming, have emerged at home and abroad. Among them, precision blanking is an effective method for improving the quality of blanking parts. It expands the scope of stamping processing. The thickness of precision blanking parts can reach 25mm at present, and the precision can reach IT16~17; use liquid, rubber, polyurethane, etc. Flexible die or die soft die forming process can process materials that are difficult to process with ordinary processing methods and parts with complex shapes, have obvious economic effects under specific production conditions, and adopt energy-efficient forming methods such as explosion for processing. This kind of sheet metal parts with complex dimensions, complex shapes, small batches, high strength and high precision has important practical significance; Superplastic forming of metal materialscan be used to replace multiple common stampings with one forming. Forming process, which has outstanding advantages for machining complex shapes and large sheet metal parts; moldless multi-point forming process is an advanced technology for forming sheet metal surfaces by replacing the traditional mold with a group of height adjustable punches. Independently designed and manufactured an international leading-edge moldless multi-point forming equipment, which solves the multi-point press forming method and can therefore be Changing the state of stress and deformation path, improving the forming limit of the material, while repeatedly using the forming technology may eliminate the residual stress within the material, the rebound-free molding. The dieless multi-point forming system takes CAD/CAM/CAE technology as the main means to quickly and economically realize the automated forming of three-dimensional surfaces.(2) Dies are the basic conditions for achieving stamping production. In the design and manufacture of stampings, they are currently developing in the following two aspects: On the one hand, in order to meet the needs of high-volume, automatic, precision, safety and other large-volume modern production, stamping is To develop high-efficiency, high-precision, high-life, multi-station, and multi-function, compared with new mold materials and heat treatment technologies, various high-efficiency, precision, CNC automatic mold processing machine toolsand testing equipment and molds CAD/CAM technology is also rapidly developing; On the other hand, in order to meet the needs of product replacement and trial production or small-batch production, zinc-based alloy die, polyurethane rubber die, sheet die, steel die, combination die and other simple die And its manufacturing technology has also been rapidly developed.Precision, high-efficiency multi-station and multi-function progressive die and large-scale complex automotive panel die represent the technical level of modern die. At present, the precision of the progressive die above 50 stations can reach 2 microns. The multifunctional progressive die can not only complete the stamping process, but also complete welding, assembly and other processes. Our country has been able to design and manufacture its own precision up to the international level of 2 to 5 microns, precision 2 to 3 microns into the distance, the total life of 100 million. China's major automotive mold enterprises have been able to produce complete sets of car cover molds, and have basically reached the international level in terms of design and manufacturing methods and means. However, the manufacturing methods and methods have basically reached the international level. The mold structure and function are also close to international Level, but there is still a certain gap compared with foreign countries in terms of manufacturing quality, accuracy, manufacturing cycle and cost.4. Stamping standardization and professional productionThe standardization and professional production of molds has been widely recognized by the mold industry. Because the die is a single-piece, small-volume production, the die parts have both certain complexity and precision, as well as a certain structural typicality. Therefore, only the standardization of the die can be achieved, so that the production of the die and the die parts can be professionalized and commercialized, thereby reducing the cost of the die, improving the quality of the die and shortening the manufacturing cycle. At present, the standard production of molds in foreign advanced industrial countries has reached 70% to 80%. Mould factories only need to design and manufacture working parts, and most of the mold parts are purchased from standard parts factories, which greatly increases productivity. The more irregular the degree of specialization of the mold manufacturing plant, the more and more detailed division of labor, such as the current mold factory, mandrel factory, heat treatment plant, and even some mold factories only specialize in the manufacture of a certain type of product or die The bending die is more conducive to the improvement of the manufacturing level and the shortening of the manufacturing cycle. China's stamp standardization and specialized production have also witnessed considerable development in recent years. In addition to the increase in the number of standard parts specialized manufacturers, the number ofstandard parts has also expanded, and the accuracy has also improved. However, the overall situation can not meet the requirements of the development of the mold industry, mainly reflected in the standardization level is not high (usually below 40%), the standard parts of the species and specifications are less, most standard parts manufacturers did not form a large-scale production, standard parts There are still many problems with quality. In addition, the sales, supply, and service of standard parts production have yet to be further improved.中文译文冲压模具技术前言在目前激烈的市场竞争中, 产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。
冲压模具类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
模具工业是国民经济的基础工业，是国际上公认的关键工业，工业发达国家称之为“工业之母”。
模具成型具有效率高，质量好，节省原材料，降低产品成本等优点。
采用模具制造产品零件已成为当今工业的重要工艺手段。
模具在机械，电子，轻工，纺织，航空，航天等工业领域里，已成为使用最广泛的工业化生产的主要工艺装备，它承担了这些工业领域中60%--80%产品零件，组件和部件的加工生产。
“模具就是产品质量”，“模具就是经济效益”的观念已被越来越多的人所认识和接受。
在中国，人们已经认识到模具在制造业中的重要基础地位，认识更新换代的速度，新产品的开发能力，进而决定企业的应变能力和市场竞争能力。
在目前用薄钢板制造发动机罩盖的传统还是会持续相当一段时间，所以有必要在钢板的基础上通过利用计算机软件的功能分析零件的工艺性能（结构合理，受力，是否容易冲出破面、、、），发现现有零件的不足之处，讨论并确定改进这些不足之处，进而改善模具的设计，改良冲裁方式；最终实现产品的改良，改善产品的力学性能，外观，使用效果，和造价等等。
冲压加工是通过模具来实现的，从模具角度来看，模具生产技术水平的高低，已成为衡量一个国家产品制造水平高低的重要标志，因为模具在很大程度上决定着产品的质量、效益和新产品的开发能力。
“模具是工业生产的基础工艺装备”也已经取得了共识。
据统计，在电子、汽车、电机、电器、仪器、仪表、家电和通信等产品中，60%～80%的零部件都要依靠模具成形。
用模具生产制件所具备的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比拟的。
同时，冲压加工也创造了巨大的价值增值，模具是“效益放大器”，用模具生产的最终产品的价值，往往是模具自身价值的几十倍、上百倍。
目前全世界模具年产值约为600亿美元，日、美等工业发达国家的模具工业产值已超过机床工业，从1997年开始，我国模具工业产值也超过了机床工业产值。
其中冲压模具在所有模具（锻造模、压铸模、注塑模等）中，无论从数量、重量或者是从价值上都位居榜首。
2024年冷冲压模具市场发展现状
冷冲压模具市场发展现状引言冷冲压模具是现代工业中重要的加工工具，广泛应用于汽车、家电、电子等行业。
随着市场需求的不断增长，冷冲压模具市场也呈现出快速发展的趋势。
本文将对冷冲压模具市场的发展现状进行详细分析。
冷冲压模具市场规模冷冲压模具市场在过去几年中保持了强劲的增长势头。
根据行业数据显示，冷冲压模具市场规模从2015年的200亿人民币增长至2019年的300亿人民币，年均增长率超过10%。
市场规模的增长主要得益于汽车工业和家电行业的快速发展。
冷冲压模具市场的主要应用领域汽车行业汽车行业是冷冲压模具市场最主要的应用领域之一。
随着全球汽车销量的增长，汽车制造商对冷冲压模具的需求也越来越大。
冷冲压技术可以有效地加工汽车车身、发动机、底盘等部件，赋予汽车更好的强度和轻量化特性。
近年来，随着新能源汽车的兴起，冷冲压模具在电动汽车领域的应用也取得了显著的增长。
家电行业随着人们生活水平的提高和家庭电器消费需求的增加，家电行业对冷冲压模具的需求也在不断增长。
冰箱、洗衣机、空调等家电产品的外壳和内部零部件常常需要通过冷冲压技术进行加工。
冷冲压模具的应用可以提高家电产品的制造效率和质量，降低生产成本。
冷冲压模具市场的竞争格局冷冲压模具市场的竞争格局相对较为分散。
目前，市场上存在着许多中小型的冷冲压模具制造企业，以及少数优秀的大型企业。
这些企业在技术研发和产品质量方面具备一定的竞争优势。
同时，一些知名的模具制造企业也在积极开发新的冷冲压模具技术，以应对市场的需求变化。
冷冲压模具市场的发展趋势技术创新随着制造业的转型升级和智能制造的推进，冷冲压模具市场将面临技术升级和创新的挑战。
新的材料、新的工艺以及数字化、智能化的模具制造技术将成为市场发展的新动力。
模具制造企业需要加大研发投入，提高自主创新能力，以适应市场对高性能冷冲压模具的需求。
产品升级随着市场竞争的加剧，冷冲压模具制造企业需要不断提升产品质量和技术水平，以满足用户多样化的需求。
冲压模具外文翻译
Punching die has been widely used in industrial production.In the traditional industrial production,the worker work very hard,and there are too much work,so the efficiency is low.With the development of the science and technology nowadays,the use of punching die in the industial production gain more attention, and be used in the industrial production more andmore.Self-acting feed technology of punching die is also used in production, punching die could increase the efficience of production and could alleviate the work burden，so it has significant meaning in technologic progress and economic value.The article mainly discussed the classification,feature and the developmental direction of the pnnching technology. Elaborated the punching components formation principle, the basic dies structure and the rate process and the principle of design; and designed some conventional punching die:the die for big diameter three direction pipe which solved the problom of traditional machining,the drawing and punching compound die with float punch-matrix,the drawing and cutting compound dies with unaltered press,the compound die for the back bowl of the noise keeper,the design of the compound die which could produce two workpieces in one punching,the bending die for the ring shape part ,the bending die which used the gemel ,automate loading die for cutting, the drawing,punching and burring compound dies with sliding automated loading,the punching die for the long pipe with two row of hole,the drawing die for the square box shape workpiece and the burring die for the box shape workpiece.The punching dies that utilized the feature of the normal punch shaped the workpiece in the room temperature,and its efficiency and economic situation is excellent.The dies here discussed can be easily made,conveniently used, and safely operated.And it could be used as the reference in the large scale production of similar workpieces.CAD and CAM are widely applied in mould design and mould making. CAD allows you to draw a model on screen, then view it from every angle using 3-D animation and, finally, to test it by introducing various parameters into the digital simulation models(pressure, temperature, impact, etc.) CAM, on the other hand, allows you to control the manufacturing quality. The advantages of these computer technologies are legion: shorter design times(modifications can be made at the speed of the computer),lower cost, faster manufacturing, etc. This new approach also allows shorter production runs, and to makelast-minute changes to the mould for a particular part. Finally, also, these new processes can be used to make complex parts.Computer-Aided Design(CAD)of MouldTraditionally, the creation of drawings of mould tools has been atime-consuming task that is not part of the creative process. Drawings are an organizational necessity rather than a desired part of the process.Computer-Aided Design(CAD) means using the computer and peripheral devices to simplify and enhance the design process .CAD systems offer an efficient means of design, and can be used to create inspection programs when used in conjunction with coordinate measuring machines and other inspection equipment.CAD data also can play a critical role in selecting process sequence.A CAD system consists of three basic components: hardware, software, users. The hardware components of a typical CAD system include a processor, a system display, a keyboard, a digitizer, and a plotter. The software component of a CAD system consists of the programs which allow it to perform design and drafting functions. The user is the tool designer who uses the hardware and software to perform the design process.Based on the 3-D data of the product, the core and cavity have to be designed first. Usually the designer begins with a preliminary part design, which means the work around the core and the cavity could change. Modern CAD systems can support this with calculating a split line for a defined draft direction, splitting the part in the core and cavity side and generating therun-off or shut-off surfaces. After the calculation of the optimal draft of the part, the position and direction of the cavity, slides and inserts have to bedefined .Then in the conceptual stage, the positions and the geometry of the mould components---such as slides, ejection system, etc.----are roughly defined. With this information, the size and thickness of the plates can be defined and the corresponding standard mould can be chosen from the standard catalog. If no standard mould fits these needs, the standard mould that comes nearest to the requirements is chosen and changedaccordingly---by adjusting the constraints and parameters so that any number of plates with any size can be used in the mould. Detailing the functional components and adding the standard components complete themould(Fig.23.1).This all happens in 3-D. Moreover, the mould system provides functions for the checking, modifying and detailing of the part .Already in this early stage, drawings and bill of materials can be created automatically. Through the use of 3-D and the intelligence of the mould design system, typical 2-D mistakes---such as a collision between cooling andcomponents/cavities or the wrong position of a hole---can be eliminated at the beginning. At any stage a bill of materials and drawings can becreated---allowing the material to be ordered on time and always having an actual document to discuss with the customer or a bid for a mould base manufacturer.The use of a special 3-D mould design system can shorten development cycles, improve mould quality, enhance teamwork and free the designer from tedious routine work. The economical success, however, is highly dependentupon the organization of the workflow. The development cycles can be shortened only when organizational and personnel measures are taken. The part design, mould design, electric design and mould manufacturing departments have no consistently work together in a tight relationship. Computer-Aided Manufacturing(CAM)of MouldOne way to reduce the cost of manufacturing and reduce lead-time is by setting up a manufacturing system that uses equipment and personnel to their fullest potential. The foundation for this type of manufacturing system is the use of CAD data to help in making key process decisions that ultimately improve machining precision and reduce non-productive time. This is called as computer -aided manufacturing (CAM).The objective of CAM is to produce, if possible, sections of a mould without intermediate steps by initiating machining operations from the computer workstation.With a good CAM system , automation does not just occur within individual features. Automation of machining processes also occurs between all of the features that make up a part, resulting in tool-path optimization. As you create features ,the CAM system constructs a process plan for you .Operations are ordered based on a system analysis to reduce tool changes and the number of tools used.On the CAM side, the trend is toward newer technologies and processes such as milling to support the manufacturing of high-precision injection moulds with 3-D structures and high surface qualities. CAM software will continue to add to the depth and breadth of the machining intelligence inherent in the software until the CNC programming process becomes completely automatic. This is especially true for advanced multifunction machine tools that require a more flexible combination of machining operations. CAM software will continue to automate more and more of manufacturing's redundant work that can be handled faster and more accurately by computers , while retaining the control that machinists need.With the emphasis in the mould making industry today on producing moulds in the most efficient manner while still maintaining quality, moludmakers need to keep up with the latest software technologies-packages that will allow them to program and cut complex moulds quickly so that mould production time can be reduced. In a nutshell, the industry is moving toward improving the quality of data exchange between CAD and CAM as well as CAM to the CNC, and CAM software is becoming more "intelligent" as it relates to machining processes_resulting in reduction in both cycle time and overall machining time. Five-axis machining also is emerging as a "must-have" on the shop floor-especially when dealing with deep cavities.And with the introduction of electronic data processing(EDP)into the mould making industry, new opportunities have arisenin mould-making to shorten production time, improve cost efficiencies and higher quality.冲压模具已广泛应用于工业，在传统的工业生产，工人工作很辛苦，有太多的工作，所以效率是很低.在科学和技术的今天，使用的冲压模具开发在实业生产获得更多的关注，并在工业生产中越来越被关注.冲压模具用饲料技术也可用于生产，冲压模具可提高生产的有效性，可以减轻工作负担，因此在科技进步和经济价值具有重要意义。
冷冲模具使用寿命中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策冲压模具概述冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中，将材料（金属或非金属）加工成零件（或半成品）的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冷冲压模具（俗称冷冲模）。
冲压--是在室温下，利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。
冲压模具的形式很多，一般可按以下几个主要特征分类：１．根据工艺性质分类（1）冲裁模沿封闭或敞开的轮廓线使材料产生分离的模具。
如落料模、冲孔模、切断模、切口模、切边模、剖切模等。
（2）弯曲模使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿着直线（弯曲线）产生弯曲变形，从而获得一定角度和形状的工件的模具。
（3）拉深模是把板料毛坯制成开口空心件，或使空心件进一步改变形状和尺寸的模具。
（4）成形模是将毛坯或半成品工件按图凸、凹模的形状直接复制成形，而材料本身仅产生局部塑性变形的模具。
如胀形模、缩口模、扩口模、起伏成形模、翻边模、整形模等。
２．根据工序组合程度分类（1）单工序模在压力机的一次行程中，只完成一道冲压工序的模具。
（2）复合模只有一个工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在同一工位上同时完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。
（3）级进模（也称连续模）在毛坯的送进方向上，具有两个或更多的工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在不同的工位上逐次完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。
冲冷冲模全称为冷冲压模具。
冷冲压模具是一种应用于模具行业冷冲压模具及其配件所需高性能结构陶瓷材料的制备方法，高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料由氧化锆、氧化钇粉中加铝、镨元素构成，制备工艺是将氧化锆溶液、氧化钇溶液、氧化镨溶液、氧化铝溶液按一定比例混合配成母液，滴入碳酸氢铵，采用共沉淀方法合成模具及其配件陶瓷材料所需的原材料，反应生成的沉淀经滤水、干燥，煅烧得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料超微粉，再经过成型、烧结、精加工，便得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料。
本发明的优点是本发明制成的冷冲压模具及其配件使用寿命长，在冲压过程中未出现模具及其配件与冲压件产生粘结现象，冲压件表面光滑、无毛刺，完全可以替代传统高速钢、钨钢材料。
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外文翻译---冷冲压模具发展现状附录A冷冲压模具发展现状模具是高新技术产业的一个组成部分，是工业生产的重要基础装备．用模具生产的产品，其价值往往是模具价值的几十倍。
模具技术是一门技术综合性强的精密基础工艺装备技术，涉及新技术、新工艺、新材料、新设备的开发与推广应用．是冶金、材料、计量、机电一体化、计算机等多门学科以及铸、锻、热处理、机加工、检测等诸多工种共同打造的系统工程。
用模具生产制品具有高效率、低消耗、高一致性、高精度和高复杂程度等特点，这是其他任何加工制造方法所不及的。
目前，模具制造业已成为与高新技术产业互为依托的产业，模具工业技术水平的高低已成为衡量国家制造业水平的重要标志之一。
对任何国家来说，制造产业是综合国力及技术水平的体现．而模具行业的发展是制造产业的基础和关键。
针对这种情况，国家出台了相应的政策，正积极发展模具制造产业。
一、冷冲模具工业历史悠久冷冲压加工工艺在我国已有悠久的历史。
据文献记载：我国劳动人民远在青铜时期就发现了金属具有锤击变形的性能，到了战国时代(公元前403一前221年)已经能炼剑淬火。
我们的祖先在2300年前已掌握了锤击金属制造兵器和各种日用品技术。
在漫长的封建社会时期，我国劳动人民在金、银、铜装饰品和日用品的制作中，更是显示出了精巧的工艺技术和高超的艺术水平，令人叹为观止。
近代，从上个世纪20年代开始，金属制品、玩具和小五金等行业就开始使用冲床、压力机等简易机械设备及相应的模具加工产品的毛坯或某些零部件，其中的“刀口模子”专门用于落料、冲孔，“坞工模子”可用于金属拉伸。
由于生产力较为低下，技术水平不够．当时各厂使用的冲压设备功率都不大，甚至大多还是手扳脚踏。
模具加工业以手工为主，故而模具的精度不高，损坏率大。
直到20世纪40年代初，出现水压机冷冲模具。
50年代公私合营后．增添了磨床、铣床和锯床等设备，又配上硬度计、外径内径测定器和块规等较为精密的测量设备，冷冲模具的精度得以提高。
六七十年代，随着产品生产大量使用冲压机床，冷冲模具已从原来单冲落料、单冲孔模具发展为落料、冲孔复合模。
同时由于冷冲模架标准件的出现，使模具设计结构形式多样化，精度也由此提高。
与此同时．随着热处理技术的进步和检测手段的完善，冷冲模具使用寿命提高5～7倍。
这一时期．还由于成型磨削、电脉冲和线切割机等机床相继使用，又采用硬质合金为模具材料，冷冲模具的制作工艺有了新的发展。
设计人员改进制模工艺，具有自动送料、自动理片和接料装置的复合模具大量问世。
靠模铣床引进后，用石膏、术模或实物即可翻制出相同形状的模芯，使复合托深模具的制作方便了许多，确保了精度。
70年代以后，使用斜度线切割机加工冷冲模具．其凸模(冲头)和凹模可先淬火处理再切割装配，取代了原来冷冲模具制作需要热处理一装配一变形修正的繁琐工艺，模具的精度可达到0．01ram。
可以说这段时间我国的模具产业发展日新月异。
二、冷冲模具工业的现状到了21世纪．随着计算机软件的发展和进步．CAD／CAE／CAM技术日臻成熟，其现代模具中的应用越来越广泛。
目前我国冲压模具无论在数量上，还是在质量、技术和能力等方面都已有了很大发展，但与国民经济需求和世界先进水平相比，仍具有较大的差异，一些大型、精密、复杂、长寿命的高档模具每年仍大量进口，特别是中高档轿车的覆盖件模具。
目前仍主要依靠进口。
而一些低档次的简单冲模，则已供过于求，市场竞争非常激烈。
根据中国模具工业协会的统计数据，2009年中国模具进出口总额为38．07亿美元，比上年下降3．03％。
其中进口总额为19．64亿美元，同比减少2％；出口总额为18．43亿美元，同比减少4．1l％。
按模具种类分．进出口最高的仍是塑料橡胶模具，分别占了进出口额的50．12％和70．26％；其次是冲压模具，分别占了进出口额的42．42％和22．07％。
按进口货源地分，进口模具主要来自日本、韩国、德国，其次是中国台湾、美国、加拿大、意大利、新加坡、丹麦和法国；按出口目的地分，中国出口模具的市场主要是香港、美国和日本．其次是德国、印度、中国台湾、法国、巴西、韩国和越南；按出口货源地分，出口模具主要来自广东、浙江和江苏。
从进出口模具价格方面分析．2009年出口冲压模具平均每吨价8894．5美元．比上年上升13．5％；出口塑料橡胶模具平均每套价963美元，比上年上升15．6％。
如果与进口价相比较，冲压模具平均每吨进出口之比为1．8：1；塑料橡胶模具平均每套进出口之比为2．5：l。
与上年相比，差距明显缩小。
中国模具工业协会的分析指出，从上述价格可看出，中国出El模具的技术含量和附加值比上年又有了上升，与进口模具相比，技术和价格差距也在不断缩小，充分体现出了2009年中国模具产业的技术进步。
三、冷冲模具的发展方向发展模具工业的关键是制造模具的技术、相关人才以及模具材料。
模具技术的发展是模具工业发展最关键的—个因素，其发展方向应该为适应模具产品“交货期短”、“精度高”、“质量好”和“价格低”的要求服务。
为此，急需发展如下几项：1．全面推广模具CAD／CAM／CAE技术：随着微机软件发展和进步，普及CAD ／CAM／CAE技术的条件已基本成熟，各企业需要加大CAD／CAM技术培训和技术服务的力度，同时进一步扩大CAE技术的应用范围。
计算机和网络的发展可以促进CAD／CAM／CAE技术跨地区、跨企业、跨院所地在整个行业中推广，实现技术资源重新整合。
使虚拟制造成为可能。
2．模具扫描及数字化系统：高速扫描机和模具扫描系统具备从模型或实物扫描到加工出期望的模型所需的诸多功能，这样可以大大缩短模具研制制造周期。
将快速扫描系统安装在已有的数控铣床及加工中心上，可以实现快速数据采集、自动生成各种不同数控系统的加工程序、不同格式的CAD数据，用于模具制造业的“逆向工程”。
3．电火花加工：电火花加工(EDM)虽然已受到高速铣削的严峻挑战，但其固有特性和独特的加工方法是高速铣削所不能完全替代的。
例如对模具的复杂型面、深窄小型腔、尖角、窄缝、沟槽、深坑等处的加工，EDM有其无可比拟的优点。
复杂、精密小型腔及微细型腔和去除刀痕、完成尖角、窄缝、沟槽、深坑加工及花纹加工等，将是今后EDM应用的重点。
为了在模具加工中进一步发挥其独特的作用，今后将不断提高EDM的效率、自动化程度、加工的表面完整性和设备的精密化和大型化，作为可持续发展战略，绿色EDM新技术是未来重要发展趋势。
4．优质材料及先进表面处理技术：选用优质钢材和应用相应的表面处理技术来提高模具的寿命就显得十分必要。
5．模具研磨抛光将自动化、智能化：模具表面的质量对模具使用寿命、制件外观质量等方面均有较大的影响，研究自动化、智能化的研磨与抛光方法替代现有手工操作，提高模具表面质量是重要的发展趋势。
6. 模具的失效原因有很多．材料方面的原因占较大的比重，据资料统计，因选材和用材不当，致使模具过早失效。
大约占失效模具的45％以上。
另一方面，在整个模具价格构成中，材料所占比重不大。
一般在20％一30％。
因此，十分有必要选用优质钢材和应用表面处理技术来提高模具的寿命。
模具用钢要采用电渣重熔工艺。
如采用粉末冶金工艺制造的粉末高速钢等。
目前，模具钢品种规格多样化、产品精细化、制品化，尽量缩短供货时间亦是模具行业的重要发展趋势。
7. 冲压模具是冲压牛产中的重要工艺设备，是提高产品质量、节约原材料、体现模制品技术经济性的有效手段。
一副冲模从设计、机械加工、装配、调整到安装使用，工序多，刷期长，加工费用高。
因此，对于冲模除了要求生产效牢高、所冲出零件完全符合质量要求和技术条件外，冲模的使用寿命也是非常重要的。
但由于模具材料、机械加工等一系列内外因素的影响，企业生产中经常导致模具过早失效而报废，造成浪费并可能影响到仓业的正常生产。
实际生产中冲模的失效现象相当频繁，冲模消耗量大。
冲模的失效形式主要有三种: （1）．磨损失效（2）．变形失效（3）．脆裂失效。
分析冲模失效原因，采用各种有效措施防止冲模早期失效，可大大提高冲模使用寿命。
8. 合理设计模具结构冲模结构是影响冲模耐用度的关键，结构不合理容易造成刚性差和壁厚分布不均匀，以及表面缺陷(如表面氧化、脱碳、裂痕、疤痕)都会影响模具材料的性能，造成冲模的早期失效。
模具设计的原则是保证有足够的强度、刚度、同心度、对中性和合理的冲裁间隙，并减少应力集中，以保证由模具生产出来零件符合设计要求。
因此对模具的主要工作零作(如冲模的凸、凹模)要求其导向精度和同心度高。
在冲裁模结构的设计中，凸凹模间隙的合理选取，是保证模具正常工作、延长模具寿命的一个关键因素。
理想的间隙应该是板料冲裁断裂时，凸凹模刃口边所产生的裂纹在一条直线上，否则冲片边缘将出现不允许的毛刺，使得刃口粘结严重，磨损加快，进而影响模具的寿命。
对于冲裁模具有研究表明：在保证冲裁工件质量的前提下，冲裁模具应尽可能选用较大的冲裁间隙，以降低冲裁力，减小模具的磨损从而能提高模具使用寿命。
某厂电机定、转子片为0．5mm 的硅钢片，手册推荐的间隙为0．0 4～O．07ram，约为材料厚度的8％～14％。
按照这个间隙，冲出的定、转子片毛刺虽能控制在规定范围内。
但由于间隙偏小，使得凸模与被冲的孔之间、凹模与落料之间的摩擦严重，造成凸模和凹模侧壁产生粘结，致使模具寿命下降。
为提高冲片质量，延长模具寿命，该厂根据国内外资料信息，在实践中对模具间隙做了试验摸索，证明间隙值为0．09～O．1 1 mm最为合适。
提高模具加工工艺要重视模具钢坯的锻造工艺，消除带状和网状碳化物分布，使流线和冲击力方向垂直。
锻造时为了充分打碎坯料中的碳化物，使其呈弥散状均匀分布，应采用高锻比变向镦拔的方法。
在模具制造加工过程中，必须严格保证模具的尺寸形状精度，避免留下机加工刀痕；过渡部分要平滑，不能有微小缺陷，防止使用过程中出现应力集中裂纹。
电加工及磨削加工后应进行回火，以消除加工应力。
拉深模具的最后抛光工序操作方向应和坯料金属流动的方向一致，凹模型腔应纵向往复而不是圆周运动抛光。
抛光时应注意冷却，防止过热使模具硬度下降。
冲模刃口多采用线切割加工。
由于线切割加工的热效应和电解作用，使模具加工表面产生一定厚度的变质层，造成表面硬度降低，出现显微裂纹等，致使线切割加工的冲模易发生早期磨损，直接影响模具冲裁间隙的保持及刃口容易崩刃，缩短模具使用寿命。
因此，在线切割加工中应选择合理的电规准，尽量减少变质层深度。
冲模的加工精度对冲模的耐用度影响很大。
如在冲裁模中由于装配间隙不均匀，在剪切力作用下常会使凹模啃坏而影响冲模寿命。
同时，冲模表面光洁度过低，也会使冲模的耐用度降低。
因此，在加工时必须要对孔距大小、装配时凸模对固定板支撑面的垂直度、冲模间距的均匀和导套、导柱的导向精度等级给于充分注意。