博士入学考试试题

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博士入学考试-1001英语

XX博士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：1001 科目名称：英语请注意:答案必须写在答题纸上（写在试题上无效）in law and medical school classrooms in rece nt years.A) subord in ati on B) participatio n C) impact D)assumpti on3. It has been proven innumerable times that the various types ofbehavior, emoti ons, and in terests that _______ being masculi neand feminine are patter ned by both heredity and culture.A) con struct B) assig n C) con stitute D)approve4. Our guess said some very things about the meal I ' d cooked.subtleon the test.A ) complimentaryB ) complimentedC ) complementaryD ) complement5. He has some ideas about what to do, but nothing specific.A) vulgar B)vague C) delicate D)6. The teacher gave me a on the b ack for gett ing an “A” A) clap B) hit C) pat D) padgatheri ng.A) reas oningB)reas on able C) n eutral D)mutual18. Some people tell jokes very well while others __________________ say someth ing funny.A) attempt to B) tempt to C) appeal to D) struggle to 19. I was jealous of the football player ' s ________ in school.A) popularity B) curiosity C) familiarity D) professi on20. It was only when I saw the painting on sale for half the priceI paid for it that I realized IA) in trigued B) steered bothered H . Reading Comprehensionfollowed by somequestions or unfinished there are four choices marked A., B., C. andD. You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.d been ________ C) cheated D)Directi ons:There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage isstatements. For each of themPassage OneAn 82-year-old manwhoshot a burglar who was trying to break into his allotme nt shed was ordered to pay him £ 4000 damages yesterday.Ted Newbery had bee n sleep ing in the shed to try to stop van dals destro ying his allotme nt. He fired through a hole in the door whe n he heard voices outside. Mark Revill, 28, was hit in the chest and arm by 50 shotg un pellets as he and ano ther man tried to smash their way into the shed. They had gone there to steal, knowing that the pensioner had a televisi on set and a washi ng machi ne in the shed.Mr. Newbery had slept in the shed every ni ght for four yearsbecause of van dalism, the court was told by the defe nse. That ni ght, he heard a loud banging on the door, and a voice say ing “ If the oldman s in there, we ' ll do him. ” He was absolutely terrified, and fired the gun in self-defense. As a result of the incident, Mr. RevillA) He tried to break in. B) He was shot dead.C) He was a n eighbor of Mr. Newbery. D) He lived onpension.2. Mr. Newbery said he shot at Mr. Revill _____ .A) out of panic B) through the windowC) to frighte n him away D) because he wasangry with him3. Which of the following opinions did the court most probably agree withA) It was Mr. Revill ' s own fault if he was injured.B) Mr. Newbery had pla nned the shooti ng.C) Mr. Newbery should have bee n sent to pris on for what he did.D) A home owner is entitled to shoot a burglar under any circumsta nces.4. The Mayor of Erewash started a fund to help Mr. Newbery becausehe thought _____ .A) Mr. Newbery was right in trying to defe nd himself6. This passage implies that war is nowc. believes that the adoption of some ideologies could prevent ward. does not doubt the truth of any ideologiessemester. A typical course con sists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks; while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student would expect to take four years atte nding two semesters each year.It is possible to spread the period of work for the degree over a Ion ger period. It is also possible for a student to move between one uni versity and ano ther duri ng his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs. Elections to positions in stude nt orga ni zati ons arouse much en thusiasm. The effective work of maintaining discipli ne is usually performed by stude nts who advise the academic authorities. Any stude nt who is thought to have broke n the rules, for example, by cheati ng has to appear before a stude nt court. With the en ormous nu mbers of stude nts, the operati on of the system does invo Ive a certa in amount of activity. A stude nt who has held one of these positions of authority is muchrespected and it will be of ben efit to him later in his career. 11. Normally a stude nt would at least atte nd classes eachweek.A. 36B. 12C. 20D. 1512. According to the first paragraph an American student is allowed .a. to live in a different universityb. to take a particular course in a different university.c. to live at home and drive to classesd. to get two degrees from two different universities13. America n uni versity stude nts are usually un der pressure of workbecause .a. their academic performanee will affect their future careersb. they are heavily invoIved in student affairesc. they have to observe university disciplined. they want to run for positions of authority14. Some students are enthusiastic for positions in studentorga ni zati ons probably becausea. they hate the constant pressure and strain of their study估计了本大题共1小题，本大题共25分。

2023年上海交通大学博士生英语入学考试试题

2023年上海交通大学博士生英语入学考试试题第一部分：听力理解（共两节，满分20分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）请听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. Where does this conversation most likely take place?- A. In a restaurant.- B. In a library.- C. In a hospital.2. What does the woman want to do?- A. Return the shirt.- B. Buy a new shirt.- C. Exchange the shirt.3. What does the man think the weather will be like tomorrow?- A. Sunny.- B. Cloudy.- C. Rainy.4. How many classes did the woman miss?- A. One.- B. Two.- C. Three.5. What does the woman imply about men?- A. They are careless.- B. They are forgetful.- C. They are helpful.第二节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）请听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各个小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听下面一段对话，回答第6和第7两个小题。

6. What does the woman want to do?- A. Go swimming.- B. Go hiking.- C. Go skiing.7. When does the conversation most probably take place?- A. In winter.- B. In spring.- C. In summer.听下面一段对话，回答第8和第9两个小题。

博士入学考试历年试题

武汉大学刑法学博士入学考试历年试题（1999－2009）编者按许多人咨询我考武汉大学刑法博士应该看哪些参考书目，历年来都考了哪些题目，应该如何准备复习。

于是，我就将武汉大学法学院刑法学10年来的博士入学考试的真题进行汇编，并传到我的个人博客，希望对那些有志于成为武汉大学马家军弟子的考生有所帮助。

当然，为了能够顺利考上刑法学博士生，单纯复习这几本刑法书是远远不够的，希望各位朋友能够认真阅读《法学研究》、《中国法学》、《中外法学》、《法学评论》等中国一流法学期刊上近三年发表的一些刑法学术论文、武汉大学法学院刑法学教授、博导以及赵秉志教授、陈兴良教授、张明楷教授、周光权教授等刑法学权威的著作和学术论文。

吴情树整理于华侨大学法学院2009年3月25日2009年一、中国刑法1、未成年人犯罪的刑罚基础2、我国刑法的空间效力3、组织卖淫罪二、外国刑法1、论共犯的本质2、论遗弃罪三、西方刑法学说史1、论贝卡里亚的刑法观2、论宫本英修不作为犯罪的思想2008年一、中国刑法1、未遂犯的成立条件2、我国刑法中的减刑3、我国刑法中的受贿罪二、外国刑法1、日本刑法中的共谋共同正犯理论2、德日刑法中的单纯赌博罪和常习赌博罪三、西方刑法学说史1、费尔巴哈的刑罚理论2、威尔哲尔的目的行为论2007年一、中国刑法1、论犯罪的基本特征2、论刑罚的目的3、结合刑法分则的规定，论述法条竞合的概念、表现形式以及法律适用的原则。

二、外国刑法1、论述西方刑法中的不作为犯2、论述日本刑法中的受贿罪类型三、西方刑法学说史1、简述李斯特的犯罪观2、简述日本新派与旧派的刑法理论之争3、简述团藤重光的死刑废止论2006年一、中国刑法1、想象竞合犯及与法条竞合的区别2、论我国的刑罚消灭制度3、论绑架罪以及与非法拘禁罪的界定二、外国刑法1、论西方刑法中的行为理论2、评短期自由刑3、论日本刑法中的放火罪三、西方刑法学说史1、西方刑法古典学派的主要观点2、李斯特的刑罚目的观3、新社会防卫论的主要观点2005年一、中国刑法1、论中止犯2、论罚金刑3、诈骗罪二、外国刑法1、论违法性本质2、赃物罪三、西方刑法学说史（空）2004年一、中国刑法1、论教唆犯2、论数罪并罚原则3、论交通肇事罪二、外国刑法1、论共犯的本质2、同意杀人三、西方刑法学说史1、费尔巴哈的刑法思想2、植松正的刑法思想3、安塞尔的刑法思想2003年一、中国刑法1、论犯罪对象2、论追诉时效的计算3、论绑架罪二、外国刑法1、论违法性的本质2、论自由刑的统一化3、论遗弃罪三、西方刑法学说史1、比较古典学派与近代学派的异同2、比较贝林格与小野清一郎的构成要件理论2002年一、中国刑法1、论犯罪对象2、论立功制度3、论诬告陷害罪二、外国刑法1、因果关系论2、短期自由刑以及存废3、论背信罪三、西方刑法学说史1、启蒙思想的刑法面前人人平等之演变2、费尔巴哈的心理强制说3、菲利的犯罪三原因论4、牧野英一的犯罪征表说5、论贝林格的构成要件理论6、论团藤重光的人格行为论、人格责任论及构成理论2001年一、中国刑法1、论防卫过当2、论时效制度3、论走私普通货物、物品罪二、外国刑法1、论原因自由行为2、论罚金刑3、论抢劫罪三、西方刑法学说史1、古典学派的刑法思想2、李斯特的刑罚观3、宫本英修的犯罪未遂论2000年一、中国刑法1、论刑法中的因果关系2、论刑罚权的根据3、论挪用公款罪二、外国刑法1、论过失学说2、论外国刑法中刑罚权的根据学说3、论德日刑法中的脱逃罪三、西方刑法学说史1、论贝卡利亚的刑罚适用原则2、牧野英一的目的刑论3、后期古典学派的刑法理论1999年一、中国刑法1、论特殊主体2、论假释制度3、论故意杀人罪二、外国刑法1、论德日刑法中的法益2、论外国刑法中的前科消灭制度3、论德日刑法中的强奸罪三、西方刑法学说史1、试论贝卡利亚的死刑废止观2、论小野清一郎的构成要件理论3、试述近代学派刑法理论考试指定参考书目：中国刑法马克昌主编：《犯罪通论》、《刑罚通论》，武汉大学出版社。

中国科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试试题

中国科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试试题(1)考试科目：动物学一、名词解释(每题3分，其中举例1分；共30分)1．后口动物2. 咽鳃裂3. 羊膜动物4. 鳞嵴5. 物种6. 口咽式呼吸7. 混合体腔8. 生物多样性9. 动物区系10. 同源器官二、填空题（每空0.5 分，共15分）1. 降河洄游入海的鱼类其体液渗透压需要完成由（）转变为（）。

（提示：填高或低）。

2. 粘孢子虫是渔业养殖中危害较大的病原体之一，其无性生殖方式是（）生殖。

3. 华枝睾吸虫病是一种在我国较为流行的食源性寄生虫病。

其病原体的虫卵排入水体后被第一中间宿主螺吞食后逸出（），然后逐渐发育为胞蚴，（）和（）；后者成熟后被释放到水体中，遇到第二中间宿主鱼或虾后侵入其体内发育为（）。

4. 寡毛纲动物神经系统为（）。

5. 水体中常见的浮游动物蚤状溞属于甲壳纲（）亚纲。

6. 蚌和鳑鮍鱼是自然界生物间相互依存的典型实例；鱼将卵产于蚌的（）中，蚌的（）寄生于鱼的皮肤上。

7. 动物的肌肉组织是由（）胚层发育分化而来。

8. 我国陆地动物区系分属于（）届与( )届两大区系；现代动物区系的基本轮廓呈现于（）初期。

9. 甲壳纲动物体节常分为（）部和（）部；具有（）对附肢。

10. 藤壶是附着在海边岩石、船体上的一种常见生物，它隶属于（）亚门。

11. 大多数鱼类身上被有鳞片，而鱼鳞主要分为3种，即硬鳞、（）和（）。

12. 环毛蚓的生殖系统为雌雄（），生殖时（）受精。

13. 环节动物的循环系统属（）式循环；节肢动物的循环系统是（）式；两栖动物的循环方式为（）和（）的双循环。

14. 鸟类在繁殖期常各自占有一定的领域，不许其他鸟类（尤其是同种鸟类）侵入，称为（）现象。

15. 棘皮动物的成虫呈（）对称，其幼虫呈（）对称。

三、问答题(共55分)1. 简述脊索动物的三大主要特征及脊索的出现在动物演化史上的意义。

（8分）2. 简述近年来动物系统分类学中三大学派的主要观点。

博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解

博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Entrance Examination in EnglishPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question or complete each statement.Passage 1:Climate Change and Global WarmingClimate change refers to long-term changes in average weather patterns in a specific region or globally. Global warming, on the other hand, specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities. While some argue that global warming is a natural phenomenon, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, are the primary causes of climate change.1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of global warming?A. Natural phenomenaB. Human activitiesC. Average weather patternsD. Long-term changes in climateAnswer: B. Human activities2. What is the difference between climate change and global warming?A. Climate change is caused by human activities, while global warming is natural.B. Global warming refers specifically to changes in average weather patterns.C. Climate change refers to long-term changes in climate, while global warming is due to human activities.D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Answer: D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Passage 2:The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the environment and supporting the overall health of ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity is a significant concern as it can lead to negative impacts on food security, climate stability, and overall ecosystem function.3. What is biodiversity?A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.B. The balance of the environment.C. The health of ecosystems.D. The stability of climate.Answer: A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.4. Why is loss of biodiversity a concern?A. It leads to an increase in food security.B. It has no impact on climate stability.C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.D. It supports overall ecosystem function.Answer: C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.Part II: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this section, write an essay on one of the following topics. Your essay should be approximately 400 words in length.1. The Impact of Technology on Society2. Education in the Digital Age3. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication4. Sustainable Development and Environmental ConservationPart III: Speaking (60 points)Directions: In this section, you will be asked to discuss one of the following topics. You will have five minutes to prepare your response and three minutes to present it.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning2. The Influence of Social Media on Relationships3. Effective Strategies for Time Management4. The Role of Government in Promoting Renewable EnergyDetailed explanations and model answers for Part II and Part III will be provided during the examination.Good luck with your doctoral entrance examination in English!。

三峡大学博士研究生英语入学考试真题

三峡大学博士研究生英语入学考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Three Gorges University PhD Entrance ExamSection I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.The Industrial Development of ChinaChina's rapid industrial development over the past few decades has been nothing short of remarkable. From a predominantly agrarian society to a global manufacturing powerhouse, China has transformed its economy and infrastructure to become one of the world's leading industrial nations.One key factor in China's industrial growth has been the government's push for modernization and technological advancement. Through strategic policies and investments in research and development, China has been able to leapfrog ahead in industries such as electronics, automotive, andaerospace. This has not only boosted China's economy but also enhanced its global competitiveness.Another contributing factor to China's industrial success is its large and skilled workforce. With a population of over 1.4 billion people, China has a vast pool of talent that has helped drive its industrial growth. The government has also invested heavily in education and training programs to provide workers with the necessary skills and knowledge to succeed in modern industries.Despite its impressive industrial achievements, China still faces challenges in the form of environmental pollution, resource depletion, and social inequality. The government has acknowledged these issues and has implemented measures to address them, such as promoting sustainable development practices and improving social welfare programs.In conclusion, China's industrial development has been a testament to its resilience and determination to succeed on the global stage. By addressing its challenges and continuing to invest in innovation and sustainability, China is poised to remain a key player in the industrial landscape for years to come.1. What has been a key factor in China's industrial growth?A. Abundant natural resourcesB. Skilled workforceC. Government subsidiesD. Rapid urbanization2. How has China addressed its environmental challenges?A. By ignoring themB. By promoting sustainable development practicesC. By decreasing industrial productionD. By increasing pollution levels3. What is the main idea of this passage?A. China's industrial development has been remarkableB. China's industrial growth has had no impact on the environmentC. China's workforce is not skilled enoughD. China's government has not invested in educationPlease write your answers in the space provided.Section II: Writing (60 points)Choose ONE of the following topics and write a 500-word essay.1. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Society2. The Importance of Renewable Energy Sources3. The Role of Women in Leadership PositionsRemember to support your arguments with examples and evidence.Good luck on your exam!篇2Three Gorges UniversityDoctoral Program Entrance ExamSection 1: Reading Comprehension1. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.The Impact of Climate Change on BiodiversityClimate change is one of the most pressing issues facing the world today. Rising global temperatures, melting ice caps, and extreme weather events are just some of the consequences ofclimate change. One of the less talked about impacts of climate change is its effect on biodiversity.Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms on Earth and the interactions between them. As temperatures rise and habitats are altered, many species are facing extinction. The loss of biodiversity has serious implications for ecosystems and human society as a whole.1. What is biodiversity and why is it important?2. How does climate change affect biodiversity?3. What are some ways to mitigate the impact of climate change on biodiversity?Section 2: Writing1. Write an essay on the following topic:"The Role of Education in Combating Climate Change"2. Write a research proposal on a topic related to your field of study.Section 3: Listening ComprehensionListen to the audio recordings and answer the questions that follow.Section 4: SpeakingPrepare a short presentation on a topic of your choice and be prepared to answer questions from the examiners.Good luck on your exam!篇3Three Gorges University Doctoral Graduate English Entrance ExaminationReading ComprehensionDirections: In this section of the test, you will have 30 minutes to read a passage and then answer questions based on the passage. Answer the questions to the best of your ability.Passage 1: Climate Change and Its Effects on Global Health1. What is climate change?Climate change refers to long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, and other climate patterns on Earth. These changes are largely driven by human activities, specifically the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.2. How does climate change impact global health?Climate change can have a variety of negative effects on global health. For example, rising temperatures can lead to an increase in heat-related illnesses, such as heat stroke, dehydration, and heat exhaustion. Additionally, changes in precipitation patterns can lead to droughts, which can contribute to food shortages and malnutrition. Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and wildfires, can also pose significant risks to public health.3. What can be done to mitigate the effects of climate change on global health?There are several steps that can be taken to mitigate the effects of climate change on global health. These include reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing the use of renewable energy sources, promoting sustainable agriculture practices, and investing in public health infrastructure. It is also important for individuals to take steps to protect their own health, such as staying hydrated during heat waves and following evacuation orders during extreme weather events.4. How can individuals contribute to the fight against climate change?Individuals can contribute to the fight against climate change by reducing their own carbon footprint. This can be doneby using public transportation, carpooling, conserving energy at home, and reducing waste. Additionally, individuals can advocate for policies that aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect the environment.5. What are the potential benefits of addressing climate change?Addressing climate change can have a variety of benefits, including improved public health, enhanced food security, and a more sustainable environment. By taking action to mitigate the effects of climate change, we can create a healthier and more resilient planet for future generations.Questions:1. According to the passage, what is the main driver of climate change?2. How can rising temperatures impact global health?3. What steps can be taken to mitigate the effects of climate change on global health?4. How can individuals contribute to the fight against climate change?5. What are the potential benefits of addressing climate change?Please write your answers on a separate sheet of paper and turn it in to the proctor when you have finished.Writing SectionDirections: In this section of the test, you will have 60 minutes to write an essay in response to the prompt below. Your essay should be approximately 300-400 words in length.Prompt: In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of mental health. Discuss the impact that mental health has on overall well-being and the steps that can be taken to promote mental health in society.Be sure to address the following points in your essay:- Define mental health and its importance to overallwell-being.- Discuss the factors that can contribute to mental health problems.- Outline steps that can be taken to promote mental health in society.Please write your response in the space provided. Remember to use proper grammar and punctuation.Good luck!。

博士入学考试试题

博士入学考试试题一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是博士研究的基本要求？A. 创新性B. 系统性C. 可复制性D. 广泛性2. 博士论文撰写中，以下哪项不是必须遵守的学术规范？A. 引用他人观点必须注明出处B. 数据必须真实可靠C. 可以对实验数据进行选择性报告D. 论文结构必须清晰合理3. 在博士研究过程中，以下哪项不是常见的研究方法？A. 实验法B. 观察法C. 调查法D. 猜测法4. 以下哪个选项不是博士生培养的目标？A. 独立思考能力B. 解决问题的能力C. 团队合作精神D. 个人英雄主义5. 博士生在进行学术研究时，以下哪项不是必要的文献资料？A. 相关领域的经典著作B. 最新的研究论文C. 过时的学术文章D. 权威的学术期刊6. 在博士学习期间，以下哪项不是学生应该具备的素质？A. 好奇心和求知欲B. 批判性思维C. 严格遵守学术道德D. 只关注个人研究方向7. 下列哪项不是博士生参与学术交流的目的？A. 分享研究成果B. 获得同行评议C. 增加个人知名度D. 拓宽研究视野8. 在博士研究中，以下哪项不是数据处理时需要注意的？A. 数据的完整性B. 数据的准确性C. 数据的保密性D. 数据的随意修改9. 博士生在撰写学术论文时，以下哪项不是论文的重要组成部分？A. 摘要B. 引言C. 结论D. 个人感想10. 在博士研究中，以下哪项不是研究伦理的基本原则？A. 诚实B. 责任C. 公正D. 利益最大化二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）11. 简述博士研究中创新性的重要性及其在学术界的作用。

12. 描述博士生在学术写作中应如何避免抄袭和剽窃。

13. 解释为什么博士生需要具备跨学科的知识和技能，并举例说明。

三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）14. 论述博士生在科研工作中应如何处理与导师的关系，以及如何建立有效的沟通机制。

15. 选择一个你感兴趣的研究领域，讨论该领域中当前存在的主要问题和未来的研究方向。

博士入学考试试题

博士入学考试试题1 心外科2000年上海第二医科大学胸心外科博士入学考试试题1、纵隔肿瘤分类特点2、VSD手术适应症，分类，临床表现3、TAPVC的解剖分型4、DORV的分类，手术适应症5、漏斗胸2001年同济医科大学心胸外科入学考试试题一名词解释（4分/题）1 胸出口综合征2 肺错构溜3 血气胸4 法乐四联症5 Edstein畸形二问答题1 试述心肌保护方法的新进展（12分）2 食管癌的临床病理分期和外科治疗的原则（15分）3 急性胸部损伤的综合处理原则（13分）2002年同济医科大学心胸外科入学考试试题一名词解释（4分/题）1 LABP2 DeBakey(II)3 INR 4双向Glenn术5 Rastellir术6Bentall术二写出下列名词的正常值（2分/题）1激活凝血时间2 二尖瓣面积（成人）3 碱剩余4 潮气量5 全肺阻力6 尿游离血红蛋白7 左心射血分数二问答题（8分/题）1矫正型大血管转位传导系统的解剖特点？2比较法乐氏四联症与右心室双向出口的异同点？3 冠状搭桥术前危险因素的评估包哪些内容？4婴幼儿体外循环与心肌保护特点有哪些？2003年同济医科大学心胸外科入学考试试题一名词解释（5*3）1急性排斥反应2 DebakeyIII型3 组织工程心脏瓣膜二问答题1 完全性大动脉错位的手术方式有哪些？（10分）2 气管。

主支气管钝性外伤的好发部位及机制（10分）3 冠心病心肌梗死的并发症有哪些？外科治疗的适应症和禁忌症？（10分）三选择题（每题15分，心外学生选第一题，胸外选第二题）1 婴幼儿体外循环与心肌保护特点？2 肺减容术的手术原理、适应征？2005年同济医科大学心胸外科入学考试试题一、名解碱剩余McGoon比例心肌顿抑心脏指数毁损肺二、简答1、二尖瓣关闭不全的手术指征2、试述永存动脉干的临床分型3、冠状动脉主要分支及供血范围4、心内直视手术后钙超载的发生机制及预防措施5、支气管扩张的手术适应症、禁忌症2006年第三军医大学胸心外科博士入学考试试题一、名词解释（5分×4）1、Adamkiewicz Artery2、Eisenmenger's Syndrome3、Pancoast Tumor4、ECMO二、填空题：（4分×10）1、动脉导管连接于（）和（）之间。

博士考试生物化学的一些各校真题

2023 年中国科学院生物化学考博真题一、名词解释1 染色体重塑2 同源蛋白3 亲和层析4 酶的竞争性抑制5 逆转座子6 糖异生二、举5 例真核生物体内非编码RNA 以及其功能〔往年试题〕三、举5 离GFP 在生物化学中的应用〔2023 年试题〕四、真核生物转录起始水平到翻译后水平上的基因表达调控〔往年试题〕五、蛋白质免疫共沉淀(CoIp〕与ChIP 的原理以及应用2023 年北京医科大学博士入学考试试题－－生物化学1.结合实例说明“生物信息大分子”的概念。

都包括哪些类物质分子。

简要说明其执行“信息功能”的要素。

2.何谓“根本转录因子”，写出 6 个以上的名称。

依据你的理解，推断“类固醇激素受体属于根本转录因子”是否正确，为什么？请简要说明类固醇激素受体调整基因表达的机制。

3.解释“同工酶”概念，简要说明严格区分同工酶策略。

写出设计酶活性测定体系的留意事项。

4.解释“维生素”概念，丙酮酸脱氢酶系中包括那些维生素？各以何种形式参与酶系组成。

写出维生素D 在体内主要代谢过程。

5.写出胆固醇合成的原料，限速酶，在血液内主要运输形式，以及 6 中以上在体内重要转化物的名称。

6.以填空形式考苯丙氨酸和落氨酸的分解代谢过程。

7.端粒，端粒酶的概念，其特别的生物学功能。

8.肝脏生物转化的概念，特点，反响类型。

胆红素在肝内转化后的产物，以何种形式排出体外。

9.血浆蛋白质主要成分及生理功能。

2023 年北京医科大学博士入学考试试题－－生物化学1.人类基因组的概念，内容和意义。

2.t ransgene 的概念，如何重组，定位，筛选，检测？3.图示PKA.PKC.TPK 在信号传导中的作用。

4.蛋白质变性与DNA 变性的区分与应用。

5.肝脏在生物代谢中的作用，假设肝脏发生严峻损伤，可能会发生什么转变？6.比较酶的别构调整与化学修饰调整的异同，及各拘束代谢中的作用。

7.具 5 例辅酶，他们的构造，组成及催化的反响式。

8.有一种α-酮酸参与了糖，尿素，氨基酸，核苷酸代谢，是哪一种。

中国科学院博士研究生入学考试《微观经济学》试题

中国科学院博士研究生入学考试《微观经济学》试题《微观经济学》一、名词解释（每题3分, 共12分）1、吉芬商品,2、效用函数3、寡头垄断4、斯勒茨基替代效用二、简答题（每题7分，共28分）1、收入分配差距的扩大对不同类别商品（奢侈品和必需品）市场需求的影响有何不同？简要讨论其对社会资源配置的影响。

2、设某企业的生产函数为Y=K0.6L0.7，请问它是否可以按边际产品的价值支付要素报酬？说明理由，并推导证明。

3、简述完全竞争和完全垄断条件下市场均衡状况的差异，并在同一张图上作图分析两者福利的差异。

4、在同一个地区有两个面积相同的牧场，A牧场为社区公共牧场，B 牧场为私人牧场。

请分析这两类牧场放牧数量是否有差异，并给出简短的理由。

三、综合题（每题20分，共60分），1．证明下面的两个效用函数给商品X和Y带来的是相同的需求函数。

1）U(X, Y)= log(X)+ log(Y)- A9 N: b7 P6 |2）U(X, Y)=(XY)0.5$ V7 E1 {2 H) h, N9 U |2．假设有一小农户种植小麦，其生产小麦的成本为：C=1000+300q+75q2，q是该农户小麦生产量（单位是吨），C是小麦生产总成本（单位是元，其中固定成本为1000元）。

9 R( t1）如果小麦市场价格是1200元/吨，为了使自己的利润最大化，该麦农应生产2.多少小麦？其利润为多少？生产者福利又是多少？生产者福利与利润之间有什么关系？"2）请推导该麦农在短期内的供应函数，用图形表示出来，并说明该麦农会在小麦价格最低为多少时抛荒。

3、在一条河的上游有一个造纸厂，而下游住着一群渔民。

造纸厂只能选择开工与否，开工就必然带来河流的污染，但是可以得到10的利润，若不开工，只能得到0利润。

渔民只能靠打鱼在市场上出售为生，在河水清洁没有污染时他们可以得到12的利润，而河水污染时只能得到5的利润。

1）假设初始产权不确定，渔民和造纸厂为此闹到法庭，而你恰好是审判这一纠纷的法官，问单纯从经济效率的角度出发，你应该做出什么样的判决？如果你做出和上面选择不同的判决，双方可以自由交易，且交易成本为0，问最终的均衡结果有什么不同？2）由于渔民自己组织起来，具有一定的协调成本，而且调节法律纠纷本身也存在一定的费用，所有此等费用总计为5，问在这一条件下，上题的答案会有什么变化？3）根据上两道题的提示，请给出科斯定理的一种表述。

西南石油大学博士入学英语考试真题

西南石油大学博士入学英语考试真题Southwest Petroleum University Doctoral Entrance ExaminationSection 1: Listening ComprehensionPart ADirections: In Part A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. On the third floor.B. In a library.C. At 3:30.D. At a book sale.2. A. In the office.B. In a restaurant.C. At 2:30.D. In a classroom.3. A. She won’t go to the concert.B. She can’t find her tickets.C. She has an extra ticket.D. She is excited about the concert.4. A. $15.B. $50.C. $30.D. $20.5. A. To the supermarket.B. To the drugstore.C. To the post office.D. To the library.Part BDirections: In Part B, you will hear a longer conversation between two speakers. At the end of the conversation, you will be asked some questions. The conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear the conversation andthe questions about it, read the five possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the questions you have heard.6. A. He is buying a new car.B. He is going on vacation.C. He is moving to a new house.D. He is getting married.7. A. It will be fine.B. It will be rainy.C. It will be cold.D. It will be sunny.8. A. By train.B. By car.C. By bus.D. By plane.9. A. College students.B. People at work.C. Retired couples.D. Elderly tourists.10. A. A hotel.B. A theme park.C. A beach.D. A museum.Section 2: Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: After reading the following passage, you will find the question or incomplete statements based on the text. Read the passage and select the best answer for each question.In recent years, the population of bees has been declining around the world at an alarming rate. Bees play a crucial role in pollinating crops, fruits, and vegetables. This decline in bee populations could have serious consequences for food production and the global ecosystem.There are several reasons for the decline in bee populations. Pesticides used in agriculture are harmful to bees, leading to a decrease in their numbers. Climate change is also affecting bees, as they are sensitive to changes in temperature and habitat loss.To address the decline in bee populations, it is important to reduce the use of harmful pesticides in agriculture and create more habitats for bees to thrive. Planting bee-friendly flowers and creating bee-friendly environments can help support bee populations and ensure the health of the ecosystem.11. Why are bees essential for food production and the global ecosystem?A. They produce honey.B. They pollinate crops, fruits, and vegetables.C. They make beeswax.D. They sting people.12. What are the reasons for the decline in bee populations mentioned in the passage?A. Lack of water.B. Changes in temperature.C. Use of pesticides and climate change.D. Loss of habitat.13. How can the decline in bee populations be addressed?A. Increase the use of harmful pesticides.B. Decrease habitats for bees.C. Create bee-friendly environments and reduce pesticide use.D. Stop planting bee-friendly flowers.Part BDirections: After reading the following passage, you will find certain tasks based on the text. Read the passage and answer the questions or complete the statements.Education is a key factor in achieving success in life. For many people, obtaining a higher education is crucial for securing a good job and a stable income. However, the rising cost of tuition and fees has made it difficult for some individuals to pursue higher education.Despite the challenges, there are ways to make higher education more accessible to everyone. Scholarships and financial aid programs can help students from low-income families afford college. Online courses and distance learning programs have also made higher education more flexible and convenient for students.14. According to the passage, what is the importance of education?15. What are some challenges individuals face when pursuing higher education?16. How can higher education be made more accessible to students?17. What are some alternative ways to obtain a higher education besides traditional college programs?Section 3: WritingDirections: Write an essay of at least 300 words on one of the following topics.1. The impact of technology on society.2. The importance of environmental conservation.3. The benefits of travel and cultural exchange.4. The role of education in shaping the future.Remember to use proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation in your essay.Good luck on your exam!END OF EXAMINATION.。

博士研究生入学考试试题及答案解析

中南大学2005 博士研究生入学考试试题答案及解析Entrance English Test for PhD Programs (2005)Paper OneDirections:There are 20 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1．Sometimes very young children have trouble ______ fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist.A．separating B．having separatedC．to separate D．of separating2．Anthropology is a science______ anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.A．in that B．now thatC．since that D．no that3．With all these exacerbating tensions of the 19th and 20th centuries, it was too much to expect that lawmakers, prime ministers, and presidents could understand, ______agree on , how to obtain this explosive mixture.A．even if B．so as toB．even more D．much less4．After every guest _______, the host had the dishes served.A．was sitting B．was seatedC．was seating D．was sat5．_______traffic delays, you had better start earlier if you want to catch 818 for New York city.A．Regardless of B．Attributing toC．Allowing for D．Under the spell of6．Now a paper in science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from____ on earth than bacteria on Mars.A．configuration B．constitutionC．condemnation D．contamination7．Many people are naturally distrustful of ambition, feeling that it represents something _____ in human nature.A．blatant B．philanthropicC．distressful D．intractable8．Most people believe that the study of another nation, its society and culture, not only can be fascinating but also_____.A．primeval B．legitimateC．newfangled D．beneficent9．In nature we know that wild creatures sometimes exhaust their vital sources and suffer thenatural _______; drastic population reductions.A．capacity B．erosionC．remedy D．amenity10．The chairman gave me a hint that he would like me to think of some ready way of stopping Tom from ______ the proposal.A．lining up B．lying behindC．chiming in D．drifting into11．Monetary Union is a huge economic undertaking ---but it is not just about economics. It is a step with _____political implications-----but it is not just politics.A．stupendous B．bruisingC．tectonic C．internecine12．Since _____firms are more fragile than most other traditional ones, they are even more vulnerable to economy-wide swings.A．inconsistent B．moderateC．nascent D．weird13．To the cynic, there are no wholly altruistic, unselfish acts; every human deed is _____ an ulterior selfish motive.A．independent of B．emulated byC．disguised as D．founded upon14．He keeps his petrol receipts because petrol is one of the expenses that he can ______ against taxes.A．dazzle B．offsetC．circumvent D．impartial15．A university training enables a graduate to see things as they are, to go right to the point, to disentangle a ______of thought.A．line B．strandC．mass D．plethora16．New technologies have often brought with them complex and ______ moral and social difficulties.A．vexing B．psychicC．alienated D．somatic17．The Lewis and Clark expedition left St. Louis in 1804 and traveled 7,700 miles_____ the Pacific Coast.A．on way to B．on route toC．returning to D．in line to18．The Bessemer process was once the most common method of making steel, but today this process is considered______.A．obsolete B．ellipticalC．oval D．eligible19．The other worry is that the entrepreneur will be forced to go public too early, so the venture capitalist can _____ his investment.A．deflate B．pad aroundC．recoup D．cash out20．In almost every country, drug abuse, child abuse and alcohol abuse _______most challenging social problems.A．preoccupied with B．displaced to beC．lend credence to D．loom as1．A．句意：有时小孩在分清现实和虚幻方面存在困难，他们可能认为那样的事情真正存在。

博士入学考试-1001英语

statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should decide on the best
choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
xx 博士研究生入学考试试题
科目代码: 1001
科目名称: 英语
请注意:答案必须写在答题纸上（写在试题上无效）
I. Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
________.
A) intrigued
B) steered
Ⅱ. Reading Comprehension
C) cheated
D) bothered
Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished
classrooms in recent years.
A) subordination B) participation

博士试题及答案

博士试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 以下哪项是量子力学的基本原理？A. 牛顿第二定律B. 热力学第一定律C. 波粒二象性D. 相对论答案：C2. 根据达尔文的进化论，生物进化的驱动力是什么？A. 突变B. 自然选择C. 遗传D. 人工选择答案：B3. 以下哪个不是大数据技术的特点？A. 大容量B. 高速度C. 多样性D. 低价值答案：D4. 以下哪项是人工智能领域的主要应用？A. 自动化生产线B. 无人驾驶汽车C. 3D打印技术D. 纳米材料答案：B5. 以下哪个不是区块链技术的核心特点？A. 去中心化B. 不可篡改C. 匿名性D. 透明性答案：C二、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述相对论的基本原理。

答案：相对论包括狭义相对论和广义相对论。

狭义相对论的基本原理是相对性原理和光速不变原理，广义相对论则是基于等效原理和引力作为时空曲率的几何表现。

2. 描述一下基因编辑技术CRISPR-Cas9的工作原理。

答案：CRISPR-Cas9是一种基因编辑技术，通过向导RNA（gRNA）引导Cas9蛋白到特定的DNA序列，Cas9蛋白切割DNA双链，从而实现基因的编辑。

3. 解释一下什么是深度学习，并给出一个应用实例。

答案：深度学习是一种机器学习方法，通过多层神经网络对数据进行特征学习。

一个应用实例是图像识别，如自动车牌识别系统。

4. 简述一下量子计算机与传统计算机的区别。

答案：量子计算机使用量子比特进行计算，能够同时表示多个状态，而传统计算机使用二进制比特，一次只能表示一个状态。

量子计算机在处理某些特定问题时，如大整数分解，具有超越传统计算机的潜力。

三、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. 论述一下人工智能在医疗领域的应用及其潜在的伦理问题。

答案：人工智能在医疗领域的应用包括辅助诊断、药物研发、患者监护等。

其潜在的伦理问题包括数据隐私保护、算法偏见、责任归属等。

2. 描述一下量子通信的原理，并讨论其在信息安全领域的应用前景。

福建师范大学历届博士研究生入学考试试题(体育学院)

博士研究生入学考试试题(体育学院)考生请注意：1.本卷满分100分，考试时间为3小时2.考生必须在《答题册》上按题号次序作答，否则无效。

考试科目：《体育教学与训练理论》一、问答题（共计100分）1.如何认识和理解当前体育教学中的指导思想？（20分）2.你认为学校体育当前的研究热点？（40分）3.请举一项你熟悉的竞技运动项目，分析其制胜规律。

（40分）考试科目：《运动生理学》二、问答题（共计100分）1.试述人体供能系统及其在体育实践中的应用。

（25分）2.论述体育锻炼对身体健康的作用和运动减肥。

（25分）3.论述少年儿童的生理特点，并指出在体育教学与训练中应该注意的问题。

（25分）4.试述在热环境下运动产生的热应激与热习服的生理变化，并指出补充液体的注意事项。

（25分）2005年试题考生请注意：1.本卷满分100分，考试时间为3小时2.考生必须在《答题册》上按题号次序作答，否则无效。

考试科目：《体育教学与训练理论》一、论述题（共计100分）1.简述我国竞技体育与学校体育的关系。

（30分）2.试析现代体育科学研究的发展趋势。

（30分）3.举例说明当今竞技体育国际竞赛规则的多变性，面对这种多变性的挑战我们要如何应对？（40分）考试科目：《运动生理学》二、论述题（共计100分）1、论述无氧耐力的生理学基础及其训练（25分）2、论述血睾酮、皮质醇、尿蛋白和主观体力感觉等级（RPE）等指标在运动训练中的应用。

（25分）3、论述运动性疲劳消除方法。

（25分）5、论述女子在生理功能和运动能力的特点。

指出在体育教学与运动训练中应注意什么？2006年试题考生请注意：1.本卷满分100分，考试时间为3小时2.考生必须在《答题册》上按题号次序作答，否则无效。

考试科目：《体育教学与训练理论》一、论述题（共计100分）1.你所熟悉运动项目举例说明训练中如何处理专项训练与一般训练的关系。

（30分）2.终身体育思想对体育课程改革产生了哪些方面的影响？（30分）3.运用教学过程的基本功能理论，分析体育教学过程有哪些基本功能，请联系实际予以说明。

北京师范大学博士入学考试试卷

北京师范大学博士入学考试试卷Part I Reading ComprehensionSection A (50%)Directions: There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked a),b),c) and d).You should decide on the best choice and circle the letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’s fastest-growing industries over decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out. Following is a simple guide to the world of money-laundering.Money-laundering is the process by which money obtained by illegal means is given the appearance of legitimate income and returned into circulation. The word and practice are widely believed to have been invented by the US Mafia (黑手党). As a means of mixing the dirty cash obtained from prostitution, gambling, gun-running, blackmail and its other wicked activities, so that it came out more or less clean, the Mafia bought up and operated large numbers of Laundromats (自助洗衣点). As good cash businesses they were a good means of providing the appearance of honest cash flow.Various techniques can be employed and the means of money-laundering, but they essentially boil down to three stages. Step one: moving the money from the scene of the crime A to a remote location B, ideally in another country, preferably a bank account, if possible one that is anonymous. Step two: disguisingthe trail leading from A to B. Step three: making the cash available to the criminals, along with a plausible explanation of how ti came legally into their possession.Apart from harming the economies that it feeds off, the money-laundering industry is essential to organized crime. As the head of the UN’s crime-fighting wing Pino Arlacchi remarked, organized crime “brutalizes society and diminishes respect for the value like honesty and cooperation upon which succ essful societies are based”. Or as a senior US official said in 1999, “money-laundering may look like a polite form of white-collar crime, but it is the companion of brutality, deceit and corruption.”The liberalization of markets around the world and deregulation(解除管制) of exchange controls are regarded ad the chief causes of the rapid expansion of money-laundering over the past decade. Together they have opened up many more channels for laundering dirty money and provided more opportunities to hide its origins. UN officials believe the most important single measure in eliminating money-laundering is the ending of bank secrecy.1. We know from the passage that money-laundering .a) has almost been stamped out by the world’s financial authorities.b) has grea tly promoted the development of the world’s industries.c) only has a ten-year history but has grown rapidly.d) has expanded rapidly over the past decade.2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “stamp it out” (para.1) in the first p aragraph?a) To put an end to it completely.b) To mark a sign by pressing on it.c) To announce it illegal.d) To do harm to is.3. The reason why the Mafia bought up and ran substantial Laundromats is that .a) the Mafia can carry out large numbers of illegal transactions in them.b) the Mafia has many wicked activities like prostitution and gambling in them.c) the Laundromats can give the dirty cash the appearance of legitimate income.d) the Laundromats is such a profit-making industry that it has attracted the Mafia.4. In money-laundering, money would be moved from the scene of the crime to .a) the financial authoritiesb) the circulation fields.c) Laundromats operated by the Mafia.d) anonymous bank account in another country.5. With the worldwide liberalization of markets, money-laundering has expanded rapidly by .a) deregulating the exchange controls.b) buying and operating more Laundromats.c) having more channels to launder dirty money.d) tightening the bank secrecy rules.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.The media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the events related to the People’s Park that wore occurring on campus.Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more of their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city.Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, thevideo coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action” such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. T elevision coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This events was triggered by the verdict (裁定) in the Rodney King beating. 32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved . Mediacoverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as is seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to provide positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.6. Where is the passage most likely to be from?a) Textbook of Media.b) Thesis.c) Newspaper or Magazine.d) Speech.7. The 1989 San Francisco earthquake was mentioned to show .a) how damaging the earthquake was.b) how people carried out rescue workc) the electronic media extend your consciousness and your contact.d) the viewers’ impression of total disaster.8. The term “ electronic city”( para.2) refers to .a) Los Angelesb) San Franciscoc) Berkeleyd) Earth9. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because .a) the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King.b) people can make their own judgments.c) video coverage from helicopters had made people angry.d) video coverage had provided powerful feedback.10. It can be inferred from the passage that .a) media coverage of events as they occur can have either good of bad results.b) most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree withthe verdict of jury.c) the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week.d) Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday. Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions(离子) in the air can have an ill effect on people’s physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electrically charged particle, and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a large proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorms, earthquakes of when winds such as the mistral(寒冷的西北风) are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity(静电) indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, duplicators or computer display screens.When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffernausea(恶心) or even mental disturbance. Animals are also found to be affected, particularly before earthquakes. Snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US Geographical Survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California.Conversely, when large numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these are near the sea, close to waterfalls of fountains ,or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effort of a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions. They claim that ionizers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detractors, other scientists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative/positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds observing the effects on themselves, or on others, of a negative rich or poor environment. After all, it is debatable whether depending on seismic(地震的) readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.11. What effect does excessive positive ionization have on some people?a) They think they are insane.b) They feel rather bad-tempered.c) They become violently sick.d) They are too tired to do anything.12. According to the passage, static electricity can be caused by .a) using home-made electrical goods.b) wearing clothes made of natural materials.c) waling on artificial floor coverings.d) copying TV programs on a computer.13. A high negative ion count is likely to be found .a) near a pond with a water pump.b) close to slow flowing riverc) in some barren mountains.d) by a rotating water sprinkler.14. What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?a) Ionizers.b) Air-conditioners.c) Exhaust-fansd) Vacuum-pump15. Some scientists believe that .a) watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effectiveb) the unusual behaviors of animals can not be trustedc ) neither watching nor using seismograph is reliabled) earthquakes cannot affect any animalsPassage FourQuestions 16to 20 are based on the following passage.Joseph Weizenbaum, professor of computer science at MIT, thinks that the sense of power over the machine ultimately corrupts the computer hacker and makes him into a not very desirable sort of programmer. 34.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complexand bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users. They rarely keep records of their programs for the benefit of others, and they rarely take time to understand why a problem occurred.Computer science teachers say they can usually pick out the prospective hackers in their courses because these students make their homework assignments more complex than they need to be. Rather than using the simplest and most direct method, they take joy in adding extra steps just to prove their ingenuity.But perhaps t hose hackers know something that we don’t know about the shape of things to come. “That hacker who had to be literally dragged off his chair at MIT is now a multimillionaire of the computer industry,”says MIT professor Michael Dertouzos. “And two former ha ckers became the founders of the highly successfulApple home computer company.”When seen in this light, the hacker phenomenon may not be so strange after all. If, as many psychiatrists say, play is really the basis for all human activity, then the hacker games are really the preparation for future developments. Sherry Turkle, a professor of sociology at MIT, has for years been studying the way computers fit into people’s lives. She points out that the computer, because it seems to us to be so “intelligent”, so “capable”, so “human”, affects the way we think about ourselves and our ideas about what we are. She says that computers and computer toys already play an important role in children’s efforts to develop an identity by allowing them to test ideas about what is alive and what is not.“The youngsters can form as many subtle nuances(细微差距)and textured relationships with the computers as they can with people.” Turkle points out.16. The passage tells about .a) the strange behavior of the computer hackersb) the ultimate importance of bringing up computer hackersc) different opinions concerning the hacker phenomenond) the emergence of computer hackers17. According to Prof.Weizenbaum, what led to the hackers’ strange behavior isa) their strong desire to control the computerb) their ignorance of the responsibility of a programmerc) their incompetence in making new computer programsd) their deliberate attempts to make their programs complex and impracticable18. In Prof. Dertouzos’ opinion, we know that .a) computer industry will certainly make multimillionaires of the hackersb) the hackers are likely to be very successful businessmenc) the hackers probably have better insight into the future than other peopled) only a few hackers will be successful in their later life19. The phrase“to develop an identity”(Para.4) means .a) to become distinguishedb) to seek an answerc) to build up a creative abilityd) to form a habit20. The passage tries to convey to its readers the idea that .a) perhaps the hacker phenomenon is not bad at allb) though the hackers are in fact playing with the computer, there may be somebenefitsc) the computer hackers are the hope of the computer industry of tomorrowd) the computer hackers could be useful if under proper guidancePassage FiveQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The value of a business increasingly lies not in physical and financial assets that are on the balance sheet, but in intangibles: brands, patents, franchises, software, research programs, ideas and expertise. Few firms try to measure returns on these assets, let alone publish information on them. Yet they are often what underlies a firm’s success. “Our primary assets, which are our software and our software-development skills, do not show up on the balance sheet at all,”says Microsoft’s boss, Bill Gates. “This is probably not very enlightening from a purely accounting point of view.”A sign that companies do not measure their assets properly may be the growing gap between their stock-market value and the book value of their assets. Between 1973 and 1993, the median ratio of market values to book values of American public companies doubles; the difference has grown with a boom in high-tech shares. The gap is biggest for companies that have most rapidly boosted spending on research and development(R&D). Even within industries, the divergence(分歧) between stock-market returns and reported earnings has increased.You might think this would present a problem for investors, who no linger have a good way of telling whether the market value of a company is soundly based. Yet investors seem to knowinstinctively that knowledge is valuable. 35. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, but it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad. Presumably investors understand that companies in knowledge-based businesses can exploit the magic of rising returns to scale. Once a pill or a software program is developed, each extra sale brings in more money at little extra cost: the bigger the market, the greater the profits.In fact, the absence of good measures may bother those who run firms more than those who invest in them. For managers, the big problem is how to judge rates of return. With building a factory, there are time-honored methods for calculating the payback. But what if you are investing in R&D or software, or deciding whether to buy better people or to train more? There aren’t tools for mak ing such decisions.21. The intangibles of a company are reflected in .a) physical and financial assetsb) stock-market valuec) the balance sheetd) the difference between the stock-market value and the book value22. What can we infer about Microsoft?a) It has no book-value assets.b) Its stock-market value equals its book value.c) There’s a great gap between its stock-market value and book value.d) Its stock-market value does not reflect the company’s real value23. Why does the share price of American multinationals rise?a) Because they buy foreign subsidiariesb) Because they invest much in intangible assets.c) Because they have low R&D spendingd) Because the investors know the methods for calculating the payback ofknowledge-based businesses24. An investor who buys stocks of a company in knowledge-based businesses baseshis decision on .a) pure speculation(投机)b) the company’s book valuec) whether the company buys foreign subsidiariesd) the prospect that its research will translate into low cost products25. The phrase “such decisions”(Para.4) refers to .a) running firms in knowledge-based businessesb) investing in firms in knowledge-based businessesc) judging rates of return on firms in knowledge-based businessesd) calculating returns on a newly-built factorySection BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 26~30, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10%)Life is full of dangers and surprise. Your house may burn down. You may fall out of the window and break your neck. Mice and beetles ay eat your floor so that you drop in to the flat below for an uninvited cup of tea.26. .You cannot always prevent disasters, but you can insure against them. Most forms of insurance are voluntar y-it is up to you whether you take out a policy or not. But some forms are compulsory. 27. .The “parties” to an agree ment, or contract, are the individuals or groups concerned. With third-party motor insurance, the three parties are (i) you yourself, (ii) your insurance company, and (iii) anybody else---for example, the man whose Jaguar has just smashed up your Mini. Third –party insurance does not cover fire, theft or anything else. It is intended only to protect road users from each other. 28. .Another form of compulsory insurance is National Insurance. Everybody over 16 earning money on a regular basis must pay a sum each week to the state. These weekly contributions cover part of the cost of the National Health Service and the other social service benefits, e.g. unemployment benefits, sickness benefits, old-age pensions, industrial injury benefits and so on. You must be able to prove you have paid your contributions, so you must have a card(kept by your employer unless you are self-employed) onto which stamps are stuck every week. Of course, you can take out private health insurance as well if you wish, but you must still pay your state contributions.There are, of course, many insurance companies in Britain, both large andsmall. But there is also a rather special organization called Lloyd’s, which started as a coffee-house in late 17th century. Lloyd’s is a society of around six thousand members-all of them underwriters-and is administered by a committee controlled by Act of Parliament.29. .You have to go to an insurance broker who will then contact a member of Lloyd’s for you. If you want to insure something expensive---like a fleet of Jumbo jets, forexample-your broker will probably have to contact a syndicate of underwriters because the risks would be too high for one man to cover.Lloyd’s will probably insure you against any risk at all---provided you are prepared to pay the premiums.30. .Maybe clowns insure their noses. You never know-anything may happen.A.Professional pianists sometimes insure their hands.B.Insurance on the other hand eliminates risks already in existence and , bycombining them, substitutes a small known loss(premium) contributed by each person insured.C.If you drive a car, for example, you must take out a third-party insurance policy.D.So it is not an insurance company in the normal sense, but an insurance marketand you cannot do business with it directly.E.If you want to insure against all the other terrible things that might happen to youor your car, you can take out a comprehensive policy.F.This spreading of risk protects the individual against losses that may be disastrousif he has to bear them alone.G.Anything may happen, you never know.Part II TranslationSection ADirections: Translate the following five sentences(all of which are underlined sentences in the five reading passages in Section A, Part I.) into Chinese. Remember to write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’sfastest-growing industries over decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out.32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved .33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions.34.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users.35. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, bu it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad.Section BDirections:Translate the following passage into Chinese Remember to write your translation clear on the Answer SHEET.(10%).The media help democracy when they provide more choices to more people, but they do no favors to democracy when they turn themselves from beacons(信号站) of light into heat-seeking missiles. For example, the president’s 1995 State of the Union address took more than an hour, which apparently was about a half hour more than the patience of most network commentators(commentator: person who comments) could tolerate. In their instant analysis after the speech, they allcriticized its length and “ lack of focus”. Yet judging by polls and talk shows the next day, most Americans appeared to appreciate the content of the president’s speech. T oday the media investigate less and preach mor e.......Part III WritingSection ADirections:For this section, you are asked to read the following short passage first and then to write a composition entitled “Which one Do You Think Is More Imp ortant, Pleasure Or Longevity?”. You should not copy any of the sentences in the following passage. You should write no less than 150 words. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(15%) (Just for your reference)People are almost phobic(恐惧症) about having fun, increasingly viewing themselves as fragile, vulnerable, ready to develop cancer or heart disease at the slightest provocation(刺激). In the name of health, people give up many of their life enjoyments. We have no quarrel with the evidence that some pleasures, like cigarette smoking, high alcohol consumption, addictive drugs, driving much too fast, are unhealthy and should be knocked off. But worrying too much about anything including calories, salt, cancer, and cholesterol(胆固醇)---can rob your life of vitality. Living optimistically, with pleasure, zest, and commitment enriches if not lengthens life.Do you agree to the above point of view? Which one do you think is more important, pleasure or longevity（长寿）Give your own comments and write them down on the ANSWER SHEET.Section BDirections: Answer the following question with no less than 50 words. Remember to write your answer clearly on theANSWER SHEET.（5%）Who is Confucius(孔子)？（over）。

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