跨文化交际期末考试题

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跨文化交际期末考试题【新】

跨文化交际期末考试题【新】第一部分：选择题（共20题，每题1分，共20分）1. 当出现语言障碍时，以下哪个是最好的应对策略？A. 用手势和肢体动作来表达自己的意思B. 大声说出自己的观点C. 重复使用相同的单词和短语来帮助理解D. 简化语言使用的复杂度，使用简单易懂的语言2. 对于跨文化交流来说，以下哪种观念是最关键的？A. 遵循自己国家的行为准则B. 尊重不同文化之间的差异C. 强制对方接受自己的文化D. 批判对方的文化习惯3. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪种沟通方式是最常用的？A. 肢体语言B. 非语言信息C. 语言信息D. 交流方式4. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪种观点是最重要的？A. 接受自己的文化习惯B. 批判他人的文化习惯C. 理解他人的文化习惯D. 拒绝他人的文化习惯5. 在一个跨文化交际的场合中，以下哪个应该是最高的优先级？A. 活跃的参与B. 语言水平的熟练程度C. 适应当地的礼仪和行为准则D. 强调自己的文化背景6. 以下哪个是一个跨文化交际中最常见的问题？A. 礼貌和礼仪的不同B. 文化差异造成的文化霸权C. 认知差异的沟通问题D. 语言障碍7. 以下哪种服务最适合在跨文化交际中使用？A. 机器翻译服务B. 优先选择专业的口译和翻译服务C. 通过朋友或熟人的介绍寻找帮助D. 利用在线社交媒体解决问题8. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪种事情应该避免？A. 尊重并遵循当地的礼仪和行为准则B. 试图改变或批判当地的文化习俗C. 沿用自己的文化行为准则D. 关注当地的文化和语言细节9. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪种技巧是最有用的？A. 避免使用简单易懂的语言B. 直截了当地表达自己的观点C. 关注当地的非语言行为和信号D. 尝试使用当地的单词和短语10. 当尝试与跨文化背景的人交流时，以下哪种能力是最重要的？A. 语言能力B. 理解当地文化的背景C. 思考和行动的方式D. 批判思维11. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪个语言问题最常见？A. 不同的拼写和拼音B. 不同的语法结构和单词含义C. 方言和口音D. 礼仪和交际方式12. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪个观念是最必要的？A. 尊重当地的文化背景B. 认为自己的文化优越C. 轻视当地的命令和指示D. 批判当地文化的错误13. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪个事情是至关重要的？A. 去熟悉当地的文化和语言背景B. 寻找机会批判当地的文化习惯C. 坚持自己的文化行为准则D. 放松身心，自然而然的融入当地环境14. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪种行为应该被避免？A. 尊重他人的文化背景B. 没有认真倾听对方的观点C. 关注当地的语言和文化细节D. 对对方的文化行为进行批评和评价15. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪种观念是最重要的？A. “我们的文化最好”B. “我们的文化最好，但我们也能接受其他文化”C. “所有文化都有其独特之处，值得尊重和理解”D. “其他文化与我们的文化无关”16. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪种行为应该被避免？A. 关注和遵守当地的礼仪和行为准则B. 尝试使用当地的语言和单词C. 尊重和理解当地的文化习俗D. 批判和否定当地的文化习俗17. 在一个跨文化交际的场合中，以下哪个应该是最高的优先级？A. 展示自己的文化背景B. 关注当地的语言和文化细节C. 认真倾听对方的观点D. 强调自己优越的文化背景18. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪种事情应该被避免？A. 尊重所有人的文化背景B. 批判当地的文化行为C. 关注当地的非语言信号D. 使用当地的语言和单词19. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪种技巧是最有用的？A. 尊重当地的文化背景B. 试图改变当地的文化行为准则C. 使用自己的语言和单词D. 关注当地的微妙而又微小的语言和非语言信号20. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪种行为应该被避免？A. 关注当地的礼仪和行为准则B. 忽略当地的迷信和传统信仰C. 尊重当地的宗教和文化背景D. 沿用自己的文化行为准则第二部分：简答题（共5道题，每题4分，共20分）1. 解释什么是文化差异，并列举至少三个文化差异的例子？2. 解释为什么认知差异在跨文化交际中是一个重要的问题，并提供至少三个示例说明不同的认知差异会如何影响跨文化交流?3. 解释什么是非语言沟通，并列举至少三个非语言沟通的例子？4. 解释为什么跨文化交际中的措辞和用词是非常重要的，并提供至少三个示例说明，不同的词语和措辞可能导致文化差异。

跨文化交际期末试题

考试需知：考试前每一列学生把课本放在第一排。

考试时间为2．5个小时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前面40分钟用于完成试卷1。

待老师收上试卷1后，发下课本，学生做试卷2，试卷2 为开卷考试。

可携带纸质词典进考场，不许携带电子词典及手机进考场。

Test Paper 1Ⅰ. Filling the blanks:1.Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality, thecommunication in the West is low-contextual while that inthe East is high-contextual2.Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the West adoptsDualistic view, while the East adopt s holistic view3.Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the Westfollows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East followssynthetic and concrete thinking4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the Westuses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and ArchimedesⅡ. Choose the best answer:1.Non-verbal messages are classified into two co mprehensivecategories: those that are primarily produced by the body, suchas_________,________,_______; and those that the individualcombines with the setting, such as _______, _______,_______.DA.physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space, time, manB.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silenceC.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, manD.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbsand allusions than in English writing. Some Western scholarsname this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a morefanciful impression than information, and the information isusually of beauty, fragrance, happiness, and any other“goodness”aspects so as to attract people. We may term thisstyle as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct withobjective information. To them, much-repeated words may meanless after a while. We may term the Western writing as________-oriented.CA. adjective, objectiveB. Chinese, WesternC. impression, information C. indirect, direct3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western beliefholds that _______, while the Asian people believethat_______.BA. basically good; basically badB. evil but perfectible, basically goodC. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil;D. unknown4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western beliefholds that _______, while the Asian people believethat_______.DA. subjugation to nature; harmony with natureB. harmony with nature; mastery over natureC. harmony with nature; subjugation to natureD. mastery over nature; harmony with nature5. As to time orientation, generally speaking, the USA is______, thePhilippines, Mexico, and Latin America are _____, and Asia,Britain, Greece, France are ______.CA. on-time oriented; in-time oriented; late-time orientedB. youth-oriented; adult-oriented; elderly-orientedC. future-oriented; present-oriented; past-orientedD. present-oriented; future-oriented; past-oriented6. In terms of activity orientation, the USA is______, thePhilippines, Mexico, and Latin America are _____, and Asia is ______.DA. doing-oriented; playing-oriented, being-orientedB. playing-oriented; being-oriented; doing-orientedC. being-oriented; doing-oriented; being-in-becoming orientedD. doing-oriented; being-oriented; being-in-becoming oriented7. The dividing worldview is also referred to as mechanistic view. Itgoes by the following different names: DA. reason versus result; religion versus art; objectivity versusimaginationB. instinct versus intuition; science versus technology;imagination versus subjectivityC. tuition versus intuition; region versus religion; subjugationversus subjectivityD. reason versus intuition; science versus religion; objectivityversus subjectivity8. The Greek thinks in order to _______. It is speculation. The Hinduthinks in order to _______. It is meditation. The Chinese thinks in order to _______. It is contemplation. CA. do; die; liveB. spectacle; meddle; contemptC. understand; think; self-cultivateD. think; self-cultivate; understand9. “Your body doesn’t know how to lie” indicates_____BA. something is wrong with your body and you can only stand.B. body language is important.C. body contact is dangerous.D. we can’t separate mind from body.10. Generally speaking, in the US, people make friends by sharing______, while in China, people make friends by sharing _______.BA. personal relationship; activitiesB. activities; personal relationshipC. love; bloodD. blood; love11. In terms of physical contact, the high contact countries are__________________________________, while the lowcontact countries are ________________________________.CA. the US, Britain, most Northern European countries; Arabworld, Mediterranean countries, IndonesiaB. the US, Britain, Japan; East European countries, Russia,Middle EastC. Arab world, Mediterranean countries, Indonesia; the US,Britain, most Northern European countriesD. Arab world, Mediterranean countries, China; the US, Britain,most Northern European countries12. Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality of communication,the high-contextual people are __________________________________, while the low-contextual countries are ________________________________AA. Latin Americans, Chinese, Japanese; the Americans, German,SwissB. the Americans, German, Swiss; Latin Americans, Chinese,JapaneseC. Native Americans, Chinese, Koreans; the Americans, Japanese,BritishD. the Americans, Japanese, British; Native Americans, Chinese,Koreans13. Each person has a “bubble”of space (territory). Studies showthat people from ________, ________, ________have a smaller personal territory than do people from ________, ________, -_________.AA. South America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries;North America, Britain, GermanyB. North America, Britain, Germany; South America, Arabcountries, and many Asian countriesC. South America, Britain, Germany; North America, Arabcountries, and many Asian countries.D. North America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries;South America, Britain, Germany14. In ___________ culture, the nuclear family is much moreimportant to the individual than the extended family, while in ____________, ________, _______, ________ culture, the extended family is very important. CA. Hispanic; American, Asian, Arabian, AfricanB. Arabian; American, Asian, African, HispanicC. American; Asian, African, Arabian, HispanicD. African; American, Asian, Arabian, Hispanic15. In nuclear-family culture, people rely mainly on ______, ______,________for help, while in extended-family culture, people relymainly on ________for help. CA. families, friends, professionals; familiesB. families, friends, professionals; institutionsC. friends, professionals, institutions; familiesD. friends, families, institutions; professionals16. In nuclear-family culture, ______ usually comes first, while inextended-family culture, _______ usually comes first. BA. family; individualB. individual; familyC. husband; wifeD. wife; husband17.When it comes to friendship, an American friend would feel thatthey had _______ if the friend gave up a real need to study to go shopping. One’s duties and obligations toward friends, even best friends are understood to ______; one does not expect friends to assume burdensome, ______ responsibilities toward oneself. A close friend in the US is a person that one feels free to ask for help, recognizing, however, that the friend may _____, if they give you a reason. This is maybe that in the West, people prefer to be ______, so they do not feel comfortable in a relationship in which one person is ______ more and the other is dependent on what is being given. For Westerners friendship is mostly a matter of providing ______ support and ______. BA. depended too much; limitless; small; say “OK”; dependent;receiving; material; get separateB. imposed too much; have limits; long-term; say “No”;independent; giving; emotional; spend time together.C. imposed too little; have limits; short-term; say “Yes”; free;earning; financial; get involvedD. depended a little; limitless; big; say “Sorry”; independent;giving; spiritual; get together.18. In China, the duties and obligations of friendships seem virtually________ for all practical purposes. Chinese friends give each other much ________ ________help and assistance than Western friends do. For example, they give each other _______ and might help each other _______for a _______period of time. A friend in China is someone who, sensing that you are in need in some way, offers to assist you _________.CA. impossible; more spiritual; things; practically; short; whenbeing askedB. enormous; less spiritual; money; financially; long; unwillinglyC. unlimited; more concrete; money; financially; long; withoutwaiting to be askedD. limited; more concrete; things; materially; certain; if required19. In times of trouble, both American and Chinese fr iends give eachother emotional support, but they do it differently. A Chinesefriend is more likely to be ________ to give _______ advice to afriend, while an American friend will be ________ to give________ advice, instead she may raise questions to en courageher friend to consider carefully what may happen if she does onething instead of another. CA. cautious; detailed; ready; specificB. ready; ambiguous; cautious; guidelineC. ready; specific; cautious; directD. unwilling; direct; ready; specific20. When it comes to the relationship b etween parents and marriedsons, in China, a man’s relationship with his parents is _______than that with his wife. Thus in the event of any quarrel betweenhis wife and his mother, a man should ____________. At most hemight hope to __________, and this was regarded as ________.In America, a man’s relationship with his parents is _______than that with his wife. He would be expected to______________. He might even be counseled to_______________ the vicinity of his parents’home to ease theconflict. DA. more important; side with his mother; side with his father;honorable; more important; side with no one; move intoB. less important; side with no one; say something; honorable; lessimportant; side with his father; get away fromC. less important; side with his wife; remain silent; dishonorable;more important; side with his wife; move intoD. more important; side with his mother; remain neutral;dishonorable; less important; side with his wife; move awayⅢ. True or false:1.Generally speaking, China is an equal society, America is ahierarchy society. ( F )2.Generally speaking, in Chinese society, the power distance issmall, while in America, the power distance is large. ( F )3.Both the Asian and Western countries have the concept of “face”,and “face” has the same social significance for these countries inthat one’s face is also the face of one’s group.( F )4.The dividing worldview relies strongly on “facts” as opposed to“opinions”. ( T )5. A very rough generalization is that thinking for the Greek is tolook upward, for the Hindu is to look inward, for the Confuciansis to look outward. (F )6.Values are explicitly stored in our mind. We are always aware ofthem, and we make judgments according to them. (F )7.Values are separate from each other. Each one work alone. ( F )8.Values can be compared on a continuum rather than one of onlytwo possible choices. People everywhere possess the samevalues to different degrees, and the importance of that commonvalue, how it gets acted out, is a matter of degree. ( T)9.“Lover” and “爱人”have the same meaning. ( F )10.I n both China and Western countries, it is very common andusual for adults to fondle other people’s babies and very smallchildren to show their affection and friendliness. ( F )Ⅳ.Translation:1.Translate the following English into Chinese:1)Nature and Man are blended into one harmonious identity.天人合一2)Nature affects human affairs and human behavior finds responsein Nature. 天人感应3)Nature accords with human wishes. 天从人愿4)Your character will be tinted “red”(good) if you are in thecompany of “redness”, but “black”(bad) if you are in closecontact with ink. 近朱者赤，近墨者黑5)God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者6)Look before you leap. 三思而后行7) A single arrow is easily broken, but not a bunch.轻霜冻死单根草，狂风难毁万木林He who stirs another’s porridge often burns his own. 狗拿耗子，多管闲事8)2.Translate the following Chinese into English:1)容忍tolerance of others2)中庸之道moderation, following the middle way3)修养self-cultivation4)不重竞争non-competitiveness5)信用trust-worthiness6)贞节chastity in women7)寡欲having few desires服从、孝敬、尊崇、赡养父母filial piety8)Ⅴ. Tell the meaning of the following gestures in differentcountries:Gesture 1 Gesture 2 Gesture 31.In the US, England, Sweden it is used together with the verbal message“Let’s keep our fingers crossed”to mean that _ the person is hoping forgood luck______________. In Greece and Turkey it means the breaking ofa friendship ________________. In parts of Italy it means _ OK _____.2.In the US it means Great, perfect, acceptable, OK_______________. InBelgium and France, it means _ zero_____. In Brazil, Turkey, Greece andMalta it has _ an obscene _____ meaning. In Japan it means ___ money_______. In Tunisia, it is used ___ as threat _______.3.It means ____ Slow down”, “relax” or “wait a second ________________.Test Paper 2下列各题请参阅了所指定的课本内容后，用中文回答，可翻译课本的内容作为答案。

跨文化交际导论期末考试题

对外经济贸易大学《跨文化交际（英）》期末考试I.True-False: Decide whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Write T for “true” and F for “false”.（每题1分，共20分）1.The term “intercultural communication” was first used by Geert Hofstede in1959.2.Hall defines culture as the "software of the mind" that guides us in our dailyinteractions.3.In most of Africa, Argentina and Peru, putting one’s index finger to his templemeans ‘You are crazy.’4.Stereotyping is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes yourexperiences and guides your behavior toward a particular group of people.5.V alues are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture.They are the innermost “skin of the onion.”6.People from some cultures may lower their gaze to convey respect, whereas thismay be understood as evading or even insulting in other cultures.7.Unbuttoning one’s coat is a sign of openness, friendliness or willingness to reachan agreement.8.In order for intercultural negotiation to be successful, the parties must provide fora win-lose situation.9.Edward Hall’s theory states that the four levels embody the total concept ofculture like an onion – symbols, heroes, rituals, and values.10.Successful intercultural business communication involves knowing theethnocentrisms of persons in other cultures. Understanding the mindsets of both oneself and the person of another culture will result in more efficient communication.11.Ethnocentrism is the belief that somebody else’s cultural background, includingways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal communication, is better than our own.12.People in the United States place a greater emphasis on history and do not likechange as compared with people of Asian and Latin cultures.13.When dealing with German business people, you should avoid jokes and otherforms of humor during the actual business sessions.14.In the business circle, American business people use first names immediately.panies should avoid sending female employees to the Middle East, as inArab countries men may refuse to work with women.16.In Southeast Asia, you should avoid presenting your business card with your righthand.17.When accepting a business card, German business people carefully look at thecard, observe the title and organization, acknowledge with a nod that they have digested the information, and perhaps make a relevant comment or ask a polite question.18.The OK sign may be interpreted as asking for money by Japanese businesspeople.19.Nonverbal communication is important to the study of interculturalcommunication because a great deal of nonverbal behavior speaks a universallanguage.20.In short, intercultural communication competence requires sufficient awarenessknowledge, motivations, and skills. Each of these components alone is sufficient to achieve intercultural communication competence.II.Translation: Translate the following Chinese terms into English and English terms into Chinese.（每题1分，共20分）1. stereotypes2. paralanguage3. ethnocentrism4. masculinity5. high-context culture6. monochronic time7. speech act 8. conversation taboos9. vocal qualifiers 10. power distance11. 译码12. 偏见13. 文化震惊14. 不确定性回避15. 概念意义16. 语用错误17. 礼貌原则18. 归纳法19. 空间语言20. 礼仪与礼节III.Multiple Choice: Choose the ONE appropriate answer.（每题1分，共20分）1. Understanding another culture ________.a.enables businesspeople to know why foreign associates believe and actas they dob.is best achieved through “do’s and don’ts” listsc.is important for businesspeople because they can appear to be betterinformedd.isn’t necessary for businesspeople2. Non-linear languages ______.a.are object orientedb.see time as a continuum of present, past and futurec.are circular, tradition oriented and subjectived.lead to short-range planning in business practices3. Which statement about values is incorrect?a. V alues are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in aculture.b. V alues are learned by contacts with family members, teachers, andreligious leaders.c. V alues will be influenced by what is seen on television or read innewspapers.d. People in various cultures have basically similar values.4. People from cultures that follow the monochronic time system tend toa. do one thing at a time.b. be committed to people.c. borrow and lend things often.d. build lifetime relationships.5. Which statement regarding haptics is incorrect?a. In Thailand, it is offensive to touch the head.b. Japan is considered a "don't touch" culture.c. Greece is considered a "touch" culture.d. In Latin American countries, touching between men is unacceptable.6. The opinion that everyone has a position and clearly defined privileges is _____.a. a view of hierarchical structure of social relationshipb. a view of group orientation structure of social relationshipc. a view of individual orientation structure of social relationshipd.none of the above7. General guidelines to follow when conversing with someone from anotherculture include all of the following except:a. politics is a safe topic in most cultures.b. avoid telling jokes.c. avoid personal questions.d. keep the conversation positive.8. Which statement best describes an incorrect handshake?a. In the U.S., a handshake should be firm.b. An Asian handshake is usually gentle.c. Germans repeat a brusque handshake upon arrival and departure.d. A British handshake is firm and repeated frequently.9. Which statement referring to thought patterns is incorrect?a. Asians typically use the inductive method of reasoning.b. Thought patterns impact oral communication.c.When using the deductive method of reasoning, one starts with the factsand goes to generalizations.d. Recognizing different thought patterns is important in negotiation withdifferent cultures.10. Which statement is incorrect?a. Costly business blunders are often the result of a lack of knowledge ofanother culture's nonverbal communication patterns.b. Processes of reasoning and problem solving are the same in all cultures.c.Attitudes toward time and use of space convey nonverbal messages inintercultural encounters.d.When in another culture, an appropriate caution would be to watch thebehavior of the persons you are talking with and match their style.nguage is important because it _____a.helps us shape concepts, controls how we think, and controls how weperceive others.b.allows us to be understood by foreigners.c.is determined by colonialism.d.is stable, easily understood, and free of diversity.12. Which of the following countries uses high-context language?a.Canadab.Germanyc.Japand.United States13. Slang is generally _____a.understood by everyone.b.spoken by the masses.c.easily translated.ed by subgroups.14. Nonverbal communication does not include _____a. chromatics.b. chronemics.c.haptics.d. semantics.15. Dominance, harmony, and subjugation are all value orientations that correspond to which of the following cultural problems?a.What is the nature of human beings?b.What is the relationship of humans to nature?c.What is the orientation of humans to time?d.What is the human orientation to activity?16. Proverbs are significant to the study of intercultural communicationbecause_______.a.they provide a compact description of a culture’s valuesb.they tell a great deal about what a culture praises and what it rejectsc.they unite a people with the wisdom of their ancestorsd.all of the above17. Which statement highlights weak uncertainty avoidance?a. One group's truth should not be imposed on others.b. Scientific opponents cannot be personal friends.c. Citizen protest should be repressed.d. Negative attitudes are expressed toward young people.18. The main idea of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is thatnguage is just a device for reporting a person's experience.b.two languages can represent the same social reality.c.the social reality can be conveyed to a person who does not speak thelanguage.nguage functions as a way of shaping a person's experience.19. Many multinational firms find that cultural shock can be alleviated bya. sending only top executives abroad.b. sending only young, single associates on overseas assignments.c. testing associates to see who is most qualified.d. selecting employees for overseas assignments who possess certainpersonal and professional qualifications.20. Which of the following statement is incorrect?a.Knowing cultural variations in the use of silence is helpful whenconversing with persons in another culture.b.We need to keep things in perspective and not get offended each time wedeal with someone who has a different attitude toward touchingc.Good advice when communicating with persons in other cultures is tokeep gestures to a minimumd.Although oral communication varies from culture to culture, non-verbalcommunication is almost always interpreted the same in each culture.IV.Answer the following essay question. (共20分)Compare and contrast the following proverbs from two different cultures: “It is the duck that squawks that gets shot”and “The squeaky wheel gets the grease.” How do people from these cultures perceive silence and talk? In light of their different perceptions, how might they view each other? What problems might arise in their interactions?V.Case Analysis: Analyze the following conversation from an intercultural perspective.(共20分)The following conversation took place between two Chinese friends.A: We’re going to New Orleans this weekend.B: What fun! I wish we were going with you. How long are you going to be there?A: Three days.B: Do you need a ride to the airport? I’ll take you.A: Are you sure it’s not too much trouble?B: No, no. It’s no trouble at all.Case Analysis: Analyze the following conversation from an intercultural perspective.参考答案及评分标准A卷VI.True-False: Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for “true” and F for “false”.（每题1分，共20分）1. F2. F3. F4. T5. T6. T7. T8. F9. F 10. T11. F 12. F 13. T 14.T 15. T 16. F 17. F 18. T 19. T 20. FVII.Translation: Translate the following Chinese terms into English and English terms into Chinese.（每题1分，共20分）1. stereotypes 定势/刻板印象2. paralanguage 辅助语言/副语言3. ethnocentrism 民族中心主义4. masculinity男性特征5. high-context culture高语境文化6. monochronic time单一时间观念7. speech act 言语行为8. conversation taboos对话禁忌9. vocal qualifiers 声音修饰10. power distance权力距离11. 译码 decoding 12. 偏见 prejudice13. 文化震惊cultural shock 14. 不确定性回避 uncertaintyavoidance15. 概念意义denotational meaning 16. 语用错误pragmatic failure17. 礼貌原则the Politeness Principle 18. 归纳法inductivepattern19. 空间语言spatial language/proximics 20. 礼仪与礼节etiquetteand protocolVIII.Multiple Choice: Choose the ONE appropriate answer.（每题1分，共20分）1. a2. a3. d4. a5. d6. a7. a8. d9. c 10. b11. a 12. c 13. d 14. d 15. b 16. d 17. a 18. d 19. d 20. dIX.Answer the following essay question. (共20分)测试重点：Compare and contrast the proverbs “It is the duck that squawks thatgets shot”and “The squeaky wheel gets the grease.”The former is an English proverbwhile the latter is a Chinese proverb. In light of their different perceptions, the twocultures might differ in terms of silence and talk etc. and problems might arise in theirinteractions.评分标准：从以上角度进行分析，其他根据具体答题情况酌情。

跨文化交际期末考试复习题

跨文化交际期末考试复习题Define the following items:1.intercultural communication: is simply defined as interpersonal communication between people from different cultural background.2.interethnic communication: refers to communication between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds.3.verbal communication：communication done both orally and in written language.4.nonverbal communication: involves all nonverbal stimuli i n a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.4. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.5. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once.6. ethnocentrism ：the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.7. stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed groupmembership.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。

跨文化交际期末练习

I. Choose the best answer:1.When someone responds only to the residue of the behavior of anotherperson ,communicationa. is not effective .b. is quite effective .c. also takes place.d. does not occur.2.All cultures or institutions are equally valid or fitting ,according toa. cultural analysis.b. cultural relativism.c. cultural absolutism.d. cultural determinism.3.Intercultural communication as a field of study is interdisciplinary. Closely related to this fieldare the following disciplines excepta. medical studies .b. sociolinguistics.c. cultural anthropology.d. sociology.4.when you have paid a cashier in the US for your shopping, the cashier will most likely saya. Thank youb. Nothing.c. You’re very rich.d. You’ve made a great purchase.5.Can I whisper in your ear? I didn’t have a chance to tell you this morning how lovely you look!A male colleague of an American woman professor walked into the professor’s classroom and“whispered” in her ear when she was just lecturing to her students. This s hows thata. Americans make compliments on women’s appearance far more frequently and freely thanChinese people.b. Chinese speakers make compliments on women’s appearance as frequently and freely asAmericans.c. Americans make compliments on women’s app earance only when the complimented are oflow social status.d. Chinese speakers make compliments on women’s appearance only when the complimentedare of low social status.6.When you want to know whether an American is married or single or divorced, you can askindirectlya. Do you have any children?b. Are you married?c. Have you solved your personal problem?d. Do you have a large family?7.Your written work has really improved, but you still have a bit of a problem with yourspelling.This is criticism by English standards.a. directb. indirectc. weakd. strong8.When an American expresses thanks for a favor you have done him, you shoulda. say It’s my duty.b. say that’s what I should do .c. say It’s a pleasure .d. say That’s the least I can do .9.When an English woman tells you her real age, you can saya. That’s what I guess.b. No, no, you really are much younger than your age.c. That’s impossibled. Oh , dear me !You don’t expect that I believe you .10.By tradition westerners have much stronger sense of privacy than Chinese, because they laygreater emphasis ona. collectivism.b. individualism.c. relativism.d. imperialism.11.When an English tennis champion says well, I’m very keen on tennis,he is employingspeech calleda. irony.b. understatement.c. simile.d. exaggeration.12.This is x x x’s residence. We are not here at this moment. Please leave your name andtelephone number. W e’ll call you back as soon as we can. when you hear this on the phone, you should know that this comes froma. a gentleman’s family.b. an advanced telephone.c. an answering machine.d. a lady’s family.13.The nonverbal elements of the voice is calleda. kinesics.b. oculesics.c. proxemics.d. paralanguage.14.A: When can I come back for my ticket?B: Don’t worry. It is being taken care of.B’s response would be regarded by Americans asa. a polite response.b. a rude remark..c. a little information.d. insufficient information.15.When a newly-arrived American professor has just conducted his first class with Chinesestudents, you, as an administrator, can greet him by sayinga. You must have had a tiring job.b. Are you happy with your class?c. Are Chinese students the same as American students?d. Are they happy with your teaching?16.When you receive a phone call and knows that the person wanted on the phone is notavailable to answer it, you should saya. Does she/he have your name?b. Can I say that she/he is away from here?c. He/She is not available to speak to you.d. He/She is not with me right now.17.If you are asked to dine out, Dutch treat means thata. whoever pays for his own meal.b. You’ll be treated Dutch food.c. You’ll be invited to a Dutch restaurant.d. Whoever invites you will pay for the dinner.18.When an American friend compliments you on what you have, you should not say Do youreally like it, just take it ,becausea. what you have might be offensive to the people from his culture.b. What you have might be so expensive that he dares not take it.c. It could be just a compliment and he might have been a slip of the tongue.d. He might think that you made the offer on the spur of the moment without sincerity.19. The Chinese language is well known for in connecting phrases or sentences without usingmany logic-grammatical connectors.a. hypotactic techniques.b. various techniques.c. covert coherence.d. function words.20. “Han d extended toward person, open palm, palm down, with all fingers crooked in abeckoning motion”-this is normally the way of beckoning someone to come.a. universalb. Americanc. Chinesed. specific21．When an English tennis champion says I think I’m quite good, he is employing the figure of speech called :a. understatement.b. irony.c. similed. exaggeration22．When the training we receive is aimed at cultural self-awareness and other concepts that prepare us to communicate effectively any culture, it is calleda. narrow trainingb. culture-specific trainingc. all-around trainingd. culture-general training23．The turning point came for intercultural communication studies when the International Communication Association established under it the Division of Intercultural Communication ina.1980b.1970c.1990d.196024．I’m very impressed with your figures. A made colleague of an American woman professor said to her when she walked into the restaurant where he was dining. This shows thata. Americans make compliments on women’s appearance far more frequently and freely thanChinese speakers.b. Chinese speakers make compliments on women’s appearance as frequently and freely asAmericans.c. Americans make compliments o women’s appearance only when the complimented are oflow social status.d. Chinese speakers make compliments on women’s appearance only when the complimentedare of low social status.25．In response to You did a great job, you can say___ by American standards.a. Oh well, it had to happen sometimesb. No, no, I didn’t do it very wellc. Well, this is the result of collective labord. I’ll try to do it better next time26．I’m afraid your last essay was not quite up to standard, this is__ criticism by English standards.a. strongb. directc. weakd. indirect27. When you want to know whether an American is marred or single or divorced, you can askindirectlya. Do you have any children?b. Are you married?c. Have you solved your personal problem?d. Is your family with you here in China?28. When an American friend of yours has caught a cold, you can show concern by sayinga. I’m sure you’ll be better soon.b. You should drink more water.c. You should be more careful not catch cold again.d. I hope you’ll be feeling better soon29. Before you present a gift to an American friend, you shoulda. make sure to present it to his wife .b. make sure to keep the price tag onc. tear off its price tagd. tear off its wrapper30. When American friend compliments you on what you have, you should not say “Do you reallylike it? Just take it”, becausea. it could be just a compliment and he might have made a slip of the tongueb. what you have might be so expensive that he dares not take itc. it could be just a compliment and he might not really like it.d. what you have might be offensive to the people from his culture.31．Awareness of how another culture feels the standpoint of the insider can be calleda. empathyb. sympathyc. apathyd. insensibility32. It is believed that the publication of Introduction to Kinesics by marked thebeginning of nonverbal communication studies as a relatively independent field.a. Jespersenb. Birdwhistellc. Potter.d. Pennycook33. The study of the communication of interpersonal space and distance isa. chronemics.b. proxemics.c. haptics.d. oculesics.34. In I’m afraid you’re mistaken, the underlined part can be called from theperspective of interpersonal communication.a. negative words .b. softening words.c. redundant words .d. beautiful words35. When you hear on the phone well, I mustn’t hold you up any longer, you should know that thiscould well be a signal ofa. saying good-byeb. encouraging you to talk more .c. saying I enjoy our conversation ,but you need to go .d. saying I’ll try to be brief with you .36. Church Sale in the United States isa. to sell a churchb. to sell Bibles for very low pricesc. to sell things to church—goers for very low prices.d. to sell things donated by church-goers for very low prices.37. When an American stamps his foot, it usually suggestsa. remorseb. angerc. impatienced. disapproval38. As times passed, the desire of learning the language grew in my heart like a tree, bigger andbigger, so beautiful that I decided to be with her all my life. This kind of languagea. is very impressive by American standards.b. sounds too emotional by American standards.c. sounds too flowery and exaggerated by American standards.d. Is very bad English by American standards?39. When we say that Americans tend to behave this way or that, we don’t mean that everyAmerican will behave in exactly the way in every given situation, because culture isa. an approximationb. tendencyc. an abstractiond. all of the above40. A: (Showing B the sofa) Sit down, please.B: No, no. I’ll sit here. (Moving towards a chair)A: Oh, do sit over here on the sofa.B: No, no. This chair is perfectly all right.From the conversation you can deduce that B is most likelya. an Englishmanb. an Americanc. a Chinesed. a JapaneseII. True or false:1. Intercultural communication occurs whenever a message sender is a member of one culture anda message receiver is of another.2. Intercultural communication studies are as old as recorded history.3. “Give and take” is a principle highly valued in the United Sates.4. Friendship characterizes much of American daily interactions.5. Compared with Chinese Americans make friends easily and leave their friends almost asquickly.6. Chinese writers are not so particular about providing notes or bibliography in writing as English speakers, because the Chinese depend very much on shared cultural knowledge for mutual understanding.7. Sociologists believe that cultural mistakes are far more serious than linguistic mistakes, for the former often incur ill-feeling between speakers of two different cultures.8. Ms. can be used in the United States to address both married and unmarried ladies.9. IC courses are interdisciplinary in nature and therefore should draw materials from many disciplines.10. Cultures do not communicate; people do.11.If you are a guest and are introduced to your host, you do not take the initiative in shakinghands unless he holds out his hand first.12.When you want to learn about an American’s marital status, you can ask ,“Are you married orsingle ”13.By tradition westerners have much stronger sense of privacy than Chinese.14.Americans avoid the talk of the Civil War in their daily conversation.15.When you want to ask a native English-speaker to do you a favor, you should begin withAre you very busy?16.When you want to learn about an American’s political stand, you can ask, “Why did you votefor?”17.For entertaining English speakers, the more banquets or more courses for a banquet, thebetter.18.It is said that the British people hate to trouble others and ,when they need help, will usuallybegin with I don’t really like to ask you, but ….19.You can compliment an American with You look goo d. You ‘ve lost weight.20.Memorial Day is on the last Monday of May.21. In American forms you can often find “optional”following “religion”, because religiousbeliefs are very much a matter of privacy.22. When you are reading a book, you are actually responding to the author’s writing behavior.23. Communication is not irreversible.24. In a broad sense, culture indicates the history and literature of a people.25. Personal comments, implicitly or explicitly, on women’s appearance are more common in theUS than in China.26. Americans are said to be pushing in nature.27. All the Chinese expressions of gratitude do not sound courteous to American speakers.28. Intercultural communication and intracultural communication are both interpersonalcommunication.29. Chinese speakers always tear away price tags before they offer gifts to others.30. Americans are said to work while they work and play while they play.31. P-time is apt to be considered a point rather than a ribbon or a road.32. It is said that Englishmen’s humor sometimes consists of self-deprecation.33. There are basically two approaches to academic or scientific research and, for that matter, tointercultural communication studies; namely, induction and deduction.34. In English –speaking countries you usually first introduce an older person to a younger person, not the other way round.35. The English language is basically a hypotactic language in that it can do without the heavy use of logic-grammatical connectors.36. According to Benjamin Lee Whorf, the background linguistic system of each language is notmerely a reproducing instrument for voicing ideas but rather is itself the program and guide for the individual’s analysis of impressions, for his synthesis of his mental stock in trade. 37. If you are an old person and are introduced to someone younger than you, you do not take theinitiative in shaking hands unless he holds out his hand first.38. In China it’s inappropriate to keep one’s hat on indoors.39. Sometimes an Englishman may offer help merely as a gesture of politeness. In this case, youcan say something like I’d like to have your help, but ….40. Avoiding taboo has much to do with privacy.III. Explain the following terms:1.response2.intentional communication3.acceptance and integration4.linguistic relativity5.dominant culture6.Michigan States University7.culture-general training 8.role prescription9.lexical gap 10.Mr.America11.decoding 12.nondirectded communication13.mental isolation 14.black tie15.connotation 16.linguistic determinism17.individualism 18.cross-cultural communicationmunicative competence 20.China Association for Intercultural CommunicationIV. Elaborate the following topics:1.Do you think that “When in Rome do as Romans do” is the best indication of interculturalcommunication competence?2. Comment on the significance of nonverbal communication studies.3. Illustrate cultural differences in showing concern.4. Illustrate cultural differences in greeting people.。

跨文化交际期末考问题及答案

Chinese： To show respect to the other or give
the face to the other
American：Illegal as the child abuse
Warm up
• 2. What is a good friend in Chinese and
mind, you can buy me a red rose to show your apology.” Then the man bought her a rose and they went to a hotel together to study more about the skirt.
What is intercultural communication? What have you learned from this class?
3. Intercultural Communication
• Samovar & Porter
Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities.
• Non verbal communication includes those important but unspoken signals that individuals exhibit, specifically: body language (encompassing carriage/posture, appearance, listening, eye contact), hand gestures, and facial expressions. Non-verbal communication makes up the majority of the communication that we engage is, although it isn't always conscious.A very good example is:

跨文化交际期末考试复习题

跨文化交际期末考试复习题Define the following items:1.Culture：On the surface: customs and behaviorMore deeply: what the behavior and customs mean to the people whoare following themIn a word: Culture is all about meaningsHall: Culture is everything and everywheremunication：Communication is our ability to share our ideas and feelings. (thebasis of all human contact)3.intercultural communication：Intercultural communication is communication betweenpeople whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities.4.high-context culture：In high-context messages, meaning is not necessarily containedin words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence.Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title,and affiliation).5.low-context culture：In low-context messages, the majority of the information is vestedin the explicit code.6.relationship between culture and language：7.verbal communication8.analytical thinking patterns (inductive)9.synthetic thinking patterns (deductive)10.nonverbal communication：Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbalstimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver11.body language：Body language refers to all nonverbal codes which are associated with bodymovements.Body language includes gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that can be used to communicate.12.monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In thesecultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretchingfrom the past into the future.13.polychronic time (P Time)：P-time schedules several activities at the same time. It ismore flexible and more humanistic.People from P-time system emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments asironclad commitments and often break them.14.ethnocentrism：the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything,. Sumner) and al l others are scaled and rated with reference to it” (William G15.stereotypes：Stereotypes are a form of generalization about some group ofpeople, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories thatare used to stand for the entire collection of people16.prejudice：It refers to negative attitudes towards other people that are based onfaulty and inflexible stereotypes.It is an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towardsanother group of people. ( Lusting & Koester)17.discrimination：It refers to the behavioral manifestations of the prejudice, it)can be thought of as prejudice “in action”. ( Lusting & Koester18.racism：19.culture shock：Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion,inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues fromthe home culture. (Linell Davis)20.acculturation：It is culture change that results from continuous firsthand contactbetween two distinct cultural groups.It is through acculturation that personal transformation from cultural contact takes place.Acculturation includes psychological, physiological and social changes.Essay Writing1.Describe your personal intercultural experiences in about 300-500 words.2.From the perspective of intercultural communication, analyze the followingmovies.(1)Joy Luck Club(2)Guasha(3)Crash。

跨文化交际期末考试

跨文化交际期末考试名词解释Unit 1:Economic globalization: the integration of national economic into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.*Barter system: farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.Global village: all the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the internet.Melting pot: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.Cultural diversity: the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.Communication: meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part to share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.Intercultural communication:communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct enough alter the communication eventComponents of Communication：①Source: The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.②Encoding: Encoding is the process of putting an idea intoa symbol.③Message: The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process ,the verb; the message is the resulting object.④Channel:The term channel is used technical to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.⑤Noise: T he term noise technically refers to anything that the message the source encodes.⑥Receiver: The receiver is the person who attends to the message.⑦Decoding:The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.⑧Receiver response: It refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.⑨Feedback:Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.10．Context: The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes places and which helps define the communication.Pragmatics: the study of effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior. Semantics: the study of the meaning of words.Denotation:the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.Connotation: the suggestive meaning of a word --- all thevalues, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word. the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.Taboo:some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.Euphemism: the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.Unit 5:Chronemics: the study of how people perceive and use time.Monochromic time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.Polychromic time: being involved with many things at once.Proxemics: the perception and use of space.Kinetics: the study of body language.Paralanguage:involving sounds but not words and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.Unit 9:A planetary culture: a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with western science and rationalism.Intercultural person: represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.caseUnit11.What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village?1）Convenient transportation systems 2）Innovation communication systems3）Economic globalization 4）Widespread migrations2.What are the three aspects where the cultural differences exist?The three aspects where the cultural differences exist are:1)the material and spiritual products people produce2)What they do3)What they think3.What are the three ingredients of culture?1. Artifacts (the material and spiritual products people produce)2. behavior (what they do)3. concepts (beliefs, values, world views…) (what they think)4.How to understand cultural iceberg?What we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg, which refers to something changing more rapidly such as clothing, language, gestures etc.The majority of the iceberg is intangible and beyond sight, which refers to something deeply rooted and hard to change such as belief, interpersonal relationship, values, etc.5.What are the characteristic of culture?Culture is shared, learned, dynamic and ethnocentric.Enculturation6.What are the characteristic of communication?Communication is dynamic, irreversible, symbolic, systematic, transactional and contextual.Unit 2-47.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?The Americans tend to address only with given names while the Chinese may use the full name. Even when the full names areused in some formal accessions by the Americans, the given names would be placed before the surname while the Chinese would do the opposite.Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage while the Americans seldom do so.The Chinese tend to address the people with titles but in English only a few occupation or titles could be used.8.How is the Chinese writing style different from the American style?The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre.’ The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly.In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing with the factual-inductive pattern. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay.9.What are the social functions of compliments?Compliments have a series of social functions: creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment.Unit 510. What are the different features of M-time and P-time?M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure. P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time andtime is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.Unit 611. How is gender different from sex?Sex: biological、permanent、with an individual property.Gender: socially-constructed、varied over time and across cultures、with a social and relational quality.12.What has influenced the gender socialization?According to researchers,there are two primary influences on gender socialization: family communication, particularly between mothers and children, and recreational interaction among children.13. What are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication?1) Suspend judgement; 2) Recognize the validity of different communication styles;3) Provide translation cues. 4) Seek translation cues.5) Enlarge your own communication style. 6) Suspend judgementUnit 914.What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck? （ppt中的补充内容）As far as the human nature is concerned, American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese cultureholds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group.)。

跨文化交际期末复习题

判断1 the iceberg model of culture implies that it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly文化的冰山模式意味着要彻底理解文化是非常困难的。

（ T ）2 culture is innate as soon as a person is born一个人出生就有文化（ F ）3 people may sometimes get confused about his or her cultural identity人们有时会对他或她的文化身份感到困惑。

（ T ）4 scholars prefer the term subculture to co-culture in describing a culture which exists witnin a dominant culture在描述一种存在显性文化的文化时,学者们倾向于亚文化到共同文化。

（ F ）5 a person could be a member of several different subgroups at the same time一个人可以同时成为几个不同的子组的成员。

（ T ）6 Intracultural communication occurs when the sender and the receiver from different races exchang messages文化的交流是发生在不同种族交换消息的发送者和接收者（ F ）7 communication and culture are inseparable and strongly connected沟通与文化密不可分，紧密相连。

（ T ）8 The sender must choose certain words or nonverbal to send an intentional message.this activity is called decoding发送者必须选择言语或非言语的发出故意这活动被称为解码（ F ）9 The process of communication has nine components :sender,encoding,message,channel,noise,decoding,feedback,and context 通信过程由九部分组成：发送方、编码、消息、信道、噪声、解码、反馈和上下文。

跨文化交际期末考试复习题

跨文化交际期末考试复习题Define the following items:1.Culture：On the surface: customs and behaviorMore deeply: what the behavior and customs mean to the people whoare following themIn a word: Culture is all about meaningsHall: Culture is everything and everywheremunication：Communication is our ability to share our ideas and feelings. (thebasis of all human contact)3.intercultural communication：Intercultural communication is communication betweenpeople whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities.4.high-context culture：In high-context messages, meaning is not necessarily containedin words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence.Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliation).5.low-context culture：In low-context messages, the majority of the information is vestedin the explicit code.6.relationship between culture and language：7.verbal communication8.analytical thinking patterns (inductive)9.synthetic thinking patterns (deductive)10.nonverbal communication：Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbalstimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver11.body language：Body language refers to all nonverbal codes which are associated with bodymovements.Body language includes gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that can be used to communicate.12.monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In thesecultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.13.polychronic time (P Time)：P-time schedules several activities at the same time. It ismore flexible and more humanistic.People from P-time system emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.14.ethnocentrism：the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything,and al l others are scaled and rated with reference to it” (William G. Sumner)15.stereotypes：Stereotypes are a form of generalization about some group ofpeople, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people16.prejudice：It refers to negative attitudes towards other people that are based onfaulty and inflexible stereotypes.It is an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towards another group of people. ( Lusting & Koester)17.discrimination：It refers to the behavioral manifestations of the prejudice, itcan be thought of as prejudice “in action”. ( Lusting & Koester)18.racism：19.culture shock：Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion,inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture. (Linell Davis)20.acculturation：It is culture change that results from continuous firsthand contactbetween two distinct cultural groups.It is through acculturation that personal transformation from cultural contact takes place.Acculturation includes psychological, physiological and social changes.Essay Writing1.Describe your personal intercultural experiences in about 300-500 words.2.From the perspective of intercultural communication, analyze the followingmovies.(1)Joy Luck Club(2)Guasha(3)Crash。

跨文化交流考试题

Examination1.what is intercultural communication?what have you learned from this class?Intercultural communication is a form of communication that aims to share information across different cultures and social groups. It is used to describe the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization or social context made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them. Many people in intercultural business communicationargue that culture determines how individuals encode messages, what medium they choose for transmitting them, and the way messages are interpreted.[1] The European researcher Daniele Trevisani pointed out the semantic distinction between Intercultural and Cross-Cultural Communication should be clearly specified: Intercultural Communication properly refers to the study of the "interaction" between people from different cultures, while Cross-Cultural Communication specifically refers to the comparisonof how people from different cultures communicate. In other words,Cross-Cultural Communication is a "static differential image" depicting differences in communication patterns across different cultures, while Intercultural Communication studies "dynamic interactional patterns", what happens when people from at least two different cultures meet and interact, and what "frames" are generated from this interaction, e.g. understanding vs. misunderstanding, agreement vs. disagreement, cultural adaptationvs. cultural isolation, emerging of "third cultures", conflict vs. cooperation, intercultural team cohesiveness vs. team misunderstandings, intercultural projects success vs. projects failure, emotional improvement vs. emotional deterioration, and any other relational outcome (Trevisani, 2005).[2] In a broader sense, Intercultural communication encompasses cross-cultural communication, international communication, development communication, and intercultural communication's narrower referent, intercultural communication proper.[3] With regard to intercultural communication proper, it studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact. Aside from language, intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of people. It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. Intercultural communicationplays a role in social sciences such as anthropology, cultural studies, linguistics, psychology and communication studies. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the base for international businesses. There are several cross-cultural service providers around who can assist with the development of intercultural communication skills. Research is a major part of the development of intercultural communication skills.[4][5]2.Explain the difference between verbal communication and non-verbal communication in details.--Verbal communicationconsist of messages being sent and received continuously with the speaker and the listener, it is focused on the way messages are portrayed. Verbal communication is based on language and use of expression, the tone in which the sender of the message relays the communication can determine how the message is received and inwhat context.Factors that effect verbal communication:• Tone of voice• Use of descriptive words• Emphasis on certain phrases• Volume of voiceThe way a message is received is dependent on these factors as they give a greater interpretation for the receiver as to what is meant by the message is. By emphasizing a certain phrase with the tone of voice, this indicates that it is important and she be focused more on.Along with these attributes verbal communication is also accompanied with non-verbal cues. These cues make the message clearer and give the listener an indication of what way the information should be received.[23]Example of non-verbal cues• Facial expressions• Hand gestures• Use of objects• Body movementIn terms of intercultural communication there are language barriers which are effected by verbal forms of communication. In this instance there is opportunity for miscommunication between two or more parties.[24] Other barriers that contribute to miscommunication would be the type of words chosen in conversation. do to different cultures there are different meaning in vocabulary chosen, this allows for a message between the sender and receiver to be misconstrued.[25]6.Explain the pros and cons of nonverbal communication.Nonverbal Communication[edit]Nonverbal communication is behavior that communicateswithout words—though it often may accompanied by words.Nonverbal behavior can include things such as• facial expressions and gestures• clothing• movement• posture• eye contact.[26]When these actions are paired with verbal communication amessage is created and sent out. A form of nonverbal communicationis kinesic behaviour. Kinesic behaviour is communication through body movement—e.g., posture, gestures, facial expressions and eye contact. The meaning of such behaviour varies across countries and affects intercultural communication. A form of kinesic nonverbalcommunication is eye contact and the use of the eyes to convey messages. Overall, nonverbal communication gives clues to what isbeing said verbally by physical portrayals.Nonverbal communication techniques used around the worldand in multiple cultures.Nonverbal communication and kinesic is not the only way to communicate without words. Proxemics, a form of nonverbal communication, deals with the influence of proximity and space on communication. Another form of nonverbal behaviour andcommunication dealing with intercultural communication is paralanguage. Paralanguage refers to how something is said, rather than the content of what is said—e.g., rate of speech, tone and inflection of voice, other noises, laughing, yawning, and silence. Paralanguage will be later touched on in the verbal section of intercultural communication.Nonverbal communication has been shown to account for between 65% and 93% of interpreted communication.[27] Minor variations in body language, speech rhythms, and punctuality often cause mistrust and misperception of the situation among cross-cultural parties. This is where nonverbal communication can cause problems withintercultural communication. Misunderstandings with nonverbal communication can lead to miscommunication and insults withcultural differences. For example, a handshake in one culture may be recognized as appropriate, whereas another culture may recognize itas rude or inappropriate.[27]Nonverbal communication can be used without the use of verbal communication. This can be used as a coding system for people who donot use verbal behaviour to communicate in different cultures, where speaking is not allowed.[28] An facial expression can give cues to another person and send a message, without using verbal communication.Something that usually goes unnoticed in cultures and communication is that clothing and the way people dress is used as aform of nonverbal communication. What a person wears can tell a lotabout them. For example, whether someone is poor or rich, young orold or if they have specific cultures and beliefs can all be said through clothing and style. This is a form of nonverbal communication.Overall, nonverbal communication is a very important concept in intercultural communication.3.Based on the Kluekhohn’s model ,explain American CultureValue in detail.1) = Human nature orientation 人性取向Westerners believe that human nature is basically evil due to their original sin.However, the evil nature can be saved through salvation,if one believes in Jesus and continues doing good things.2) = Man-nature orientation 人天取向Americans have historically believed that nature was somethingthat could and had to be mastered.Early West European immigrantsto North America encountered a vast, unforgiving wilderness that they set about to “tame”,and modern astronaut are working to “conquer” the space.时间取向3) = Time orientationFuture-orientated cultures emphasize what is to come and expectthe future to be grander and nicer than the present . The word “old”is associated with “falling behind” and “uselessness”, while the word “new” is related to progress,change and challenge.future orientation prevails in the western culture. Western people tend to believe that future should be grander and nicer than the present.In the future-oriented cultural context, it is easy for new products or new services to trigger consumers desire to buy. That iswhy the English advertisements tend to stress repeatedly that the advertised products are new。

跨文化沟通期末考试题及答案

跨文化沟通期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 跨文化沟通中，以下哪项不是文化差异的表现？A. 语言差异B. 饮食习惯C. 宗教信仰D. 个人兴趣答案：D2. 在跨文化沟通中，以下哪个行为可能被视为不礼貌？A. 握手B. 鞠躬C. 直视对方D. 赠送礼物答案：C3. 跨文化沟通中，以下哪个概念强调了文化对个体行为的影响？A. 个人主义B. 集体主义C. 权力距离D. 所有以上选项答案：D4. 根据霍夫斯泰德的文化维度理论，以下哪个维度不是其分类之一？A. 个人主义与集体主义B. 男性化与女性化C. 长幼有序D. 权力距离答案：C5. 在跨文化沟通中，以下哪个策略不是有效的沟通策略？A. 保持开放心态B. 避免使用肢体语言C. 尊重文化差异D. 积极倾听答案：B二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）6. 在跨文化沟通中，_________是指在不同文化背景下，人们对于同一事件或行为的不同理解和解释。

答案：文化相对主义7. 跨文化沟通的障碍之一是_________，即对其他文化持有偏见或刻板印象。

答案：文化偏见8. 跨文化沟通中，_________是指在不同文化间进行有效交流的能力。

答案：跨文化能力9. 跨文化沟通中，_________是指在不同文化背景下，人们对于时间的理解和使用方式。

答案：时间观念10. 跨文化沟通中，_________是指在不同文化背景下，人们对于空间的理解和使用方式。

答案：空间观念三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）11. 简述跨文化沟通中的语言障碍及其克服方法。

答案：语言障碍包括语言差异、非言语沟通差异等。

克服方法包括学习对方的语言、使用简单明了的表达、利用肢体语言辅助沟通、寻求翻译帮助等。

12. 描述跨文化沟通中的文化适应过程。

答案：文化适应过程通常包括四个阶段：蜜月期、文化休克期、调整期和融入期。

在蜜月期，人们对于新文化充满好奇和兴奋；文化休克期则可能感到困惑和挫败；调整期是逐渐适应新文化的过程；最后，在融入期，人们能够自如地在新文化中生活和工作。

《跨文化交际》期末复习题

《跨文化交际》复习题一、判断题1.思维方式是指人们的思维习惯或思维程序。

（）2.文化是人们先天就有的。

（）3.中国人思考问题的程序是从小到大，美国人思考问题的程序则是从大到小。

（）4.由于汉字象形的特点，这是造成中国人偏好形象思维的主要原因之一。

（）5.京剧讲究唱、念、作、打，这是中国人擅长分析思维的一个表现。

（）6.中国人偏好分析思维，英美人偏好综合思维。

（）7.中国人强调人与人的和谐、人与自然的和谐，而西方人则认为人与自然是对立的。

（）8.中国人习惯于形象思维，因此在文章中，特别喜欢用形象的词汇。

（）9.思维能力没有民族性，但思维方式有民族性。

（）10.价值观是跨文化交际的核心。

（）11.不同民族的价值观是有所不同的。

（）12.价值观很容易发生变化。

（）13.消极的价值观指的是一个人或一个文化群体必须坚持的价值观。

（）14.中国文化认为天人合一，西方认为认为天人相分。

（）15.在英语中，以self为前缀的单词有100多个，这说明英国人比较提倡个人主义。

（）16.在中国社会，异性之间的接触被认为是天经地义的。

（）17.中国人提倡个人利益服从群体利益，必要时可以牺牲个人利益。

（）18.中国人认为越是稳定，越是统一，越是进步，这说明中国文化求稳。

（）19.中国的主流文化主张性恶论。

（）20.西方文化认为一切行为必须在法律法规的范围内进行，否则就会被绳之以法。

这说明西方文化是性善论。

（）21.邻里、老乡属于业缘关系。

（）22.同事、同学、战友属于情缘关系。

（）23.朋友、恋人之间的关系属于血缘关系。

（）24.中国所处的自然地理位置决定了中国的农业文化特征，而西方的海洋环境决定了西方文化的商业性质。

（）25.西方崇尚民主政治，具有平等意识。

（）26.中国社会的人际关系以工具型为主要取向。

（）27.规则和规范是一回事。

（）28.在中国，给新婚夫妇送礼品忌讳送钟，因为送“钟”就是“送终”。

（）29.在日本，人们比较忌讳数字“13”。

跨文化交际期末

定义题1. What is “intercultural communication”? P6refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event.There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication."2.What is a culture? P13A culture is essentially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads.Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people3.What are stereotypes?P13Stereotypes means very broad generalizations such as “British people are polite,”“Americans are friendly”, and so forth.It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow. Stereotypes may have a basis in fact, but they are too broad and shallow, and they give us the mistaken idea that a people’s culture can be summed up easily in a few short , simple statements. Stereotypes are also dangerous because they may trick us into believing that knowing a few stereotypes is the same thing as understanding another culture.4.What does “interpretation” means?P24A very important aspect of intercultural communication is “interpretation”, t he process of deciding what foreigners’ words and actions mean and why they do what they do. For example, when Xiao Li tries to understand why the taxi driver asked for so much money, she is “interpreting” his behavior.5.I n dividualist p32Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others.6.Collectivist P32Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals ofthese collectives over their own personal goals; and emphasize their connectedness to members of these cultures.7.What is “hierarchy”?P50Hierarchy is differences in rank and power. Every society has hierarchy to some degree. In other words, some people have higher rank and more power than others, perhaps because they are older, stronger, wealthier, or have some kind of official position.8.What is “culture shock”?P58“Culture shock”is often used to describe what happens whenever a person encounters a culture different from his or her own. The term culture shock describes what happens when a sojourner from culture A goes to live in culture B, and needs to adapt to life there.The constant effort and uncertainty of dealing with a foreign language and culture can lead to a condition called “culture shock”. It is a feeling of being confused and overwhelmed by life in another culture. People who experience culture shock often feel fatigued, impatient and irritable. They may also begin trying to avoid interaction with foreigners, and even become increasingly critical and hostile toward them. Foreigners in China sometimes experience culture shock — and so do Chinese who go to live in other countries.9.Low context P66The way to communicate tends to be relatively explicit and direct. In other words, people tend to put most of heir ideas and feelings plainly and openly. It’s generally considered a good thing to “get the point” and “say what you mean”, and it is largely the speaker’s responsibility to ensure that his/her message is stated in a way that is clear and easy to understand.10.High context P66High context is more indirect and subtle and listeners are expected to take more responsibility for interpreting messages correctly. People are expected to pay much attention to the context in which communication takes place and when people interpret what others mean, they often give more weight to the context than to the actual words said. In fact, people in high context cultures often view direct, explicit communication as unsophisticated or even rude.11.What is “projected cultural similarity”? P74Projected cultural similarity is a phenomenon which is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words, we sometimes assume that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, "inside we are all more or less the same".12.“Loose” cultures P83“Loose” culture do not demand a high degree of conformity. In loose cultures, people have a relatively wide range of views as to what is considered normal behavior. Of course, such cultures have some consensus on what is and is not considered appropriate behavior, but the consensus is not very strong and there is often much disagreement. People in loose cultures also tend to be relatively tolerant of behavior that does not conform to cultural norms.13. “Tight” cultures P83Tight cultures expect a relatively high degree of conformity. There is a clear consensus as to what is and is not acceptable behavior, and there is more pressure on people to conform to the norms of the culture.14.What is “ethnocentrism”? P93"Ethnocentrism" is the tendency to think of one’s own culture as being at the center of the world in other words, to assume that one’s own culture's way of thinking and acting is more natural, normal, and correct than the way people from other cultures think and act.15.What are “in-groups” and “out-groups”? P107In-Groups: “In-groups” are the people we have the most in common with and identify most closely with, such as our family, classmates, or co-workers. We also have larger in-groups such as people who are from our own region, religious group, ethnic group, or nation.Out-groups: out groups are those groups of people who we do not identify with---people from other families, regions, ethnic groups, or nations. Toward outsiders, we tend to be more critical, suspicious, and willing to pass harsh judgments.16.Collectivist culturesCollectivist generally have a high sense of loyalty and obligation to their in-groups, and will often go to great lengths to help people they consider members of their in-groups. However, they feel less obligation to outsiders. The main distinction people usually make is between “us” and “them”.17.Individualist western cultures P114While individualist westerners also treat outsiders differently from members of their out-groups, the difference is generally not so great; for example, individualists generally assist members of their in-groups as much as collectivists would, but they may offer more assistance to outsiders than collectivists would. The main distinction people usually make is between “me” and “others”.18.What are “war stories”? P125The term “war stories” originally referred to the kinds of stories soldiers would tell after experiences in battle. Now “war stories” refers more generally to any stories people tell after strange or stressful experiences, including stories about unusual encounters with foreigners. War stories naturally tend to be biased against outsiders, so they tend to reinforce negative views toward foreigners. What’s more, negative views based on an experience with one foreigner are often used as evidence to draw conclusions about foreigners in general.19.What is giving the benefit of the doubt? P142When you encounter a foreigner whose behavior seems unusual or hard to understand, you should keep an open mind and try to delay or suspend interpretation. Giving the benefit of the doubt is less likely to cause us to think or act in ways that will unnecessarily damage our relationships with foreigners.简答题(定义+评论）1. What are the problems in intercultural communication?/Why is it so hard to communicate with foreigners? P9refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Learn about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other — in other words, "intercultural communication."Part of the problem is that there are many different languages, so it is very hard to communicate with foreigners. Also, cultures are different and it’s difficult for foreigners to understand why students acted as they did. Another part of the problem is the way foreigners handle the intercultural communication. When Chinese do or say things that seem strange to them, foreigners tend to jump to conclusions and they are more likely to jump to negative conclusions instead of considering other possible explanations for the Chinese students’ behavior.2.What are the characteristics of Chinese culture? P17定义“culture”1. collectivism----------emphasis on the doctrine of the mean2. large power distance--hierarchy3. Inter-group (in-group) harmony and avoidance of overt (covert) conflict in interpersonal relations4. hypocritical5. hypocrisy6. belief in the “naturalness, necessity, and inevitability of hierarchy.”7. inequality based on achievement, especially academic, moral, and financial achievement8. belief that “the judgment of wise people”is a better way to regulate life than rigid, artificial laws9. people exist “in and through relationship with others.”10. academic emphasis on memory, attention to detail, and lengthy homework3.What are the virtues of Chinese culture? P31定义“culture”1. formality2. hierarchy3. industriousness/diligent/assiduous4. being filial5. hard work6. modesty (modest)---humility (humble)7. thrifty—economical---frugal—frugalityment on: “Never a borrower or lender be” P32定义“individualist”Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others.“Never a borrower or a lender be”, this sentence means that it is best to not lend money to other people and to not borrow from other people. When we lend something we risk losing both the thing we lend and the friendship with that other person. To begin with, it is because westerners are in Individualist Cultures. Individualists tend to view themselves as individuals and toemphasize the needs of individuals. Individualists feel less obligation to others, whether they are in-groups or out-groups. Secondly, because of their characteristics, their individualism, western people tend to be very independent and self-reliant. They will always solve their problems by themselves. So they don’t want ot hers to rely on them, either.5.What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one? P35定义：individualist and collectivistThere are two basic difference between cultures.One illustration of the difference between collectivist and individualist cultures can be found in the way schools are organized. Chinese students generally function as a group. They are organized into class groups and have the same courses with students in the same class. In contrast, North American students are expected to function as individuals. They generally choose courses according to their own interests and have different classmates in different courses.Parties serve as another illustration. Chinese parties often have a group focus. Western parties are different, for example, the cocktail party in which people chat together in pairs or small groups and may change conversation partners during the party.6. What are some ways in which Western societies differ in how they view the issue of equality? P51定义：equality 和hierarchyMost modern societies believe that equality is a virtue, at least to some extent. In other words, people these societies try to minimize rank and power differences, and try to place limits on the power of people in authority.Hierarchy is differences in rank and power. Every society has hierarchy to some degree. In other words, some people have higher rank and more power than others, perhaps because they are older, stronger, wealthier, or have some kind of official position.In US culture, “equality”almost always means “equality of opportunity”, not equal wealth. Americans tend to believe that, as much as possible, all people should be given an equal chance, but then people deserve whatever rewards they work for. In contrast, Western Europeans, especially, Scandinavians, tend to feel that equality of opportunity alone will not guarantee social or material equality. So these cultures place more emphasis on material equality, and their tax and social welfare systems are designed to ensure that difference in wealth between citizens is not large.7.A prescription for culture shock. P61“Culture shock” is often used to describe what happens whenever a person encounters a culture different from his or her own. The term culture shock describes what happens when a sojourner from culture A goes to live in culture B, and needs to adapt to life there.1. accept the occurrence of culture shock as natural2. learn about the host culture3. find a logical reason for everything strange or bad about the host culture4. look for the positive things in the host culture5. avoid foreigners who are critical of the host country6. do not always say critical things about host culture7. keep a good sense of humor8. find another foreigner who knows the host culture9. make friends with people from the host culture10. you won’t lose your own culture11. keep busy and active12. if you feel fatigued, take a little vacation13. prepare a presentation about your own culture8.Why does PCS cause intercultural communication problems? P74Projected cultural similarity is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words, we sometimes assume that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, "inside we are all more or less the same".1. People from different culture assume they understand each other instead of asking each other what they think. Because they each expect the other person to react more or less the same way they would, they don't check to see whether or not the other person actually has the same feelings and reactions they would. For this reason, the misunderstanding become worse over time rather than getting better.2. Languages are different.3. Misinterpret non-verbal communication.4. Stereotypes and preconceptions.5. Evaluate before really understanding.9.the golden rules -Do unto others what you would have them do unto you. P77定义Projected cultural similarityThe sentence means that it’s better not to do things to others what you don’t want others do to you. This behavior shows the phenomena “Projected cultural similarity”. In our cultural system, if you don’t like thing done to you, you just don’t impose on others. It’s a kind of virtue. But from the aspect of PCS, people just assume people from other cultures view things the same way we do. What we think is right, we consider others will think it is right, too. However, it just doesn’t work out like that. Because of different cultural background, we have different interpretations of everything happened .we can not expect others to think or act the same as we do.ment on: conformity in Western cultures. P83定义：”loose culture” and “tight culture”Chinese culture is tight culture ,and western cultures are loose cultures. So conformity in western cultures is less than that in Chinese culture.Western individualist cultures tend to be “looser” than collectivist cultures. This tendency toward looseness can be seen in a variety of ways. One reflection is a widespread reluctance to pass laws that prohibit unusual behavior. Another reflection can be seen in Western advertising.ment on: What factors lead to /contribute to looseness or tightness in culture？P86定义：”loose culture” and “tight culture”1. the degree of change in the population---the more people move, the looser and individualist a society tends to be“a country on the wheels”2. the density of the population—small dense society tend to be collectivist, hence tighter. Large dense society tend to be more complex, hence not quite so tight---“a melting pot”3. the number of choices available in society---the more choices available, the more room there is for individualism--looserment on: ethnocentrism and projected cultural similarities P93定义：”ethnocentrism” and “projected cultural similarities”"Ethnocentrism" is the tendency to think of one’s own culture as being at the center of the world in other words, to assume that one’s own culture's way of thinking and acting is more natural, normal, and correct than the way people from other cultures think and act.“Projected cultural similarity” is a phenomenon which is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words, we sometimes assume that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, "inside we are all more or less the same".Both of them can not be avoided or overcame in intercultural communication. These two phenomena show that every country or nation consider their own culture as the center.Ethnocentrism is taking one’s own cultural norms as the standard by which to judge people of other cultures and it is purposeful. What’s worse, it may lead to manslaughter.PCS is assuming that people of other cultures view things the same way you do---cultural assumption and it is not purposeful.13.Why are in/out-groups a problem in intercultural communication? P107定义：”in-groups” and “out-groups”1. We generally have more positive feelings toward members of our in-groups than we do toward outsiders. We trust insiders more.2. We tend to have a stronger sense of obligation to insiders than to outsiders. We feel it’s right to help insider more …3. We tend to judge in-groups and out-groups by different standards. To insiders. More generous, to outsiders, more critical, suspicious, more harsh judgmentsSo the ties of goodwill and trust between in-groups and out-groups are often relatively weak, and they break easily when there is conflict or misunderstanding.14.How do Chinese people treat in/out-group based on their own culture? P117定义：”in-groups” and “out-groups”The distinction Chinese usually make is between “us” and “them”. In other wards, there is much assistance and concern for insiders and less for those outside.Chinese often view outsiders who come to China as guests, and give them much special treatment. In part, this is because Chinese view guests as a kind of in-group and tend to treat in-group members very well.15.Characteristics of war stories. P128定义：war stories1. Desire for sympathy. We generally tell war stories to people who are likely to sympathize with us, usually people from our own culture rather than outsiders2. Desire for assurance. We want to get reassurance that our interpretation of the encounter makes sense.3. Desire to tell a good story. we tend to emphasize how unreasonable the behavior of the foreigner was, and how reasonable our own behavior was.16.Why do Americans know less about other countries? P149定义：”culture” and “ethnocentrism”1. US schools do not teach as much world history as schools in many other countries.2. The US borders on relatively few other nations, and is separated from most by large oceans.3. The power of the US means that it has more impact on other nations than other nations have on the US affairs.4. In terms of geographic size and population, the US as a very large nation, hence generates such a volume of local news that the importance of international news diminishes by comparison.5. The power of the US tempts Americans to believe that learning about other countries isn’t so important.6. The international spread of the English language and Western culture diminishes the need of Americans to learn other languages and cultures.。

跨文化交际期末考试题及答案

跨文化交际期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 跨文化交际中，以下哪项不是有效的沟通技巧？A. 保持开放态度B. 避免使用肢体语言C. 尊重文化差异D. 积极倾听答案：B2. 在不同文化背景下，以下哪种行为可能被误解？A. 直视对方眼睛B. 点头表示同意C. 用食指指人D. 握手答案：C3. 在跨文化交流中，以下哪种方式可以增进相互理解？A. 坚持自己的文化观点B. 避免讨论敏感话题C. 主动分享自己的文化背景D. 只关注自己的文化答案：C4. 以下哪个概念与跨文化交际密切相关？A. 文化适应B. 个人主义C. 集体主义D. 所有选项答案：D5. 在跨文化沟通中，以下哪个因素可能导致误解？A. 语言障碍B. 非语言信号C. 文化价值观差异D. 所有选项答案：D...二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述跨文化交际中“文化休克”的现象及其应对策略。

答案：文化休克是指个体在进入一个与自己文化背景不同的新环境时，由于文化差异而产生的困惑、焦虑和不适应感。

应对策略包括：提前了解目标文化，保持开放和灵活的心态，寻找支持系统，以及采取积极的适应措施。

2. 描述跨文化交际中的“高语境文化”与“低语境文化”的特点。

答案：高语境文化（High-context culture）指的是在交流中，信息的传递依赖于非语言因素，如肢体语言、面部表情和情境背景。

低语境文化（Low-context culture）则强调语言的直接性和明确性，信息主要通过语言来传递。

三、案例分析题（每题25分，共50分）1. 假设你是一名国际商务谈判代表，你被派往一个与你文化背景截然不同的国家进行商务谈判。

请描述你将如何准备这次谈判，并在谈判中如何运用跨文化交际技巧。

答案：在准备谈判时，我会首先研究目标国家的文化、商业习惯和谈判风格。

我会学习基本的语言词汇，了解当地的礼仪和非语言交流习惯。

在谈判中，我会保持尊重和耐心，避免使用可能引起误解的肢体语言，积极倾听对方的观点，并在适当的时候表达自己的立场。

跨文化交际期末常考题

Case 1 Dinner with friendsJanice is a young American engineer working for a manufacturing joint venture near Nanjing, she and her husband George, who is teaching English at a university, are learning Chinese and enjoying their new life. They have been eager to get to know Chinese people better so were pleased when Liu Lingling, Janice’s young coworker invited them to he r home for dinner.When Janice and George arrived, lingling introduced them to her husband Yang feng, asked them to sit down at a table containing 8 plates of various cold dishes, served them tea and then disappeared with her husband into the kitchen. After a few minutes lingling came back and added water to their tea. Janice offered to help in the kitchen but lingling said she didn’t need help. She invited the couple to look at their firsthand CD player and their color TV and then disappeared again.A half-hour later she came back and sat down and the three began to eat. Yang feng came in from time to time to put dish after hot dish on the table. Most of the food was wonderful but neither George nor Janice could eat the fatty pork in pepper sauce or the sea cucumbers, and there was much more than they could eat. They kept wishing Yang feng could sit down so they could talk to him. Finally he did sit down to eat a bit, but quickly turned on the tv to show them all its high tech features. Soon it was time to go home.George and Janice felt slightly depressed by this experience, but returned the invitation two weeks later. They decided to make a nice American meal and felt lucky to find olives, tomato juice, crackers and even some cheese I the hotel shops. They put these out as appetizers. For the main course they prepared spaghetti and a salad with dressing made from oil, vinegar, and some spices they found in the market.When liu lingling and yang feng arrived they were impressed by the apartment and asked the price of the tv, video palyer, vaccum cleaner and other things. Janice politely refused to answer their questions. They took small tastes of the appetizers and seemed surprised when both George and Janice sat down with them. They ate only a little spaghetti and did not finish the salad on their plates. George urged them to eat more but they refused and looked around expectantly. Janice and George talked about their families and jobs and asked the Chinese couple about theirs. After a while, George cleared the table and served coffee and pastries. Yang feng and lingling each put four spoons of sugar into their coffee but did not drink much of it and ate only a bite or two of pastry.After they left, George said that at least they had a chance to talk, b ut Janice was upset. “we left their place so full that we couldn’t walk and they’re going to have to eat again when they got home. What went wrong?1.How are differences in objective culture, in this case food culture, contributing to thecommunication difficulties?2.How do Chinese understandings of the host-guest relationships influence how Liu and Yangentertained Janice and George?3.How are George and Janice relying on words to make friends with Liu and Yang?4.What advice can you give to both couples to help them further their friendship?Case 2 Finding an interested buyerGeorge Hall was in Beijing attending a trade fair and looking for an opportunity to do business in China. He had been very successful in his business dealings in the US and prided himse lf on his ability “to get things moving”. His first day was going well. He looked around at the displays of sporting equipment to get some idea of whom he might approach. He was sure that his productive, tennis rickets with an unusual new design, would arouse some interest. On the second ascendancy he approached the company which he felt would be most responsive to his products. He introduced himself to the general manager, a Mr. Li. Since he had read that Chinese find getting down to business immediately too abrupt and rude, he began a casual conversation, eventually leading up to the topic of his products and suggesting how Mr. Li’s company might benefit from using them. George then suggested that he could arrange to get together with Mr. Li and provide more specifics and documentation on his products.Mr. Li responded in fairly good English, “That would be interesting”.Knowing that he had only a few days left in Beijing, George wanted to nail down a time. “When can we meet?” asked George.“Ah. This week is very busy,” replied Mr. Li“It sure is,” said George, “How about 10 o’clock? Meet you here.”“Tomorrow at 10 o’clock?” asked Mr. Li thoughtfully.“Right”, said George, “I’ll see you then?”“Hmm, yes; why don’t you come by tomorrow,” was the reply.“OK”, responded George, “It was nice meeting you.”The next day at 10 o’clock he approached Mr. Li’s company’s exhibit only to find that Mr. Li had some important business and was not able to meet with George. He called back later in the day and was told that Mr. Li was not available.1.What expectations does each of these men have about the formality of a firstbusiness contact?2.What should George have noticed about Mr. Li’s responses to his suggestion for ameeting? Use the concept of high and low context communication in your explanation.3.What advice would you give to each of the two men about how to avoid makingthe same mistakes the next time one of them is in a similar situation?Case 3 What is true friendship?Yang ruifang worked as a secretary in an Australian company in Melbourne. She became friendly with one of the Australian secretaries, a woman named Cathy Lane. The two usually ate lunch together and Yang often asked Cathy for advice on problems she faced adjusting to Australian society. Cathy gave her a lot of advice and helped her move from one apartment to another. Cathy went with Yang to the Immigration Bureau several times to help sort out some problems. Yang visited Cathy several times at home but did not invite Cathy to her apartment because she shared it with four other people. If they did not see each other over the weekend, they usually talked on the telephone. As Yang was also preparing to take an English test, she was able to get a lot of help with English in this way.However, something seemed to be going wrong, Cathy seemed to be getting impatient, even a little cold. She started going out by herself at lunchtime instead of eating with Yang, and seemed reluctant to answer questions. Yang was puzzled. She couldn’t imagine wh at the problem was.1.What was Yang doing that made Cathy decide that the relationship was not a truefriendship?2.Why did Yang think the relationship was developing well？3.From this case what do you think Australians and other westerners expect fromtheir friends?4.Give advice to Cathy and Yang to help them restore their friendship.Case 4 How do students learn?Karen had been teaching high school English in the United States before she accepted a teaching job at a teacher’s college in china. She found her new environment and her new teaching assignment exciting. Both her students and her colleagues seemed a bit shy of her, but Karen was sure that in time they would all come to be friends.In the classroom, however, Karen was very frustrated. When she asked a question, the class was silent. Only if she called on a particular student would she get an answer, often a very good one. She could not understand why they wouldn’t volunteer when they obviously knew the answers. They were very quiet when she was speaking in front of the class, and never asked questions, let alone interrupt with an opinion, but as soon as the class ended, they would cluster around her desk to ask their questions one-by-one. They would also offer their suggestions about the lesson at this time. Karen often asked her students to work in small groups during class, especially when they were editing each other’s writing. They were slow to move into groups and when they did, they often simply formed a group with the people sitting next to them. Finally she devised her own system of forming groups to get them to interact with students sitting in another section of the classroom.Most frustrating of all, after she taught her class how to edit essays, she found that the students were likely to write vague and not very helpful remarks on their classmates’ papers. They would say nice things about the essays and correct small grammatical errors, but seemed unwilling to criticize them in a way that would help another student revise the essay. They usually accepted her criticism of their writing with good spirits and promises to improve. In fact they frequently asked for more correction of their English from her than she wanted to give. She felt that one hundred percent grammatical correctness was not as important as learning how to correct what they had written on their own and with the help of others. After all, they would not always have a teacher to tell them what was good and not so good about their English writing.1.Explain why students are behaving in the way she experiences as a problem.2.What do you appreciate about the traditional Chinese way of learning and what doyou appreciate about the way learning some foreign teachers prefer?3.What do foreign teachers do in class that make Chinese students uncomfortable？Case 5 Sharing the wealthAnna had been working for a Chinese-owned and operated company in Nanjing for about six months. The division she was working in had a small collection of Chinese-English dictionaries, English language reference books, and some videos in English including a couple of training films and several feature films that Anna had brought at her new employer’s request when she came from Europe. An na knew that some of the other sections had similar collections, she had sometimes used her friendship with one of the women in another department, Gu, to borrow English novels and reference books and in turn had le Gu borrow books from her section’s collection. On other occasions, she had seen friendly, noisy exchanges, where one of the other workers in her division had lent a book or video to a colleague from another section.Anna thought it was a great idea when a memo was circulated saying that the com pany’s leaders had decided to collect all the English language materials together into a single collection. The plan was to put them in a small room that was currently being used for storage so that all employees could have equal access to them. Now she would no longer have to go from department to department trying to find the materials she needed.Anna was surprised to hear her co-workers complaining about the new policy. When the young man in charge came to the department to collect their English language materials, she was astounded to see them hiding most of the books and all but one of the videos in their desks. When she checked out the new so-called collection, she found that the few items were all outdated or somehow damaged. She also noticed that none of the materials she had borrowed from Gu were in the collection. She asked her friend why the Chinese were unwilling to share their English language materials with all their co-workers, when they seemed willing to share them within their department.1.What explanation do you think Gu gave Anna?2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the ways people in both individualistand collectivist cultures share resources.。

成人学生的跨文化交流能力考核试卷

3. D
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. C
8. D
9. D
10. C
11. A
12. C
13. C
14. B
15. A
16. B
17. C
18. A
19. D
20. B
二、多选题
1. ABC
2. ABC
3. ABCD
4. BC
5. ABC
6. AC
7. ABCD
8. ABC
9. ABC
10. ABC
11. ABCD
D.沙特阿拉伯
20.以下哪个行为有助于提高跨文化交流能力？（）
A.闭关自守，不与外界交流
B.积极参加跨文化交流活动
C.只关注自己的专业领域
D.拒绝学习外语
二、多选题（本题共20小题，每小题1.5分，共30分，在每小题给出的四个选项中，至少有一项是符合题目要求的）
1.以下哪些方式可以帮助成人学生提高跨文化交流能力？（）
C.圣诞节
D.伊斯兰教的斋月
7.以下哪些非言语交流方式在不同文化中可能具有不同含义？（）
A.眼神交流
B.手势
C.身体距离
D.表情
8.以下哪些策略可以帮助成人学生应对文化休克？（）
A.学习当地语言
B.了解当地文化
C.保持开放心态
D.避免与当地居民互动
9.以下哪些国家的官方语言为英语？（）
A.美国
B.英国
A.价值观的差异
B.信仰体系的差异
C.沟通风格的差异
D.目标利益的差异
18.以下哪些措施可以帮助成人学生适应国际课堂环境？（）
A.了解不同教育体系
B.主动参与课堂讨论

期末英语专业跨文化交际试题试题及参考答案

期末英语专业跨文化交际试题试题及参考答案一、阅读理解（共30分）阅读下面短文，并根据文章内容选择正确答案。

Passage 1Communication styles and norms differ significantly between cultures, and understanding these differences is essential for successful cross-cultural communication.In some cultures, such as the United States and Canada, direct communication is highly valued. People tend to speak their mind openly and directly, even if it means disagreeing with others. They believe in being straightforward and assertive.On the other hand, in many Asian cultures, such as Japan and China, indirect communication is the norm. People are more likely to hint at what they mean rather than stating it outright. They often use nonverbal cues and context to convey their messages. This communication style values harmony and maintaining face.When engaging in cross-cultural communication, it is important to be aware of these differences and adjust your communication style accordingly. If you are from a direct communication culture, you may need to be more sensitive to nonverbal cues when interacting with individuals from an indirect communication culture.1. According to the passage, direct communication is highly valued in which cultures?A. Asian culturesB. United States and CanadaC. European culturesD. African cultures2. What is the communication style in Japan and China?A. Direct communicationB. Indirect communicationC. Nonverbal communicationD. Contextual communication参考答案：1. B2. B二、交际用语（共10分）根据对话情境和所给选项，选择恰当的答案完成对话。

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跨文化交际期末考试题Ⅰ. Define the following items.1.c ontext ：P492.n oise: P543.i ntercultural communication ：communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.4.i ndividualism: P995.c ollectivism: P996.h igh-context culture ：P110 a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence.7.l ow-context culture ：P110 a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code.8.v erbal communication ：communication done both orally and in written language 9.n onverbal communication ：involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communicationsetting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.II. Answer the following questions(简答题)1. What is the culture, and what are the characteristics of the culture? P45what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them.2. What’s the relationship between culture and language?Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well as our perceptions of the universe (the meaning associated with the symbols).Language, on the other hand, would seem to have a major impact on the way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world.3. How do Japanese people refuse? P1354. How do Chinese and western people respond to others’ compliment? P1625. What kinds of nonverbal communication are often used in our daily communication? P1916. What are the functions of the nonverbal communication? P2187.What are the differences on receiving gift s between Chinese and westerner?In the West, it is regarded as polite to open gifts as soon as they are given to express appreciation. In China, the situation is quite the reverse. Norma lly we Chinese feel that if you open the gift as soon as it is given, you might embarrass the person wh o gives the gift and you might be thought greedy. Therefore, Chinese people tend to open the gifts af ter the visitors have left.In China, many people send gifts without wrappi ng them, and if they wrap them, they usually tell t he receiver what is inside, and the receiver will tha nk the sender and put the gift aside without unwra pping them since they already know what is insid e. English receivers open the gifts in front of the se nders of the gifts.8.Describe the different ways in showing hospitality between Chinese culture and west ern culture.Chinese guests always refuse offer of drinks or food to demonstrate politeness in seeming not to wish to put their host to any trouble.Sometimes an offer is not a real offer but a polite remark. After we say 'no', we usually wait for the second and thir d offer. If the host just brings the food or drink an d ignores 'no', we ill accept it. Chinese like to press their guests to drink or eat to show their hospitalit y. While westerners always accept or refuse offer o f drinks or food very genuinely.Their refusal is accepted as genuine.Westerners don’t to press. To pres s people to have food or drink after they have refu sed is frowned upon and can cause embarrassment s.III. Case Analysis (You are required t o state cultural phenomenon in each cas e)Case 1Li Lan had an American friend Susan. They usually had lunch together and Li Lan often asked Susan for advice on problems she face d adjusting to American society. Susan gave Li Lan a lot of advice and helped her to impro ve her English. Once Li Lan needed urgently a big sum of money to pay her tuition fee. Si nce she has no other friends in the States, sh e turned to Susan for help and promised that she would return the money soon.To Li Lan’s great disappointment, this time Susan didn’t seem happy to lend the moneyto her. Though Li Lan returned the money as she promised, they didn’t get along well from then on.Question: Why did Li Lan feel unpleasant?Li Lan asked to borrow money from her A merican friend Susan, which is rarely part of Western friendship. Li Lan and Susan have di fferent expectations of friendship.In the West, people prefer to be independe nt and equal rather than dependent, so they don't feel comfortable in a relationship in whi ch one person gives more and the other pers on is dependent on what is given. Among frie nds they mostly provide emotional support to each other and spend time together, so they rarely borrow or lend money to each other. They would ask for a loan from the bank rath er than from their friends.While in China, people expect their friends to be loyal to each other, and they even take risks for their friends. So they would give no t only emotional support to each other but al so concrete help to each other, such as helpi ng to find a job, solving a problem, or even g iving money to help one out over a long peri od of time. So when a friend is in need, the fi rst person he or she wants to ask for help is naturally his/her friend.。

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成人学生的跨文化交流能力考核试卷

期末英语专业跨文化交际试题试题及参考答案