普通语言学试题2

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普通语言学两个测试题

Test of General Linguistics for English Graduate Students2012.12Answer the following two questions. Please give a brief account of the basic views before commenting on them.1.What is your view on Chomsky’s “innateness hypothesis”?The Innateness Hypothesis holds that children are born with LAD. They have already mastered a system of UG since they were born. And this is the unique physiological phenomenon of human being, which obtained through inheritance.Although it seems to be the most perfect theory to explain how children learned their mother tone in Chomsky's opinion, yet from where I stand, I reckon there really exist a lot of problems that is unreasonable in this theory.A most thorny problem would be that the wolf-child can not speak as ordinary children do. According to the innateness hypothesis, the children should create a kind of language which we called UG, but the fact is that the wolf-child can only make noise like wolves. Besides, if all children are born with the same LAD, there would be no development on language which goes against the evolutionary theory. Last but not least, we all know that there is a process for the children to learn to speak, sounds- words-- single word sentences-- double words sentences-- full sentences. This shows that learning language is a process which started with the easiest ones not something children are born with.In the above , the given examples have shown the most controversial views on innateness hypothesis that I concern:1.Chomsky’s theory lays too much attention on innateness that he becomes idealism. He ignored the importance of acquired learning. We can suppose that everyone are born with LAD, then master a language should be a piece of cake, it may just takes a few months even a few day for a child to master a language, this is totally fantastic talk. What's more, grammar system still needs to be fulfilled even when individual grow up.2.Chomsky's theory is lacking in biological foundation. He believes in innateness but his statements on human brain is more mechanized than biological. For example, he said that it works through rules and operational parameter just as the CPU of a computer. We can't explain why and how UG generated in human brain according to Chomsky's statements.Take all things into consideration, to err is human. There is no need for us to criticize or even accuse Chomsky's theory. What we need to do is to correct error and make the theory a more perfect one. And also with the development of human-cognition, the innateness hypothesis is being complete gradually. Now people have studied parameters innateness hypothesis, module innateness hypothesis, predisposition innateness hypothesis and initial knowledge innateness hypothesis. What we need to pay specially attention to is that we can't simply comprehended innateness hypothesis as The theory of god himself or the theory of innate genius or overstate the uses of innateness hypothesis while ignore the affect of acquired disposition.2.There are four main approaches to the study of syntax: the traditional,structural, generative and functional approach. Please comment on the strengths and weaknesses of the structural approach.The Structural approach to the analysis of Language was started by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in the beginning of the 20th century.In a sense, all the linguistic theories after his are structural in that they all regard linguistic units as interrelated with each other in a structure (or system), not as is isolated bits. At that time, however, Saussure pays more attention on phonetics and phonemics rather than syntax. That is to say for rather a long time, the research of linguists focused only on phonetics and phonemics. Thanks to the American structuralists that the syntax have been treated as equal important object of study later when the school springed up.When it comes to structural approach in syntax study, we have three points:1.Syntagmatic and paradigmatic;2.IC analysis;3.Endocentric construction and exocentric construction(只说了建构方法，还没说好处坏处)。

语言学入门考试题及答案

语言学入门考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 数学答案：A2. 以下哪个选项不属于语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言学研究的是哪类现象？A. 物理现象B. 自然现象C. 社会现象D. 文化现象答案：C4. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 句子D. 语篇答案：A5. 以下哪个术语不属于语言变异？A. 方言B. 社会方言C. 语言接触D. 语言死亡答案：D6. 语言的哪一层级负责表达意义？A. 语音层B. 语法层C. 语义层D. 语用层答案：C7. 以下哪个选项是语言的交际功能？A. 表达情感B. 描述事物C. 命令他人D. 所有选项答案：D8. 以下哪个选项是语言的内部结构？A. 音位B. 词汇C. 语音D. 语法答案：D9. 以下哪个选项是语言的外部功能？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 命令控制D. 所有选项答案：D10. 语言的哪一层级负责表达关系？A. 语音层B. 语法层C. 语义层D. 语用层答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的最小意义单位是________。

答案：音素2. 语言学研究的最小语音单位是________。

答案：音位3. 语言学研究的最小语法单位是________。

答案：词4. 语言学研究的最小语义单位是________。

答案：词义5. 语言学研究的最小语用单位是________。

答案：句子6. 语言学研究的最小社会单位是________。

答案：方言7. 语言学研究的最小文化单位是________。

答案：语言8. 语言学研究的最小交际单位是________。

答案：话语9. 语言学研究的最小心理单位是________。

答案：概念10. 语言学研究的最小认知单位是________。

答案：思维三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述语言学的主要研究内容。

普通语言学练习题

Exercises for Chapter OneI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. in the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and the checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the oral language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best completethe statement.21. if a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said tobe ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic22. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness23. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable24. in modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because___________.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. Speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of informationconveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above25. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative26. Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language froma ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied… pragmaticD. semantics and linguistic27. according to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language28. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between_________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas29. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This feature is called_________,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission30. the details of any language system are passed on from one generation to the next through____, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both a and BIII. Match the following sentences to the onomatopoeia that describes them.A plate being dropped on the floor. TWINKLEA balloon being burst. BANGA gun being shot. SMASHSomeone eating crisps. GROWLA light being switched on. POPA fierce dog. CRUNCHA small bell being rung. CLICKIV. Put each of the onomatopoeias into a sentenceV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary.1. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?2.How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronicstudy?3.Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not thewritten?4.What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?5.How do you understand competence and performance?6.Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky's distinctio nbetween competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?7. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Phonetics & PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. the articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. according to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. according to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21．A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e. They are all b_______ sounds.24．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/40．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.. A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phonemeV. Give the description of the following sound segments in English.1. []2. []3. []4. [d]5. [p]6. [k]7. [l]8. [i]]9. [u:] 10. []VI. Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below.1. voiceless labiodental fricative2. voiced postalveolar fricative3. palatal approximant4. voiceless glottal fricative5. voiceless alveolar stop6. high-mid front unroundedvowel 7. high central unrounded vowel 8. low front rounded vowel9. low-mid back rounded vowel 10. high back rounded tense vowelV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?59. How the description of consonants are different from that of vowels.III．MorphologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1.Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words areformed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3.Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme thebasic unit in the study of morphology.4.The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are freemorphemes.5.Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammaticalcategories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7.The existing form to which a inflectional affix can be added is called a stem, which canbe a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8.Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the secondelement receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:10.M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.11.B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to becombined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.12.Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.13.D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.14. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word andit may case change its part of speech.15.C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to createnew words.17. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.18.A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which aderivational affix can be added.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21.T he morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is_______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a rootV. Answer the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.SemanticsI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example,within British English or American English.2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.9. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.10. in grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:11. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.12. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.13. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.14. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.16. R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.17. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.19. An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.20. According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labelsof the objects they stand for.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth23. Which of the following is not true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.24. “Can I borrow your bike?” _______ “Y ou have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes25. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis26. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above27. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense28. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy29. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresIV. Define the following terms:31. morphology32. inflectional morphology33. derivational morphology34. morpheme35. free morpheme36. bound morpheme37. root38. affix39. prefix40. suffix41. derivation42. Compounding31. semantics32. sense 33 . reference34. synonymy 35. Polysemy36. homonymy 37. homophones38. Homographs39. complete homonyms40. hyponymy 41.antonymy11。

普通语言学

1.What do the barking of dogs, the mcowing of cats, and the singing of birds have in common with human language? What are some of the basic differences? Language is a means of verbal communication. Animals follow an elaborate rountine too. Symbolic and systematic.human language has these design fetures: 1.abitrariness, signs bear no natural relationship to its meaning. 2. Duality. The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.3. Creativity. Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Its potential to create endless sentences. 4. Displacement. It enable their users to symbolic objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. It giving them the power to handle generalization and abstraction.2.Consider this two ststements: I learn a new word today , I learn a new sentence today, do you think the two sentences are equally probable? And if not, why not?They have the same sentence structure, so they can be said the same from the linguistic perspect.3.Note some instances of slang in your speech and that of your friends and see if older speakers know what the slang means and also how they react to it? How would you feel about older speakers using such expressions?You can you up, no can no BB. 十动然拒，累觉不爱，然并卵。

语言学考试试卷

语言学考试试卷一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的最小意义单位是：A. 词B. 音节C. 音素D. 语素2. 语言的交际功能不包括：A. 表达思想B. 传递信息C. 艺术表现D. 记忆存储3. 以下哪个不是语言的变体？A. 方言B. 行话C. 语言D. 术语4. 语言的音系学研究的是：A. 语言的音位系统B. 语言的语法规则C. 语言的词汇D. 语言的语用5. 语言的词汇学研究的是：A. 词汇的构成B. 词汇的意义C. 词汇的发音D. A和B6. 以下哪个是语言的语法结构？A. 词序B. 词形变化C. 句法结构D. A、B和C7. 语言的语用学研究的是：A. 语言的语境B. 语言的交际效果C. 语言的交际策略D. A、B和C8. 以下哪个是社会语言学研究的内容？A. 语言的地域差异B. 语言的社会阶层差异C. 语言的性别差异D. A、B和C9. 语言的演化不包括：A. 语言的扩散B. 语言的简化C. 语言的复杂化D. 语言的消失10. 以下哪个是语言习得的关键期？A. 婴儿期B. 儿童期C. 青春期D. 成年期二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. 语言是一种______，它是人类用来交流思想和信息的工具。

12. 语言学中的“同音异义词”指的是发音相同但意义不同的词，例如英语中的“lead”（领导）和“lead”（铅）。

13. 语言的______是语言中最小的可以独立使用的意义单位。

14. 语言的______是指语言在不同社会群体中的使用差异。

15. 语言的______是指语言在不同地理区域中的使用差异。

三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）16. 请简述语言的交际功能。

17. 描述语言学中“语境”的概念及其重要性。

四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）18. 论述语言的音系学和音韵学的区别和联系。

19. 论述社会语言学研究的意义和应用领域。

五、案例分析题（共20分）20. 某地区有A、B两种方言，A方言的使用者主要在城市，B方言的使用者主要在农村。

语言学考试题

语言学考试题一、选择题1. 下列哪个是语言学的基本研究对象？A. 数字B. 文字C. 语言D. 音乐2. 哪位学者提出了语言功能理论？A. #德维特B. 萨普尔斯C. 赫尔德D. #哈尔德格尔3. 语言学的分类方法通常可以分为几大类？A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 24. “语言符号”中包括哪些要素？A. 声音B. 符号C. 拼写D. A、B5. 在语法范畴中，“动宾关系”是指什么？A. 主语和谓语之间的语法关系B. 主语和宾语之间的语法关系C. 宾语和谓语之间的语法关系D. 主语和动词之间的语法关系二、填空题6. 语言学中研究音素的学科是---。

7. 没有逻辑意义的音节称为---。

8. 语音学的基本单位是---。

9. 下列哪个不是语言学的分支学科？10. 一种语言中声母、韵母和声调三者综合的组合称为---。

三、简答题11. 请简要说明音韵学和语音学的区别。

12. 什么是“方言”，方言和语言的关系是什么？13. 什么是语法，语法的作用是什么？14. “文字和语言的关系”是语言学中一个重要问题，请简述你对这个问题的理解。

15. 请简要介绍语言学的研究方法有哪些？四、论述题16. 语言是人类最重要的交流工具之一，请说明语言对个体和社会的重要性。

17. 语言学的发展历程是怎样的？过去、现在和未来的语言学会有怎样的发展趋势？18. 请解释语言与文化之间的关系，并谈谈语言多样性对世界文化的重要影响。

以上便是本次语言学考试题的全部内容，请同学们认真地完成每一道题目，祝大家取得优异的成绩！。

普通语言学复习题与答案

普通语言学复习题与答案普通语言学复习题与答案语言学是一门研究语言的科学，它探究语言的结构、语言的演化、语言的使用等方面。

对于学习语言学的学生来说，复习是必不可少的一部分。

下面将为大家提供一些普通语言学的复习题及答案，希望能够帮助大家巩固知识。

1. 什么是语言的层次结构？答：语言的层次结构是指语言的不同层次之间的关系。

一般来说，语言可以分为音位、词汇、句法和语义四个层次。

音位层次是语言的最基本单位，是由不同的音素组成的。

词汇层次是由不同的词汇组成的，词汇是语言的基本单位，是表达意义的最小单位。

句法层次是由不同的句子组成的，句法研究句子的结构和组织。

语义层次是研究语言的意义，包括词义、句义和篇章意义等。

2. 什么是语音学？答：语音学是研究语言的音位层次的学科。

它主要关注语言中的音素、音节、音变等问题。

语音学研究的内容包括语音的产生、传播、接收和认知等方面。

在语音学中，还有一些基本概念需要了解，比如元音、辅音、音节结构等。

3. 什么是语义学？答：语义学是研究语言的语义层次的学科。

它主要关注语言中的词义、句义和篇章意义等问题。

语义学研究的内容包括词义的构成和变化、句义的逻辑结构和推理、篇章意义的组织和表达等。

在语义学中，还有一些基本概念需要了解，比如词义的多义性和歧义性、句义的合成和推理等。

4. 什么是语法？答：语法是研究语言的句法层次的学科。

它主要关注语言中的句子结构和句子的组织规律。

语法研究的内容包括句子的成分和句子的结构、句子的语序和句子的语法关系等。

在语法中，还有一些基本概念需要了解，比如句子的主谓宾结构、句子的修饰成分等。

5. 什么是语用学？答：语用学是研究语言的使用层次的学科。

它主要关注语言在交际中的使用和理解。

语用学研究的内容包括语言的言外之意、语言的意图和目的、语言的交际规则等。

在语用学中，还有一些基本概念需要了解，比如言外之意的推理、语言的指称和指代等。

以上是一些普通语言学的复习题及答案，希望能够帮助大家复习语言学知识。

英语专业2007-08学年第二学期普通语言学试卷和答案

英语专业2007-2008学年第二学期普通语言学考试试卷1. Choose ALL the correct ones from A, B, C, or D. There may be as many as three correct choices. (30 points, 2 points each)1) “It is wrong to split an infinitive.” This is an example of _____ rules.A. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC. transformationalD. functional2) The distinction between competence and performance was put forward by _____.A. Leonard BloomfieldB. Ferdinand de SaussureC. Noam ChomskyD. M. A. K. Halliday3) Which of the following is the correct description of [t]?A. Voiceless alveolar stop.B. Voiceless alveolar fricative.C. Voiced alveolar stop.D. Voiced alveolar fricative.4) Which of the following is a voiced labiodental fricative?A. [s]B. [z]C. [v]D. [f]5) Which of the following are “derivational suffixes”?A. -sB. -ionC. -ingD. -ify6) Which of the following are “content words”?A. Nouns.B. Verbs.C. Determiners.D. Prepositions.7) Which of the following is the correct bracketing of the phrase structure in the sentence “The boy is crying”?A. [[The] [boy] [is] [crying]]B. [[The] [boy]] [[is] [crying]]C. [[The boy] is [crying]]D. [[The] [boy] [is]] [crying]8) Which of the following sentences contain a participial phrase?A. The best thing would be to leave early.B. Having finished their work, they came to our aid.C. It’s great for a man to be free.D. To my surprise, she started looking for jobs.9) Which of the following terms are related to Cognitive Linguistics?A. Word recognition.B. Language acquisition.C. Construal operations.D. Categorization.10) Which of the following are NOT true of the “women register”?A. Women use more “fancy” color terms.B. Women use stronger swearing words.C. Women use more intensifiers.D. Women use more direct expressions.11) Which of the following forms of writing are more likely to use foregrounding?A.Diary.Poetry. B.Novels.Papers. D.C.Research12) Which of the following include a metaphor?A. His eyes came out of his head like a prawn’s.B. The hallway was zebra-striped with darkness and moonlight.C. The thought was a fire in him.D. The world is a looking-glass, and gives back to every man the reflection of his own face.13) Which of the following are writings of stream of consciousness?A. Pride and PrejudiceB. To the Lighthouse.C. As I Lay Dying.D. Jane Eyre.14) Which of the following book titles contain “alliteration”?A. Vowels and Consonants.B. Gone with the Wind.C. Sex and the City.D. The Wonder of Words.15) “_____” is often understood as a language system between the target languageand the learner’s native language.A. Input HypothesisB. Sapir-Whorf HypothesisAnalysisContrastiveC.Interlanguage D.2. Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). (10 points,1 point each)1) Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures，such that units ofthe primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.2) Articulatory Phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds.3) The adjective is an open class of words.4) The “parts of speech” in traditional grammar is often referred to as “word class”today.5) “Hot” and “cold” are converse antonyms.6) The holophrastic stage is the mature phase of language acquisition.7) Men use stronger curse words than women.8) The Relevance Theory was suggested by H. P. Grice.9) Stream of consciousness was used in the writings of William Faulkner.10) Machine translation can be used for restricted technical purposes, such as theweather report.3. Briefly explain the following terms. (20 points, 5 points each)1) lateral2) back-formation3) cognition4) foregrounding4. Answer TWO of the following questions. (40 points, 20 points each)1) Use examples to illustrate the concept of “recursiveness”.2) Describe the three categories of conceptual metaphors.3) In recent years, numerous new words have entered the daily life of Chinese people,e.g. 上网，海选. Give a list of (about 10) such words, discuss the context of theirusage, and provide a feasible explanation of their booming.2007-08学年第二学期普通语言学试卷参考答案和评分标准I. 多选题。

《普通语言学》作业（2）答案

《普通语⾔学》作业（2）答案《语⾔学概论》练习（⼆）[语⾳和语法]⼀、名词解释1.⾳位变体：处于互补关系中的各个⾳素被看成是同⼀个⾳位在不同上的代表，是同⼀个⾳位的不同变异形式。

我们称之为⾳位变体。

2.语流⾳变：在⼀连串的语流中，⾳素之间、⾳节之间、声调之间会互相影响，以致产⽣⾳变现象,这种⾳变，叫做语流⾳变。

普通话常见的⾳变有同化、异化、弱化、减⾳、增⾳、换位等⼏种。

3.直接成分：直接发⽣结构关系的句法成分，叫做直接成分。

直接成分主要有主语和谓语、述语和宾语、定语和中⼼语、状语和中⼼语、中⼼语和补语等等。

4.语法⼿段：语法意义通过语法形式体现出来。

变化和组合规则中表现的形式可以归纳为若⼲类型，这就是语法⼿段。

语法⼿段是表达⼀定语法意义的语法形式。

提供语法形式的⼿段主要有选词、词序、虚词、形态变化、内部曲折、重叠、语调、零形态。

5.语法范畴：每种变化都表⽰⼀定的语法意义。

词形变化所表⽰的语法意义的类就是语法范畴。

形态是词的变化形式的聚合，语法范畴是意义的聚合。

常见的语法范畴有性、数、格、时、体、态、⼈称等⼆、判断分析题1.语⾳既有物理属性和⽣理属性，⼜有社会属性。

社会属性是语⾳的本质属性。

2.元⾳和辅⾳的最本质区别在于发⾳时⽓流是否受阻。

3.⼀个元⾳区别于另⼀个元⾳主要在于阻碍的部位及⽅式不⼀样。

4.Bags[b gs]在语流中读成[b gz],这是语流⾳变中的异化现象。

5.汉语的动词没有“时”的语法范畴，但并不等于汉语不能表达时间观念。

三、简述题举例说明语流⾳变的类型（例⼦要求⽤国际⾳标注⾳）。

⼈们在进⾏⾔语活动时，选⽤⾳义结合的语⾔单位，在时间的先后顺序上展开，组成长短不同的“语流”。

在⼀连串的语流中，⾳素之间、⾳节之间、声调之间会互相影响，以致产⽣⾳变现象。

这种⾳变，叫做语流⾳变。

语流⾳变主要有以下⼏种：（⼀）同化：邻近的两个不相同或不相近的⾳，其中⼀个⾳因受另⼀个⾳的影响⽽变得跟它相同或相近，这就叫同化。

语言学的考试试题

语言学的考试试题一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学2. 语言学中的“音素”是指：A. 语言中最小的意义单位B. 语言中最小的音位单位C. 语言中的词汇D. 语言中的语法规则3. 在语言学中，“词汇-功能语法”是由哪位学者提出的？A. Noam ChomskyB. Ronald LangackerC. HallidayD. Edward Sapir4. 下列哪个选项是“双语现象”的正确描述？A. 一个人能够使用两种语言B. 一个地区存在两种官方语言C. 一个人同时学习两种语言D. 一个国家有两种语言的使用者5. “转换生成语法”是由哪位语言学家提出的？A. Ferdinand de SaussureB. Noam ChomskyC. Leonard BloomfieldD. Wilhelm Wundt6. 语言学中的“同音异义词”指的是：A. 发音相同但意义不同的词B. 意义相同但发音不同的词C. 发音和意义都相同的词D. 发音和意义都不同的词7. 下列哪项不是社会语言学研究的内容？A. 语言与社会的关系B. 语言的变迁C. 语言在不同社会群体中的使用D. 语言的生物学基础8. “语言习得”通常指的是：A. 学习第二语言B. 儿童学习母语的过程C. 成人学习外语D. 语言的演变过程9. 下列哪个选项不是语用学的研究范畴？A. 语境对语言使用的影响B. 语言的交际功能C. 语言的内部结构D. 语言的理解和解释10. “语言的任意性”这一概念是由哪位语言学家提出的？A. Charles OgdenB. Thomas HobbesC. Ferdinand de SaussureD. William of Ockham二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. 语言学中的“_______”指的是语言的声音和书写形式之间的关系。

12. “_______”是指语言中最小的、有意义的音段，是构成词汇的基本单位。

北京语言大学832普通语言学科目模拟试题(二)

北京语言大学外国语言学及应用语言学专业832普通语言学科目模拟试题（二）Part 1. Answer the following questions and write down your answers on your answer sheet. (共50分)1. write down the correct sound segments according to the sound descriptions. 1．voiceless bilabial plosive sound：——2．voiced alveolar fricative:——3．high front lax unrounded vowel:——4. mid central vowel to high back vowel:——5.mid central lax unrounded vowel:——2.please illustrate the tree functions of adult’s language in Halliday’s opinion:______,________,_________.3.please write down the speech representation put forward by Short(1996)._________, _________,_________,__________,__________4. the characteristic of implicature: ------, ------, ------, ------.5.to verify the endocentric and exocentric constructionsRead books:_______Reading books:_____The boy smiled:______The lady or the tiger:________Swimming in the pool:_________Part2.Fill in the blanks (50分)1.-----function is realized by mood and modality.2.The term _____originates from Malinowski’s study of the functions of languageperformed by Trobriand Islanders. It refers to the social inter action of language.3.______refers to the process of simultaneous or overlapping articulations when sounds show the influence of their neighbors.4.Narrow transcription is the phonetic transcription with____.5.The features that occur above the level of the segments and can distinguish meaning are called ____,which include stress, intonation,syllable and tone.6.Poly-morphemic words other than compounds may be divided into ____and ___.7.The phonological and orthographical realizations of a morpheme are termed_____.8.The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called_____.9.The endocentric construction can be further divided into the following two types:____endocentric construction and _____endocentric construction.10.Words which have different meanings but are were written differently and sound alike are called______.Part 3. definitions（20分）1.conversational implicature2.recursiveness3.derivation4.minimal pairsPart4.1．Please analyze the following sentence by tree diagram.“John says Lily will study Chinese.”2.if you ask someone “can you open the door?”he answers “Yes”but does not actually do it, what would be your reaction? Why? Try to explain it in the light of Speech Act theory.北京语言大学外国语言学及应用语言学专业832普通语言学科目模拟试题（二）参考答案Part1.1.[p],[z],[i],[ei],[ə]2.ideational, interpersonal, textual3.Direct speech(DS), indirect speech(IS), Narrator’s representation of speech acts(NRSA), Narrator’s Representation of speech (NRS),Free Indirect speech(FIS)4.calculability, cancellability, non-detachabilit y, non-conventionality5.exocentric, endocentric, exocentric, coordination endocentric, subordinate endocentricPart2.interpersonal,2. phatic communication 3.coarticulation 4.diacritics 5. suprasegmentals 6. root, affixes 7.morphs 8.syntax 9.subordinate, coordinate 10.homophonesPart3.1. conversational implicature: According to P.Grice, it refers to the extra meaningnot contained in the utterance,understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or he knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the CP.2. recursiveness:It is a rule that can reapply to a form that is itself partly orwholly derived by it. For instance,an NP can contain a PP, for example [the fish [in the pool]],and a PP can again contain an NP and the NP can contain another PP, [the fish [in [the pool [in the garden]]], and so on.3.Derivation: it refers to the process to add and affix to an already existing form to create a word, which includes prefixation,suffixation, and even both.4.minimal pairs: when two different forms are identical in every way except for onesound segment in the same place in strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.Part4.1.(omission)2.I would be angry with him. “Can you open the door”is normally a request of the hearer to do it ranther than a question about his ability.The fact that he answers “Yes” but does not actually do it shows that he declines my request.。

语言学考试试题及答案

语言学考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，它包括以下哪些分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语义学D. 所有选项答案：D2. 下列哪个术语不是语言学的分支？A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 神经语言学D. 化学语言学答案：D3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词素C. 词D. 句子答案：B4. 以下哪个选项是语言的语音属性？A. 音高B. 音长C. 音色D. 所有选项答案：D5. 语言的语法规则可以是：A. 显性的B. 隐性的C. 两者都是D. 两者都不是答案：C6. 以下哪种语言现象不属于语言变异？A. 方言B. 社会方言C. 语言接触D. 语言消亡答案：D7. 语言的演变通常被认为是：A. 随机的B. 有目的的C. 无意识的D. 有意识的答案：C8. 语言接触可能导致：A. 语言融合B. 语言分离C. 语言借用D. 所有选项答案：D9. 语言的语用学研究的是：A. 语言的语境B. 语言的功能C. 语言的意义D. 所有选项答案：D10. 以下哪个术语不属于语义学研究的范围？A. 语义场B. 语义角色C. 语义关系D. 音位学答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的______属性包括音高、音长和音色。

答案：语音2. 语言的______属性包括语法、词汇和语义。

答案：结构3. 语言的______属性涉及语言的社会和文化方面。

答案：社会4. 语言学中的______理论认为语言是一系列规则的集合。

答案：形式主义5. 语言的______是语言学研究的基础单位。

答案：句子6. 语言的______是指语言在不同社会群体中的变体。

答案：变异7. 语言的______是指语言在不同地理区域的变体。

答案：方言8. 语言的______是指语言在不同时间的演变。

答案：历史9. 语言的______是指语言在不同语境中的使用。

答案：语用10. 语言的______是指语言的抽象意义。

语言学基础试题及答案

语言学基础试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的科学？A. 语言的物理属性B. 语言的社会功能C. 语言的结构和功能D. 语言的历史发展答案：C2. 语音学研究的是语言的哪个方面？A. 语言的物理性质B. 语言的生理机制C. 语言的社会功能D. 语言的心理认知答案：A3. 下列哪项不是语言学的主要分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语用学D. 心理学答案：D4. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C5. 语言中最小的可以独立运用的单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：B6. 语言的交际功能不包括以下哪一项？A. 表达情感B. 传递信息C. 进行思考D. 艺术表现答案：C7. 语言的符号性质主要体现在哪个方面？A. 任意性B. 线性C. 离散性D. 系统性答案：A8. 语言的哪一项功能与语言的表达形式关系最为密切？A. 认知功能B. 社会功能C. 表达功能D. 工具功能答案：C9. 语言的哪一项功能与语言的交际目的关系最为密切？A. 认知功能B. 社会功能C. 表达功能D. 工具功能答案：B10. 语言的哪一项功能与语言的内在结构关系最为密切？A. 认知功能B. 社会功能C. 表达功能D. 工具功能答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究语言的________和________。

答案：结构、功能2. 语音学是研究语言的________和________的学科。

答案：物理性质、生理机制3. 语言学的主要分支包括语音学、语法学、语用学和________。

答案：语义学4. 音素是语言中最小的________单位。

答案：区别性5. 语素是语言中最小的________单位。

答案：意义6. 语言的交际功能包括表达情感、传递信息、________和艺术表现。

答案：进行思考7. 语言的符号性质主要体现在其________上。

语言学概论2试题及答案

语言学概论2试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，其研究对象是：A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言的结构D. 语言的功能答案：C2. 语音学是研究语言中声音的学科，它主要关注：A. 声音的物理属性B. 声音的生理机制C. 声音的心理感知D. 所有以上选项答案：D3. 下列哪项不是形态学的研究内容？A. 词的构成B. 词的分类C. 词义的变化D. 句子的结构答案：D4. 语义学研究的是：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的书写D. 语言的语法答案：B5. 社会语言学研究的是语言与：A. 个人心理的关系B. 社会结构的关系C. 文化背景的关系D. 技术发展的关系答案：B6. 语言接触导致的现象不包括：A. 借用B. 双语C. 语言死亡D. 语言创新答案：D7. 语言学中，语言的“形式”指的是：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的书写C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的意义答案：C8. 语言的“功能”通常指的是：A. 语言的语法规则B. 语言的交际作用C. 语言的词汇量D. 语言的音系结构答案：B9. 转换生成语法是由哪位语言学家提出的？A. 费尔迪南·德·索绪尔B. 诺姆·乔姆斯基C. 罗曼·雅各布森D. 莱昂纳德·布卢姆菲尔德答案：B10. 语言的“表现”和“内容”是：A. 同义的术语B. 完全不同的概念C. 相对立的概念D. 相互依赖的概念答案：D二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和__________。

答案：语用学2. 语言的最小意义单位是__________。

答案：语素3. 语言学家__________提出了“语言是任意的”这一观点。

答案：费尔迪南·德·索绪尔4. 语言的“深层结构”和“表层结构”是__________理论中的概念。

答案：转换生成语法5. 在社会语言学中，__________是指不同社会群体使用的语言差异。

《普通语言学》练习(2)

《语言学概论》练习（二）
[语音和语法]
年级专业班级姓名学号
一、名词解释
1.音位变体：
2.语流音变：
3.直接成分：
4.语法手段：
5.语法范畴：
二、简述题
1.试述舌面元音发音的特点，并绘出舌面元音舌位图。

2.举例说明语流音变的类型（例子要求用国际音标注音）。

１
三、应用分析题
1. 列表分析下列音位的语音特征，并分组指出它们的主要差别。

(1)[p][p ][t][t ] (2)[ ][ ][ ][ ]
2. 用国际音标给下面的一句注音，并说明音变现象：
大江上边架起一座大桥。

２
3.分析下列词语的结构关系
（1）低头低等等级 worker
（2）排骨排比排外 blackboard （3）盲流盲目法盲 gentlemanly （4）推动推辞推力 learning
4.用直接成分分析法分析下列短语的结构层次和结构关系。

如果是歧义句，请适当
说明分析结果的含义。

（1）这张照片放大了一点。

（2）我们需要大量进口机电产品。

３
（3）发现敌人的哨兵回营地了。

5.分析下列语句的显性语法关系和隐性语法关系
他终于露出了满意的微笑。

４。

普通语言学概论试题库及答案

语言学概论试题(1)一、填空１５%1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。

2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助•••交际工具。

•3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。

4、英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。

•5、语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理•角度分析它的表现形式（传递过程），从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。

6、是否能够独立（自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。

•7、现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。

•8、具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。

•9、语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。

•10、•我国宪法（１９８２年）第１９条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。

二、选择题１０%••••••1、中国的传统语文学研究的薄弱环节是（ D ）••Ａ、文字学Ｂ、语音学••Ｃ、词汇学Ｄ、语法学•2、汉语属于（ B ）•Ａ、屈折语Ｂ、词根语•Ｃ、多式综合语Ｄ、粘着语•3、一种语言中数量最少的是（B ）••Ａ、音素Ｂ、音位••Ｃ、语素Ｄ、音节•4、文字的前身是（ C ）••Ａ、结绳记事Ｂ、手势••Ｃ、图画记事Ｄ、实物记事•5、派生词中包含（ B ）••Ａ、词尾Ｂ、词根••Ｃ、虚词Ｄ、根词•6、语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是（ C ）••Ａ、音素Ｂ、义素••Ｃ、语素Ｄ、音位7、汉语单词“忽然”出现的位置是（ C ）••Ａ、主语位置Ｂ、谓语位置••Ｃ、状语位置Ｄ、定语位置8、以下各种语言变体中，属于社会方言的是（ D ）•••Ａ、土话Ｂ、客家话•••Ｃ、客套话Ｄ、黑话9、下列语素中属于自由语素的是（ C ）•••Ａ、初Ｂ、视•••Ｃ、人Ｄ、民10、在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，•具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫（ D ）••Ａ、转换关系Ｂ、组合关系••Ｃ、层级关系Ｄ、聚合关系••••••••三、名词解释２０%•1、专语语言学: 以具体语言作为研究对象的语言学。

语言学测试题及答案

语言学测试题及答案
1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？
A. 语言的起源
B. 语言的结构
C. 语言的使用
D. 语言的演变
答案：B
2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支？
A. 语音学
B. 句法学
C. 语义学
D. 心理学
答案：D
3. 请解释“语言”和“方言”的区别。

答案：语言是指具有独立语法和词汇系统的交流工具，通常与国家或民族相关联；方言则是语言内部的变体，通常与地域相关，但不具备独立的语法和词汇系统。

4. 什么是“音位”？
答案：音位是指语言中能够区分意义的最小语音单位。

5. 请列举三种语言的书写系统。

答案：汉字（汉语）、字母（英语）、西里尔字母（俄语）。

6. 以下哪个术语用于描述语言的演变？
A. 语言变化
B. 语言发展
C. 语言演化
D. 语言进化
答案：C
7. 什么是“词汇语义学”？
答案：词汇语义学是研究词汇意义及其变化的语言学分支。

8. 请解释“语法”。

答案：语法是一套规则，用于指导语言中单词的组合和排列，以形成意义完整的句子。

9. 什么是“社会语言学”？
答案：社会语言学是研究语言与社会结构、文化、身份和权力之间关系的学科。

10. 请列举两种语言的方言。

答案：普通话（汉语方言）、西班牙语（西班牙方言）。

语言方面考试题及答案

语言方面考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪个选项是“语言”的英文翻译？A. LanguageB. LiteratureC. CommunicationD. Expression答案：A2. “语言学”是一门研究语言的科学，它的英文是：A. LinguisticsB. PhilologyC. PhoneticsD. Lexicography答案：A3. 在语言学中，“音素”是指：A. 语音的最小单位B. 语言的最小单位C. 语义的最小单位D. 语法的最小单位答案：A4. 以下哪个词不是动词？A. 走B. 跳C. 跑D. 书5. “语法”是研究语言中词的：A. 意义B. 结构C. 使用D. 发展答案：B6. 下列哪个选项是“同义词”的正确定义？A. 意义相反的词B. 意义相近的词C. 形式相同的词D. 来源相同的词答案：B7. “词汇”在语言学中通常指的是：A. 语言的规则B. 语言的发音C. 语言的词汇量D. 语言的书写答案：C8. “语义学”是研究语言的：A. 声音B. 意义C. 形式D. 语法答案：B9. “句法”是研究句子的：B. 结构C. 发音D. 词汇答案：B10. “修辞学”主要研究的是：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的书写C. 语言的表达方式D. 语言的规则答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。

答案：词汇学2. 语言的三个基本功能是表达、______和交际。

答案：描述3. 在语言学中，“语用学”是研究语言在特定语境中的______。

答案：使用4. “方言”是指一个语言内部的______。

答案：变体5. “双语”是指一个人能够流利地使用______种语言。

答案：两6. “翻译”是指将一种语言的文本转换为______语言的文本。

答案：另一种7. “语音学”是语言学的一个分支，它研究的是语言的______。