语言学大题
语言学概论-试题及答案
《语言学概论》练习1参考答案（导言、第一章、第二章)一、填空1、语言学的三大发源地是中国、印度和希腊－罗马。
2、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》。
3、印度最早的经典所使用的语言是梵语。
4、文字、音韵、训诂是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。
5、语言的功能包括社会功能和思维功能。
6、语言的社会功能包括信息传递功能和人际互动功能。
7、儿童语言习得一般经过独词句阶段和双词句阶段,这是儿童学话的关键两步。
8、说出的话语句子是无限的,但无限多的句子都是由有限的词和规则组装起来的。
9、符号包括形式和意义两个方面，二者不可分离。
10、语言符号的任意性和线条性，是语言符号的基本性质.11、心理现实是存在于客观现实和语言符号之间的人脑中的信息存在状态。
12、语言系统二层性的一大特点是形式层的最小单位一定大大少于符号层的最小单位。
13、组合关系和聚合关系是语言系统中的两种根本关系。
14、动物无法掌握人类的语言，从生理基础看是不具有发达的大脑和灵活的发音器官.二、问答题。
1、为什么说语言学是自然科学和人文科学的桥梁？从语言学发展的历史来看，语言学首先深受哲学、逻辑学等历史悠久的人文学科思想方法的影响，后来语言学摆脱对传统人文学科的附庸地位成为独立的学科后，受到许多自然科学研究的影响。
比如，19世纪，历史比较语言学的语言观念和研究方法深受生物学的影响；20世纪初的语言结构思想与科学的整体论思想密切相关;生成语言学受数学、逻辑学影响；等等。
与此同时,其他学科也开始从语言学理论中汲取有益的思想观念。
20世纪的社会学、人类学、文学批评等都深受结构主义语言学的影响。
从19世纪后期开始，现代语言学的研究理念在很大程度上接受了物理学等自然科学的方法论原则，一些学者甚至提出语言学是一门自然科学.但另一方面，语言学又从未割断与传统人文学科的联系。
语言学的这一特点在很大程度上源于语言现象的独特性。
语言既具有社会属性，又是人类天赋的能力,既是贮存人类已有文明的宝库，又是人类新的精神创造的依托。
大学语言学试题
大学语言学试题一、简答题1.语言学的定义是什么？语言学是对语言现象进行系统研究的学科，包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学等各个方面的内容。
2.什么是语音学？语音学是研究语言音素及其组织规律的学科，它包括语音的产生、传播和接收三方面的内容。
3.什么是语法学？语法学是研究语言句法结构及其规律的学科，它研究句子的构成、成分的功能和句子之间的关系等内容。
4.什么是语义学？语义学是研究词义和句义及其组织规律的学科，它关注词的意义、句子的意义以及意义的表达方式等方面的内容。
5.什么是语用学？语用学是研究语言使用及其背后的意义的学科，它研究人们如何使用语言进行交际和表达意义，关注语境、语用原则等内容。
二、论述题1.语言学与语法学的区别和联系。
语言学是对语言现象进行全面研究的学科，涵盖了语音学、语法学、语义学和语用学等方面的内容。
而语法学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究语法现象及其规律。
语言学与语法学的联系在于语法学是语言学的重要组成部分，它提供了研究语言结构和规律的方法和理论基础。
同时，语法学的研究结果也为语言学的其他方面提供了重要的参考。
然而，语言学与语法学的区别在于语言学更加宏观和综合，它研究语言的各个方面，包括语音、词汇、句法、语义和语用等。
而语法学则是语言学中具体研究句法现象的一个分支，着重研究句子的构成、成分的功能和句子之间的关系。
2.语音学与音系学的关系。
语音学研究语音的产生、传播和接收，它是语言学的一个重要分支学科。
而音系学则是语音学中研究语言音素及其组织规律的一个分支领域。
语音学通过观察和记录语音现象，研究不同语音之间的差异和共性。
而音系学则在此基础上进一步研究语言中的音素及其分类、组织以及声音之间的相互关系。
简言之，语音学是对语音现象的整体研究，而音系学是语音学中对语音结构及其规律的具体研究。
三、分析题1.什么是语言的意义？语言的意义是指语言表达所传递的信息内容。
它涉及词汇意义、句子意义和话语意义等多个层次。
英语语言学常考大题(本科、研究生、复试通用)
1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a system, because elements of language are combined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writing systems are. The term "human" in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their communicative needs.2. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples. 1) ArbitrarinessAs mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitationof sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before.Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.3) DualityThe duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.4) DisplacementDisplacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation.5) Cultural transmissionHuman beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmitted.3. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; it collects authentic, and mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in an objective and scientific way.4. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.5. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language.Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amountof information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposesFinally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.6. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.7. How do you understand competence and performance?American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.8. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’sdistinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?Although Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.9. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two elements “photo” and “copy” in “photocopy” are non-motivated, but the compound is not arbitrary.10. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.11. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.12. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import andimport. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives, adverbs etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” For example, to emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3) English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.13. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for other results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.14. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.15. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.16. What are the basic components of a sentence?Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.17. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?No. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. A closer examination of a sentence shows that a sentence is not composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic. In fact, sentences are also hierarchically structured. They are organized by grouping together words of the same syntactic category, such as noun phrase (NP) or verb phrase (VP), as can be seen from the following tree diagram:SNP VPDet N V NPDet NThe boy likes the music.18. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures?The tree diagram can not only reveal a linear order, but also a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents. It can, in addition, show the syntactic category of each structural constituent, thus it is believed to most truthfully illustratethe constituent relationship among linguistic elements.。
语言学理论试题及答案
语言学理论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案：B2. 下列哪项不是索绪尔提出的语言学基本概念？A. 语言符号B. 语言系统C. 语言功能D. 语言的任意性答案：C3. 乔姆斯基的生成语法理论主张语言能力是：A. 后天习得的B. 先天存在的C. 社会约定的D. 个人创造的答案：B4. 语言的“深层结构”和“表层结构”的概念是由谁提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 哈里斯答案：B5. 语言的“同义异构”现象是指：A. 同一意义的不同表达方式B. 不同意义的相同表达方式C. 同一表达方式的不同意义D. 不同表达方式的相同意义答案：A6. 语言的“语境”指的是：A. 语言的内部结构B. 语言的外部环境C. 语言的使用者D. 语言的规则答案：B7. 语言的“语域”通常指的是：A. 语言的地域分布B. 语言的交际场合C. 语言的历史发展D. 语言的语法规则答案：B8. 语言的“语用学”研究的是：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的用法D. 语言的演变答案：C9. 语言的“语料库”是指：A. 语言的数据库B. 语言的规则集C. 语言的样本集D. 语言的词汇表答案：C10. 语言的“方言”是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言的相似形式C. 同一语言的相同形式D. 不同语言的相同变体答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。
答案：语用学2. 语言的“能指”指的是语言符号的______部分，而“所指”指的是语言符号的______部分。
答案：形式；意义3. 语言的“同音词”是指发音相同但______不同的词。
答案：意义4. 语言的“词缀”是指可以附加在词根上的______或______。
答案：前缀；后缀5. 语言的“句法”研究的是词、短语和句子的______。
语言学大题
1. complete the words with suitable negative prefixes.a. irremovable m. dissyllabicb. informal n. abnormalc. impracticable o. unworkabled. insensible p. unwrittene. intangible q. unusualf. illogical r. unthinkableg. irregular s. inhumanh. disproportionate t.irrelevanti. ineffective u. uneditable j. inelastic v. immobile k. inductive w. illegal1. irrational x. indiscreet2. find the sources of the following blends.(a) bash: bat + mash(b)smash: smack + mash(c) glimmer: gleam + shimmer(d) flimmer: flame + glirmmer(e) clash: clap+ crash(f) flare: flame + glare(g) brunch: breakfast+ lunch(h) motel: motor+ hotel(k) workaholic: work + alcoholic(1) spam: spiced+ ham(m) telethon: telephone + marathon(n) aerobicise: aerobicis + exercise(o) chunnel: channel + tunnel (p) chortle: chuckle + snort (q) bit: binary + digit.(r) modem: modulator + demodulator3. determine the historically accurate etymology of the words(a)hangnail(alter. of agnail, angnail) aching nail(b) female(ME: femel, femelle) a male¡¯s companion(c) crayfish( ME: crevis) crawling fish(d) shamefaced( alter. of shamefast) bound by shame (e) Jordan almond(ME: jardin almande) garden almond(f) sparrowgrass(alter of asparagus) a genus of herbs (g) bridegroom (ME: bridegome) a man is just, or about(h) bridegroom(ME: bridegome) a man is just, or about o be married.(i) muskrat( Algonquian: musquash) a large rat-like animal(j) woodchuck( Algonquian: otchek) a north American marmot 8. (a) asset: assets (k) diagnose: diagnosis4. determine the original term from which the following words were back-formed.(a) asset: assets(k) diagnose: diagnosis(b) burgle: burglar (1) tuit: intuition(c) enthuse: enthusiasm(m) amusing: amuse(d) greed: greedy(n) loaf: loafer(e) hush: hush(o) self-druct:self-destructicn(f) automate: automation(p) attrit: attrition(g)donate: donation(q) hairdress: hairdresser(h)escalate: escalator(r) emote: emotion(i) born ck: homesickness(s) drowse: drowsy(j) die: peddler(t) frivol: frivolous5. identify the immediateetymological source of thewords(a) air: Middle English(k) mule: Middle English(b) barbecue: AmericanSpanish(I) decreed: Middle English(c) bungalow: Hindi(m) revolution: MiddleEnglish(d) cola: African origin(n) benevolent:Middle English(e) gusto: Spanish(o) lie:Middle English(f) Babel: The Bible(p) topic: Latin(g) buffalo: Italian(q) subject: Middle English(h) cocoa: Spanish(r) theme: Middle English(i) costume: French(s) wind: Middle English(j) ill: Middle English(t) datum: Latin6. LW: monk, loanword; LB:boody trap, coconut; LS:yankee; LT: firewater, freeverse, war paint5. “A free for m whichconsists entirely of two ormore lesser free forms…. is aphrase. A free form which isnot a phrase is a word. Aword, then, ...(a) Bloomfield treated suchitems as book, book, or do,does, did, done, not as thesame words in different forms,but as different words. But onthe other hand, he alsoclaimed that John’s in John’shat should be regarded as oneword. At the same time, theboy’s (bat) is also just oneword. From here, one cn seethat Bloomfield’s definition ofword intended to coverdifferent linguistic units withthe same criterion.(b) The traditionallyrecognized words such as thegrammatical articles a and theare different words from theirmodifying head, butBloomfield thought differently,as was evidenced in(a).(c) Consequently, grammaticalcriterion was taken intoaccount while defining thescope of word. For example,Bloomfield treated theconstituent the king ofEngland’s or the man I sawyesterday’s serving as apremodifier as independentlong word. In fact, this type ofmodifier is rank—shiftedphrases, not words at all.6. in what ways is ICanalysis better thantraditional parsing?In traditional parsing, asentence is mainlyseen as asequence of individual words,as if it has only a linearstructure. IC analysis, however,emphasizes the hierarchicalstructure of a sentence,seeLing it as consisting ofword groups first. In this waythe internalstructure of a sentence isshown more clearly, hence thereasons of some ambiguitiesmay be revealed.7. what are the problems inIC analysis?There are some technicalproblems caused by the binarydivision and discontinuousconstituents. But the mainproblem is that analysis, e.g.the love of God. In terms ofboth the tree diagram thereare structures whoseambiguities cannot berevealed by IC and the labels,there is only one structure, butthe word God is in twodifferent relations with love, i.e. either as a subject or object.8. In what sense is theanalysis of a sentence interms of theme and themefunctional?The analysis of a sentencein terms of theme and theme isfunctional in the sense thatthis distinction has to do withthe semantic side of theconstituents of a sentencerather than the formal side.They have to do with theinformation conveyed,whether the known or new, themore important or lessimportant. In contrast, theanalysis of a sentence in termsof subject and predicate isformal, e.g. the subject will bein the nominative form inlanguages with casedistinctions, the form of thepredicate verb will have to bein agreement with the subjectin certain categories.9. How does Halliday relatethe functions performed bylanguage to its structures, orsystems?In Halliday’s view, there arethree structures, or systems,corresponding to the threefunctions of ideational,interpersonal and textual. Theideational function is realizedas the transitivity system inthe clause as a representationof experience, in which thereare six processes: material,mental, relational, behavioural,verbal and existentialprocesses. Actor, the so-calledlogical subject, is an importantparticipant in the materialprocess. The interpersonalfunction is realized as themood system in the clause asan exchange, which is dividedinto the two major parts ofMood and Residue. AndSubject is one of the two partsof Mood, the other part beingthe finite verbal operator.10. Why is Saussure hailedas the father of modernlinguistics?Saussure was the first tonotice the complexities oflanguage. He believed thatlanguage is system of signs.To communicate ideas, signsmust be part of a system ofsigns, called convections. Heheld that the sign is the unionof the signifier and thesignifled.By providing answers toquestions concerning manyaspects of language, Saussuremade clear the object of studyfor linguistics as a science. hisideas on the arbitrary nature ofsign, on the relational natureof linguistic units, on thedistinction of langue andparole and of synchronic anddiachronic linguistics, etc. ,pushed linguistics into a brandnew stage.11. What are the 3 importantpoints of the Prague school?The Prague School hasthree points of specialimportance. First, it stressedthat the synchronic study oflanguage is fully justified as itcan draw on complete andcontrollable material forinvestigation. Second, itemphasised the systemiccharacter of language, arguingthat no element of anylanguage can be satisfactorilyanalysed or evaluated ifviewed in osation. In other words, ele. ments are held to be in functional contrast or oppcition. Third,it looked on language as a tool performing a numer of essential functions or tasks for the community using it.12. What is the Prague school best known for?The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. Following Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole, Trubetzkoy argued that phonetics belonged to parole whereas phonology belonged to langue. On this basis he developed the notion of “phoneme” as an ab stract unit of the sound system as distinct from the sound actually produced.In classifying distinctive features,he proposed three criteria: (1) their relation to the whole contrastive system;(2) relations between the opposing elements; and(3) their power of discrimination. These oppositions can be summarised as:a)bilaeral opposition;b) multilateral opposition;c) proportional opposition;d) isolated opposition;e) privative opposition;f) gradual opposition;g）equipollent opposition;h) neutralisable opposition; and i) constant opposition. 13. What’s the essence of Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP)?FSP is a theory that refers to a linguistic analysis of utterances (or texts) in terms of the information they contain. The principle is that the role of each utterance part is evaluated for its semantic contribution to the whole. From a functional point of view, some Czechoslovak linguists believed that a sentence contains a point of departure and a goal of discourse. The point of departure is equally present to the speaker and to the hearer —it is their rallying point, the ground on which they meet. This is called the Theme. The goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be imparted to the hearer. This is called the Rheme. It is believed that the movement from the Theme to the Rhemereveals the movement of themind itself. Language may usedifferent syntactic structures,but the order of ideas remainsbasically the same. Based onthese observations, theycreated the notion ofFunctional SentencePerspective ( FSP) to describehow information is distributedin sentences. FSP dealsparticularly with the effect ofthe distributed in sentences.FSP deals particularly with theeffect of the distribution ofknown (or given) informationand new information indiscourse. The knowninformation refers toinformation that is not new tothe reader or hearer, and thenew information is what is tobe transmitted to the reader orhearer.14. What is the tradition ofLondon School?The London School has atradition of laying stress onthe functions of language andattaching great importance tocontexts of situation and thesystem aspect of language. Itis these features that havemade this school of thoughtknown as systemic linguis Lticand functional linguistics. It isan important and admirablepart of the London Schooltradition to believe thatdifferent types of linguisticdescription may beappropriate for differentpurposes.15. What’s the relationbetween Systemic Grammarand Functional Grammar?Systemic Grammar andFunctional Grammar are twoinseparable components for anintegral framework ofSystemic-Function a linguistictheory. Systemic Grammaraims to explain the inter narelations in language as asystem network, or meaningpotential This networkconsists of subsystems fromwhich language users makechoices. Functional grammaraims to reveal that language isa means of social interaction,based on the position thatlanguage system and the formsthat make it up areinescapably determine by theuses or functions which theyserve. Systemic Grammarcontains a functionacomponent, and the theorybehind Functional Grammar issystemic.16. What’s special aboutSystemic-Functionallinguistics?Systemic-Functionallinguistics aims to provide ataxonomy for sentences, ameans of descriptivelyclassifying particular sentenceAlthough it may not seem asinfluential as Chomsky’stransformational generatvietheory in some parts of theworld, it is much morerelevant to the needs ofvarious groups of people whodeal with language.Halliday believes thatlanguage is what it is becauseit has to serve certainfunctions. In other words,social demand on languagehas helped to shape itsstructure.Systemic-Functionallinguistics is based on twofacts: (1 )language users areactually making choices in asystem of systems and tying torealize different semanticfunctions in social interaction;and(2) language is inseparablefrom social activities of man.Thus, it takes actual uses oflanguage as the object of study,in opposition to Chomsky’sapproach that takes the idealspeaker’s linguisticcompetence as the object ofstudy.17. How many stages ofdevelopment has Chomsky’sTG Grammar undergone?Chomsky’s TG Grammarhas seen five stages ofdevelopment. The ClassicalTheory aims to makelinguistics a science. TheStandard Theory deals withhow semantics should bestudied in a linguistics theory.The Extended StandardTheory focuses discussion onlanguage universals anduniversal grammar. TheRevised Extended StandardTheory (or GB) focusesdiscussion on givemment andbinding. The latest is theMinimalist Program, a furtherrevision of the previoustheory.The development of TGGramrnar can be regarded as aprocess of constantlyminimalising theories andcontrolling the generativepowers. Although TGGrammar has involved puttingforward, revising, andcancelling of many specificrules, hypotheses, mechanisms,and theoretical models, itsaims and purposes have beenconsistent,i. e. to explore thenature,origin and the uses ofhuman knowledge onlanguage.18. In what ways is ICanalysis better thantraditional parsing?In traditional parsing, asentence is mainly seen as asequence of individual words,as if it has only a linearstructure. IC analysis, however,emphasizes the hierarchicalstructure of a sentence, seeingit as consisting of word groupsfirst. In this way the internalstructure of a sentence isshown more clearly, hence thereasons of some ambiguitiesmay be revealed.19. the advantages andproblems in IC analysis?Though IC analysis, theinternal structure of a sentencemay be demonstrated clearly,and ambiguities, if any, will berevealed.There are some technicalproblems caused by the binarydivision and discontinuousconstituents. But the mainproblem is that analysis, e. g.the love of God. In terms ofboth the tree diagram there arestructures whose ambiguitiescannot be revealed by IC andthe labels, there is only onestructure, but the word God isin two different relations withlove, i. e. either as a subject orobject.20. Sapir-Whorf hypothesisConsequently, two versionsof the Sapir-Whorf hypothesishave been developed, a strongversion and a week version.The strong version of thetheory refers to the claim theoriginal hypothesis suggests,emphasizing the decisive roleof language as the shaper ofour thinking patterns, theweak version of thishypothesis, however, is amodified type of its originaltheory, suggesting that there isa correlation betweenlanguage, culture and thought,but the cross- culturaldifferences thus produced inour ways of thinking arerelative, rather thancategorical.。
语言学：语言学概论考试试题
语言学：语言学概论考试试题1、填空题语言学的三大发源地：（）正确答案：中国、印度、希腊—罗马2、名词解释语言融合正确答案：是指某个民族或某个民族中一部分人放弃本民族的语言而专用其他民族的语言，一种语言取代其（江南博哥）他语言，成为不同民族共同的交际工具，又叫语言转用、语言同化或语言替换。
3、多选下列有关普通话的表述中，正确的有（）A.以北京语音为标准音B.以北京话为基础方言C.以北方方言为基础方言D.以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范E.以历代经典的文学作品为语法规范正确答案：A, C, D4、名词解释通语正确答案：或称凡语、凡通语、通名等，是杨雄《方言》一书用来指西汉时没有地域限制，通行比较广的共同语的术语。
5、名词解释词汇意义（词义）正确答案：由人们对现实现象的反映以及由此带来的人们对现实现象的主观评价。
词典的释义所说明的一般都是词的词汇意义。
6、填空题根据语言的亲属关系对语言的分类叫做（），也叫做（）。
正确答案：语言的谱系分类、语言的发生学分类7、单选下面词组中，结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是（）A.年轻漂亮/朴素大方B.我们大家/首都北京C.铁路民航/工人农民D.贯彻执行/讨论研究正确答案：B8、名词解释社会语言学正确答案：用社会学的方法研究社会上的形形色色的语言变异等问题9、问答题简答复元音与几个相连的单元音的区别。
正确答案：复元音的几个成分同属于一个音节，发音时发音器官只有一次肌肉紧张；相连的单元音则各自分属于不同的音节，发音时有几个元音就有几次肌肉紧张；复元音是一个整体，发音时发音器官的运动是连续滑动的，元音的音质是不间断地逐渐变化的，中间会产生一连串的过渡音。
几个相连的单元音是彼此独立的整体，发音时发音器官的运动是跳跃式的，元音的音质是突变的，中间没有过渡音。
10、填空题句子结构关系的意义可以分为（）意义和（）意义两种。
正确答案：显性；隐性11、名词解释单纯字符正确答案：不能再分解为更小字符的字符。
语言学大题
Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsIV. Explain the following terms, using examples.31. Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.32. Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.33. Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics .45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics .48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.49. Semantics: The study of meaning in lan-guage is called semantics.50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics,.51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings..56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language thatdistinguish it from any animal system of communication57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language,58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.V. Answer the following questions.35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature?Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements –for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words, which are distinct in meaning.36. Why is it difficult to define language?It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a system, because elements of language are com-bined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same ob-ject in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by conven-tion . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writing systems are.The term "human" in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfil their commu-nicative needs.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.1)ArbitrarinessAs mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no nec-essary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages , and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number.The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2)ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before.Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.3) DualityThe duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or dou-ble articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.4) DisplacementDisplacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation.5) Cultural transmissionHuman beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically trans-mitted .63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Traditional gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written lan-guage . It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It collects authentic, and mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in an objective and scientific way.64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the de-scription of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of languagedescribes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of lan-guage.Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposesFinally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.67. How do you understand competence and performance ?American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950's proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker's knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.68. Saussure's distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?Although Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two elements “photo” and “copy” in “photocopy” are non-motivated, but the compound is not arbitrary.VI. Analyse the following situation.37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific?It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economyand objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis – collect data – check against the observable facts – come to a conclusion.Chapter 2 Speech SoundsIV. Explain the following terms, using examples.31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone. 33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.50. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages51. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.52. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.53. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.54. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.55. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.56. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one soundsegment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. Answer the following questions.35. What is acoustic phonetics?Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?1) Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the position of the tongue in the mouth.2) According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels.3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels.4) The English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels according to the length of the sound.59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and im`port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronounced withgreater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.”for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3) English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.VI. Analyze the following situation.37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog.(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricativeChapter 3 Lexicon11.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples.31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.31. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.32. inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections33. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.34. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.35. free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth-er morphemes.36. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used indepen-dently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.37. Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself al-though it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.38. Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.39. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the begin-ning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.40. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.41. Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.42. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.V. Answer the following questions.35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they?36. What are the main features of the English compounds?43. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calcu-lable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined w ith other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, su ch as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivati onal affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.VI. Analyze the following situation.37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN III II(1) acronym a. foe(2) free morpheme b. subconscious(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO(4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed(5) prefix e. CalculationChapter 4 SyntaxIV. Explain the following terms, using examples.31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences ina language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents –word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.33. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.34. Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace left in the original position. This is the notion trace in T-G grammar. It’s suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure. E.g. The passive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.35. syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the sentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.36. Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.37. coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or".38. syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word (called a lexical category) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function.39. grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom .40. linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.41. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.42. D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.V. Answer the following questions.35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or。
戴炜栋语言学试题及答案
戴炜栋语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 社会答案：A2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语用学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 句子D. 语篇答案：A4. 语言的三大功能包括：A. 表达、交流、记录B. 交际、表达、记录C. 交际、表达、思考D. 交际、思考、记录答案：C5. 下列哪个术语不属于语义学的研究范畴？A. 同义B. 反义C. 词源D. 句法答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的音位学研究的是语言的_________。
答案：声音系统2. 语言的语法学研究的是语言的_________。
答案：结构规则3. 语言的语用学研究的是语言的_________。
答案：使用方式4. 语言的语料库语言学研究的是语言的_________。
答案：实际使用数据5. 语言的语义学研究的是语言的_________。
答案：意义三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 请简述语言的社会功能。
答案：语言的社会功能包括但不限于：交际、记录、教育、娱乐、文化传承等。
2. 什么是语言的双重性？答案：语言的双重性指的是语言既有形式又有内容，形式指的是语言的音位、词汇、语法等结构，内容指的是语言所表达的意义。
3. 请简述语言的演变过程。
答案：语言的演变过程是一个复杂且持续的过程，它包括语音、词汇、语法等方面的变化。
这些变化可能是由于社会、文化、技术等因素的推动，也可能是语言内部的自然发展。
四、论述题（每题30分，共30分）1. 论述语言与文化的关系。
答案：语言与文化之间存在着密切的关系。
语言不仅是文化的载体，也是文化的重要组成部分。
一方面，语言反映了一个社会群体的价值观、信仰和行为模式；另一方面，文化也影响着语言的发展和使用。
例如，不同文化背景的人可能会使用不同的词汇和表达方式来描述相同的事物，同时，语言中的特定词汇和表达方式也能够帮助人们理解一个文化的独特之处。
语言学纲要试题及答案
语言学纲要试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的发音B. 语言的语法结构C. 语言的运用D. 语言的发音、语法结构和运用2. 下列哪个选项不属于语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学3. 语言学中，研究语言的发音规律的学科被称为什么？A. 语音学B. 音韵学C. 语用学D. 语义学4. 语言学中，研究语言意义的学科是？A. 语用学B. 语义学C. 语法学D. 词汇学5. 什么是语言的方言？A. 一种语言的变体B. 一种完全不同的语言C. 一种语言的书面形式D. 一种语言的口头形式6. 语言学中，研究语言随时间变化的学科被称为什么？A. 历史语言学B. 社会语言学C. 比较语言学D. 结构语言学7. 下列哪个选项是研究语言与社会之间的关系的学科？A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 计算语言学D. 应用语言学8. 语言学中，研究语言如何被用来达到交际目的的学科是？A. 语用学B. 语义学C. 语法学D. 语音学9. 什么是语言的同源词？A. 来自不同语言的词B. 来自同一语言的词C. 来自同一词根的词D. 来自同一语言家族的词10. 语言学中，研究语言结构的学科被称为什么？A. 结构语言学B. 语音学C. 语义学D. 语用学答案：1-5 D C A A A 6-10 A A A C A二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。
答案：语用学2. 语言学研究的两个主要领域是______和______。
答案：理论语言学；应用语言学3. 语言的方言是指在某一特定地区或社会群体中使用的______。
答案：语言变体4. 语言学中，研究语言随时间变化的学科是______。
答案：历史语言学5. 语言学中，研究语言与社会之间的关系的学科是______。
答案：社会语言学三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. 请简述语言学的主要研究内容。
语言学考试题
语言学考试题一、选择题1. 下列哪个是语言学的基本研究对象？A. 数字B. 文字C. 语言D. 音乐2. 哪位学者提出了语言功能理论？A. #德维特B. 萨普尔斯C. 赫尔德D. #哈尔德格尔3. 语言学的分类方法通常可以分为几大类？A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 24. “语言符号”中包括哪些要素？A. 声音B. 符号C. 拼写D. A、B5. 在语法范畴中，“动宾关系”是指什么？A. 主语和谓语之间的语法关系B. 主语和宾语之间的语法关系C. 宾语和谓语之间的语法关系D. 主语和动词之间的语法关系二、填空题6. 语言学中研究音素的学科是---。
7. 没有逻辑意义的音节称为---。
8. 语音学的基本单位是---。
9. 下列哪个不是语言学的分支学科？10. 一种语言中声母、韵母和声调三者综合的组合称为---。
三、简答题11. 请简要说明音韵学和语音学的区别。
12. 什么是“方言”，方言和语言的关系是什么？13. 什么是语法，语法的作用是什么？14. “文字和语言的关系”是语言学中一个重要问题，请简述你对这个问题的理解。
15. 请简要介绍语言学的研究方法有哪些？四、论述题16. 语言是人类最重要的交流工具之一，请说明语言对个体和社会的重要性。
17. 语言学的发展历程是怎样的？过去、现在和未来的语言学会有怎样的发展趋势？18. 请解释语言与文化之间的关系，并谈谈语言多样性对世界文化的重要影响。
以上便是本次语言学考试题的全部内容，请同学们认真地完成每一道题目，祝大家取得优异的成绩！。
语言学概论试题及参考答案
语言学概论试题及参考答案语言学概论试题及参考答案一、填空题（每空1分，共15分）1、（）的建立，使语言学摆脱了过去的附庸地位，成为一门独立发展的科学。
2、语言符号的形式是（），语言符号的内容是（）3、一个音节可以没有起音和（），但决不可缺少（）。
4、方言词是诣（）。
5、附加在词根上，一般表示附加性词汇意义的语素叫（）。
6、交际的基本单位是（）。
7、语法手段可以分力两大类型：（）和（）。
8、语言发展有两个特点：（）和（）。
9、根据语言的亲属关系对语言的分类叫做（），也叫做（）。
10、"文字起源于（）。
二、单选题（每题1分，共15分）1、社会语言学属于（）①理论语言学②广义应用语言学③普通语言学④狭义应用语言学2、元音［］的名称是（）①舌尖后高圆唇元音②舌尖前高圆唇元音③舌尖后高不圆唇元音④舌尖前高不圆唇元音3、下列汉字的读音中，包含有三合元音的是（）①邮②欧③玩④农4、汉语普通话音节结构（）①最长由三个音素组成②最长由四个音素组成③最长由五个音素组成④最短由两个音素组成5、下列词中，属于单纯词的是（）①玻璃②黑扳③语言④红旗6、下列词中，属于复台词的是（）①傻子②席子③天子④椅子7、下列词组中，属于多义的是（）①两只学生送的花瓶②两位学生送的花瓶③两只学生送的花篮。
④两个学生送的花篮8、下列词中粗体的成分，属于同音关系的是（）①杜鲁门——杜绝②负荆一负担③忽然－－突然④花朵——浪花9、英语的‘foot”（脚，单数）变为“feet”（脚，复数）运用的语法手段是（）①附加②异根③内部屈折④重叠10、"汉语普通话中的：“卡通片”中的“卡”是一个（）①语素②音节③前缀④词11、"汉语中的：“了、着、过”在古代具有实实在在的词汇意义，到现代变成只1表语义的助词，这属于（）①异化②类化③新语法范畴的形成④实词虚化12、"下列语言中属于粘着语的是（）①苗语②越南语③俄语④日语13、"在一种语言内部划脑言时，最主要的依据是（）①语法②语义③语音④词汇14、"下列词的词义，属于词义缩小的是（）①“皮”原指兽皮②“涕”原指眼泪③“瓦”原指一切烧好的上器④“江”原捐“长江”15、"人类几种古老文字的原始字形，都是（）①象形的②会意的③表音的④形声的三、多选题（在本题的每一小题的备选答案中，正确答案有三个或三个以上。
语言学概论试题及答案200题
语言学概论试题及答案200题语言学概论试题及答案语言学概论试题及答案（一）：一、单项选择题（本大题共25小题，每小题1分，共25分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是贴合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1．决定两种话是不一样语言还是同一种语言的不一样方言就应主要参考（c）A．相互理解程度B．语言结构的差异程度c．共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D．是否属于同一个国家2．关于“说话”这种口头交际行为，下列说法正确的一项是（D）A．只涉及心理问题，不涉及物理和生理问题B．只涉及物理问题，不涉及生理和心理问题c．只涉及生理问题，不涉及物理和心理问题D．既涉及心理问题，又涉及生理和物理问题3．关于语音四要素，下列说法不正确的一项是（B）A．在任何语言中，音高变化都是语调的主要构成要素B．能起区别语言好处作用的是绝对的音高、音强和音长c．音长是由发音体振动的持续时光决定的D．音强是由发音体振动的振幅大小决定的4．下列关于区别特征的表述中，不正确的一项是（B）A．音位是透过区别特征相互区别的B．区别特征完全取决于语音的自然属性c．音位的辨义功能由区别特征负担D．区别特征通常都表现为二项对立5．关于“复辅音”，下列说法不正确的一项是（B）A．复辅音是一个音节内两个或几个辅音的组合B．复辅音内的几个辅音彼此之间有过渡音联结c．复辅音内的几个辅音的音质变化是突变式的D．复辅音并不是所有语言中都存在的语音现象6．从语言信息处理技术本身来看，下列各项中，属于未来一段时光研究的主攻方向的是（D）A．文字编码B．语音识别c．文本检索D．机器翻译7．下列各组辅音中，发音部位相同的一组是（A）A．B．c．D．8．北京话“面”单念时读作，但“面包”却读作，这种语流音变现象是（c）A．弱化B．增音c．同化D．异化9．关于现代汉语“洗”和“浴”两个语素，下列说法不正确的一项是（c）A．“洗”是成词语素，“浴”是不成词语素B．“洗”是自由语素，“浴”是黏着语素c．“洗”是不定位语素，“浴”是定位语素D．“洗”和“浴”都是实义语素10．下列各组中，三个复合词构词类型不一致的一组是（A）A．席卷耳鸣地震B．打倒切断推翻c．发光散热出气D．天地欢乐爱好11．下列各组词，吸收外来成分的手段存在不一致状况的一组是（D）A．丹麦挪威法兰西B．沙拉咖啡麦当劳c．卡车啤酒立邦漆D．香波克隆好莱坞12．汉语中的词类（词的语法分类）能够首先分出的两个大类是（B）A．基本词和非基本词B．实词和虚词c．典型词和兼类词D．体词和谓词13．语法现象能够分成“核心语法现象”和“外围语法现象”，其中“核心语法现象”主要是指（D）A．词语搭配问题B．好处表达问题c．语音实现问题D．句法结构问题14．主要功能是用来“造句”的同一级语法单位是指（c）A．语素和语素组B．语素组和词c．词和词组D．词组和句子15．语法规则的“抽象性”是指（A）A．对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B．相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用c．语法规则之间能够相互推导和解释D．语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢16．下列关于“直接组成成分分析法”（层次分析法）的表述，不正确的一项是（D）A．从最大的词组开始逐层切分，一向切分到词为止B．从最小的词开始逐层组合，一向组合到词组为止c．分析时要依据两条原则：“成结构”和“有好处”D．分析时采用的方法是“先分主干”和“后添枝叶”17．“汽车”和“卡车”是（A）A．上下位词B．同义词c．等义词D．近义词18．下列各项中，语义结构属于复合述谓结构的一项是（B）A．这样做不值得B．他跑过去开门c．我们单位需要增加编制D．他们正在研究如何筹集资金19．下列各项中，甲和乙是预设关系的一项是（c）A．（甲）他买了一支钢笔//（乙）他买了一支笔B．（甲）老王在小李的左边//（乙）小李在老王的右边c．（甲）他早就不在学校工作了//（乙）他以前在学校工作过D．（甲）什么水果他都吃过//（乙）他吃过苹果20．文字最基本的单位是（B）A．笔画B．字符c．偏旁D．部首21．根据字符跟什么样的语言单位相联系的标准来分类，已知自源文字都属于（A）A．词语文字B．语素文字c．音节文字D．音位文字22．在语言谱系分类的层级体系中，最大的类别是（c）A．语族B．语支c．语系D．语群23．在儿童学会说话的过程中，“双词阶段”标志着儿童产生的语言潜力是（c）A．语音潜力B．语汇潜力c．语法潜力D．语义潜力24．“萨丕尔（E。
语言学全部习题
语言学全部习题1. 简答题（每题10分，共30分）1) 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学，包括语音学、词法学、句法学、语义学、语用学等不同的分支。
它关注语言的结构、用法、演变以及和思维、社会和文化之间的关系。
2) 语言的基本要素包括哪些？语言的基本要素包括语音、词汇、句法、语义和语用。
语音研究发音和音系，词汇研究词的形态和词义，句法研究语言的句子结构，语义研究词和句的含义，语用研究语言的使用和交际。
3) 语音学和音系学有何区别？语音学研究语言中的语音现象，包括语音的产生、传播和感知等方面。
音系学研究语言中的音素系统，即语言中所有可能出现的音位和它们的组合规则。
2. 选择题（每题10分，共40分）1) 下列哪个不属于语言的基本要素？A. 语音B. 词汇C. 句法D. 语文答案：D2) 以下哪个学科不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语用学C. 数学D. 词法学答案：C3) 语音学主要研究哪方面的内容？A. 词义B. 词形C. 词语的使用D. 语音的产生和感知答案：D4) 以下哪个不是语言学的研究对象？A. 词汇表B. 句子结构C. 语言和思维的关系D. 社会语言规范答案：A3. 简答题（每题10分，共30分）1) 什么是语言的演变？语言的演变是指语言在使用过程中，由于多种因素的影响，其语音、词汇、句法等方面发生变化和发展。
语言的演变是一个长期的、渐进的过程，涉及到语言交流者的语言习惯、语音产生的方式、语法规则的改变等方面的变化。
2) 语言和思维之间有何关系？语言和思维之间有密切的关系。
一方面，语言是人类思维的表达工具，通过语言的运用，人们能够将思维中的概念、情感和意图等传递给他人。
另一方面，语言也影响思维的方式和内容。
语言结构和词汇的差异会影响人们的思维方式，不同语言对概念的划分和认知方式可能会有所不同。
3) 什么是语言交际？语言交际指的是人们通过语言进行沟通和交流的过程。
语言交际包括语言的使用、理解和解释，以及交流中的非语言行为和语境等因素。
语言学概论题目及答案
语言学概论试题（一）一、填空（每空1分，共15分）1.语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。
2.语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助交际工具。
•3.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。
4.英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。
•5.语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理角度分析它的表现形式传递过程，从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。
6.是否能够独立运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。
•7.现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。
•8.具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。
•9.语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。
•10.我国宪法 1982年第19条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。
二、选择题（每题1分，共10分）••••••1. 中国的传统语文学研究的薄弱环节是（ D ）••Ａ.文字学Ｂ.语音学• •Ｃ.词汇学Ｄ.语法学•2. 汉语属于（ B ）•Ａ.屈折语Ｂ.孤立语 •Ｃ.多式综合语Ｄ.粘着语•3. 一种语言中数量最少的是（ B ）••Ａ.音素Ｂ.音位 ••Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音节•4. 文字的前身是（ C ）••Ａ.结绳记事Ｂ.手势 ••Ｃ.图画记事Ｄ.实物记事•5. 派生词中包含（ B ）••Ａ.词尾Ｂ.词根 ••Ｃ.虚词Ｄ.根词•6. 语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是（ C ）••Ａ.音素Ｂ.义素 ••Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音位7. 汉语单词“忽然”出现的位置是（ C ）••Ａ.主语位置Ｂ.谓语位置 ••Ｃ.状语位置Ｄ.定语位置8. 以下各种语言变体中，属于社会方言的是（ D ）•••Ａ.土话Ｂ.客家话 •••Ｃ.客套话Ｄ.黑话9. 下列语素中属于自由语素的是（ C ）•••Ａ.初Ｂ.视 •••Ｃ.人Ｄ.民10. 在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，•具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫（ D ）••Ａ.转换关系Ｂ.组合关系 ••Ｃ.层级关系Ｄ.聚合关系三、名词解释（每题4分，共20分）•1.专语语言学以具体语言作为研究对象的语言学。
语言学概论试题及答案
一、填空题:（每空1 分,本大题共10 分）1。
( )语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。
2。
人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制（掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。
3. 进入20世纪以后,语言研究的主流由历史比较语言学转为（）.4。
俄语属于印欧语系的（5. 一个音位包含的不同音素或者具体表现出来的音素叫做（）。
6. 语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是7. 现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于（ )字母。
8。
言外之意之所以能够被理解是因为( ）起了补充说明的作用。
9。
方言在社会完全分化的情况下，有可能发展成(• ）•;在社会高度统一的情况下，会逐渐被共同语消磨直到同化。
10。
南京方言的“兰”、“南”不分，从音位变体的角度来说，［n ］和[l］是属于（）变体.二、单项选择题:码填在题干上的括号内。
（每小题1 分,本大题共15 分）1。
在二十世纪，对哲学、人类学、心理学、社会学等学科产生重大影响的语言学流派是（）A.历史比较语言学B.心理语言学C。
结构主义语言学D。
社会语言学2。
“人有人言,兽有兽语”中的“言”属于（) A。
语言 B.言语C.言语行为D.言语作品3。
“我爱家乡"中“爱”和“家乡”（）A.是聚合关系。
B.是组合关系。
C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。
D.4。
一种语言中数量最少的是A.音素B.音位C.语素D。
音节5. 英语的man-→men采用的语法手段是A. 屈折变化B.变换重音的位置C。
变化中缀 D.异根6. 在汉语普通话中没有意义区别功能的声学特征是( ）A.音高B。
音强C。
音长D。
音质7. [ε］的发音特征是A.舌面前高不圆唇B.舌面后高不圆唇C.舌面前半高不圆唇D.舌面前半低不圆唇8。
构成“语言、身体”这两个词的语素的类型（）A。
都是成词语素B。
都是不成词语素C.“语”和“言”是成词语素，“身"和“体"是不成词语素D。
语言学纲要试题及答案
语言学纲要试题及答案一、选择题1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案：B2. 下列哪项不是语言学的主要分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语义学D. 心理学答案：D二、填空题1. 语言学的两大研究领域是______和______。
答案：语音学；语法学2. 索绪尔是______学派的创始人。
答案：结构主义三、简答题1. 简述语言学研究的基本方法。
答案：语言学研究的基本方法包括观察法、实验法、比较法和统计法。
观察法是通过直接观察语言现象来收集数据；实验法是在控制条件下进行语言实验；比较法是对比不同语言或同一语言的不同变体；统计法是通过统计分析来研究语言现象的规律性。
2. 语言学中的“语言能力”与“语言表现”有何区别？答案：语言能力指的是一个人理解和使用语言的内在能力，是抽象的、潜在的；而语言表现是指实际使用语言的行为，是具体的、外在的。
四、论述题1. 论述语言与文化之间的关系。
答案：语言与文化是相互依存、相互影响的。
语言不仅是文化的载体，也是文化的一部分。
一方面，语言反映了一个民族的历史、社会结构和思维方式；另一方面，文化也影响着语言的发展和变化。
例如，不同文化背景下的语言表达方式和交际习惯可能存在差异。
2. 分析现代语言学与传统语言学的主要区别。
答案：现代语言学与传统语言学的主要区别在于研究方法和研究重点。
现代语言学更侧重于使用科学的方法，如实验和统计，来研究语言的内在规律；而传统语言学则更侧重于语言的历史演变和文献研究。
此外，现代语言学强调跨学科的研究方法，与传统语言学相比，它更关注语言的功能性和社会性。
五、案例分析题1. 请分析以下对话中的语言现象，并解释其语言学意义。
对话：A: 你今天去图书馆了吗？B: 去了，我借了一本书。
答案：这段对话展示了语言的交际功能。
A通过提问来获取信息，B 通过回答来提供信息。
此外，对话中的疑问句和陈述句的使用，体现了语言的语法结构和语用功能。
语言学概论大题总结
语概大题总结题目1.语言学家说语言是一种特殊的社会现象，应该怎样理解这句话？（1）说语言是社会现象，意在强调语言的社会性，就是说，语言既不是自然现象，也不是个人现象。
（2）社会现象纷繁复杂，但大题可分两类：属于经济基础方面的和属于上层建筑方面的，而语言作为社会现象既不属于经济基础也不属于上层建筑，这就是它特殊的地方，所以说语言是特殊的社会现象。
2.列宁说：“语言是人类最重要的交际工具，”索绪尔说：“语言是一个符号系统”。
这两个定义是否矛盾？语言的定义是应该怎样的？这两个定义并不矛盾，只是角度不同。
列宁的定义是语言的功能角度出发，而索绪尔的定义是从语言的本体角度出发，两个定义从不同的角度揭露了语言的恶补呢之，语言的工具性和语言的符号性都是语言的重要性子，因而完整的定义应该讲二者结合起来，语言是作为社会最重要的交际工具的音义结合的符号系统。
3.语言有无阶级性？为什么？（1）语言的社会本质是作为交际工具为整个社会服务，语言的社会本质决定了他是全民的，不是属于某一阶级的，因而语言没有阶级性。
（2）从语言产生的背景来看，早在远古时期语言就产生了，在漫长的原始社会里，阶级没有出现，那时的语言只能是全民的。
（3）在阶级社会里，语言也不是哪一个阶级创造的，更不是为哪个阶级服务的，各个阶级拥有共同的语言，语言一视同仁地为社会各阶级服务。
（4）语言虽然没有阶级性，但阶级对语言有影响，主要表现在各阶级都有一些习惯语。
4.如何理解语言是人类最重要的交际工具？这句话要从来两方面来理解：（1）人类不只是拥有语言这种交际工具，除语言外，还有文字、手势、表情等许多被人们称作副语言或体态语的辅助性的交际工具。
（2）语言是诸多交际工具里边最重要的，不可缺少的。
一个社会可以没有文字，但不能没有语言。
与其他交际工具比起来，语言传递的信息量最大使用最方便，使用范围广，效果也最好，所以是最重要的交际工具。
5.语言与思维的关系如何？这个问题学术界有哪些争议？近年来这个问题的研究有何发展？（1）语言与思维的关系历来有两种对立观点：一种观点认为语言与思维的关系是形式与内容的关系，实为是在语言的基础上进行的，语言是思维的唯一的工具，因此语言与思维同时产生，另一种官邸那认为语言与思维没有必然联系。
(完整版)语言学考试试题及其答案
一、填空１５%1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。
2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助•••交际工具。
3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。
4、英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。
5、语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理•角度分析它的表现形式（传递过程），从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。
6、是否能够独立（自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。
7、现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。
8、具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。
9、语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。
10、我国宪法（１９８２年）第１９条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。
二、单项选择题（本大题共26小题，每题1分）1、下列关于“语言”和“言语”的表述中，不正确的一项是【】A.语言是社会的，言语是个人的B.语言是主要的，言语是从属的C.语言是抽象的，言语是具体的D.语言是书面的，言语是口头的答案：D2、下列关于一般语汇总体特点的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.构词能力强B.使用范围窄C.产生历史长D. 大多很稳定答案：B 解析：根据词在语汇系统中的重要程度，可以分为基本语汇和非基本语汇（一般语汇）两大类。
ACD三项都属于基本语汇的特点。
3、区分“单纯词”和“合成词”所依据的是【】A.词的音节数量B.词的语素数量C.词的音形关系D.词的地位用途4、语法规则的“系统性”是指【】A.对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B.相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C.语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释D.语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢答案：C 解析：ABD三项分别对应的是语法规则的“抽象性”、“递归性”、“稳定性”。
5、语音的四个物理要素中，区别不同的意义起着最为重要的作用的是【】A、音高B、音强C、音长D、音色6、元音和辅音本质区别是【】A、元音的发音可以延长，辅音不可以B、元音发音响亮，辅音不响亮C、元音发音时气流不受阻，辅音一定受阻D、发元音时，发音器官的各个部分均衡紧张；辅音则不然7、[ε]的发音特征是【】A、舌面前高不圆唇B、舌面后高不圆唇C、舌面前半高不圆唇D、舌面前半低不圆唇8、下列关于语义民族性的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.词义上的民族特点并不明显B.词的多义化不受民族特点的制约C.不同的民族语言在词的理性意义上并无差异D.不同的民族语言在词的非理性意义上会有所不同答案：D解析：不同民族对客观事物的认识不同，因而语义的民族特点也不同，词的多义化也会受制约，非理性意义也会有所不同，比如汉语中“狗”字常含贬义，像“走狗”；可在英语里，“dog”常含褒义，像“a lucky dog”（幸运儿）。
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一Once you open your mouth, you are placed.
—— Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw
Points to cover /language varieties
Special terms:
1 Standard language, 标准语言
Also called standard variety or standard dialect, standard language is the dominant, or prestigious variety.
It is the variety of a language which has the highest status in a community or nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language .
2 dialects, Classification of Dialects
Regional dialects
Social dialects
Accents
3 registers,
Differ in vocabulary phonology grammar and semantics
4 pidgins,
皮钦语,洋泾浜语或混杂语言（Pidgin），指不同种语言混和而成的混合语。
从纯粹语言学的观点看，皮钦语只是语言发展的一个阶段，指在没有共同语言而又急于进行交流的人群中间产生.
A pidgin language is a lingua franca which has no native speakers.
Feature
Reduction in vocabulary and grammar
Elimination of complexities and irregularities
5 creoles 克里奥尔语
A creole is a pidgin which has acquired native speakers.
Feasure
Expanding in structure and vocabulary to express the range of meanings
Serving the range of functions required of a first language
二Approaches to meaning 104
1.The Naming Theory/referential theory--Plato
Definition: the meaning of an expression is what it refers to, or names.
Problems with naming as meaning
Approaches to meaning
2. The conceptualist view illustrated by the semantic triangle/triangle of significance. Definition: The interpretation of meaning is linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.
Problem: What is the link?
Triangle of Reference by Ogden & Richards
Approaches to meaning
3. Contextualism: Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context. Wittgenstein: …the meaning of a word is its use in the language.
J.R. Firth: “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.”
Context
Linguistic context: co-text, word’s collocation. Eg. Black coffee, black tea, black people
Situational context
Participants( Personalities,Verbal action,Nonverbal action etc. )
Actions
Objects and events
Deictic features
Approaches to meaning 107
4.Behaviorism—Bloomfield
“situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.” S Jill r……s Jack R
Approaches to meaning 109
5. Meaning as truth conditions: truth-conditional theory/semantics 真值理论draws on formal logic 形式逻辑.
Knowing the meaning of a sentence means knowing the conditions under which the sentence is true or false.
Problems 109-110:。