土木工程毕业设计范文,图纸计算书、建筑说明书外文翻译、开题报告书
土木工程毕业论文开题报告
土木工程毕业论文开题报告土木工程毕业论文开题报告(精选5篇)土木工程毕业论文开题报告1题目：某综合楼建筑结构与施工组织设计一.毕业设计综述(一)毕业设计题目及背景我的毕业设计是对某综合楼建筑结构与施工组织设计，本工程项目位于武昌某新建院校教工住宅区南侧临城市主要干道珞瑜路。
建筑层数6层，底层设商店，经营百货什会综合服务，居住对象为城市机关职工。
建筑面积为3800m2。
1 气象、水文、地质资料：平均气温16.8℃平均最高21.3℃ 平均最低13.2℃最高气温41.3℃ 最低-14.9℃风向常年北、东北，夏季南、东南降雨量全年1203.1mm，小时最大降雨量93.6mm基本风压0.35kN/m2基本雪压0.40kN/m2地耐力250kPa地下水地下平均水位低于室内地面以下2.5m，无侵蚀性地震烈度：6度按不设防考虑。
2 综合楼设计要求任务按城市规划要求建筑层数6层，底层设商店，经营百货什会综合服务，居住对象为城市机关职工。
建筑面积为3800m2。
1.住宅部分建筑面积 3100m2居住户数 40户户型二室一厅及二室半一厅各占50%2.商店部分建筑面积约 700m2营业厅面积 550～600m2仓库及办公面积 100～150m2(二)毕业设计研究意义本次设计的课题来源于工程实际，对我来说有很大的现实意义：(1)通过该项目设计，可以对我大学四年以来所学的专业知识进行综合应用，不但使我各方面的知识系统化，而且使所学知识实践化。
(2)使我了解并且掌握建筑设计的全过程，培养我独立分析解决实际问题的能力及创新能力，并锻炼我调查研究、收集资料、查阅资料及阅读中外文文献的能力。
(3)在设计中还涉及到很多计算机软件，如绘图软件AutoCAD和天正，结构计算的PKPM及等软件，通过对这些软件的应用，更能提高我对计算机的应用能力。
所有的这些，都为我今后从事土木工程设计与施工奠定基础。
(三)国内外相关研究情况随着人们经济水平的发展，商业活动的急剧增加，商务公寓近些年来在国内外应用而生。
土木工程专业本科毕业设计
土木工程专业本科毕业设计篇一：土木工程本科毕业设计计算书本科毕业设计题目：咸阳市实验中学新校园-教学楼设计（B方案）院（系）建筑工程学院专业土木工程班级090712班姓名学号090712322导师陈翔20XX年6月咸阳市实验中学新校园-教学楼设计（B方案）摘要毕业设计是我们专业课学习的最后一个综合实践性教学环节。
本文主要介绍了咸阳市实验中学新校园教学楼设计过程，在设计中认真贯彻了“安全、适用、经济、美观”的设计原则，采用钢筋混凝土框架结构，经过合理分析和比较之后进行设计。
本设计主要包括建筑设计和结构设计两部分。
建筑设计包括：平面设计、立面设计、剖面设计。
结构设计包括：结构选型，梁、柱等构件尺寸的确定，重力荷载计算，横向水平风荷载作用下框架结构的内力和侧移计算，水平地震作用下横向框架内力分析，竖向荷载作用下横向框架的内力分析，内力组合以及截面设计、楼板设计、楼梯设计和基础设计。
其中,基础设计又包括基础选型、基础平面布置、地基承载力计算等。
在设计的过程中我严格按照专业相关规范及有关规定进行设计，设计过程中采用的计算方法均是参照有关规范或图集和其他参考书籍。
关键词：混凝土结构；框架结构；结构计算；内力分析；截面设计The Design of xianyang Middle School Office BuildingAbstractThe design projection for graduation is the last practice teaching segment of study of our specialized courses. This paper describes the primary design process of Xianyang middle school office building.I implement the design principle of "safe, suitable, economic, and aesthetic" conscientiously during the design,adopt the frame construction of reinforced congcrete,and begin to design after rational analysis and xxparison.This design mainly includes the architectural design and structural design. The architectural designincludes the plane design, elevation design and section design while the structure design includes the style,the size of beams and pillars etc., the calculation of gravity load, the calculation of internal force and lateral displacement under the action of the horizontal wind load, the internal force analysis of the crosswise frame in the function of the horizontal earthquakes, the vertical load.And also includes the dint xxbine,section design,foundation design and stair design. Foundation design consists of type,layout, and calculation of foundation..During the whole design I follow the specifications strictly and do the calculation carefully referring to the specifications and atlas or other books.Key words ：concrete construction, frame structure,structuralcalculation,internal force analysis, section design,目录中文摘要……………………………………..................... ..............I 英文摘要.................................................................. ...............II 主要符号表.......................................................... (VI)第一章建筑设计说明 (1)1.1 工程概况 ................................................ (1)1.2 设计原始资料 (1)1.2.1气象 (1)1.2.2 工程地质条件 (1)1.3 建筑平面设计 (2)1.4 建筑立面设计 (2)1.5 建筑剖面设计 (2)1.6 土建设计 ................................................ (2)第二章结构设计说明 (4)2.1工程地质条件 (4)2.2 基础 ................................................ . (4)2.3 设计活载荷载标准值 (4)2.4 材料 ................................................ . (4)2.5 构造要求 ................................................ (4)第三章结构设计计算书 (5)3.1 工程概况 ................................................ (5)3.2 结构布置及计算简图 (5)3.3 重力荷载计算 (8)3.3.1 屋面及楼面的永久荷载标准值 (8)3.3.2屋面及楼面可变荷载标准值 (8)3.3.3 梁、柱重力荷载计算 (9)3.3.4 墙、门窗重力荷载计算 (9)3.3.5 重力荷载代表值 (9)3.4 框架侧移刚度计算 (10)3.5 横向水平荷载作用下框架结构的内力和侧移计算 (13)3.5.1 横向水平地震作用下框架结构的内力和侧移计算 (13)3.6 竖向荷载作用下框架结构的内力计算 (18)3.6.1 横向框架内力计算 (18)3.6.2 横向框架内力组合 (27)第四章截面设计 (72)4.1梁截面设计...............................................724.1.1梁的正截面受弯承载力计算： (72)4.1.2梁斜截面受剪承载力计算 (73)4.2柱截面设计 ................................................744.2.1剪跨比和轴压比验算 (74)4.2.2柱正截面承载力计算 (75)4.2.3柱斜截面受剪承载力计算 (75)4.3框架梁、柱节点核芯区截面抗震验算 (76)第五章板的设计 (78)5.1设计资料 ................................................ .. 78篇二：土木工程学院建筑工程专业本科毕业设计本科毕业设计某市某区汽车商城设计The Design Of Sp development auto mall学院：土木工程学院专业班级：土木工程学生姓名：学号：指导教师：20XX 年 5 月毕业设计中文摘要毕业设计外文摘要引言对于土木工程专业的学生，大学本科阶段的毕业设计基于这样的意义：通过对建筑与结构设计全过程的学习、研究与实践，综合应用各学科的理论、知识与技能来分析和解决工程中的实际问题，在深化理论的同时拓宽我们的实践视野与能力。
土木工程毕业设计开题报告范文（2）
土木工程毕业设计开题报告范文(2)面向对象编程使创建Windows程序较为容易的关键技术是面向对象编程，或OOP。
这种技术可以创建可重用组建，它是程序的组成模块。
几个定义控件提供程序可见界面的可重用对象。
控件的示例有文本框、标签和命令按钮。
事件由用户或操作系统引发的动作。
事件的示例有击键、单击鼠标、一段时间的限制，或从端口接收数据。
方法嵌入在对象定义中的程序代码，它定义对象怎样处理信息并响应某事件。
例如，数据库对象有打开纪录集并从一个记录移动到另一个记录的方法。
对象程序的基本元素，它含有定义其特征的属性，定义其任务和识别它可以响应的事件的方法。
控件和窗体是Visual Basic中所有对象的示例。
过程为完成任务而编写的代码段。
过程通常用于响应特定的事件。
属性对象的特征，如尺寸、位置、颜色或文本。
属性决定对象的外观，有时也决定对象的行为。
属性也用于为对象提供数据和从对象取回信息。
5.设计主要内容本软件适用于现浇钢筋混凝土多层、多跨的框架的设计。
毕业设计要完成的工作包括：1.平面钢架分析程序的改造对结构力学教研室版平面钢架分析程序进行修改和补充。
要求：(1) 编写自动生成节点坐标和单元节点编号的程序，或以图形方式输入计算简图。
(2) 修改程序，使之适合多工况内力计算; (3) 根据输入、输出数据的特点，设计适当的人机界面。
输出应可选的显示各构件端力和内力图。
2.编写钢筋混凝土多层多跨框架机构的构件这篇土木工程毕业设计开题报告的关键词是土木工程,毕业设计,报告, 设计程序(1) 根据有关的规范，应明确计算的各种荷载(恒载、楼屋面活载、风荷载和地震作用等)的计算方法，在次基础上编写自动生成各种荷载作用下的结点荷载和单元荷载的程序。
地震作用按底部剪力法确定。
自振周期用经验公式确定。
(2) 计算各种荷载单独作用时框架各杆件的内力。
计算结构存放在各自的杆端力(随机)文件中。
对竖向荷载下的梁端弯距进行塑性调幅。
土木工程毕业设计外文翻译原文+翻译
The bridge crack produced the reason to simply analyseIn recent years, the traffic capital construction of our province gets swift and violent development, all parts have built a large number of concrete bridges. In the course of building and using in the bridge, relevant to influence project quality lead of common occurrence report that bridge collapse even because the crack appears The concrete can be said to " often have illness coming on " while fracturing and " frequently-occurring disease ", often perplex bridge engineers and technicians. In fact , if take certain design and construction measure, a lot of cracks can be overcome and controlled. For strengthen understanding of concrete bridge crack further, is it prevent project from endanger larger crack to try one's best, this text make an more overall analysis , summary to concrete kind and reason of production , bridge of crack as much as possible, in order to design , construct and find out the feasible method which control the crack , get the result of taking precautions against Yu WeiRan.Concrete bridge crack kind, origin cause of formation In fact, the origin cause of formation of the concrete structure crack is complicated and various, even many kinds of factors influence each other , but every crack has its one or several kinds of main reasons produced . The kind of the concrete bridge crack, on its reason to produce, can roughly divide several kinds as follows :(1) load the crack caused Concrete in routine quiet .Is it load to move and crack that produce claim to load the crack under the times of stress bridge, summing up has direct stress cracks , two kinds stress crack onces mainly. Direct stress crack refer to outside load direct crack that stress produce that cause. The reason why the crack produces is as follows, 1, Design the stage of calculating , does not calculate or leaks and calculates partly while calculating in structure; Calculate the model is unreasonable; The structure is supposed and accorded with by strength actually by strength ; Load and calculate or leak and calculate few; Internal force and matching the mistake in computation of muscle; Safety coefficient of structure is not enough. Do not consider the possibility that construct at the time of the structural design; It is insufficientto design the section; It is simply little and assigning the mistake for reinforcing bar to set up; Structure rigidity is insufficient; Construct and deal with improperly; The design drawing can not be explained clearly etc.. 2, Construction stage, does not pile up and construct the machines , material limiting ; Is it prefabricate structure structure receive strength characteristic , stand up , is it hang , transport , install to get up at will to understand; Construct not according to the design drawing, alter the construction order of the structure without authorization , change the structure and receive the strength mode; Do not do the tired intensity checking computations under machine vibration and wait to the structure . 3, Using stage, the heavy-duty vehicle which goes beyond the design load passes the bridge; Receive the contact , striking of the vehicle , shipping; Strong wind , heavy snow , earthquake happen , explode etc.. Stress crack once means the stress of secondary caused by loading outside produces the crack. The reason why the crack produces is as follows, 1, In design outside load function , because actual working state and routine , structure of thing calculate have discrepancy or is it consider to calculate, thus cause stress once to cause the structure to fracture in some position. Two is it join bridge arch foot is it is it assign " X " shape reinforcing bar , cut down this place way , section of size design and cut with scissors at the same time to adopt often to design to cut with scissors, theory calculate place this can store curved square in , but reality should is it can resist curved still to cut with scissors, so that present the crack and cause the reinforcing bar corrosion. 2, Bridge structure is it dig trough , turn on hole , set up ox leg ,etc. to need often, difficult to use a accurate one diagrammatic to is it is it calculate to imitate to go on in calculating in routine, set up and receive the strength reinforcing bar in general foundation experience. Studies have shown , after being dug the hole by the strength component , it will produce the diffraction phenomenon that strength flows, intensive near the hole in a utensil, produced the enormous stress to concentrate. In long to step prestressing force of the continuous roof beam , often block the steel bunch according to the needs of section internal force in stepping, set up the anchor head, but can often see the crack in the anchor firm section adjacent place. So if deal with improper, in corner or component form sudden change office , block place to be easy to appear crack strengthreinforcing bar of structure the. In the actual project, stress crack once produced the most common reason which loads the crack. Stress crack once belong to one more piece of nature of drawing , splitting off , shearing. Stress crack once is loaded and caused, only seldom calculate according to the routine too, but with modern to calculate constant perfection of means, times of stress crack to can accomplish reasonable checking computations too. For example to such stresses 2 times of producing as prestressing force , creeping ,etc., department's finite element procedure calculates levels pole correctly now, but more difficult 40 years ago. In the design, should pay attention to avoiding structure sudden change (or section sudden change), when it is unable to avoid , should do part deal with , corner for instance, make round horn , sudden change office make into the gradation zone transition, is it is it mix muscle to construct to strengthen at the same time, corner mix again oblique to reinforcing bar , as to large hole in a utensil can set up protecting in the perimeter at the terms of having angle steel. Load the crack characteristic in accordance with loading differently and presenting different characteristics differently. The crack appear person who draw more, the cutting area or the serious position of vibration. Must point out , is it get up cover or have along keep into short crack of direction to appear person who press, often the structure reaches the sign of bearing the weight of strength limit, it is an omen that the structure is destroyed, its reason is often that sectional size is partial and small. Receive the strength way differently according to the structure, the crack characteristic produced is as follows: 1, The centre is drawn. The crack runs through the component cross section , the interval is equal on the whole , and is perpendicular to receiving the strength direction. While adopting the whorl reinforcing bar , lie in the second-class crack near the reinforcing bar between the cracks. 2, The centre is pressed. It is parallel on the short and dense parallel crack which receive the strength direction to appear along the component. 3, Receive curved. Most near the large section from border is it appear and draw into direction vertical crack to begin person who draw curved square, and develop toward neutralization axle gradually. While adopting the whorl reinforcing bar , can see shorter second-class crack among the cracks. When the structure matches muscles less, there are few but wide cracks, fragility destruction may take place in thestructure 4, Pressed big and partial. Heavy to press and mix person who draw muscle a less one light to pigeonhole into the component while being partial while being partial, similar to receiving the curved component. 5, Pressed small and partial. Small to press and mix person who draw muscle a more one heavy to pigeonhole into the component while being partial while being partial, similar to the centre and pressed the component. 6, Cut. Press obliquly when the hoop muscle is too dense and destroy, the oblique crack which is greater than 45?? direction appears along the belly of roof beam end; Is it is it is it destroy to press to cut to happen when the hoop muscle is proper, underpart is it invite 45?? direction parallel oblique crack each other to appear along roof beam end. 7, Sprained. Component one side belly appear many direction oblique crack, 45?? of treaty, first, and to launch with spiral direction being adjoint. 8, Washed and cut. 4 side is it invite 45?? direction inclined plane draw and split to take place along column cap board, form the tangent plane of washing. 9, Some and is pressed. Some to appear person who press direction roughly parallel large short cracks with pressure.(2) crack caused in temperature changeThe concrete has nature of expanding with heat and contract with cold, look on as the external environment condition or the structure temperature changes, concrete take place out of shape, if out of shape to restrain from, produce the stress in the structure, produce the temperature crack promptly when exceeding concrete tensile strength in stress. In some being heavy to step foot-path among the bridge , temperature stress can is it go beyond living year stress even to reach. The temperature crack distinguishes the main characteristic of other cracks will be varied with temperature and expanded or closed up. The main factor is as follows, to cause temperature and change 1, Annual difference in temperature. Temperature is changing constantly in four seasons in one year, but change relatively slowly, the impact on structure of the bridge is mainly the vertical displacement which causes the bridge, can prop up seat move or set up flexible mound ,etc. not to construct measure coordinate , through bridge floor expansion joint generally, can cause temperature crack only when the displacement of the structure is limited, for example arched bridge , just bridge etc. The annual difference in temperature of our country generally changes therange with the conduct of the average temperature in the moon of January and July. Considering the creep characteristic of the concrete, the elastic mould amount of concrete should be considered rolling over and reducing when the internal force of the annual difference in temperature is calculated. 2, Rizhao. After being tanned by the sun by the sun to the side of bridge panel , the girder or the pier, temperature is obviously higher than other position, the temperature gradient is presented and distributed by the line shape . Because of restrain oneself function, cause part draw stress to be relatively heavy, the crack appears. Rizhao and following to is it cause structure common reason most , temperature of crack to lower the temperature suddenly 3, Lower the temperature suddenly. Fall heavy rain , cold air attack , sunset ,etc. can cause structure surface temperature suddenly dropped suddenly, but because inside temperature change relatively slow producing temperature gradient. Rizhao and lower the temperature internal force can adopt design specification or consult real bridge materials go on when calculating suddenly, concrete elastic mould amount does not consider converting into and reducing 4, Heat of hydration. Appear in the course of constructing, the large volume concrete (thickness exceeds 2. 0), after building because cement water send out heat, cause inside very much high temperature, the internal and external difference in temperature is too large, cause the surface to appear in the crack. Should according to actual conditions in constructing, is it choose heat of hydration low cement variety to try one's best, limit cement unit's consumption, reduce the aggregate and enter the temperature of the mould , reduce the internal and external difference in temperature, and lower the temperature slowly , can adopt the circulation cooling system to carry on the inside to dispel the heat in case of necessity, or adopt the thin layer and build it in succession in order to accelerate dispelling the heat. 5, The construction measure is improper at the time of steam maintenance or the winter construction , the concrete is sudden and cold and sudden and hot, internal and external temperature is uneven , apt to appear in the crack. 6, Prefabricate T roof beam horizontal baffle when the installation , prop up seat bury stencil plate with transfer flat stencil plate when welding in advance, if weld measure to be improper, iron pieces of nearby concrete easy to is it fracture to burn. Adopt electric heat piece draw law piece draw prestressing force at the component ,prestressing force steel temperature can rise to 350 degrees Centigrade , the concrete component is apt to fracture. Experimental study indicates , are caused the intensity of concrete that the high temperature burns to obviously reduce with rising of temperature by such reasons as the fire ,etc., glueing forming the decline thereupon of strength of reinforcing bar and concrete, tensile strength drop by 50% after concrete temperature reaches 300 degrees Centigrade, compression strength drops by 60%, glueing the strength of forming to drop by 80% of only round reinforcing bar and concrete; Because heat, concrete body dissociate ink evaporate and can produce and shrink sharply in a large amount(3) shrink the crack causedIn the actual project, it is the most common because concrete shrinks the crack caused. Shrink kind in concrete, plasticity shrink is it it shrinks (is it contract to do ) to be the main reason that the volume of concrete out of shape happens to shrink, shrink spontaneously in addition and the char shrink. Plasticity shrink. About 4 hours after it is built that in the course of constructing , concrete happens, the cement water response is fierce at this moment, the strand takes shape gradually, secrete water and moisture to evaporate sharply, the concrete desiccates and shrinks, it is at the same time conduct oneself with dignity not sinking because aggregate,so when harden concrete yet,it call plasticity shrink. The plasticity shrink producing amount grade is very big, can be up to about 1%. If stopped by the reinforcing bar while the aggregate sinks, form the crack along the reinforcing bar direction. If web , roof beam of T and roof beam of case and carry baseplate hand over office in component vertical to become sectional place, because sink too really to superficial obeying the web direction crack will happen evenly before hardenning. For reducing concrete plasticity shrink,it should control by water dust when being construct than,last long-time mixing, unloading should not too quick, is it is it take closely knit to smash to shake, vertical to become sectional place should divide layer build. Shrink and shrink (do and contract). After the concrete is formed hard , as the top layer moisture is evaporated progressively , the humidity is reduced progressively , the volume of concrete is reduced, is called and shrunk to shrink (do and contract). Because concrete top layermoisture loss soon, it is slow for inside to lose, produce surface shrink heavy , inside shrink a light one even to shrink, it is out of shape to restrain from by the inside concrete for surface to shrink, cause the surface concrete to bear pulling force, when the surface concrete bears pulling force to exceed its tensile strength, produce and shrink the crack. The concrete hardens after-contraction to just shrink and shrink mainly .Such as mix muscle rate heavy component (exceed 3% ), between reinforcing bar and more obvious restraints relatively that concrete shrink, the concrete surface is apt to appear in the full of cracks crackle. Shrink spontaneously. Spontaneous to it shrinks to be concrete in the course of hardenning , cement and water take place ink react, the shrink with have nothing to do by external humidity, and can positive (whether shrink, such as ordinary portland cement concrete), can negative too (whether expand, such as concrete, concrete of slag cement and cement of fly ash). The char shrinks. Between carbon dioxide and hyrate of cement of atmosphere take place out of shape shrink that chemical reaction cause. The char shrinks and could happen only about 50% of humidity, and accelerate with increase of the density of the carbon dioxide. The char shrinks and seldom calculates . The characteristic that the concrete shrinks the crack is that the majority belongs to the surface crack, the crack is relatively detailed in width , and criss-cross, become the full of cracks form , the form does not have any law . Studies have shown , influence concrete shrink main factor of crack as follows, 1, Variety of cement , grade and consumption. Slag cement , quick-hardening cement , low-heat cement concrete contractivity are relatively high, ordinary cement , volcanic ash cement , alumina cement concrete contractivity are relatively low. Cement grade low in addition, unit volume consumption heavy rubing detailed degree heavy, then the concrete shrinks the more greatly, and shrink time is the longer. For example, in order to improve the intensity of the concrete , often adopt and increase the cement consumption method by force while constructing, the result shrinks the stress to obviously strengthen . 2, Variety of aggregate. Such absorbing water rates as the quartz , limestone , cloud rock , granite , feldspar ,etc. are smaller, contractivity is relatively low in the aggregate; And such absorbing water rates as the sandstone , slate , angle amphibolite ,etc. are greater, contractivity is relatively high. Aggregate grains of foot-path heavy to shrink light inaddition, water content big to shrink the larger. 3, Water gray than. The heavier water consumption is, the higher water and dust are, the concrete shrinks the more greatly. 4, Mix the pharmaceutical outside. It is the better to mix pharmaceutical water-retaining property outside, then the concrete shrinks the smaller. 5, Maintain the method . Water that good maintenance can accelerate the concrete reacts, obtain the intensity of higher concrete. Keep humidity high , low maintaining time to be the longer temperature when maintaining, then the concrete shrinks the smaller. Steam maintain way than maintain way concrete is it take light to shrink naturall. 6, External environment. The humidity is little, the air drying , temperature are high, the wind speed is large in the atmosphere, then the concrete moisture is evaporated fast, the concrete shrinks the faster. 7, Shake and smash the way and time. Machinery shake way of smashing than make firm by ramming or tamping way concrete contractivity take little by hand. Shaking should determine according to mechanical performance to smash time , are generally suitable for 55s / time. It is too short, shake and can not smash closely knit , it is insufficient or not even in intensity to form the concrete; It is too long, cause and divide storey, thick aggregate sinks to the ground floor, the upper strata that the detailed aggregate stays, the intensity is not even , the upper strata incident shrink the crack. And shrink the crack caused to temperature, worthy of constructing the reinforcing bar againing can obviously improve the resisting the splitting of concrete , structure of especially thin wall (thick 200cm of wall ). Mix muscle should is it adopt light diameter reinforcing bar (8 |? construct 14 |? ) to have priority , little interval assign (whether @ 10 construct @ 15cm ) on constructing, the whole section is it mix muscle to be rate unsuitable to be lower than 0 to construct. 3%, can generally adopt 0 . 3%~0. 5%.(4), crack that causes out of shape of plinth of the groundBecause foundation vertical to even to subside or horizontal direction displacement, make the structure produce the additional stress, go beyond resisting the ability of drawing of concrete structure, cause the structure to fracture. The even main reason that subside of the foundation is as follows, 1, Reconnoitres the precision and is not enough for , test the materials inaccuratly in geology. Designing, constructing without fully grasping the geological situation, this is the main reason that cause the ground not to subside evenly .Such as hills area or bridge, district of mountain ridge,, hole interval to be too far when reconnoitring, and ground rise and fall big the rock, reconnoitring the report can't fully reflect the real geological situation . 2, The geological difference of the ground is too large. Building it in the bridge of the valley of the ditch of mountain area, geology of the stream place and place on the hillside change larger, even there are weak grounds in the stream, because the soil of the ground does not causes and does not subside evenly with the compressing. 3, The structure loads the difference too big. Under the unanimous terms, when every foundation too heavy to load difference in geological situation, may cause evenly to subside, for example high to fill out soil case shape in the middle part of the culvert than to is it take heavy to load both sides, to subside soon heavy than both sides middle part, case is it might fracture to contain 4, The difference of basic type of structure is great. Unite it in the bridge the samly , mix and use and does not expand the foundation and a foundation with the foundation, or adopt a foundation when a foot-path or a long difference is great at the same time , or adopt the foundation of expanding when basis elevation is widely different at the same time , may cause the ground not to subside evenly too 5, Foundation built by stages. In the newly-built bridge near the foundation of original bridge, if the half a bridge about expressway built by stages, the newly-built bridge loads or the foundation causes the soil of the ground to consolidate again while dealing with, may cause and subside the foundation of original bridge greatly 6, The ground is frozen bloatedly. The ground soil of higher moisture content on terms that lower than zero degree expands because of being icy; Once temperature goes up , the frozen soil is melted, the setting of ground. So the ground is icy or melts causes and does not subside evenly . 7, Bridge foundation put on body, cave with stalactites and stalagmites, activity fault,etc. of coming down at the bad geology, may cause and does not subside evenly . 8, After the bridge is built up , the condition change of original ground . After most natural grounds and artificial grounds are soaked with water, especially usually fill out such soil of special ground as the soil , loess , expanding in the land ,etc., soil body intensity meet water drop, compress out of shape to strengthen. In the soft soil ground , season causes the water table to drop to draw water or arid artificially, the ground soil layer consolidates and sinks again,reduce the buoyancy on the foundation at the same time , shouldering the obstruction of rubing to increase, the foundation is carried on one's shoulder or back and strengthened .Some bridge foundation is it put too shallow to bury, erode , is it dig to wash flood, the foundation might be moved. Ground load change of terms, bridge nearby is it is it abolish square , grit ,etc. in a large amount to put to pile with cave in , landslide ,etc. reason for instance, it is out of shape that the bridge location range soil layer may be compressed again. So, the condition of original ground change while using may cause and does not subside evenly Produce the structure thing of horizontal thrust to arched bridge ,etc., it is the main reason that horizontal displacement crack emerges to destroy the original geological condition when to that it is unreasonable to grasp incompletely , design and construct in the geological situation.桥梁裂缝产生原因浅析近年来，我省交通基础建设得到迅猛发展，各地建立了大量的混凝土桥梁。
2023土木工程毕业设计开题报告(通用14篇)
2023土木工程毕业设计开题报告(通用14篇)土木工程毕业设计开题报告1开题报告既是规范本科生毕业论文工作的重要环节，又是完成高质量毕业设计（论文）的有效保__，毕业设计（论文）开题报告要求。
为了使这项工作规范化和制度化，特制定本要求。
一、选题依据1.设计（论文）题目及研究领域；2.设计（论文）工作的理论意义和应用价值；3.目前研究的概况和发展趋势。
二、设计（论文）研究的内容1.重点解决的问题；2.拟开展研究的几个主要方面（设计思路或论文写作大纲）；3.本设计（论文）预期取得的成果。
三、设计（论文）工作安排1.拟采用的主要研究方法（技术路线或参数）；2.设计（论文）进度计划，开题报告《毕业设计（论文）开题报告要求》。
四、文献查阅学生至少阅读10篇以上的文献资料，其中近期的与毕业设计（论文）相关的期刊、论文最少5篇，并在此基础上通过分析、研究、综合，形成开题报告。
必要时应在调研、实验或实习的基础上递交相关报告。
报告作为开题报告的一部分附在后面，要求思路清晰，文理通顺，较全面地反映出本课题的研究背景或前期工作基础。
五、其他要求1.开题报告应在设计（论文）工作开始后的前四周内完成；2.开题报告必须经学院教学指导委员会审查通过；3.开题报告不合格或没有开题报告的学生，须重做或补做合格后，方能继续设计（论文）工作，否则不允许参加答辩；4.开题报告通过后，不得随意允许更换论文题目或指导教师；5.开题报告内容，要求打印并装订成册（部分__可根据需要手写在统一纸张上，但封面需按统一格式打印）。
[关于毕业设计开题报告要求]土木工程毕业设计开题报告2设计题目：山东省烟台市某中学教学楼摘要：本设计为山东省烟台市某中学教学楼建筑平面形状为"一"字型本报告包括该工程的建筑设计、结构设计和施工图绘制根据该工程的特点合理地制定了设计内容、设计成果和施工进度安排通过调研山东省烟台市的工程地质条件和中学教学楼的功能要求以及场地情况决定本建筑采用钢筋混凝土框架结构结构设计根据相关设计规范进行其中施工图绘制采用AutoCAD天正等软件结构计算采用PKPM软件关键词：教学楼框架结构钢筋混凝土建筑设计结构计算一、课题________及意义为满足山东省烟台市某中学教学需要拟建一座五层教学楼要求该楼满足使用方便功能齐全、合理技术指标符合国家标准经济指标最优化的要求该建筑以教学为核心配备有学生教室教师休息室开水间卫生间等根据建筑物所在的周边的环境、地理位置、地质条件、交通条件以及教学楼的整体布局效果同时还考虑到该教学楼的主要组成结构、教学楼楼所需的功能要求等采用"一"字型的框架结构框架结构适合办公、教学、研究等不同的需要房间功能布置灵活该教学楼建成后可满足该学校的教学需求且该结构整体性好节省建筑材料造价低使用方便可为老师和学生提供良好的工作和学习的环境二、工程概况及基本资料1、建筑面积：3000m2左右2、建筑层数：4层3、建筑形状：一字形4、结构形式：框架结构体系5、场地情况：场地平坦、无障碍物经地质勘察、文物勘探地质良好、地下无古代建筑6、地质情况：根据对建筑物的勘察结果地基承载力的特征值为223 kN/m27、基本雪压：0.55kN/m28、基本风压为0.40kN/m29、工程抗震设防烈度：6度设计基本地震加速度值0.05g10、周边环境如下图三、设计内容1、建筑设计部分根据设计任务书要求完成建筑平面、剖面及立面设计；根据相应的建筑设计规范并结合实际情况初步确定预设建筑物的平面形状立面外观侧面外观单层平面尺寸以及建筑物的层数；由功能分区的相关原则初步确定建筑物各部分的功能最终初步确定出建筑设计部分的轮廓（1）设计任务根据设计任务书要求完成建筑平面、剖面及立面设计初步确定该教学楼的标准层平面布置如下：设计内容该建筑物设计目的是为烟台市某中学教学使用由于场地情况及使用要求选择为"一"型五层教学楼根据使用要求同时设置辅助房间：普通学生教室、教师休息室开水间、卫生间、门厅楼梯间等根据要求，教学用建筑应根据使用性质、建设规模与标准的不同来确定各类用房一般功能房间、公共用房间、服务用房等组成底层设大厅面积按规范规定其他层设过厅。
土木工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译2篇
土木工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译2篇XXXXXXXXX学院学士学位毕业设计（论文）英语翻译课题名称英语翻译学号学生专业、年级所在院系指导教师选题时间Fundamental Assumptions for Reinforced ConcreteBehaviorThe chief task of the structural engineer is the design of structures. Design is the determination of the general shape and all specific dimensions of a particular structure so that it will perform the function for which it is created and will safely withstand the influences that will act on it throughout useful life. These influences are primarily the loads and other forces to which it will be subjected, as well as other detrimental agents, such as temperature fluctuations, foundation settlements, and corrosive influences, Structural mechanics is one of the main tools in this process of design. As here understood, it is the body of scientific knowledge that permits one to predict with a good degree of certainly how a structure of give shape and dimensions will behave when acted upon by known forces or other mechanical influences. The chief items of behavior that are of practical interest are (1) the strength of the structure, i. e. , that magnitude of loads of a give distribution which will cause the structure to fail, and (2) the deformations, such as deflections and extent of cracking, that the structure will undergo when loaded underservice condition.The fundamental propositions on which the mechanics of reinforced concrete is based are as follows:1.The internal forces, such as bending moments, shear forces, and normal andshear stresses, at any section of a member are in equilibrium with the effect of the external loads at that section. This proposition is not an assumption but a fact, because any body or any portion thereof can be at rest only if all forces acting on it are in equilibrium.2.The strain in an embedded reinforcing bar is the same as that of thesurrounding concrete. Expressed differently, it is assumed that perfect bonding exists between concrete and steel at the interface, so that no slip can occur between the two materials. Hence, as the one deforms, so must the other. With modern deformed bars, a high degree of mechanical interlocking is provided in addition to the natural surface adhesion, so this assumption is very close to correct.3.Cross sections that were plane prior to loading continue to be plan in themember under load. Accurate measurements have shown that when a reinforced concrete member is loaded close to failure, this assumption is not absolutely accurate. However, the deviations are usually minor.4.In view of the fact the tensile strength of concrete is only a small fraction ofits compressive strength; the concrete in that part of a member which is in tension is usually cracked. While these cracks, in well-designed members, are generally so sorrow as to behardly visible, they evidently render the cracked concrete incapable of resisting tension stress whatever. This assumption is evidently a simplification of the actual situation because, in fact, concrete prior to cracking, as well as the concrete located between cracks, does resist tension stresses of small magnitude. Later in discussions of the resistance of reinforced concrete beams to shear, it will become apparent that under certain conditions this particular assumption is dispensed with and advantage is taken of the modest tensile strength that concrete can develop.5.The theory is based on the actual stress-strain relation ships and strengthproperties of the two constituent materials or some reasonable equivalent simplifications thereof. The fact that novelistic behavior is reflected in modern theory, that concrete is assumed to be ineffective in tension, and that the joint action of the two materials is taken into consideration results in analytical methods which are considerably more complex and also more challenging, than those that are adequate for members made of a single, substantially elastic material.These five assumptions permit one to predict by calculation the performance of reinforced concrete members only for some simple situations. Actually, the joint action of two materials as dissimilar and complicated as concrete and steel is so complex that it has not yet lent itself to purely analytical treatment. For this reason, methods of design and analysis, while using these assumptions, are very largely based on the results of extensive and continuing experimental research. They are modified and improved as additional test evidence becomes available.钢筋混凝土的基本假设作为结构工程师的主要任务是结构设计。
土木工程专业毕业设计开题报告范文
土木工程专业毕业设计开题报告范文综合实验楼设计姓名：学院：建筑工程学院专业：学号：指导教师：通过毕业设计应全面掌握建筑设计的基本原理，结构选型、平面布置、结构布置等一些基本理论都要熟悉，以便于以后应用，同时绘制建筑的总平面图、底层及标准层平面图、剖面图、楼梯详图、及结构的基础平面图、基础详图、结构平面图、框架配筋详图、楼梯详图等，还要有结构计算书，施工设计应包含施工方案、施工组织、施工方法等设计内容，从而全面掌握建筑设计中办公楼设计的基本原理、功能组合,完成一栋建筑的结构设计,并进行相应的建筑、结构、施工设计等。
现代实验楼：学校的规划设计，追求创造一个功能完备、设施齐全、有利身心健康、环境和谐优美、人文内涵浓郁丰厚、国际化现代化的新型学校，是教书育人、传承文明，造就二十一世纪新型人才的理想园地。
整体建筑体现出严谨、务实、前瞻、邃密的办学理念，而实验楼是这些内容的主要体现者。
实验楼，尤其是综合实验楼是学校的焦点，甚至是学校的标志性建筑。
（分析、综述目前国内外同类建筑的设计趋势，仍存在的问题）参考文献：(不应少于7篇，应以期刊为主)[略]三、研究方案(研究内容、目标、研究方法、技术路线、拟解决的问题、特色或创新点等)（结合自己题目阐述自己准备如何开张自己的设计，可以从建筑和结构两方面展开，包括应考虑的方面、具体开展设计的步骤等）随着我国的建筑法规的健全，对实验楼的规管力度的加大，实验楼的安全性能会得到保证在设计中，认真贯砌“适用、安全、经济、美观”的设计原则。
设计的主要内容：（一）、建筑设计部分：（1）本工程位于青岛市城阳十五中校园内，实验楼的总建筑面积为5000M210%左右,建筑层数为4层。
普通实验楼的平面组合可采用综合式组合，即可以有走道，套间，或大厅的综合组合形式，内部空间要解决学生的课间休息及交往活动，解决师生的交往活动。
特别应解决好各种流线问题，各功能应分区明确合理。
要有较好的疏散方式，满足防火要求，立面及造型应反映新时代教育建筑的形式。
土木工程毕业设计开题报告14篇
土木工程毕业设计开题报告14篇土木工程毕业设计开题报告11、课题名称：钢筋混凝土多层、多跨框架软件开发2、项目研究背景：所要编写的结构程序是混凝土的框架结构的设计，建筑指各种房屋及其附属的构筑物。
建筑结构是在建筑中，由若干构件，即组成结构的单元如梁、板、柱等，连接而构成的能承受作用(或称荷载)的平面或空间体系。
编写算例使用建设部出台的《混凝土结构设计标准》GB50010-20xx,该标准与原混凝土结构设计标准GBJ10-89相比，新增内容约占15％，有重大修订的内容约占35％，保持和根本保持原标准内容的局部约占50％，标准全面总结了原标准公布实施以来的实践经验，借鉴了国外先进标准技术。
3、项目研究意义：建筑中，结构是为建筑物提供安全可靠、经久耐用、节能节材、满足建筑功能的一个重要组成局部，它与建筑材料、制品、施工的工业化水平紧密相关，对开展新技术。
新材料，提高机械化、自动化水平有着重要的推动作用。
由于结构计算牵扯的数学公式较多，并且所涉及的标准和标准很零碎。
并且计算量非常之大，近年来，随着经济进一步开展，城市人口集中、用地紧张以及商业竞争的剧烈化，更加剧了房屋设计的复杂性，许多多高层建筑不断的被建筑。
这些建筑无论从时间上还是从劳动量上，都客观的需要计算机程序的辅助设计。
这样，结构软件开发就显得尤为重要。
一栋建筑的结构设计是否合理，主要取决于结构体系、结构布置、构件的截面尺寸、材料强度等级以及主要机构构造是否合理。
这些问题已经正确解决，结构计算、施工图的绘制、则是另令人辛苦的具体程序设计工作了，因此原来在学校使用的手算方法，将被运用到具体的程序代码中去，精力就不仅集中在怎样利用所学的结构知识来设计出做法，还要想到怎样把这些做法用代码来实现。
土木工程毕业设计开题报告2土木工程专业毕业设计开题报告：课题名称：建设工程项目现场施工安全管理问题研究—以绣川新城项目为例一、课题的来源及意义在近年来,随着经济的开展和城镇化不断加快，建筑行业已经成为我国的重要组成局部。
2023土木工程专业开题报告(7篇)
2023土木工程专业开题报告(7篇)土木工程专业开题报告1一、课题的目的与意义土建类本科专业毕业设计是学校教学计划的最后一个重要环节;是学生综合素质与工程实践能力培养效果的全面检验;是衡量高等教育和办学效益的重要评价内容。
毕业设计的目的是培养学生综合应用所学基础课、技术基础课、专业课知识和相应技能，解决土木工程设计问题的综合能力和创新能力，提高学生的综合素质和分析、处理问题的本领。
二、课题发展现状和前景展望我国社会的发展和进步速度很快，办公楼设计在现阶段发展也很快，每个城市里基本上都有标志性的办公楼，还有不计其数的中小办公楼，这些办公楼的建成筑就了城市的一道亮丽风景线，更使城市的经济得到了良好的发展。
但是国内外很多专家都发现，有时候环境的压抑可产生工作的压力，如通风不畅，采光不好，这样容易降低工作效率，所以工作环境设计得好的话，可以把很多的问题调节了，这样可以大大的提高人们的工作效率，所以如何把办公楼设计的更好、更合理、更美观，是当今社会的热点之一。
办公建筑作为城市建筑的一种主要类型，在城市的发展过程中起着不可磨灭的作用。
不同时期、不同风格的办公建筑，沿着城市的干道向城市四周展开，从中我们也许可以寻找到城市发展的文脉和城市发展的轨迹。
同时，在一定意义上，办公建筑也成为管理者、规划者素质的综合体现。
直至今日，我国的经济形势，在改革开放政策实施以来，人民的生活水平逐步提高，伴随着政府体制改革，进行办公设计更新的途径可能有多种多样，目前主要的方式有固定空间多样化类型和大空间灵活化类型。
随着改革开放的深入，我国人民的生活水平大大提高，需要解决的矛盾和问题不断凸显，要在进步的前提下合理地解决问题，我所采用的底部框架，上部砖房的建筑结构形式就是一个很好的例证。
总之，都是为了适应多功能现代化的需求，也就是适用社会发展的需求。
三、课题主要内容和要求设计规模：总建筑面积：3000～3200m2;抗震设防烈度：6度;建设单位要求：建筑用途为学校行政办公楼，总层数为3～5层;主要用房包括：门厅，值班室，办公室，会议室;辅助用房主要包括：接待室，公共卫生间，文娱室，陈列室等。
土木工程专业毕业设计开题报告(通用)
土木工程专业毕业设计开题报告（通用）一、毕业设计开题报告提纲开题报告包含的论文提纲可以是粗线条的，是一个研究构想的基本框架。
可采用整句式或整段式提纲形式。
在开题阶段，提纲的目的是让人清楚论文的基本框架，没有必要像论文目录那样详细。
报告提纲包括：(1)课题的目的、意义、国内外研究概况和有关文献资料的主要观点与结论；(2)研究对象、研究内容、各项有关指标、主要研究方法(包括是否已进行试验性研究)；(3)大致的进度安排；(4)准备工作的情况和已具备的条件(包括人员、仪器、设备等)；(5)尚需增添的主要设备和仪器(用途、名称、规格、型号、数量、价格等)；(6)经费概算；(7)预期研究结果；(8)承担单位和主要协作单位、及人员分工等。
二、土木工程专业毕业设计开题报告（通用11篇）一、选题的背景、目的及意义在完成本次毕业设计过程中，我们需要运用感性和理性知识去把握整个建筑的处理，这其中就包括建筑外观和结构两个方面。
还需要我们更好的了解国内外建筑设计的发展的历史、现状及趋势，更多的关注这方面的学术动态，以及我们在以后的土木工程专业专业发展的方向。
同时积极、***的完成本次毕业设计也是为今后的实际工作做出的必要的准备。
二、综述与本课题相关领域的研究现状、发展趋势、研究方法及应用领域等（一）研究现状：就此次的设计题目，以及结合任务书所给定的各项条件，选择了建筑框架结构比较合理并且切合实际。
（二）发展趋势：建筑框架结构由梁柱构成，构件截面较小，因此建筑框架结构的承载力和刚度都较低，它的受力特点类似于竖向悬臂剪切梁，楼层越高，水平位移越慢，高层建筑框架在纵横两个方向都承受很大的水平力，这时，现浇楼面也作为梁共同工作的，装配整体式楼面的作用则不考虑，建筑框架结构的墙体是填充墙，起围护和分隔作用，建筑框架结构的特点是能为建筑提供灵活的使用空间，可提供较大的使用空间，也可构成丰富多变的立面造型。
国外多用钢为建筑框架材料，而国内主要为钢筋混凝土建筑框架，建筑框架结构可通过合理的设计，使之具有良好的延性，成为“延性建筑框架”，在地震作用下，这种延性建筑框架具有良好的抗震性能。
土木工程-毕业设计-论文-外文翻译-中英文对照
英文原文：Concrete structure reinforcement designSheyanb oⅠWangchenji aⅡⅠFoundation Engineering Co., Ltd. Heilongjiang DongyuⅡHeilongjiang Province, East Building Foundation Engineering Co., Ltd. CoalAbstract：structure in the long-term natural environment and under the use environment's function, its function is weaken inevitably gradually, our structural engineering's duty not just must finish the building earlier period the project work, but must be able the science appraisal structure damage objective law and the degree, and adopts the effective method guarantee structure the security use, that the structure reinforcement will become an important work. What may foresee will be the 21st century, the human building also by the concrete structure, the steel structure, the bricking-up structure and so on primarily, the present stage I will think us in the structure reinforcement this aspect research should also take this as the main breakthrough direction.Key word：Concrete structure reinforcement bricking-up structure reinforcement steel structure reinforcement1 Concrete structure reinforcementConcrete structure's reinforcement divides into the direct reinforcement and reinforces two kinds indirectly, when the design may act according to the actual condition and the operation requirements choice being suitable method and the necessary technology.1.1the direct reinforcement's general method1）Enlarges the section reinforcement lawAdds the concretes cast-in-place level in the reinforced concrete member in bending compression zone, may increase the section effective height, the expansion cross sectional area, thus enhances the component right section anti-curved, the oblique section anti-cuts ability and the section rigidity, plays the reinforcement reinforcement the role.In the suitable muscle scope, the concretes change curved the component right section supporting capacity increase along with the area of reinforcement and the intensity enhance. In the original component right section ratio of reinforcement not too high situation, increases the main reinforcement area to be possible to propose the plateau component right section anti-curved supporting capacity effectively. Is pulled in the section the area to add the cast-in-place concrete jacket to increase the component section, through new Canada partial and original component joint work, but enhances the component supporting capacity effectively, improvement normal operational performance.Enlarges the section reinforcement law construction craft simply, compatible, and has the mature design and the construction experience; Is suitable in Liang, the board, the column, the wall and the general structure concretes reinforcement; But scene construction's wet operating time is long, to produces has certain influence with the life, and after reinforcing the building clearance has certain reduction.2) Replacement concretes reinforcement lawThis law's merit with enlarges the method of sections to be close, and after reinforcing, does not affect building's clearance, but similar existence construction wet operating time long shortcoming; Is suitable somewhat low or has concretes carrier's and so on serious defect Liang, column in the compression zone concretes intensity reinforcement.3) the caking outsourcing section reinforcement lawOutside the Baotou Steel Factory reinforcement is wraps in the section or the steel plate is reinforced component's outside, outside the Baotou Steel Factory reinforces reinforced concrete Liang to use the wet outsourcing law generally, namely uses the epoxy resinification to be in the milk and so on methods with to reinforce the section the construction commission to cake a whole, after the reinforcement component, because is pulled with the compressed steel cross sectional area large scale enhancement, therefore right section supporting capacity and section rigidity large scale enhancement.This law also said that the wet outside Baotou Steel Factory reinforcement law, the stress is reliable, the construction is simple, the scene work load is small, but is big with the steel quantity, and uses in above not suitably 600C in the non-protection's situation the high temperature place; Is suitable does not allow in the use obviously to increase the original component section size, but requests to sharpen its bearing capacity large scale the concrete structure reinforcement.4) Sticks the steel reinforcement lawOutside the reinforced concrete member in bending sticks the steel reinforcement is (right section is pulled in the component supporting capacity insufficient sector area, right section compression zone or oblique section) the superficial glue steel plate, like this may enhance is reinforced component's supporting capacity, and constructs conveniently.This law construction is fast, the scene not wet work or only has the plastering and so on few wet works, to produces is small with the life influence, and after reinforcing, is not remarkable to the original structure outward appearance and the original clearance affects, but the reinforcement effect is decided to a great extent by the gummy craft and the operational level; Is suitable in the withstanding static function, and is in the normal humidity environment to bend or the tension member reinforcement.5) Glue fibre reinforcement plastic reinforcement lawOutside pastes the textile fiber reinforcement is pastes with the cementing material the fibre reinforcement compound materials in is reinforced the component to pull the region, causes it with to reinforce the section joint work, achieves sharpens the component bearing capacity the goal. Besides has glues the steel plate similar merit, but also has anticorrosive muddy, bears moistly, does not increase the self-weight of structure nearly, durably, the maintenance cost low status merit, but needs special fire protection processing, is suitable in each kind of stress nature concrete structure component and the general construction.This law's good and bad points with enlarge the method of sections to be close; Is suitable reinforcement which is insufficient in the concrete structure component oblique section supporting capacity, or must exert the crosswise binding force to the compressional member the situation.6) Reeling lawThis law's good and bad points with enlarge the method of sections to be close; Is suitable reinforcement which is insufficient in the concrete structure component oblique section supporting capacity, or must exert the crosswise binding force to the compressional member the situation.7) Fang bolt anchor lawThis law is suitable in the concretes intensity rank is the C20~C60 concretes load-bearing member transformation, the reinforcement; It is not suitable for already the above structure which and the light quality structure makes decent seriously. 1.2The indirect reinforcement's general method1)Pre-stressed reinforcement law(1)Thepre-stressed horizontal tension bar reinforces concretes member in bending,because the pre-stressed and increases the exterior load the combined action, in the tension bar has the axial tension, this strength eccentric transmits on the component through the pole end anchor (, when tension bar and Liang board bottom surface close fitting, tension bar can look for tune together with component, this fashion has partial pressures to transmit directly for component bottom surface), has the eccentric compression function in the component, this function has overcome the bending moment which outside the part the load produces, reduced outside the load effect, thus sharpened component's anti-curved ability. At the same time, because the tension bar passes to component's pressure function, the component crack development can alleviate, the control, the oblique section anti-to cut the supporting capacity also along with it enhancement.As a result of the horizontal lifting stem's function, the original component's section stress characteristic by received bends turned the eccentric compression, therefore, after the reinforcement, component's supporting capacity was mainly decided in bends under the condition the original component's supporting capacity 。
土木工程毕业设计开题报告范文
土木工程毕业设计开题报告范文【土木工程毕业设计开题报告】。
一、选题背景。
土木工程是一门应用科学，它涉及到建筧、设计、施工等方方面面。
土木工程毕业设计是土木工程专业学生在大学最后一个学期的重要环节，通过毕业设计，学生将所学的理论知识与实际应用相结合，提高自己的专业能力和实际操作能力。
本次毕业设计选题是《某高层建筑结构设计与施工》，旨在通过对某高层建筑的结构设计和施工进行深入研究，掌握高层建筑结构设计的基本原理和方法，了解高层建筑施工的流程和技术要求，为将来的工作打下坚实的基础。
二、选题意义。
高层建筑是城市的地标性建筑，其结构设计和施工质量直接关系到建筑的安全性和使用寿命。
因此，对高层建筑结构设计和施工的研究具有重要的理论和实际意义。
通过本次毕业设计，可以加深对高层建筑结构设计和施工的理解，提高自己的专业水平，为将来从事相关工作打下坚实的基础。
三、选题内容。
本次毕业设计主要包括以下内容：1. 某高层建筑的结构设计，对某高层建筑的结构设计进行详细的分析和研究，包括结构形式、荷载计算、结构设计原则等方面的内容。
2. 某高层建筑的施工技术，对某高层建筑的施工技术进行详细的介绍和分析，包括施工工艺、施工组织设计、施工安全等方面的内容。
3. 某高层建筑的质量控制，对某高层建筑的质量控制进行详细的研究，包括质量检测、质量管理、质量验收等方面的内容。
四、研究方法。
本次毕业设计将采用文献资料法、实地调研法和数学统计法相结合的方法进行研究。
通过查阅大量的文献资料，了解高层建筑结构设计和施工的基本原理和方法；通过实地调研，深入了解某高层建筑的结构设计和施工情况；通过数学统计法，对某高层建筑的质量进行科学的分析和评价。
五、预期成果。
通过本次毕业设计，预期可以获得以下成果：1. 对某高层建筑结构设计和施工的深入了解，掌握高层建筑结构设计和施工的基本原理和方法。
2. 对某高层建筑质量控制的研究成果，为相关领域的研究和实践提供参考和借鉴。
土木工程毕业设计开题报告范文
土木工程毕业设计开题报告范文土木工程毕业设计开题报告一、研究背景土木工程是一门应用科学，涉及到设计、建造和维护土地上的各种基础设施，如道路、桥梁、建筑物等。
在现代社会中，土木工程的重要性不言而喻，它直接影响到人们的日常生活和经济发展。
因此，对土木工程的研究和发展具有重要的意义。
二、研究目的本次毕业设计的目的是通过对某一具体土木工程项目的深入研究，探索和分析其中的关键问题和解决方案，为今后的土木工程设计和施工提供有益的参考和指导。
三、研究方法本研究将采用综合性的研究方法，包括实地考察、文献调研和数值模拟等。
首先，对选定的土木工程项目进行实地考察，了解其地理环境、地质条件和周边设施等情况。
其次，通过文献调研，了解国内外相关领域的最新研究成果和技术进展。
最后，使用数值模拟软件对土木工程项目进行仿真分析，评估其设计和施工方案的可行性和效果。
四、研究内容本次毕业设计的研究内容将围绕某一具体土木工程项目展开，主要包括以下几个方面：1. 土木工程项目的背景和意义：介绍选定项目的背景和意义，阐述为什么选择该项目进行研究，以及该项目对当地社会经济发展的影响。
2. 土木工程项目的设计和施工：详细描述选定项目的设计和施工过程，包括土地勘察、结构设计、材料选用、施工流程等方面。
重点关注项目中的关键问题和解决方案。
3. 土木工程项目的环境影响评估：对选定项目的环境影响进行评估，包括土地利用、水资源、生态环境等方面。
分析项目对环境的影响程度和可能产生的风险。
4. 土木工程项目的经济效益评估：对选定项目的经济效益进行评估，包括投资回报率、成本效益分析、社会效益等方面。
分析项目的经济可行性和社会效益。
五、预期成果通过本次毕业设计，预期能够获得以下几个方面的成果：1. 对选定土木工程项目的深入了解和研究，包括设计和施工过程、环境影响、经济效益等方面的分析。
2. 对土木工程设计和施工中的关键问题和解决方案进行总结和归纳，为今后类似项目的设计和施工提供有益的参考和指导。
土木工程毕业设计开题报告（精选8篇）
土木工程毕业设计开题报告（精选8篇）土木工程毕业设计开题报告（精选8篇）在人们越来越注重自身素养的今天，我们使用报告的情况越来越多，报告根据用途的不同也有着不同的类型。
我们应当如何写报告呢？以下是小编收集整理的土木工程毕业设计开题报告，欢迎大家分享。
土木工程毕业设计开题报告篇1一、本课题的目的及意义，研究现状分析本课题的目的：通过课程设计，要求学生掌握建筑施工的基本知识，了解单位工程施工组织设计编制的程序和依据，掌握编制方法、步骤，能够综合运用所学知识，正确进行单位工程施工组织设计的编制、设计和调整。
本课题的意义：本研究题目与四年所学专业目标一致，本人就业方向与所学专业目标和本研究题目一致。
通过本次毕业设计，培养自己综合应用能力、分析解决工程实际问题能力和创新精神，为未来工作奠定基础，因为自己毕业后从事就是施工工作。
同时，也培养了对工程量计算的能力，以及施工五大员的管理能力。
研究现状分析：土木工程专业的培养目标是培养施工企业建造师初步能力，在校获得施工员证书，施工组织设计编制能力，是施工员和建造师必备的能力之一，是最重要的能力，因此凡是毕业后从事建筑施工工作的人，都在努力掌握施工组织设计能力。
随着建筑工艺的日趋复杂化—主要是高层、大跨与深基坑的不断增加，垂直运输、吊装与支护、降水等变得更加复杂;设备安装技术也越来越先进—主要表现在智能工程方面，如3A工程(办公自动化OA、通讯自动化CA、设备自动化BA)，出现了复杂的布线系统;环境保护、文明施工和质量(ISO/GBT的执行)安全要求的重视，使得施工组织也越来越复杂，越来越被重视。
在施工组织设计方面，在我国施工方法选择越来越合理，施工机械化程度越来越高，工作效率大大提高，施工技术组织措施越来越先进而具体，并在质量上与国际接轨，严格贯彻执行各种规范、规程、标准以及相关法规，施工质量大大提高。
网络计划已普遍使用，与横道图并用，充分运用二者各自的优点，提高进度计划的科学性和实践性，同时加强进度控制，保证计划的贯彻实施。
土木工程毕业论文开题报告（精选8篇）
土木工程毕业论文开题报告（精选8篇）土木工程毕业论文开题报告（精选8篇）在日复一日的学习、工作生活中，大家对论文都再熟悉不过了吧，通过论文写作可以提高我们综合运用所学知识的能力。
那要怎么写好论文呢？下面是小编为大家整理的土木工程毕业论文开题报告，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
土木工程毕业论文开题报告篇1一、毕业设计（论文）课题来源、类型本课题来源于工程实践，设计为高层商业住宅楼，用途为居住。
课题类型是工程设计类。
二、选题的目的及意义目的：进入21世纪以来，随着经济的快速发展，越来越多的人来到城市里工作、生活，甚至长期居住，造成城市人口集中，住房用地面积受农业发展需要受限制，以及商业竞争的激烈化，使人们对住宅楼的需求越来越大，要求也越来越高，小高层，甚至是高层已然成为现代开发商与消费者选择的主流。
设计这栋住宅楼的目的是解决普通老百姓的住房问题，从根本上解决普通老百姓的住房问题，为老百姓创造更好的居住条件，同时也能加快城市建设的脚步。
意义：通过本工程的设计，培养我们综合应用所学基础课、技术基础课及专业课知识和相关技能，解决具体问题的土木工程设计问题所需的综合能力和创新能力，这对我们以后走向工作岗位是一个极宝贵的经验。
我们在老师的指导下，独立系统的完成一项工程设计，解决与之有关的所有问题，熟悉相关设计规范、手册、标准图以及工程实践中常用的方法，具有实践性、综合性强的显著特点。
通过这次毕业设计1）获取施工组织设计、预算等具体的专业应用能力2）培养自己综合应用能力3）培养分析解决工程实际问题能力和创新精神三、本课题在国内外的研究状况及发展趋势研究状况：在高层建筑中，结构除了承受竖向荷载，还要承受水平荷载。
因此常用的结构类型有框架结构、剪力墙结构、框架-剪力墙结构。
其中框架结构不利于结构抗震，而高层建筑中剪力墙结构也有明显的缺点，一是剪力墙间距不能太大，平面布置不灵活，不能满足公共建筑的使用要求；二是结构自重往往较大，造成建材用量增加，地震力增大，使上部结构和基础设计困难。
土木工程毕业设计开题报告范文（优秀篇）_开题报告_
土木工程毕业设计开题报告范文（优秀篇）1、课题的目的及意义(含国内外的研究现状分析或设计方案比较、选型分析等)毕业设计是集理论与实践一体，是大学四年里最重要的实践环节，是对大学四年所学知识的一个系统的回顾与总结。
通过一个完整的毕业设计，对于《建筑抗震设计规范》、《建筑结构荷载规范》、《混凝土结构设计规范》等相关设计规范、手册、制图标准以及工程实践中常用的方法有较系统地认识了解。
此次毕业设计我做的课题为四川宜宾育才中学教学楼设计，这不仅能使我所学到的专业知识得到应用，同时也能让我了解现代框架结构的特点，使我对建筑结构有了更深一层的了解。
这对我以后的工作学习有很大的帮助。
建筑业是我国国民经济建设中重要产业之一，近年来，我国建筑业发展十分迅速，框架结构以坚固耐用而著称，被广泛应用，其结构外表可以设计的多元化，既美观又实用，建筑平面布置灵活，使用空间大，延性较好，所以被广泛应用。
框架结构是由梁柱板系构成，能够承受竖向和水平荷载作用的承重结构体系。
一般设计成双向梁柱抗侧力体系，主体结构均宜采用刚接模式。
抗震设计时，为协调变形和合理分配内力，框架结构不宜设计成单跨结构。
框架建筑的主要优点：空间分隔灵活，自重轻，有利于抗震，节省材料;具有可以较灵活地配合建筑平面布置的优点，利于安排需要较大空间的建筑结构;框架结构的梁、柱构件易于标准化、定型化，便于采用装配整体式结构，以缩短施工工期;采用现浇混凝土框架时，结构的整体性、刚度较好，设计处理也能达到较好的抗震效果，而且可以把梁或柱浇筑成各种需要的截面形状。
竖向荷载作用下，框架结构以梁受弯为主要受力特点，梁端弯矩和跨中弯矩成为梁结构的控制内力。
水平荷载作用下，框架柱承担水平剪力和柱端弯矩，并由此产生水平侧移，在梁柱节点处，由于协调变形使梁端产生弯矩和剪力，因此产生于柱上下端截面的轴力、弯矩和剪力是柱的控制内力。
教学楼的主要功能是满足教学要求，其主要功能分为教学空间、办公空间和交通空间。
土木工程专业毕业设计开题报告
土木工程专业毕业设计开题报告土木工程专业毕业设计开题报告「篇一」1、课题的目的及意义毕业设计作为大学结束时间的一个实践环节，有着其不可替代的地位所在，它的重要性和必要性将会很明显的体现在将来的实际工作当中，它是大学阶段一个尤为重要的环节，是对我们大学期间所学知识的一次综合性和系统性的运用，要求我们做到知识的系统化、实际化，做到理论联系实际。
在这次毕业设计中，我们要了解和掌握建筑设计的全过程，锻炼自身的独立分析和创新能力，并要做好调查研究，要养好搜集资料和查阅资料的习惯，锻炼自我外文翻译能力，让自身向着一个合格工程师的方向去发展和努力。
此次毕业设计我的做的课题为重庆市某职业教育中心办公楼设计，我要在设计过程中运用大学期间学到的各项知识，并利用CAD、天正、PKPM等相关软件进行机算，并手算其中部分框架，并用计算机进行验算。
通过这个过程我不仅能学到设计相关的知识，发现自身的不足，还能了解框架结构的特点和设计方法等，使我对建筑结构有了更深一层的了解。
这对我以后的工作学习有很大的帮助。
在现阶段，随着国内经济的飞速发展，民营企业也在迅速崛起，促进了产业结构的变化，也促使第三产业的迅速发展，尤其是服务业，这也直接导致了办公楼的需求量增加，尤其是经济发展区块如沿海一带，但是由于城市空间的有限，这就要求办公楼设计要做到物尽其值，这也就需要各设计人员不断提高自身的设计水平，做到与时俱进。
以杭州为例，在20xx年以前，办公楼的销售等方面一直处于不温不火的状态，但是自08年开始，有相关部门出具的各项信息我可以了解到，办公楼的销售情况一直在上涨，这也从一个角度反应了现在的办公楼设计的重要性。
在国外，不管发达国家还是发展中国家，都有着各自的发展状态，但是不管是何种发展状态，经济都在不断更新和发展当中，办公楼的使用和各项要求也在不断变化，其设计技术也在不断的升华中。
而现代办公楼作为城市公共化的空间，就要让人们能够感觉到其公共性，即所谓的“可进入性”形式。
土木工程毕业设计范文
土木工程毕业设计范文一、引言。
各位朋友！今天我要给大家分享一下我的土木工程毕业设计。
这就像是我在土木工程这个大舞台上表演的一场重头戏，经历了无数个抓耳挠腮、灵感突发又或者是对着电脑屏幕干瞪眼的时刻，终于完成了这个作品。
二、工程概况。
1. 项目背景。
我这个项目呢，是位于[具体地点]的一个[建筑类型，比如住宅或者商业建筑]。
这个地方啊，周围环境还挺复杂的，一边是热闹的商业街，人来人往的；另一边靠近一个小公园，风景不错，所以在设计的时候就得考虑怎么和周边环境和谐相处。
2. 建筑规模。
这个建筑总的占地面积是[X]平方米，建筑面积达到了[X]平方米。
总共设计了[X]层，高度大概是[X]米。
就像是一个小小的巨人，稳稳地站在那里。
三、建筑设计。
1. 功能布局。
首层。
首层是整个建筑的门面，就像人的脸一样重要。
这里主要设置了一些商业店铺，还有宽敞的入口大厅。
入口大厅那可是精心设计的，要让人一进来就感觉宽敞明亮，所以我把天花板设计得高高的，还在中间弄了个很酷的吊灯，一进门就给人一种高大上的感觉。
商业店铺的布局也很讲究，要方便顾客进出，同时又不能显得太拥挤。
标准层。
标准层主要是住宅部分。
每一层都有若干套户型，从一居室到三居室都有，以满足不同人群的需求。
我在设计户型的时候，就像在摆弄一个个小盒子，要把客厅、卧室、厨房和卫生间这些小盒子合理地放在一起，还要保证每个房间都有良好的采光和通风。
比如说，客厅一定要朝着阳光充足的方向，这样白天坐在客厅里就能晒到暖暖的太阳，多舒服啊。
顶层。
顶层是个很特别的地方，我把它设计成了一个空中花园和休闲区。
想象一下，住在顶层的居民可以在自己的空中花园里种些花花草草，晚上还能在休闲区看看星星，吹吹晚风，这简直就是城市里的一片小绿洲啊。
2. 外观设计。
在外观上，我想要打造一种现代简约又不失大气的风格。
建筑的外立面主要采用了玻璃幕墙和石材相结合的方式。
玻璃幕墙可以反射周围的景色，让建筑看起来就像一面巨大的镜子，和周围的环境融为一体。
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- - -.毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目XX雅筑地产中天锦庭6号住宅楼设计专业土木工程班级学生指导教师教授讲师一、毕业设计(论文)课题来源、类型本论文课题来源于XX雅筑地产中天锦庭6号住宅楼设计，本设计来自工程实际，结构类型为钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构。
该建筑分十三层，耐火等级为一级，主体结构为二级耐久年限，抗震设防为八级。
二、选题的目的及意义随着我国经济发展和城市化进程，人们对住宅的需求量逐渐增多，住宅物业管理日益为人们所关注。
住宅小区已经成为人们安家置业的首选，几十万到几百万的小区住宅比比皆是。
尤其近几年，高层小高层已然成为现代开发商与消费者选择的主流。
这是由高层和小高层的特点所决定的，高层建筑可节约城市用地，缩短公用设施和市政管网的开发周期。
人们花的钱越多，不但对住宅的本身的美观质量要求越来越高，同时对物业小区的服务和管理也要求越来越高，比如对小区的绿化，保安，停车场，维修甚至对各项投诉的要求小区管理者做的好。
信息时代的今天，住宅小区的硬件设施也必须跟得上时代的步伐，对现代化住宅小区建设的要求越来越高。
小区楼的艺术美更要符合现代人的需求，此外还必须有较高的实用性、经济性。
住宅小区的居住环境安全与否，是小区居民极其关心的问题，要创建一个安全的居住环境不仅要有科学的小区管理制度，而且在很大程度上也依赖于小区规划的安全性，这其中涉及到居民的生理、心理安全和社会安全等因素。
在住宅小区的规划设计中应充分考虑居民的有效防X行为，通过控制小区和组团入口、明确划分空间领域等措施来提高小区的安全防卫能力。
一是在小区和组团的入口处设置明显标志，使住宅小区具有较强的领域性和归属性。
二是注重院落空间的强化，使居民之间既有充分了解和相互熟悉的机会，又可以使住户视线能够触及到住宅入口，便于对陌生人进行观察、监视。
三是注重小区交通网络的合理组织。
在小区主干道的规划设计上要做到“顺而不穿，通而不畅”，减少交通环境的混乱交杂，提高安全系数，在小区级道路的规划上尽量作曲形设计，限制车辆穿行的速度，达到安全与降低噪音的目的。
同时，规划时应尽量减少组团的出入口，一般设置两个即可，以便有效控制外来行人任意穿行，从而起到安全防卫的作用。
我这次选择的是高层住宅楼的设计，目的就是为了设计一栋满足居住需求和美观要求的住宅楼。
并且也可以通过这次的毕业设计，把以前学习的专业课的知识运用到实践中，以及对它们更加深入的学习和系统化的总结。
在这个过程中需要查阅、搜集许多的资料，将提高我运用图书馆的资料文献和互联网上大量信息的能力。
office办公软件的综合运用使我的电脑基本功有了很大的提高。
从建筑设计到结构的计算设计都是由自己单独完成，这就培养了我们独立解决设计中的问题以及娴熟使用auto CAD和PKPM系列软件的能力。
综合性地运用几年内所学知识去分析、解决一个问题，在作毕业设计的过程中，所学知识得到疏理和运用，它既是一次检阅，又是一次锻炼。
这些对我以后的工作和发展都是很有用的。
更重要的是在作完毕业设计后，能使自己的实践动手、动笔能力得到锻炼，增强了即将跨入社会去竞争，去创造的自信心。
三、本课题在国内外的研究状况及发展趋势剪力墙结构分平面剪力墙和筒体剪力墙[1]。
平面剪力墙用于钢筋混凝土框架结构、升板结构、无梁楼盖体系中。
为剪力墙增加结构的刚度、强度及抗倒塌能力，在某些部位可现浇或预制装配钢筋混凝土剪力墙。
现浇剪力墙与周边梁、柱同时浇筑，整体性好。
筒体剪力墙用于高层建筑、高耸结构和悬吊结构中，由电梯间、楼梯间、设备及辅助用房的间隔墙围成，筒壁均为现浇钢筋混凝土墙体，其刚度和强度较平面剪力墙高可承受较大的水平荷载[2]。
墙根据受力特点可以分为承重墙和剪力墙，前者以承受竖向荷载为主，如砌体墙；后者以承受水平荷载为主。
在抗震设防区，水平荷载主要由水平地震作用产生，因此剪力墙有时也称为抗震墙。
剪力墙结构[3]是由钢筋混凝土梁柱节点及基础为主体，加上楼板和填充墙屋盖组成的结构形式。
楼板和横梁连在一起，横梁和柱通过节点连接，形成承重结构。
使用时楼面荷载传给板，板传给梁，梁传给柱，再由柱传给基础，传递路径随着社会的发展,钢筋混凝土框架结构的建筑物越来越普遍.由于钢筋混凝土结构与砌体结构相比较具有承载力大、结构自重轻、抗震性能好、建造的工业化程度高等优点；与钢结构相比又具有造价低、材料来源广泛、耐火性好、结构刚度大、使用维修费用低等优点。
因此，在我国钢筋混凝土结构是多层剪力墙最常用的结构型式[4]。
近年来，世界各地的钢筋混凝土多层剪力墙结构的发展很快，应用很多。
这种机构形式虽然出现较早，但直到钢和钢筋混凝土出现后才得到迅速发展。
根据剪力墙布置方式的不同，剪力墙体系分为横向布置，纵向布置及纵横双向布置三种。
横向布置是主梁沿建筑的横向布置，楼板和联系梁沿纵向布置，具有结构横向刚度好的优点，实际采用较多。
纵向布置同横向布置相反，横向刚度较差，应用较少。
纵横双向布置是建筑的纵横向都布置承重框架，建筑的整体刚度好，是地震设防区采用的主要方案之一。
由于剪力墙结构具有空间大、平面布局灵活多样的特点，满足了人们不断追求使用个性化的要求。
随着社会的不断发展和人们物质生活水平的提高，剪力墙结构(住宅、公共建筑)将会得到较大发展。
设计多层剪力墙结构，设计人应首先判断结构方案的可行性，对可能碰到的问题，提前采取措施予以解决，并对所有计算结果认真分析、判断，准确无误后方可应用于实际工程。
通过毕业设计应全面掌握建筑设计的基本原理，结构选型、平面布置、结构布置等一些基本理论都要熟悉，以便于以后应用，同时绘制建筑的总平面图、底层及标准层平面图、剖面图、楼梯详图、及结构的基础平面图、基础详图、结构平面图、框架配筋详图、楼梯详图等，还要有结构计算书，施工设计应包含施工方案、施工组织、施工方法等设计内容，从而全面掌握建筑设计中办公楼设计的基本原理、功能组合,完成一栋建筑的结构设计,并进行相应的建筑、结构、施工设计等多层钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构设计可以分为四个阶段：一是方案设计，二是结构分析，三是构件设计，四是绘施工图。
结构分析和构件设计是结构设计中的计算阶段，在现代，已由电子计算机承担这一工作，常采用PKPM建模计算[5]。
但是，结构的计算并不能代替结构的设计。
良好的结构设计的重要前提，应该是合理组织与综合解决结构的传力系统、传力方式，良好的结构方案是良好结构设计的重要前提。
剪力墙结构中全部竖向荷载和水平力都由钢筋混凝土墙承受，所以剪力墙应沿平面主要轴线方向布置。
1)矩形、L形、T形平面时，剪力墙沿两个正交的主轴方向布置；2)三角形及Y形平面可沿三个方向布置；3)正多边形、圆形和弧形平面，则可沿径向及环向布置。
单片剪力墙的长度不宜过大：1)长度很大的剪力墙，刚度很大将使结构的周期过短，地震力太大不经济；2)剪力墙以处于受弯工作状态时，才能有足够的延性，故剪力墙应当是高细的，如果剪力墙太长时，将形成低宽剪力墙，就会由受剪破坏，剪力墙呈脆性，不利于抗震。
故同一轴线上的连续剪力墙过长时，应用楼板或小连梁分成若干个墙段，每个墙段的高宽比应不小于2。
每个墙段可以是单片墙，小开口墙或联肢墙[6]。
每个墙肢的宽度不宜大于8．0m，以保证墙肢是由受弯承载力控制，和充分发挥竖向分布筋的作用。
内力计算时，墙段之间的楼板或弱连梁不考虑其作用，每个墙段作为一片独立剪力墙计算。
编辑本段结构特点短肢剪力墙结构是指墙肢的长度为厚度的5-8倍剪力墙结构，常用的有“T”字型、“L”型、“十”字型、“Z”字型、折线型、“一”字型[7]。
这种结构型式的特点是：①结合建筑平面，利用间隔墙位置来布置竖向构件，基本上不与建筑使用功能发生矛盾；②墙的数量可多可少，肢长可长可短，主要视抗侧力的需要而定，还可通过不同的尺寸和布置来调整刚度中心的位置；③能灵活布置，可选择的方案较多，楼盖方案简单；④连接各墙的梁，随墙肢位置而设于间隔墙竖平面内，可隐蔽；⑤根据建筑平面的抗侧刚度的需要[8]，利用中心剪力墙[9]，形成主要的抗侧力构件，较易满足刚度和强度要求。
对短肢剪力墙结构的设计计算，因其是剪力墙大开口而成，所以基本上与普通剪力墙结构分析相同，可采用三维杆-系簿壁柱空间分析方法或空间杆-墙组元分析方法，前者如建研院的TBSA、TAT，XX省建筑XX的广厦CAD的SS模块，后者如建研院的TBSSAP、SATWE[10]，清华大学的TUS，XX省建院的SSW等。
其中空间杆墙组元分析方法计算模型更符合实际情况，精度较高。
虽然三维杆系-簿壁柱空间分析程序使用较早、应用较广，但对墙肢较长的短肢剪力墙，应该用空间杆-墙组元程序进行校核[11]。
在进行以上分析后，按《高层建筑结构设计与施工规X》进行截面与构造设计，相对于异形柱结构，短肢剪力墙结构的理论与实践较为成熟，但这种结构在结构设计中仍然有需要引起重视的方面[12]。
参考文献：[1] 王光友.平面剪力墙结构设计中的几点经验[D].XX：XX市建筑勘察XX，2003.[2] 蓝宗建,朱万福.剪力墙结构及筒体剪力墙东南大学2007年1月第二版[3] 赵国藩.高等剪力墙结构学[M].：中国电力，1999 [7][4] 陈仁朝.钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构设计问题初探[J].建筑技术与应用，2/2004.41-42.[5] 常卫东,陈义闯.PKPM建筑设计的分析和处理[J]. XX建筑, 2006年32卷8期;118-119.[6] 叶劲彤叶靖.关于联职墙结构设计的几个问题探讨:;建筑结构2002,32(10)[7] 陈翠荣.剪力墙结构中应注意的几个问题. [J].XX建筑第33卷第4期2007/2[8] 王崇山，刁延军.浅谈抗侧刚度设计[D].XX：马钢集团设计研究院，2003.[9] GB 50011－2001. 建筑抗震设计规X[S].[10] 孙海涛，X芳，杨龙婴.多层剪力墙结构设计心得[D].XX：XX时代石油工程XX规划建筑分公司，2006.[11] Mata A and Yokoi I(2001).Fiber Bragg Grating Accelerometer for Building and Civil Infrastructure[C].Proc．of the SPIE Vo1．4330．Smart Systems for Bridges，Structures，and Highways，PP．479-486．[12] 朱伯龙,X琨联等. 建筑结构抗震设计原理[M].同济大学：186-210.四、本课题主要研究内容经由教师的指导，在17周内以“XX雅筑地产中天锦庭6号住宅楼设计”为题，通过查找资料、设计、计算、绘图，最终完成建筑和结构设计方案并交付图纸。
通过此次设计，使专业上零散的理论知识系统化，理论化，做到学练结合，学以致用。