人格结构的裂变与升华_红字_中丁梅斯代尔与齐灵渥斯的人格对比评析_胡铁生

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普心第十二章人格思维导图

第十二章人格人格概述人格的含义区别于他人稳定而统一的特质人格的特征独特性稳定性统合性功能性人格的结构气质，性格，认知风格，自我调控等人格特质理论奥尔波特的特质理论共同特质个人特质首要特质中心特质次要特质卡特尔的人格特质理论个别特质和共同特质表面特质和根源特质体质特质和环境特质气质特质，能力特质，动力特质艾森克的三因素模型外倾性（E）神经质（N）精神质（P）艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）大五人格理论塔佩斯，麦克雷，科斯塔O开放性C责任心E外倾性A宜人性N 神经质“神人外开心”七因素模型特里根因素分析法正负情绪性，正负效价，可靠性，宜人性，因袭性人格类型理论单一类型理论-弗兰克‘法利代表：T型人格T+型冒险朝向积极健康的方向体格T+型新奇刺激的身体运动智力T+型科学探索等智力活动T-型冒险行为朝向破坏性质对立类型理论福利曼和罗斯曼A型人格敌意，竞争，性情急躁，复有上进心，苦干，时间紧迫感，外箱，言语举止敏捷，社会适应性差B型人格缺乏时间紧迫和竞争意识，满足感强，性情温和举止稳当荣格根据兴趣和关注点指向外倾型人格内倾型人格人的心理活动有思维，感觉，感情，知觉四种基本功能2X4=8种人格类型整合理论-艾森克类型水平特质水平习惯反应水平特殊反应水平精神分析的人格理论弗洛伊德的人格理论人格结构本我自我超我人格发展阶段埃里克森人格发展八阶段阿德勒的个体心理学自卑感与追求卓越生活风格和创造性自我社会兴趣荣格的分析心理学人格结构组成意识个体潜意识集体潜意识常见的自我防御机制压抑，投射，转移，自居，合理化，反向，固着，退化补偿，否认，曲解，升华人本主义人格理论马斯洛的需要层次理论自我实现是马斯洛人格理论的核心罗杰斯的人格理论气质含义：表现在强度，速度，稳定性和灵活性等方面动力特质的心理特征总和气质的理论体液说胆汁质多血质黏液质抑郁质艾森克的类型理论内外倾神经质（稳定性）巴甫洛夫高级神经活动类型学说强度，平衡性，灵活性性格含义性格是指与社会道德评价相联系的人格特质是个人社会规范，伦理道德方面的各种习性的总称类型斯普兰格经济型，理论型，审美型，权力型，社会型，宗教型霍兰德实际型，调查型，艺术型，社会型，企业型，传统型性格与气质的关系区别气质是先天的，无好坏之分，性格是后天环境形成，有好坏气质更多体现生物属性，性格社会属性，人格差异的核心是性格差异联系性格可以掩蔽和改造气质，气质也会使性格带有某种色彩认知风格威特金场独立型场依存型隐蔽图形/镶嵌图形测验卡根冲动型沉思型达斯同时型（右脑）继时型（左脑）影响人格形成与发展的因素自然物理因素生物遗传因素家庭环境因素早期童年因素学校教育因素社会文化因素自我调控因素。

《社会学概论新修》(郑杭生)重点概念

《社会学概论新修》（郑杭生）重点概念汇总第一编社会运行概述1．社会学定义：社会学是关于社会良性运行和协调发展的条件和机制的综合性具体社会科学。

2．社会指标、社会指标体系：社会指标，是衡量社会运行和发展过程的综合的质量和数量的标准。

社会指标体系，是指为综合反映和说明社会或某一方面社会状况而设计的一组具有内在联系的社会指标。

3．当前中国社会要实现良性运行，应注意创造哪些条件，研究哪些问题？1）人口条件是社会运行的基础条件之一。

一般的说，数量适度、质量合格、结构合理的人口是社会良性运行的必要条件。

2）生态环境条件是社会运行的另一个基础条件。

人类与其生存环境的协调发展，同样是社会良性运行、可持续发展的必要条件。

保护生态环境与控制人口一样，是我国基本国策。

3）经济条件是社会运行的决定性条件。

要实现社会的良性运行，必须有生产力的巨大发展。

4）社会运行的政治条件。

就政治是经济的集中表现来说，政治状况如何，对社会运行有直接的影响。

5）社会运行的文化与心理条件。

如果我们把人口、环境、经济等条件视为社会运行的物质条件，那么文化心理条件则可视为一种精神条件。

6）转型加速期和转型效应。

7）迟发展社会与迟发展效果。

4．社会运行机制：社会运行机制是指人类社会在有规律的运动过程中，影响这种运动的各组成因素的结构、功能及其相互联系，以及这些因素产生影响、发挥功能的作用过程和作用原理。

5．科塞：“社会安全阀”机制：社会安全阀机制：让冲突在一个社会中制度化是非常必要的，它能化解或减弱冲突的力量，使之不至于发展到对社会造成严重震荡的程度，从而保证必要的社会整合。

6．社会整合之：“认同性整合”、“互补性整合”：认同性整合是以共同利益为基础的，当人们将某一种利益与自己的个人利益紧密相连、产生一致性认同时，就会努力去维护这种利益，甚至不惜牺牲个人利益。

在共同利益的引导之下，社会成员将会凝聚为一个联系十分紧密的社会整体，这就是认同性整合。

互补性整合是建立在特殊利益基础之上的，是由于社会成员、社会群体之间的异质性和相互需要而产生的相互依赖关系，这种依赖关系促使社会成员、社会群体凝聚为社会整体。

《红字》中的人格结构解析

《红字》中的人格结构解析作者：丁慧来源：《文艺生活·文艺理论》2011年第11期摘要：本文运用弗洛伊德的三重人格结构学说分析霍桑的代表作《红字》中对应这三重人格结构的三个主要人物：齐灵沃斯、海丝特和丁梅斯代尔。

人格结构的三个部分必须相互协调，相互配合才能使心理状态达到平衡，人格才能健全发展，从而实现生存的胜利。

关键词：《红字》；人格结构；本我；自我；超我中图分类号：I106文献标识码：Ａ文章编号：1005-5312（2011）32-0083-01一、引言《红字》是美国著名作家霍桑的代表作，描写了一位年轻美丽，但受不合理婚姻束缚的少妇海斯特·白兰。

她与清教徒牧师丁梅斯代尔相爱并生下女儿珠儿，犯了通奸罪，因此受到当时政教合一机关的惩罚，她必须戴着标志通奸的红色“A”字示众。

本文将运用弗洛伊德的三重人格结构学说分析《红字》中的三个主要人物：齐灵沃斯、海丝特和丁梅斯代尔。

二、本我，超我，自我弗洛伊德在20世纪20年代以后提出了三重人格结构学说。

这一理论的基本观点是，人格也有三个部分组成：本我（id）、自我（ego）和超我（superego）。

本我完全是无意识的，基本上由性本能组成，按“快乐原则”活动；自我代表理性，它感受外界影响，满足本能要求，按“现实原则”活动；超我代表社会道德准则，压抑本能冲动，按“至善原则”活动。

（一）本我“本我是我们的人格中隐秘的、不易接近的部分”]，是一个人与生俱来的各种本能、欲望的总和，完全是无意识的。

它没有善恶，不受道德规范的约束，所以它会不顾后果地要求自我满足，寻求快乐。

《红字》中的齐灵沃斯就有这样一个本我的人格结构。

齐灵沃斯原本是个博学多识，又渴望温情的学者。

长期的孤独使他极度地渴望得到爱。

因此，在与海丝特结婚后，他非常渴望得到新婚妻子的爱。

然而，两年没见新婚妻子，却发现她胸前戴着红色的“A”站在刑台上示众受辱时，他知道海丝特已经背叛了他，齐灵沃斯的爱变成了恨，复仇的心不再受道德规范的约束。

人格的发展历程概述及解释说明

人格的发展历程概述及解释说明1. 引言1.1 概述人格发展是一个持续而复杂的过程，涉及个体从出生到成年的一系列变化和转变。

在这个过程中，基因和环境相互作用并共同塑造着一个人的个性特征和行为方式。

人格发展对于理解人类行为和心理健康至关重要，因此引起了许多学者和研究者的兴趣。

本文旨在概述和解释人格的发展历程，并探讨影响人格发展的多种因素。

首先，我们将定义并回顾人格发展的背景知识，以建立对这一主题的基本理解。

接下来，我们将讨论基因和环境如何相互作用，对个体人格产生影响。

然后，我们将聚焦于儿童期的人格发展阶段，并介绍其特点和重要性。

此外，还将介绍不同的人格类型理论，包括心理动力学理论、社会认知理论以及五大人格特质理论，并分析它们在研究上的应用价值。

最后，在对影响人格发展的因素进行探讨后，我们将总结讨论关于人格发展历程重要性与影响因素的结论，并展望未来研究方向和应用价值。

通过本文的撰写，我们希望能够提供一个全面的人格发展历程概述，并加深对于人格的理解。

了解人格发展的重要性以及影响因素，将为我们更好地了解自己和他人的行为和思维方式提供基础。

同时，本文也为未来在该领域开展研究提供了可能的方向和应用价值。

2. 人格的发展历程2.1 定义与背景人格是指每个人独特的心理组织和行为模式，是影响个体思考、情感和行为方式的内部结构。

人格的形成是一个长期而复杂的过程，涉及遗传基因、环境因素以及个体自身经验等多方面的影响。

2.2 基因与环境的影响人格发展受到遗传基因和环境两方面的影响。

遗传基因决定了个体在出生时所具备的潜在性格特征，如倾向于外向还是内向、情感稳定还是不稳定等。

而环境则通过提供机会、塑造经验和提供学习条件来进一步塑造个体的人格。

2.3 儿童期的人格发展儿童期是人格发展中最关键的阶段之一。

在这个阶段，儿童开始建立自我意识，并通过与家庭成员、同伴以及社交环境的互动来形成自己独特的个性。

儿童期的早期经历对于后续人格特质形成起着重要作用，如安全依恋关系的建立和亲子关系质量对自尊心和社交能力的培养都有着积极影响。

第三章-人格的毕生发展(公共心理学)

友谊在儿童的人格发展以及今后人际关系的发展奠定了基础，塞尔曼将其发展氛围五个阶段: • 短暂的游戏伙伴阶段：3-7岁，地理的接近性。 • 单向帮助阶段：4-9岁，服从者即好朋友 • 双向帮助阶段：6-12岁，共荣辱却不可共患难 • 亲密的共享阶段：9-15岁，同甘共苦、又一具有排他性和独占性 • 更高级阶段”12岁以后，则有标准严格，持续时间更长
– 幼儿期-成年初期：自我同一性，道德观与法制观，人生观和价值观等的形成。
第三节学生健全人格的培养
一、学校在学生人格发展中的作用
（二)、促进学生人格发展的教育措施重视学生人格的整体发展
• 唯智主义 vs 全人教育
– “你是教数学的老师吗，答：我是教学生学数学的老师”—盖茨
• 教书&育人
– 教书无法使得学生皆成才，但育人则可使学生皆成人
持续保持家庭和朋友间的亲密关系，并将其传递给下一代，同时关心和促进下一代的幸福
发展危机：繁衍感与停滞感
第二节贯穿毕生的人格发展
四、成年期的人格发展
（三)、成年期发展概述
序号阶段
年龄
主要特征
8 成年晚期 65岁到死亡享受生活，依赖，失去配偶，健康不良，死亡
回顾一生，评价自己的人生发展危机：完善感与绝望感
统一发展中的不均衡性
各种人格特质的成分处于相互影响，相互制约的发展过程中，但是发展史不均衡的。
• 人格的整体性特征的发展是是快慢不等速的。
– 幼儿期加速—儿童期平稳—青春期加速—中年期平稳—老年期衰退
• 各种人格特质发展的起止时间，发展速度和成熟时期各不相同。
– 气质差异—性格差异—人生观价值观差异
遵循心理发展的顺序
• 皮亚杰道德发展四阶段

人格的毕生发展课件

年期后直至老年期的心理发展问题埃里克森：提出人格发展的心理社会论，将人格
发展阶段的划分扩充到老年期现代发展心理学：从更宏观、更全面、更长远的
角度来考察个体人格的发展变化过程，扩大了传统儿童心理学的研究领域。
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（三）人格全程研究的主题
早期经验对人格发展的影响
生物和环境因素对人格的影响
人格的稳定性和可塑性
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（二）环境因素与人格发展 1、胎内环境与出生后环境 2、自然环境与社会环境例如：家庭教养方式与孩子的性格特征的
相关系数（表）
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学校教育对人格形成的影响
学校环境结构的特征（规模、教室大小、座位安排等条件）会影响到学生人格发展。
教师自身状况会影响到学生人格发展。
教材和课外读物也会影响学生人格发展。
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（二）婚姻关系
1、婚姻关系进入深沉期 2、中年是离婚的危险期
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三、老年期认知活动的退行性变化
1、感知觉退行性变化明显：视觉、听觉、味觉、嗅觉、皮肤觉 2、记忆减退
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四、老年期智力的变化
1、流体智力：随神经系统的成熟而提高。成人阶段呈缓慢下降趋势，老年期明显减退。 2、晶体智力：通过掌握社会文化经验而获得。随经验和知识的积累呈上升趋势，到老年期也一样。
（4）潜伏期（6-11岁）：儿童解决了恋父或恋母情结后力比多冲动就处于暂时的潜伏状态，性兴趣被其他兴趣所取代，如探索自然环境、知识学习、文体活动、同伴交往等，自我和超我部分得到更大的发展。
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（5）生殖期（12岁以后）：由于性器官的成熟，性冲动再次萌发，由“自恋”转变成“异性恋”，个体开始摆脱对父母的依赖，容易对成人产生抵触情绪，逐渐成为社会中的一个独立成员。（二）埃里克森的心理社会发展论 1、特点：重视毕生发展、整体发展、社会文化因素

《红字》中丁梅斯代尔的性格解析

The Unique Character of Hester Prynnein the Scarlet LetterI Nathaniel Hawthorne and the Scarlet LetterWith the publication of the Scarlet Letter，Nathaniel Hawthorne became one of the greatest writer at that time and built his reputation as a major American author. Since then people began to take great interest in all aspects of his life and biographical and critical studies have been written about him and his works, which make him become more and more famous and popular. Moreover, many people have shown an ever-increasing interest in his works. In the history of American literature during the romantic, Nathaniel Hawthorne ranks first in almost everyone’s mind.Hawthorne was born on the fourth of July, in 1840 in Salem, Massachusetts; some of his ancestors were prominent in the Puritan theocracy of seventeenth century New England. One of his ancestors was a colonial magistrate notorious for his participation in the persecution of Quakers, and another was a judge at the Salem Witchcraft Trail in 1692. Gradually, the family began to decline. Hawthorne’s father was a sea captain who died in an accident and left his mother and himself alone. Y oung Hawthorne was aware of the misdeeds of his Puritan ancestors and great influenced by them.In Bowdoin College he developed friendship with many important persons who had all exerted influence on his life and creation. From 1825 to 1837 Hawthorne lived in solitude and seclusion, and read widely. In process of probing into the nature of human beings, he successfully created a typical woman who left deep impression on people.The story of the Scarlet Letter begins in seventeenth-century Boston, a puritan settlement. Hester Prynne is a woman who is led from the town prison with her illegal infant daughter, Pearl. Hester Prynne is found guilty of having been adulterous and is sentenced to wear a scarlet letter to show her sin. Hester’s husband, a scholar much older than her, sends her ahead to America, but he never arrives in Boston, because he has been lost at sea. While waiting for her husband, Hester has a love affair with a young minister Arthur Dimmesdale. Hester’s husband, who is now practicing medicine and calling himself Roger Chillingworth tries to reveal the true criminal and makes his revenge. Dimmesdale seeks to hide his sin, upholding the rightness of his ministry as the excuse. However, he appears to be wasting away and suffers from mysterious heart trouble, seemingly caused by psychological distress. This secret does not flee from theterrible perception of Hester’s husband, Chillingworth .Making use of his profession, he destroys Dimmesdale step by step until death and in this way Chillingworth changes from a victim into a devil. In the meantime, Hester acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen.Since the Scarlet Letter was published it has been regarded as one of the greatest works in American literature. Through the analysis of the main characters and the different meanings of the scarlet letter A, we can see Hawthorne is a master of symbolism, and his influence has been great.II The Unique Character of Hester in the Scarlet LetterThe Scarlet Letter focuses on the theme of guilt and punishment and describes a moving love story. The author created successfully a typical woman, Hester Prynne, who left a deep impression on the readers.2.1 Hester’s FirmnessHester is a woman who has great courage to devote to true love, a woman who experiences hard life and longs for freedom. She loves her life, and no matter how difficult it is, she tries her best to struggle against the adversity.The beginning of the story, which gives many descriptions on the appearance of Hester Prynne. It reads that,The door of jail being flung open from within, there appeared, Hester Prynne who bore in her arms a child, a baby of some three months ol d. On the threshold of the prison-door, she repelled the town-beadle by an action marked with natural dignity and force of character, and stepped into the open air as if by own free will, when Hester Prynne finally stands on the scaffold. She is crowded by many people.①We can see that Hester sustains herself under the heavy weight of a thousand and unrelenting eyes, all fixed upon her, and concentrate upon her bosom. It’s almost intolerable to her, but to our surprise is that when she stood fully before the crowd, With a burning blush, and a haughty smile, and a glance that would not be abashed, looked around at her townspeople and neighbors. On the breast of her gown, in fine red cloth, surrounded with elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread, appeared the letter A. The Y oung woman was tall. With a figure of perfect elegance on a large scale who was lady-like. Characterized by a certain state and dignity, rather than by the delicate, evanescent, and indescribable grace.②Obviously Hester wanted to display her challenges to the whole dismal severity of the puritanical code of law.In addition, Hester’s dependence and self-reliance were also reflected in her hard life. After having experienced hard life and suffered insult and persecution, she went on living bravely in difficulties and hardships, and she faced her existence as a human being rather than escaped and committed suicide. She never quarreled with the public, and did not seek to acquire anything beyond subsistence. With the development of the story, the author constantly endows the letter A with new meanings, which Changes from a symbol of shame to a token of beauty, Hester’s life eventually acquires a real significance and the letter A on her breast changes from “Adultery”to “Able”and “Angel”.Hester’s firm conviction keeps Hester in Boston close to Dimmesdale all those long, sad years.The tendency of her fate and fortunes had been to set her free … shame, Despair, Solitude!③Those had been her teachers, and she learned from them and they had made her strong.2.2 Hester’s RebellionHester is rebellious, and in a sense, her rebellious actions mark the maturity of herself. Hester’s first rebellion is seen in chapter seven at the Governor’s Hall .In order to defend her right to raise Pearl, Hester doesn’t fear in the confrontation with Governor Bellingham. Although she is alone in the world and casted off by it, she feels that she possesses indefeasible rights against the world, and is ready to defend them to the death. Furthermore, Pearl is her very life, her only treasure purchased with all she had and the only thing to connect her parents forever, so although Hester is isolated and cast off from help and it seems scarcely an unequal match between the Puritanical Magistrates, Hester Prynne still set forth from her solitary cottage and gets ready to defend herself. At Governor’s Hall Hester realizes that she has the responsibility and capacity to bring up the child, so she repeals, raising her voice almost to a shriek. “God gave her into my keeping; I will not give her up!”④Her extraordinary courage and rebellious spirit were revealed completely.Hester’s second rebellion is showed by exposing her former husband, the true identity of Chillingworth.It has been seven years since Hester Prynne was released from the jail. Seven years ago, when Hester Prynne was still in prison, her former husband Chillingworth came to the prison and talked with her, asking Hester to hide his true identity. The life and fame of Dimmesdale were in his hands, so in order not to destroy her lover, Hester had no choice but to make a promise to Chillingworth. In some senses, Hester Prynne was right and was worthy of understanding. Moreover, at that time she didn’t know C illingworth’s real motive of doing this. But when she had witnessed the misery of the minister, she began to realize her husband’s true purpose. Moreover Dimmesdale was almost on the verge of lunacy; he got to further internalize his guilt and self-punishment and led to still more deterioration in his physical and spiritual condition. Hester was upset in mind and was afraid of losing her beloved. Therefore, she determined to redeem her error to stop Chillingworth from hurting Dimmesdale further. We were told that in chapter fourteen, Hester and the Physician.When we last spoken together said Hester now seven years ago, it was your pleasure to extort a promise of secrecy. As touching the former relations betwixt yourself and me. I have to be silent, yet it was not without heavy misgivings that I thus bound myself. However In pledging myself to keep your counsel I was betraying him…I must reveal the secret answered Hester firmly.⑤Finally, Hester Prynne resolved to meet Chillingworth, and do what might be in her power for the rescue of the victim on whom he had so evidently set his gripe. We dare say that Hester’s rupture with Chillingworth just symbolized. “Divorce”–the action only modern woman dare to take. Meanwhile, it manifested that there existed indeed feminist ideas in Hester’s mind.The third rebellion of Hester Prynne was fiercer, reflecting her tenacious desire and radical thought. She persuaded the minister Dimmesdale to pursue a new Life with her. No matter how difficult it is, she wants to look for a new way of life with her beloved.Is the world then, so narrow? Doth the Universe Lie within the compass of yonder lawn; whither leads yonder forest track? There thou art free! So brief a Journey would bring thee from a world where thou mayest still be happy.⑥Dimmesdale’s inner world was full of conflicts between natural attribute and social attribute, such as impulse and repentance, honesty and hypocrisy, love and religious doctrine, Dimmesdale didn’t want to confess this, so he chose to conceal it, thus became weaker and more dependent upon Puritan creed for seven years. It was much to beregretted that Dimmesdale a victim of religions belief thought that he was powerless to go, because he was wretched and sinful. He had no other thought than to drag on his earthy existence in the sphere where providence had placed him. At this crucial moment, in order to arouse him to pragmatic idealism, Hester tried her best to persuade the minister.Thou art crushed under the seven years weight of misery. But thou shalt leave it all behind thee! ….. Leave this wreek and ruin here where it hath happened…Begin all anew! The future is yet full of trail and success…. Exchange this false Life of thine for a true one …. Preach! Write! Act! Do anything, save to Lie down and die!⑦Encouraged by Hester, the minister eventually determined to flee with her. We were told that after discussing with Hester Prynne, the excitement gave Mr. Dimmesdale more physical energy, and he went back to town at a rapid pace.In order to give Dimmesdale encouragement and hope, she resolutely took the scarlet letter from her bosom and threw it to a distance among the withered leaves, in which the burden of shame and anguish depart from her spirit, her sex, youth, and the whole richness of her beauty come back.All of the above is just the reflection of the unique character of Hester Prynne, who is difference from others. She retains her self-respect and survives her punishment with dignity, grace and ever-growing strength of character.III The Contrast between Hester and the Major Male CharactersIn the Scarlet Letter, Hester is a unique character, and through the contrast between her and Chillingworth, her and Dimmesdale, her and Governor Bellingham, her and the reverend clergyman of Boston John Wilson, we can easily see that Hester Prynne is not only a beautiful but a sincere and kind hearted woman with a true love in her heart.3.1 The Contrast between Hester and ChillingworthIn chapter two of the book, we were told that Hester Prynne was found guilty of having been adulterous and was sentenced to wear a scarlet letter A to show her sin. When she was on the scaffold, which was the first time for the readers to witness the appearance of the protagonist, she was found to be,A young woman, with a figure of perfect elegance…. The young woman wastall, with dark and abundant hair, she was lady-like, too after the manner of thefeminine gentility of those days; characterized by a certain state and dignity rather than by the delicate, evanescent and indescribable grace, which is now recognized as its indication.As every reader noticed at the beginning of the story, Hester’s personality is described vividly and completely, her pride and her beauty are emphasized. Chillingworth is just the opposite. Hester and Chillingworth’s marriage was a big mistake; he cheats Hester and makes her his wife. He tries to use tricks and fraud to fill the gaps between him and Hester, but there is a kind of mental gap that can never be filled up. Roger Chillingworth, as his name suggests, is a man deficient in human warmth, his twisted stooped deformed shoulders mirror his distorted soul.Chillingworth was small in stature with a furrowed visage, which, as yet, could hardly be termed aged. Although, by a seeming careless arrangement of his heterogeneous garb, he had endeavored to conceal or abate the peculiarity. It was sufficiently evident to Hester Prynne,that one of this man’s shoulders rose higher than the other.⑧However, we cannot say one is good or bad just from one’s appearance, but Chillingworth even took revenge as the aim of his life, he avenged himself not only on Dimmesdale, but on Hester as well. He is so hypocritical that once he said and he had no desire to take vengeance on Hester but latter, he broke his promise and paid no heed to his own sin and even took revenge as his biggest pleasure.I shall seek this man, as I have sought truth in books, as I have sought gold inalchemy. There is a sympathy that will make me conscious of him. I shall see him tremble, I shall feel myself shudder, suddenly and unawares sooner or later, he must needs be mine.⑨Chillingworth was interested in revenge, not justice, and he sought the deliberate destruction of others rather than a redress of wrongs. He was in great contrast with the beautiful and kind-hearted Hester.3.2The Contrast between Hester and DimmesdaleIn the novel, Hester was more courageous and steadfast. Her scarlet letter was put on her bosom by sentence and she bravely admitted her guilt and was ready to accept her punishment the scarlet letter cultivated her and made her strong in mind. It liberated her rather than punished her. The pressure and punishment that Hester withstood bravely came from three sides: religion, society and individuals. Religion punished her with thescarlet letter, because adultery was sternly forbidden by the puritan system, society put its blame upon Hester. People of the town believed that Hester was a witch and they wanted to ruin her life because they actually thought she was bad; and in an individual sense, she was ostracized and was criticized no matter where she went. But as time went on, people did not look down upon her any longer, because she had made them believe that she was a woman who deserved respect and the scarlet letter became a token that brought happiness and relief to people. Hester was no longer seen as a person of sin but as an “angel”and as an” able”,Hester had got a new realization about sin and had learned now to deal with the letter and had grown stronger from it, even though she was severely tortured by the church, sent to Jail, exposed publicly, forced to wear the scarlet letter A etc.In contrast to Hester Prynne, Dimmesdale, who sins performs adultery with Hester Prynne is coward and weak-willed, and he is the invisible letter A. According to the seventeenth century Puritan doctrine, a minister is forbidden to fall in love with his parishioner, especially a woman who has been married like Hester, he violates the severe doctrine. Due to his cowardice and hypocrisy, he has no courage to confess his sin publicly. By wearing the A Hester Prynne allows herself to be read by others. But Dimmesdale is an inward book, and nobody can read him by his outward appearance. We can only see the sign sometimes appears on his body as physical stigmata and sometimes is imprinted in the sky at night. The more Dimmesdale makes an outward confession, the more intense his inward book becomes. Gradually he becomes careworn and his eyes have a world of pain. Hester Prynne is a woman who has great courage to devote to real love, a woman who experiences hard life and longs for happiness and freedom .She suffers a lot in order to protect Dimmesdale from losing the fame and dignity. However, the minister has no courage to admit that he loves for Hester. As a clergyman, what he does might be good for the development of society; it’s hard or impossible for him to break away from the yoke of religion for he is pious to it. Dimmesdale is a good example to show the persecution of Puritanism upon human being. Dimmesdale is a holy clergyman who has high social status and lots of parishioners, so he tries to curb and hide his sin. But gradually he feels his hypocrisy and the flame of guilt starts to gnaw his fragile mind. Although he also dreams of pursuing freedom and happy life and safeguarding the social status, and caring for the fame and prestige, there seems no choice for him. On that occasion, he undergoes thetragic experience for wholly seven years.I am powerless to go! Wretched and sinful as I am, I have had no other thoughtthan to drag on earthly. Existence in the sphere where Providence hath placed me.Lost as my own souls. I would still do what I may for other human souls.⑩All these words, his hesitation was reflected clearly.Dimmesdale’s tragedy was inevitable. He lived in the period where conservation and asceticism played the dominating role in people’s life. He faced powerful pressure. Dimmesdale was incapable of breaking the bonds of creed and the religious community that he belonged to. If he left them he would lose his bearings, he would be bewildered, and he would even be at the mercy of fate. So he became a prey under the shackles of Calvinism.Compared with Dimmesdale, Hester retains her self- respect and survives her punishment with dignity, grace and ever-growing strength of character. In chapter seven we are told that Hester Prynne gives her back to the Dimmesdale,Meddle no more with it! Begin all anew! Hast thou exhausted possibility in the failure of this one trial? Not so! The future is yet fall of trial and success. There is happiness to be enjoyed! There is good to be done, Exchange this false life of thine for a true one.○113.3 The Contrast between Hester,Bellingham and WilsonThe author gives many comments on Bellingham and John Wilson. Governor Bellingham is the former governor and the man who wants to take Pearl away from Hester, but he decides to allow Pearl to stay with her mother after Hester forces Dimmesdale to plead on her behalf. John Wilson, the eldest clergyman in Boston, is a friend of Arthur Dimmesdale. Bellingham lives in a luxurious mansion. He is commonly known to be a witch who ventures into the forest at night to ride with the “Black Man”. His appearance on public occasions reminds the reader of the hypocrisy and hidden evil in puritan society.This was a large wooden house built in a fashion of which there are specimens still extant in the streets of our elder towns; the walls being overspread with a kind of stucco. In which fragments of broken glass were intermixed, so that when sunshine fell aslant-wile over the front of the edifice, it glittered and sparkled as if diamonds had been flung against it by the double handful the brilliancy might have befitted Aladdin’s palace, rather than the mansion of a grave old Puritan ruler.○12In the novel, Hester finds a cottage in the woods near the outskirts of the city and she spends her time working on the projects that bring her incomes, and devotes the remainder of her work to creating garments for the poor. S he lives simply with the sole exception that she creates amazing dresses of fabrics for Pearl. At the same time the author pointed out that it is an error to suppose that our grave forefathers-though accustomed to speak and think of human existence as a state merely of trial and warfare and though unfeigned prepared to sacrifice goods and life at the behest of duty-made, it a mater of conscience to reject such means of comfort, or even luxury as lay fairly within their grasp. This creed was never taught, for instance, by the venerable pastor. John Wilson, the old clergyman, nurtured at the rich bosom of the English church, had a long-established and legitimate taste for all good and comfortable things. The genial benevolence of his private life had won him warmer affection than was accorded to any of his professional contemporaries.However, Hester Prynne is well known for her submissiveness, for she never complains. She never battles with the public, but submitted, she nurses and aids the poor. In return, they say bitter things to her, yet she accepts them all. She submits everything on the outside, and at last, she wins a moral victory with her honesty.By contrasting with the major male characters in the novel, the unique character of Hester Prynne is obvious to us all.IV Hester’s Consciousness of FeminismAll of the above is just the reflection of Hester’s unique. In a sense, the clique also means the potential feminist ideas. But as we know, at that time, Puritanism plays a very important rule in people’s life and rules over people. One of the laws of Puritanism is abstinence. If someone doesn’t obey it, she or he will be regarded, as sinner and the behavior will be great shame. Moreover, Hester does not want to live without true love and in order to pursue her happiness and freedom, she becomes the sacrificial object of Puritanism. Although Hester suffers enormously from the shame of her public disgrace and from the isolation of her punishment, in her inmost heart she can never accept the Puritan interpretation of her act, and she retains her self-respect and survives her punishment with dignity, grace and ever-growing strength of character, Hester’s radical thought, tenacious desire and a fierce mind are just what feminism advocates. Hester Prynne is resurrected by her pious atonement, refiguring the scarlet letter as a symbol of her own experiences and character. She achieves spiritual greatness because she dares totrust herself and to believe in the possibility of a new morality in the new world. Although she is a sinner, her wiliness and confidence plays an active role in promoting the development of feminism later. Through H ester’s life story, we have to think about how woman can gain their deserved rights of equality and freedom. Could it be true that she has no choic e to live but only to die? I don’t think so, Hester’s image, her martial spirits and also her radical feminist ideas which maybe not realized at that time will encourage today’s people to strive after the rights that belay to them. This is the very positive social significance of the Scarlet Letter. Through the above discussion, we can conclude that Hester is resurrected by her pious atonement, and the process can be found clearly in the changes of the meaning of the scarlet letter A.The Scarlet Letter attained an immediate and lasting success because it addressed spiritual and moral issues from a uniquely American standpoint.In 1850, adultery was an extremely risquésubject, but because Hawthorne had the support of the New England literary establishment, The Scarlet Letter passed easily into the realm of appropriate reading. The book represents the height of Hawthorne's literary genius. It remains relevant for its philosophical and psychological depth, and continues to be read as a classic on a universal theme.The Scarlet Letter was the first, and the tendency of criticism is to pronounce it the most impressive, also, of these ampler productions. It has the charm of unconsciousness, but the author did not realize while he worked, that this "most prolix among tales" was alive with the miraculous vitality of genius. It combines the strength and substance of an oak with the subtle organization of a rose, and is great, not of malice aforethought, but inevitably. It goes to the root of the matter, and reaches some unconventional conclusions, which, however, would scarcely be apprehended by the readers nowadays, for the external or literal significance of the story, though in strict correspondence with the spirit, conceals that spirit from the literal eye.Notes①The Scarlet Letter， Yili people’s Press, 2001.P8② Ibid,P8③ Ibid,P10④ Ibid,P106⑤ Ibid,P247⑥ Ibid,P10⑦ Ibid,P21⑧ Ibid,P46⑨ Ibid,P246⑩Ibid,P86⑪Ibid,P90⑫Ibid,P106Bibliography1．Wu Weiren, History and Anthology of American LiteratureBeijing: Foreign language Teaching and Research Press, 19902．Chang Raoxin，A Survey of American Literature the 2nd Edition Nan Kai University Press, 20043．The Scarlet Letter，Yili people’s Press, 20014．Doubleday, Neal G, Hawthorne’s Hester and Feminism.The Critical Response reprinted from PMLA, LIV, 1939,188.5．Nathaniel Hawthorne，The Scarlet Letter, Bantam Books, 1986.。

人的自然性与社会性的冲突与较量——读霍桑的《红字》

济于事的，于是，索兴用一条胳膊架着孩子，她虽然面孔红得发烧，却露出高傲的微笑，用毫无愧色的目光环视着她的同镇居民和街坊邻里。（霍桑，１９９１）为了拯救失去生活勇气的牧师，海丝特鼓励他和她一起逃往欧洲，过正常的生活。在海斯特的一生中，虽遭到社会的迫害，世人的唾弃，但她始终没有屈服，用一个女人毕生的热情，证明自己爱得正当，更以无声的沉默和坚强的信念反抗着她本不应有的惩罚，最终，她以自己的美德赢得了人们的尊重和敬爱。珠儿的存在本身就是一个冲突，是自然人与社会人的冲突。由于母亲被驱逐，作为 “自然 ”的果实，爱的结晶，珠儿能够自由成长，并没有收到道德礼仪的束缚，保持着自然人的纯真，从她身上看不到一丝一毫外界不利环境带给她的心灵上的阴影。她的一笑一颦，举手投足都闪烁着自然生命的灵光，而这种灵光令镇上的清教徒们都感到震慑不己。但珠儿的存在作为一种惩罚，使海丝特记住她的罪过。社会赋予珠儿监督和提醒海丝特的权利。珠儿的存在将时刻提醒海丝特，一旦她违反社会约束（例如，行为：
４９
海丝特脱掉红字）珠儿将不认海丝特。珠儿是海丝特中间的证据，而且海丝特将无法摆脱它。自然人与社会人冲突的焦点体现在丁梅斯代尔身上。面对教区的教民，他是受人尊敬的牧师，而对海斯特而
人。
ｌ自然人和社会人的冲突
在这部小说中，主人公海丝特・白兰和她的女儿珠儿代表白然人，而社会人是由亚瑟．丁梅斯代尔和罗杰・齐灵渥斯这对情敌代表。霍桑在描述海丝特作为自然人部分最为生动的冲突，在海斯特身上体现为追求真爱与坚守妇道之间的冲突。在第２章（市场）中，当那年轻的妇女— —就是婴儿的母亲——全身位立在人群面前时，她的第一个冲动似乎就是把孩子抱在胸前；她这么做与其说是出于母爱的激情，不如说可以借此掩盖钉在她衣裙上的标记。然而，她很快就醒悟过来了，用她耻辱的一个标记来掩盖另一个标记是无

高中教资科二5-4中学生人格的发展思维导图

中学生人格的发展人格的特征与影响因素人格的特征独特性与共同性稳定性与可塑性整体性（整合性、统合性）分裂人格功能性性格决定命运生物性与社会性复杂性影响人格形成于发展的因素生物遗传因素社会文化因素家庭环境因素权威型放纵型民主型学校教育因素自我调控因素人格的结构气质概念与生俱来无所谓好坏类型胆汁质多血质黏液质抑郁质性格概念个性心理特征核心后天性格与气质的关系联系稳定区别气质受生理影响大早性格受社会影响大晚性格的结构特征态度特征核心意志特征情绪特征理智特征（认知特征）良好性格的培养认知风格概念没有优劣之分类型场独立型内部参照不易受外来因素影响场依存型外部参照沉思型细节冲动型整体同时型（整体型）继时型（序列型）辐合型一题一解发散型一题多解具体型抽象型认知风格差异的因材施教人格理论人格的精神分析论弗洛伊德的人格发展理论人格结构本我快乐原则自我现实原则超我道德原则人格发展阶段理论（性欲阶段理论）性的能量力比多口唇期（零岁至一岁半）肛门期（一岁半至三岁）性器期（三岁至六岁）恋母情结恋父情结潜伏期（六岁至十二岁）“性”中立生殖期（十二岁至十七八岁）异性期埃里克森的人格发展阶段理论（心理社会发展理论）主要内容婴儿期（零岁至一岁半）信任感对怀疑感儿童早期（一岁半至三岁）自主感对羞怯感学前期（三岁至六七岁）主动感对内疚感学龄期（六七岁至十二岁）勤奋感对自卑感青春期（十二岁至十八岁）同一性对角色混乱成年早期（十八岁至三十岁）亲密感对孤独感成年中期（三十岁至六十岁）繁殖感对停滞感成年晚期（六十岁以后）自我整合感对绝望感中学生同一性的发展奥尔波特的人格特质理论共同特质个人特质首要特质最典型中心特质次要特质人格的类型理论A型人格成就欲高上进心强B型人格。

《红字》中丁梅斯代尔是怎样的人物形象分析

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《人格的发展》读后感

《人格的发展》读后感
导读: 本文是关于《人格的发展》读后感, 希望能帮助到您!
人格的历史进程
——瓦尔·西蒙诺维兹《人格的发展》读后感
“人格”一词在生活中有多种含义。

有道德上的人格,它指一个人的品德和操守；有法律意义上的人格, 它指享有法律地位的人;有文学意义上的人格, 它指人物心理的独特性和典型性.在心理学上, 由于心理学家各自的研究取向不同,对人格的看法也有很大差异。

我们认为, 人格是构成一个人的思想, 情感及行为的特有统合模式,这个独特模式包含了一个人区别于他人的, 稳定而统一的心理品质.
“决定事件的人格是什么?说明人格的事件又是什么？”, 英美作家亨利·詹姆斯叩问学者, 从古到今, 人类始终痴迷于探求人格的形成, 试图解答是什么导致了人与人之间的巨大差异,又是什么导致了个人内部的多样性。

《人格的发展》是国家职业心理咨询师丛书之一, 所讨论的就是各种人格发展的既定模型。

书中阐述每种模型在以下两方面的理论观点：正常个体发展的构成要素, 以及个体形成相对稳定的特质和特征的过程.从弗洛伊德及其他精神分析大师的开创性著作到埃里克森和莱文森的阶段发展理论, 还包括存在主义、来访折中心理论对人格理论的新发展.强调不同人格发展理论中的闪光点, 对理论保持批判态度, 探寻了为前人著作所忽视的人格发展理论的重要层面, 其中包括灵性、种族和性别认同的发展。

瓦尔·西蒙诺维兹和彼得·皮尔斯都是资深的咨询师和督导, 因此在书中理论观点中结合自身的咨询案例, 增强了此书的可读性, 但此书有点专业, 较适合学心理学专业的人士阅读。

解读《红字》中的人格结构

解读《红字》中的人格结构
高丽
【期刊名称】《科技信息》
【年(卷),期】2007(000)008
【摘要】弗洛伊德认为人格由三个部分组成:本我、自我和超我,齐灵沃斯、海丝特和丁梅斯代尔恰好分别对应了这三重人格结构.过分放纵或压制本我都回导致自我主体的毁灭.只有三者互动配合,才能达到平衡,人格才能健全发展并得以升华.
【总页数】1页(P118)
【作者】高丽
【作者单位】北京航空航天大学英语系,中国,北京,100083
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】I1
【相关文献】
1.人类心灵抹不去的红字——解读《红字》中牧师丁梅斯代尔的形象 [J], 陈潇潇
2.本我、自我、超我中挣扎的神父——从弗洛伊德的人格结构理论解读《荆棘鸟》中的拉尔夫 [J], 汪柳花;
3.用弗洛伊德人格结构理论中“三我”解读《马贩子的女儿》中的两性关系 [J], 蔡璐璐
4.从弗洛伊德人格结构理论视角分析《红字》中清教主义的积极意义 [J], 李芊芊
5.解读《骆驼祥子》中的虎妞——以弗洛伊德的人格结构理论为视角 [J], 梅菊因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

人格结构的裂变与升华_红字_中丁梅斯代尔与齐灵渥斯的人格对比评析_胡铁生

2005年第12期(总第179期)学术论坛ACADEM IC　FORUMNO.12,2005(Cumulatively NO.179)人格结构的裂变与升华———《红字》中丁梅斯代尔与齐灵渥斯的人格对比评析胡铁生,王丽莉(吉林大学外语教学与研究中心,吉林长春130012) [摘　要]美国浪漫主义作家霍桑小说《红字》中的丁梅斯代尔和齐灵渥斯是两个对立人物。

牧师丁梅斯代尔对于爱情的追求,不仅深深地刺痛了白兰的丈夫齐灵渥斯,同时自己也饱受良心上的折磨;同样,齐灵渥斯为了达到报复的目的,人格结构失调,受本我“快乐原则”的驱使,从精神到肉体对丁梅斯代尔进行百般折磨。

二者表面特征是善与恶、理性与非理性之间的激烈冲突,实质上是二者在人格结构中,本我、自我和超我三个层面上的冲突。

在这两个男性人物与女主人公白兰的爱情悲剧中,各自人格的发展变化是当时清教的偏执教规以及蒙昧时代的伦理标准及规范所造成的。

丁梅斯代尔和齐灵渥斯两人在历经了人格层次的冲突和交锋之后,故事虽然以悲剧结束,但终于在自我的调解下,从本我走向超我,达到了人格结构的和谐,为后人了解当时社会的政治和宗教状况、社会对人格结构的影响以及人格结构的裂变与升华提供了素材。

[关键词]人格结构;丁梅斯代尔;齐灵渥斯;社会与人;裂变与升华[中图分类号]I106.4 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1004-4434(2005)12-0153-04 弗洛伊德心理哲学认为,人格是一个动态的能量系统,由本我、自我和超我三个子系统构成。

三者相互制约、相互渗透。

在健康人的身上,只有这三个系统处于和谐与统一的整体并和环境发生作用时,才是健全的人格。

否则,三个系统失控,难以协调,人就会处于失常状态,不仅会与外在环境发生冲突,而且也会对自身的境况产生重大影响,严重者就会导致神经失常,做出常人做不出的事情来。

虽然每个人的人格都是由本我、自我和超我三个动力系统构成的,但是,即使在同一个人的身上,在不同时期和不同的境况下,三者的比重也会有所不同。

红字丁梅斯戴尔英文【人性与神性的斗争：简析丁梅斯代尔】

红字丁梅斯戴尔英文【人性与神性的斗争：简析丁梅斯代尔】红字丁梅斯戴尔英文【人性与神性的斗争：简析丁梅斯代尔】纳撒尼尔·霍桑的小说《红字》是美国现代文学的经典著作。

相对于众人瞩目的女主角海丝特·白兰，人们对故事的另外一个主角阿瑟·丁梅斯代尔几乎一致持批判的态度，认为他只有伪善的面孔和脆弱的心灵。

［1］但这种评价对丁梅斯代尔是很不公平的，也不符合霍桑塑造这个角色的初衷。

霍桑的本意是想通过这篇小说为那个时代的人送去一些道德之花的香甜。

相比于海丝特，丁梅斯代尔承受的痛苦更为沉重，因为海丝特胸前的红字只是摧残着她的生活，并不能啃噬她的心灵。

但丁梅斯代尔的红字却是深深地灼烧在他的心底。

尽管我们可以清晰地从丁梅斯代尔身上看到人性的丑恶，但他的不懈努力最终使他超越自我走向了煎熬的终点，走向了痛苦的解脱。

作为一个时代的悲剧，丁梅斯代尔从罪恶走向解脱的内心演变值得我们细细去分析。

一、背景介绍（一）红字简介纳撒尼尔·霍桑是19世纪美国著名的浪漫主义小说家。

他熟练地运用独特的手法将庄严的人性道德与真实的历史完美地结合在一起。

《红字》作为霍桑的代表作，其深刻的主题、丰富的想象力和独特的写作技巧是美国长篇小说史上的一大突破。

《红字》出版于1850年。

19世纪40年代到70年代是维多利亚时代的鼎盛时期，这个时代的美国人有着鲜明的特征：信心与焦虑的特殊结合。

一方面，他们对当时的社会充满自信；另一方面，社会的急速变迁、奴隶制的残酷和宗教的排斥异己等，又给他们带来种种焦虑。

在这种特殊的社会环境下，人性已经被人们察觉并逐渐为人们所接受，神性和人性之间的斗争也越来越白热化。

在诸多反映这段特殊时期下社会现状的著作中，《红字》是最具代表性的，它鲜明地折射了强烈的人性，更对伪善作出了深刻的批判。

（二）清教主义清教主义起源于16世纪晚期的英国。

当时，清教徒试图简化罗马天主教中繁缛的礼节、复杂的仪式和严苛的等级结构。

解读《红字》中齐灵渥斯和丁梅斯代尔的自私性

解读《红字》中齐灵渥斯和丁梅斯代尔的自私性
冯宜丽;夏菲
【期刊名称】《新乡学院学报（社会科学版）》
【年(卷),期】2005(019)001
【摘要】在<红字>中霍桑揭示了清教统治下,夫权、教权占主导地位的社会里,男性的极端自私性,并以自私性作为隐性框架构筑了一系列情节,明确指出了齐灵渥斯和丁梅斯代尔的自私性是他们一切错误行为的根源,是他们自身命运悲剧的导火线,是咎由自取,自食其果.同时,他们的自私还导致了海丝特及珠儿命运的凄苦与悲惨.【总页数】2页(P111-112)
【作者】冯宜丽;夏菲
【作者单位】河南机电高等专科学校,外语部,河南,新乡,453002;河南机电高等专科学校,外语部,河南,新乡,453002
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】I106.4
【相关文献】
1.人类心灵抹不去的红字——解读《红字》中牧师丁梅斯代尔的形象 [J], 陈潇潇
2.分裂的自我：《红字》中阿瑟·丁梅斯代尔形象解读 [J], 苏玉鑫
3.人格结构的裂变与升华--《红字》中丁梅斯代尔与齐灵渥斯的人格对比评析 [J], 胡铁生;王丽莉
4.分裂的自我：《红字》中阿瑟·丁梅斯代尔形象解读 [J], 苏玉鑫
5.《红字》中齐灵渥斯形象的新解读 [J], 戚涛;郝燕
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

人格的层次——精选推荐

⼈格的层次⼈格的层次（Levels of Personality）由英国斯旺西⼤学⼼理学家M.柯克提出的⼀种⼈格理论，1984年，柯克写成《⼈格的层次》⼀书，引起西⽅⼼理学界的强烈反响。

柯克撰写该书的⽬的，旨在冲破有关⼈格研究的传统模式。

他曾明确指⽰，传统的⼈格⼼理学著作，⼏乎都遵循着这样的格式：弗洛伊德⼀章，荣格⼀章，谢尔顿⼀章，多拉德和⽶勒⼀章，罗杰斯⼀章，斯⾦纳⼀章，奥尔波特⼀章，也许还为卡特写上⼀章。

事实上，有些理论家包罗了⼈格的各个⽅⾯，⽐如，奥尔波特不仅讲座特质，还涉及习惯、动机、⾃我；卡特尔的理论不仅强调因素分析，还涉及⼼理动⼒学和⽣物学基础。

因此，在柯克看来，有必要把⼀个"混合的"⼈格理论给以分门别类的解释，以便⼈们了解这些⼈格理论家在哪些⽅⾯是⼀致的，在哪些⽅⾯是⽭盾的，从⽽把握⼈格理论发展的轨迹。

⼈格层次的要领就是在这样的背景下提出来的。

柯克的⼈格层次描述了通常结构下的⼈格的各种⽅法，这样，罗杰斯的⾃我理论和艾森克的⽓质理论之间的关联显得更为清楚了。

乍⼀看，两者的理论在各个⽅⾯有很⼤差异，简直没有共同之处；他们的后继者亦然。

事实上，罗杰斯和艾森克的理论有着共同的出发点，也即寻求⼀条理解和预⾔个体差异的途径。

两个⼈都在寻求解释性的创见，把各种现象连在⼀起，把各种主要的解释技术连在⼀起，并且允许进⼀步对未来的⾏为作出预测。

这就是两者的共同点。

同样，⼈们可以在罗杰斯和弗洛伊德之间划上平⾏线，在罗杰斯和卡特尔之间划上平⾏线。

鉴于上述假设，柯克提出⼈格层次的图⽰（见下图）。

柯克把⼈格分为表层和深层两层。

⼈格的表层由奥尔波特的特质论和卡特尔的因素分析组成，它们的测量在⼈事选择和医疗诊断⽅⾯有着中上程度的预⽰⼒，但其局限性是把复杂的⼈格问题过分简单化，解释不了⼈格的个体的个体差异是如何形成的，⽆法揭⽰⼈格深蕴的内涵。

⼈格的深层是沿着表层伸展的三条线索：第⼀条线索是⽣物线索，主要强调⼈格的遗传基础在导致⼈格的个体差异中的作⽤，着重阐述艾森克的⼈格理论，它的终点是⽓质理论；第⼆条线索是现象线索，主要探讨"现象场"对⼈格的个体差异的影响，着重阐释凯利的"个⼈构念理论"，它的终点是⾃我理论；第三条线索是动机线索，主要分析早期的精神分析理论，着重回顾弗洛伊德的本我、⾃我和超我，它的终点是由精神分析理论派⽣出来的各种理论。

人格发展原因和决策解析.pdf

如果说培养全面发展的人是教育活动的根本出发点和落脚点，那么打造完美的人格则是教育工作最核心的任务和最神圣的使命。

什么是人格？劳伦斯说：“理想的自我，这就是人格。

”陈秉公在其《大学生人格学》中这样解释人格：“所谓人格是现实的有特色的完整的个人，是人经由社会化所获得的、具有内在统一性和相对稳定性的个人特质结构和动力结构，是人的思想品德、心理和行为的综合。

”陈万柏，张耀灿在其《思想政治教育学原理》中写到：“人格是一个人品格、性格和资格的总称。

” 综上所述，笔者认为，所谓人格，是一个人先天所拥有的以及其后天社会化的过程中所形成的独特的、持久的、稳定的心理特质和倾向。

一、影响人格发展的因素人格的健全发展离不开良好的遗传基因和后天成长环境，因此本文将影响人格发展的因素归纳为两大类：生物因素和环境刺激。

（一）生物因素影响人格发展的生物因素主要包括遗传和内分泌：1.遗传因素日常生活中常常听到这样的定论：一个在某领域出类拔萃的人，他一定比其他人更加丰富的拥有这方面的天赋，这就是先天从母体遗传继承的才能。

受遗传因素影响最大的包括人的智力、长相、气质等，其中气质是构成人格的一个重要部分，是人格的先天预置结构，它对环境的依赖性较小，不同的气质类型会影响到一个人的兴趣爱好以及处事方式、态度和方向。

与生俱来的优质基因会为一个人后天的成才奠定良好的先天基础。

2.内分泌因素有证据表明，母亲在怀孕期间的严重苦恼、忧伤会造就出烦躁不安的婴儿，这是因为，如果母亲处于严重的抑郁之中，其生理和心理方面的因素将对胚胎和胎儿的发展造成破坏性影响。

母亲的压力、忧伤将会导致其内分泌的紊乱，由此向血液中释放某种有毒的化学物质并通过胎盘传送给胎儿。

它们能够影响胎儿的神经系统，内分泌系统或其他结构，这些都会在一定程度上阻碍胎儿的发育，为其后天的智障或残障埋下先天隐患。

（二）环境刺激欧文曾说：“人是环境的产物”。

可以说，人的某些价值观、信念、性格和行为习惯都是在后天的生活环境中习得的，并受环境的影响而不断的变化着。

人格结构的裂变与升华_红字_中丁梅斯代尔与齐灵渥斯的人格对比评析_胡铁生

普心第十二章人格思维导图

《社会学概论新修》(郑杭生)重点概念

《红字》中的人格结构解析

人格的发展历程 概述及解释说明

第三章-人格的毕生发展(公共心理学)

人格的毕生发展课件

《红字》中丁梅斯代尔的性格解析

人的自然性与社会性的冲突与较量——读霍桑的《红字》

高中教资科二5-4中学生人格的发展思维导图

《红字》中丁梅斯代尔是怎样的人物形象分析

《人格的发展》读后感

解读《红字》中的人格结构

人格结构的裂变与升华_红字_中丁梅斯代尔与齐灵渥斯的人格对比评析_胡铁生

红字丁梅斯戴尔英文【人性与神性的斗争：简析丁梅斯代尔】

解读《红字》中齐灵渥斯和丁梅斯代尔的自私性

人格的层次——精选推荐

人格发展原因和决策解析.pdf

人格的发展历程概述及解释说明