自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第5章

Onomatopoeic Motivation – the words whose sounds suggest their meaning. （Indicate the relationship between sound and meaning）. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. These words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. For example， bang， ping-pang， crow by cocks， etc.
A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are language in the world.
Sense （领会） – denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense.
Stylistic meaning – stylistic features make the words appropriate for different contexts.
（informal， formal， literary， archaic. slang） e.g. pregnant， expecting， knock up， in the club，
自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第五章
2006-9-14 【大 中 小】
第五章
Reference （领会） – the relationship between language and the world. By means of reference， a speaker indicates which things in the world （including persons） are being talked about.
It is open-ended and indeterminate
Connotative meaning （connotation） —— the overtones or association suggested by the conceptual meaning. It is not an essential part of the word- meaning， but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular use in the language.
Although reference is abstract， yet with the help of context， it can refer to something specific.
Concept（领会） – which beyond language is the result of human cognition reflecting the objective world in the human mind. It isn’t affected by language. Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. Meaning belongs to language， so is restricted to language use.
Functional words， though having little lexical meaning， posses strong grammatical meaning， content words have both meanings and lexical meaning in particular.
Lexical meaning —— is constant in all the words within or without context related to the notion that the word conveys.
It has two components conceptual meaning and associative meaning.
e.g. Mother——a female parent —— love， care， tenderness， forgiving
Home —— a dwelling place —— family， friends， warmth， safety.
It is unstable varying considerably according to situations.
It is constant and relative stable. Conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication.
e.g. The sun rises in the East. the “sun”
Associative meaning – the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.
E.g. the word ’laconic’ meaning ’brief’ or ’short’ is derived from Laconic， a tribe of people who were known for their ’brevity of speech’ and for their habit of never using more words than necessary. Hence a laconic answer is a ’short answer’。
Such echoic words are also conventional for the sounds we say in English may not be the same in other language.
Morphological Motivation ——Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many words are the sum total of the morphemes combined. （Indicate the relationship between word meaning and each morpheme meaning）. For instance， airmail means to “mail by air”， miniskirt is “a small skirt”。
Grammatical meaning – refer to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships， such as part of speech of words， singular and plural meanings of nouns， tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.
Grammatical meaning becomes important only used in actual context.
Different Lexical meaning may have different grammatical meaning.
The same word may have different grammatical meaning.
All the words communized from proper nouns can be interpreted in terms of their origins.
Types of mion is not monogamous but a composite consisting of different parts.
English does have words whose meanings can be explained to a certain extent.
Most words are non-motivated. The connection of the sign and meaning dose not have a logical explanation.
There are a lot of words whose structures are opaque， their meanings are not the combinations of the separate words.
Semantic Motivation——refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explained the connection between literal sense and figurative sense of a word）. E.g. When we say the mouth of a river， we associate the opening part of the river with the mouth of a human being or an animal.
Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning.