法律体系英文介绍
法律体系英文介绍
On Jurisprudence in General Classical Doctrine of Natural Law (Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Aquinas, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau) Classical Positivism (J. Bentham, J. Austin) Pure Theory of Law (H. Kelsen) Naturalist‟s Revival (L. L. Fuller, G. Radbruch) The Concept of Law and of the Legal System (H. L. A. Hart) Dworkin‟s Theory of Principles Justice Theory (J. Rawls)
BASICS AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READING ARISTOTLE: Politics. London 1981. ARISTOTLE: Nicomachean Ethics. Oxford 1908. AUSTIN, J.: The Province of Jurisprudence Determined (1832) and The Uses of the Study of Jurisprudence (1863). Indianopolis/ Cambridge 1954. BENTHAM, J.: An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. 1781. BENTHAM, J.: Of Laws in General. London 1970. BIX, B.: Jurisprudence: Theory and Context. London 1999 (Fourth Edition 2006). BODENHEIMER, E.: Jurisprudence. The Philosophy and Method of the Law. Cambridge (Mass.) – London 1962. DWORKIN, R.M.: Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge (Mass.) 1999. DWORKIN, R. M.: Law‟s Empire. London 1986. DWORKIN, R. M.: A Matter of Principle 1985.
西班牙法律体系英文介绍
• Object:
– Hotel’s titular obligations:
• Room and other dependences: Needs to assure a pacific use and enjoy to the guest.
• Services: Usually Hotels have complementary services (iron, buffet, etc…). Need to be paid apart by the guest (except negotiated before).
“TOURIST PERSONAL INJURY: SPANISH JURISPRUDENCE OVERVIEW”
Eva Rosal Negre Budapest, April 4 th, 2008
ACOMMODATION CONTRACT
• Characteristics of these contracts:
– Atypical – Bilateral – Complex – Onerous – Consensual
• Subjects:
– Guest Needs full capacity to oblige himself (art. 315 Civil Code: 18 years old)
– Hotel’s titular
– The Hotel signed the step later and this fact is used by the Court to point out the necessity of this warning to the clients.
HOTEL’S LIABILITY IN CASE OF INJURY
法律英语词汇、法
• Distinction： • 1) libel, slandering 都是诽谤行为, 但前者主要 指书面诽谤，后者则为口头诽谤，其统称为 defamation。 • 2) affray, nuisance同为滋扰罪，前者主要指 聚众打架斗殴之类的滋扰；后者则尤指作些公 众普遍讨厌的事情，如在夜间大声喧哗扰众之 类的行为。
• Distinction: abettor & instigator 虽然两者概 念上同属教唆犯，但abettor的原形abet，作为 动词，在程度上与后者（instigate）似乎还有 一定的差异：前者可指协助、帮助某人做某事 （尤其是坏事）,但一般都指干犯较轻的违法 行为；但后者可以是教唆、唆使某人干犯较严 重的罪行，如煽动兵变(mutiny)之类严重罪行 • 已经定罪的（the convicted） • 疑犯（suspect） • 疑犯或犯法者（offender） • 犯罪分子（criminal element）
• 律师的英文名很多：lawyer、 solicitor、barrister、 advocate、attorney、counsel、counselor、 counselor-at-law、legal practitioner、legal representative、legal agent、legal advisor • lawyer 和attorney 是从事律师行业人士的统称。 lawyer作为律师，可以担当公司顾问、组织者以及谈 判者等泛律师（paralegal）事务的职责；但attorney 似乎跟代表客户出庭的职责有更紧密的联系，不过该 词在美国更常使用；counsel与advisor指代的对象比 较具体，虽然也可指代出庭律师，但一般来讲，主要 指代为公司提供顾问或咨询性质服务的律师。而 advocate 与英国制的barrister 职能一样：都是指出 庭辩护律师（代讼人）。
世界法律体系简介(中英文)
1.how to understand the separation of power?The separation of powers, often imprecisely used interchangeably with the triaspolitica principle, is a model for the governance of a state (or who controls the state). The model was first developed in ancient Greece. Under this model, the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches. The typical division of branches is into a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in a parliamentary system where the executive and legislature (and sometimes parts of the judiciary) are unified.三权分立，往往不准确交替使用的三叠纪政治学原则，是一个典范的状态的治理（或谁控制的状态）。
在古希腊最早开发的模式。
在这种模式下，状态分为分支，每个单独的和独立的权力和责任领域，使得一个部门的权力不与与其他部门相关的权力冲突。
中国的法律英文作文
中国的法律英文作文英文：As a Chinese citizen, I am familiar with the laws and regulations in China. The legal system in China is based on the civil law system, which means that laws are created by the government and enforced by the courts. The legal system is divided into four levels: the Supreme People's Court, the High People's Court, the Intermediate People's Court, and the Basic People's Court.The Chinese legal system covers a wide range of areas, including criminal law, civil law, commercial law, and administrative law. The laws are constantly updated and amended to reflect changes in society and to protect the rights and interests of citizens.One of the most important laws in China is the Constitution, which outlines the basic rights and freedoms of citizens. Other important laws include the Criminal Law,the Civil Law, and the Administrative Law. These laws cover a wide range of issues, including property rights, contract law, labor law, and environmental law.In China, the legal system is still developing and there are still many challenges to be overcome. One of the biggest challenges is ensuring that the laws are enforced fairly and impartially. There have been cases of corruption and abuse of power in the legal system, which have undermined public confidence in the system.Despite these challenges, I believe that the Chinese legal system is improving and becoming more effective. The government is taking steps to address the shortcomings in the system and to ensure that the laws are enforced fairly and impartially.中文：作为中国公民，我熟悉中国的法律法规。
有关法律体系的英语作文
有关法律体系的英语作文The Legal System。
The legal system is an essential part of any society.It is the set of laws, rules, and regulations that govern the behavior of individuals and organizations within a community. The legal system serves as a framework for maintaining order and ensuring justice in a society.The legal system is made up of several components, including the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch. The legislative branch is responsible for creating laws and regulations. The executive branch is responsible for enforcing these laws and regulations. The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting and applying the laws and regulations to specific cases.The legal system is designed to protect the rights and freedoms of individuals and organizations within a society. It provides a framework for resolving disputes andconflicts, and it establishes a system of justice that is fair and impartial.One of the most important aspects of the legal system is the concept of due process. Due process ensures that individuals are treated fairly and that their rights are protected throughout the legal process. This includes the right to a fair trial, the right to legal representation, and the right to appeal a decision.Another important aspect of the legal system is the principle of equality before the law. This principle ensures that all individuals are subject to the same laws and regulations, regardless of their social status, wealth, or power. This principle is essential for maintaining ajust and equitable society.In addition to these principles, the legal system also plays an important role in protecting the public interest. This includes ensuring public safety, protecting the environment, and promoting economic stability.Overall, the legal system is an essential component of any society. It provides a framework for maintaining order and ensuring justice, and it protects the rights and freedoms of individuals and organizations within a community. As such, it is important for all individuals to understand and respect the legal system, and to work together to uphold its principles and values.。
法律英语词汇大全学习法律术语法律程序和法律体系的英文英语词汇
法律英语词汇大全学习法律术语法律程序和法律体系的英文英语词汇The Complete Guide to Learning Legal English Terminology for Legal Terms, Procedures, and SystemsIntroduction:Legal English is a specialized language, used within the legal profession and in legal contexts. It encompasses a vast array of terms, procedures, and systems that are essential for lawyers, legal researchers, and anyone dealing with legal documents or proceedings. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore a wide range of legal English vocabulary to enhance your understanding and communication within the field of law.I. Legal Terminology:1. Common Law:Common law is a legal system derived from judicial decisions and case law. It is predominantly used in countries such as the United States, England, and Australia. Some key terms associated with common law include "precedent" (a legal decision that serves as a guideline for future cases) and "tort" (a civil wrong that causes harm to an individual or their property).2. Statutory Law:Statutory law refers to laws enacted by legislative bodies, such as Congress. These laws are often codified and published in statutes or codes. Examples of statutory law terms include "act" (a written law passed by alegislative body) and "amendment" (a change or addition made to an existing law).3. Civil Law:Civil law is a legal system based on codified laws and regulations, prevalent in many European countries. It typically deals with private disputes between individuals or organizations. Important civil law terms include "plaintiff" (the party bringing a civil lawsuit) and "defendant" (the party being sued in a civil case).4. Criminal Law:Criminal law focuses on acts that are considered offenses against society as a whole. It involves the prosecution of individuals accused of committing crimes. Common criminal law terminology includes "felony" (a serious crime punishable by imprisonment or fines) and "misdemeanor" (a lesser offense with less severe penalties).5. Contract Law:Contract law encompasses legal principles and rules that govern agreements between parties. It outlines the rights and obligations of each party involved. Key contract law terms include "offer" (a proposal made by one party to another) and "consideration" (something of value exchanged between parties to a contract).II. Legal Procedures:1. Litigation:Litigation refers to the process of resolving disputes through the court system. It involves filing a lawsuit, presenting evidence, and obtaining a judgment. Important terms related to litigation include "complaint" (a formal written document that initiates a lawsuit) and "summons" (a legal notice requiring a person to appear in court).2. Mediation:Mediation is an alternative dispute resolution method where a neutral third party assists disputing parties in reaching a voluntary settlement. Key mediation terms include "mediator" (the neutral party facilitating the process) and "mediation agreement" (a written document outlining the terms agreed upon).3. Arbitration:Arbitration is another form of alternative dispute resolution, wherein parties submit their dispute to an arbitrator or panel of arbitrators who render a final decision. Terms associated with arbitration include "award" (the final decision made by the arbitrator) and "arbitration clause" (a provision in a contract that requires disputes to be resolved through arbitration).4. Deposition:A deposition is a formal, out-of-court statement given under oath. It involves questioning of a witness or party to a lawsuit to gather information and gather evidence. Deposition-related terms include "deponent" (the person being deposed) and "transcript" (a written record of the deposition).III. Legal Systems:1. Adversarial System:The adversarial system is a legal system where opposing parties present their cases before a neutral judge or jury. This system is characterized by an emphasis on the adversarial relationship between the prosecution and defense. Terms associated with the adversarial system include "cross-examination" (questioning a witness called by the opposing party) and "burden of proof" (the obligation to prove one's case in court).2. Inquisitorial System:Contrasting with the adversarial system, the inquisitorial system is a legal system where the court plays an active role in investigating and gathering evidence. It is commonly used in civil law jurisdictions. Important inquisitorial system terms include "investigating magistrate" (a judge responsible for conducting the investigation) and "judicial dossier" (a file containing all relevant documents in a case).Conclusion:This comprehensive guide has provided you with an extensive collection of legal English vocabulary. Mastering the terminology, procedures, and systems discussed will enhance your comprehension and proficiency in the field of law. Whether you are a law student, legal professional, or simply interested in expanding your legal knowledge, this guide serves as a valuable resource for navigating the intricacies of legal English.。
英文法律知识点
英文法律知识点随着全球化趋势的加速，英语已经成为国际交流中最为普及和重要的语言之一。
不管是商务往来、国际合作还是留学移民，对英文法律知识的了解都显得至关重要。
在这篇文章中，我们将探讨一些常见的英文法律知识点，帮助读者更好地掌握和理解这一重要领域。
1. 合同法(Contract Law)合同法是英文法律体系中的关键部分，它规定了人们在购买商品、签订合作协议以及其他经济交易中的权利和义务。
在英文合同中，常见的术语包括offer（提议）、acceptance（接受）、consideration（对价）和breach（违约）等。
了解这些术语和相关法律规定，对于商务谈判和合同起草至关重要。
2. 知识产权法(Intellectual Property Law)知识产权法保护创作者和发明家的权益，包括专利、商标、版权和商业秘密等。
英文法律术语中，patent（专利）、trademark（商标）、copyright（版权）和infringement（侵权）等是我们需要熟悉的关键词汇。
尤其是在国际知识产权保护中，了解相关的法律制度和规定，对于维护自身权益至关重要。
3. 劳动法(Labor Law)劳动法涉及雇佣关系和劳动者权益保护。
英文法律术语中，常见的有employment contract（雇佣合同）、minimum wage（最低工资）、dismissal（解雇）和discrimination（歧视）等。
在员工与雇主之间发生纠纷时，对劳动法的了解能够帮助我们明确权益，并且寻求公正的解决方式。
4. 不动产法(Real Estate Law)不动产法涉及土地和建筑物的买卖、租赁和产权等问题。
在英文法律术语中，我们需要熟悉的词汇有property（财产）、title（产权）、mortgage（抵押）和tenancy agreement（租赁合同）等。
了解不动产法知识有助于我们在购买房产、租赁房屋或处理产权纠纷时，保护自身合法权益。
中国法律体系发展(英文版ppt)
The Linkage ofer the “Spring and Autumn Period” and “Warring States Periods”, Dong Zhongshu revised Confucius‟ classics by combing the function of Li and Law in Han Dynasty.
Legalism became the two main beliefs in China,
which heavily influenced the traditional Chinese
society and the legal system.
Confucianism
Confucianism is “a social doctrine that describes
The Linkage of Confucianism and Legalism
Dong‟s theory emphasized the supremacy of Li and the subservience of law.
It established the three authorities: •the emperor‟s authority over his ministers, •a father‟s authority over his children, and •a husband‟s authority over his wife.
Li Zhi (Rule by Li, 礼治)
The goal of “Li Zhi” is to achieve a harmonious social order in which “each person is able to realize his or her full potential as a human being through mutually beneficial relations with others.”
法律体系英文介绍【精品】
Believed successful people have four virtues, also known as the cardinal virtues, the hinges that support life (cardo-latin for hinge): 1) prudence (know how to reason well in moral decision making) 2) temperance (remain moderate in the exercise of emotions) 3) fortitude (how to be courageous in the face of life’s difficulties) 4) justice (how to act well in relation to others) God’s gift of Jesus and the Holy Spirit changes the way we define what is good the theological virtues of faith, hope and charity begin as a pure gift. I.e. charity: it is because God lives us that we can love others Our response this gift is to accept it, give praise and thanks, and live in accordance with the gift
Biography: St. Thomas Aquinas
St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
介绍法律英文作文
介绍法律英文作文英文：As a legal professional, I have come to understand the importance of effective communication in the field of law. Legal writing and speaking require a specific set of skills and knowledge that are unique to this profession. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of legal English and how it differs from everyday English.Firstly, legal English is a specialized language that is used in the legal profession. It is a language that is used to communicate complex legal concepts and ideas. Legal English is not just about using legal terms and jargon, but it also involves using precise and concise language that is easily understood by the intended audience. For example, in a legal contract, the language used must be clear and unambiguous to avoid any misunderstandings or disputes.Secondly, legal English has its own grammar, syntax,and vocabulary. Legal writing often involves the use of passive voice, which is not commonly used in everyday English. In addition, legal English has a unique vocabulary that includes legal terms, Latin phrases, and technical jargon. For instance, terms like "tort," "breach of contract," and "negligence" are commonly used in legal English but may not be familiar to the average person.Lastly, legal English requires a certain level of formality and precision. In legal writing, it is important to use formal language and avoid colloquialisms or slang. This is because legal documents are often used in court and need to be taken seriously. For example, in a legal brief, it is important to use precise language and avoid exaggeration or emotional language.中文：作为一名法律专业人士，我深刻理解在法律领域中有效沟通的重要性。
大陆法系和普通法系的不同英语作文
大陆法系和普通法系的不同英语作文(中英文实用版)The大陆法系and the 普通法系represent two distinct legal traditions that have shaped the judicial systems of various countries around the world.The former, often referred to as the Civil Law system, originates from Roman law and is characterized by a comprehensive set of written laws, while the latter, known as the Common Law system, is rooted in English medieval practices and relies heavily on judicial precedents.大陆法系与普通法系是两种截然不同的法律传统，它们对世界各国司法体系产生了深远的影响。
大陆法系源自罗马法，以一套全面的成文法为特征；而普通法系源于英国中世纪的做法，在很大程度上依赖于司法判例。
A pivotal difference lies in the sources of law.In the Civil Law system, legislation is the primary source, with judges serving as interpreters of the law rather than creators.Conversely, Common Law allows judges to play an active role in shaping the law through their decisions, which become binding precedents for future cases.一个核心的区别在于法律来源。
关于“法律体系”的术语和概念问题
关于“法律体系”的术语和概念问题要研究中国特色的社会主义法律体系，首先得研究“法律体系”这个术语指的是什么事物和对这个事物如何理解，这就是法律体系的术语和概念问题，混淆外表相似的术语，必然混淆所要研究事物的概念，也必然会给研究造成难以克服的困难。
一、关于“法律体系”的术语。
有四个外表相似，实际却指的是不同的事物的术语，应加区别。
1. Legal System（相应的俄文为правовая система），中文译为法律制度，简称法制，有时也被译为法律体系或法律系统。
Legal System 由形容词legal（法律的）和名词system（制度、体系、系统）构成。
形容词legal（法律的）是形容system（制度、体系、系统）的，意思是说这是法律的制度（体系、系统），以区别经济的、政治的、军事的、文化的等等制度（体系、系统）。
这是一个个性的概念，不同的民族、国家、地区，由于各种原因，往往有自己独特的法律制度，如我们说香港的法律制度，美国某个州的法律制度，等等。
这也是一个含义广泛的概念，借鉴前苏联法学界研究的成果，我们认为，它是指一个国家或地区整个法律上层建筑的系统，包括在该国或地区占统治地位的法律文化、法律意识，在该系统中占核心地位的全部现行法，以及在这两者指导下与这两者相互联系、相互制约、相互补充的法律实践活动。
[①]研究中国特色的法律体系可以在这种意义上使用，但那指的是研究中国的整个社会主义法律制度，并不是现在我国法学界所理解的“法律体系”。
2. System of the Law（相应的俄文为система права ），中文译为法律体系，但我认为把它译为法的体系或法体系更好。
System of law 就字义来看，这里讲的不是什么样的system（体系或系统）问题，而是指法律事物本身的体系，法本身就是一个体系（系统），所以人民大学的教材，把它译为“法的体系”。
这里的“法的”，不是形容词，而是所有格，意思是指法所固有的体系（系统）。
中国特色社会主义法治体系白皮书中英文对照版本
The Socialist System of Laws with Chinese CharacteristicsInformation Office of the State CouncilThe People's Republic of ChinaOctober 2011, BeijingContentsForewordI. Establishment of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese Characteristicsposition of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese CharacteristicsIII.Features of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese CharacteristicsIV.Improvement of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese CharacteristicsConcluding RemarksForewordGoverning the country by law and building a socialist country under the rule of law is a fundamental principle for the Communist Party of China (CPC) to lead the people and effectively govern the country. We need to bring into being a socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics so as to ensure there are laws to abide by for the carrying on of state affairs and social life; this is a precondition and foundation for us to implement the fundamental principle of the rule of law in all respects, and an institutional guarantee for China's development and progress. 依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家，是中国共产党领导人民治理国家的基本方略。
介绍法律英文作文高中
介绍法律英文作文高中英文：As a high school student, learning about law is important because it helps us understand our rights and responsibilities as citizens. In addition, it can also be useful in future careers such as law enforcement, legal professions, and politics.One important aspect of law is understanding thedifferent types of law. For example, there is criminal law, which deals with crimes such as theft and murder, and civil law, which deals with disputes between individuals or organizations. Another important aspect is understandingthe legal system, including the roles of judges, lawyers, and juries.It is also important to understand the consequences of breaking the law. For example, in the United States, a person who is found guilty of a crime may face imprisonment,fines, or community service. Understanding the consequences can help us make better decisions and avoid getting into trouble with the law.Furthermore, learning about law can also help us become more informed and active citizens. For example, we can use our knowledge to advocate for changes in laws that we believe are unfair or unjust. We can also use our knowledge to participate in the legal system, such as serving on a jury.In conclusion, learning about law is important for high school students because it helps us understand our rights and responsibilities, prepares us for future careers, and helps us become more informed and active citizens.中文：作为一名高中学生，学习法律知识很重要，因为它有助于我们了解作为公民的权利和责任。
英国司法制度--英国的法律体系
英国司法制度--英国的法律体系⼤概了解下英美法系的法律制度，对于理解⼀些法律英语和合同总总是有好处的，起码看起来不会觉得很陌⽣。
以下我根据《professional english in use》⼀书整理的英国司法制度的⼤概，其实就是按照根据英⽂概括成中⽂⽽已。
这是⼤概，具体的⼀些制度等有时间了慢慢整理出来。
英国司法制度⼀、英国的法律体系1、民法与刑法英国是普通法系（common law）国家，只要是判例法。
笼统的说英国法律分为私法（private law）与公法（public law），更明确来说，英国法律分为民法（civil law）与刑法（criminal law），民法是处理法⼈（legal person）和独⽴个体（private individuals）之间的纠纷，⽽刑法则是国家对⼀些不法⾏为的惩罚。
在民法中，由民事主体提出诉讼请求（give rise to a claim），要求赔偿（compensation）或法院发放限制令（injunction），⽽在刑法中则是有国家就犯罪⾏为提起公诉（prosecute）。
2、实体法与程序法实体法（substantive law）是关于各个法律领域中主体的权利、义务与责任的法律，与实体法（procedural law）相⽐，程序法则是处理法律执⾏过程中程序问题的法律。
3、英国的宪法（constitution）英国是君主制（Monarchy）国家，元⾸是国王（the monarch），但是国王授权政府处理国家事务。
威斯敏斯特议会（westminster parliament）有两个众议院（chamber）：上议院（the house of lord）与下议院（the house of commons）。
上议院与下议院由各⾃独⽴的原则设⽴的。
下议院议员（member of parliament）是选举产⽣的，⽽上议院议员（senate）则多数是指定（appointed）的，少数为替代世袭议员（the hereditary peers）⽽选举产⽣。
关于法律英文作文
关于法律英文作文英文，As a law student, I have always been fascinated by the complexities and nuances of the legal system. The study of law is not just about memorizing statutes and cases, but also about understanding the underlying principles and values that shape our society. 。
One of the most interesting aspects of studying law is the way it intersects with other disciplines. For example, in intellectual property law, I have learned about the intersection of law and technology, and how the law has had to adapt to the challenges posed by the digital age. This has given me a deeper appreciation for the dynamic nature of the law and its ability to evolve in response tosocietal changes.Studying law has also made me more aware of the impact that legal decisions can have on individuals and communities. For example, in my criminal law class, we discussed a case where a person was wrongfully convictedand spent years in prison before being exonerated. This case highlighted the importance of ensuring that the legal system is fair and just, and it reinforced my commitment to pursuing a career in law to help uphold these principles.中文，作为一名法律学生，我一直对法律体系的复杂性和微妙性感到着迷。
对法律的认识英文作文810句
对法律的认识英文作文810句English:Law is a system of rules created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior. It is important to have a good understanding of the law as it affects every aspect of our lives. From regulating our interactions with others to governing our business transactions, the law plays a crucial role in maintaining order and justice in society. Understanding the law helps individuals know their rights and responsibilities, as well as the consequences of their actions. In addition, compliance with the law is essential for a civilized society to function smoothly. Without a legal framework, there would be chaos and injustice, leading to social unrest and instability. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the law is essential for individuals to navigate the complexities of the legal system and ensure a fair and just society for all.中文翻译:法律是通过社会或政府机构创建和执行的一套规则体系，用于规范行为。
老挝的法律体系 英文
SHARE OF AGRICULTURE IN GDP – 50% SHARE OF INDUSTRIAL SECTOR IN GDP – 22% SHARE OF SERVICE SECTOR IN GDP – 27%
PRESENT SITUATION
ABSENCE OF ANY COOPERATIVE POLICY & LEGISLATION
EXISTENCE OF ORGANISATIONS
COOPERATIVE
LIKE
i. WATER USERS’ GROUPS/WATER USERS’ ASSOCIATIONS
i. PROMOTIONAL ii. TECHNICAL iii. FINANCIAL iv. ADMINISTRATION v. FORMULATION OF ENABLING COOP LAW vi. OVER SEA DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE
FRAMEWORK FOR COOPERATIVE LAW
ESTABLISHED COVERING MORE THAN 66% OF FARMERS IN 1986 COOPS WERE ABANDONED AND REPLACED BY
“HOUSE HOLD ECONOMIC PRODUCTION UNITS” THESE COOPS FAILED DUE TO:
COVER CLASSIFIED AS LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRY