2000年考研英语1真题

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考研英语一真题2000

考研英语一真题20002000年是中国高考改革的重要一年，在此之前，考生只需参加一场综合能力测试，即可报考本科院校。

从2000年起，高考形式发生了根本的改变，分设文科和理科两个不同的科目进行考试。

其中，文科考试内容包括语文、数学、外语（英语），其中英语成为考生们关注的焦点之一。

本文将以2000年考研英语一真题为例，分析该试卷的题目类型、命题方向和难度，为考生们提供备考指导。

第一部分：听力理解（共35小题；每小题1分，满分35分）本部分共有35道题目，旨在考察考生对英语口语和听力的理解能力。

每个小题都有一段对话或独白，并配有一个问题。

考生需要听清问题，并根据所听内容选出正确的答案。

第二部分：阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）本部分共有15道题目，涉及不同主题和文体的短文，如新闻报道、科技文献、社会议题等。

考生需要在阅读完每篇短文后，根据题目要求选择正确答案。

第三部分：完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）本部分共有20个空格，考生需要根据上下文和语法规则，选择合适的单词或短语填入空格。

第四部分：语法和词汇（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）本部分由20个句子组成，每个句子有一个空格，需要考生根据语法和词汇的要求选择合适的单词或短语填入空格。

第五部分：写作（共1题；满分45分）本题要求考生阅读一篇短文，并根据所读内容，按照要求完成一个作文。

作文的字数应在120-150之间。

从以上分析可以看出，2000年的考研英语一真题主要考查听力理解、阅读理解、完形填空、语法和词汇、写作五个方面的能力。

其中，阅读理解和完形填空较为注重考生对语言的综合运用能力，语法和词汇则更加突出对学生基础知识的考察。

写作部分则要求考生根据给定的材料展开论述或写作。

考生们在备考时应注重强化听力理解和阅读能力，并且熟练掌握语法和词汇知识。

除了针对不同题型的具体训练，考生们还应多进行模拟测试，通过模拟测试了解自己的薄弱环节，并加以针对性的提高和训练。

(完整word)2000年考研英语1真题

2000年考研英语1真题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections：Beneath each of the following sentences， there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］， [C] and [D］。

Choose the one that best completes the sentence。

Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil。

(5 points)Example：I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979。

[A]from[B]after[C]for[D]sincethe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore，you should choose [D］.1.As I’ll be away for at least a year，I’d appreciate 1 from you now and then telling melow everyone is getting along。

[A]hearing[B]to hear[C]to be hearing[D]having heard2.Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, 2 to find it locked。

[A]just[B]only[C]hence[D]thus3.Doctors see a connection between increase amounts of leisure time spent 3 and theincreased number of cases of skin cancer.[A]to sunbathe[B]to have sunbathed[C]having sunbathed[D]sunbathing4.Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods， you are not entitled4 a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery。

2000年英语一真题(未排版)【小白考研】

2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 . He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable. [A] other than[B] as well as[C] instead of[D] more than [A] only if[B] much as[C] long before[D] ever since[A] for[B] against[C] of[D] towards[A] replace[B] purchase[C] supplement[D] dispose[A] enhance[B] mix[C] feed[D] raise[A] vessels[B] routes[C] paths[D] channels[A] self-confident [B] self-sufficient[C] self-satisfied[D] self-restrained [A] search[B] save[C] offer[D] seek[A] proportion[B] percentage[C] rate[D] ratioI i10. [A] genuinely[B] obviously[C] presumably[D] frequentlySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”11.The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because ________.[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy12.The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ________.[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market13.What can be inferred from the passage?[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.14.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ________.[A] turning of the business cycle[B] restructuring of industry[C] improved business management[D] success in educationText 2Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today -- everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring -- means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years -- even the pass 100 years -- our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.” No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A] A lack of mates. [B] A fierce competition.[C] A lower survival rate. [D] A defective gene.16.What does the example of India illustrate?[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.17.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because ________.[A] life has been improved by technological advance[B] the number of female babies has been declining[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing18.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A] Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution[B] Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature[D] Human Evolution Going NowhereText 3When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be -- even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right -- it can hardly be classed as Literature.This, in brief, is what the Futurist says; for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river -- and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?19.This passage is mainly ________.[A] a survey of new approaches to art [B] a review of Futurist poetry[C] about merits of the Futurist movement is[D] about laws and requirements of literature20.When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to ________.[A] determine its purposes [B] ignore its flaws[C] follow the new fashions [D] accept the principles21.Futurists claim that we must ________.[A] increase the production of literature[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress[C] develop new modes of expression[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs22.The author believes that Futurist poetry is ________.[A] based on reasonable principles[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people[C] indicative of basic change in human nature[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literatureText 4Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores -- personality, ability, courage or humanity -- are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.” With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.23.In the Westerner’s eyes, the postwar Japan was ________.[A] under aimless development [B] a positive example[C] a rival to the West is[D] on the decline24.According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?[A] Women’s participation in social activities is limited.[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.25.Which of the following is true according to the author?[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.26.The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that ________.[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before[D] the Japanese appreciate their present lifeText 5If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition -- wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny -- must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition -- if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped -- with the educated themselves riding on them.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs -- the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is drivenunderground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.27.It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if ________.[A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices[B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power[C] its goals are spiritual rather than material[D] it is shared by the rich and the famous28.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is ________.[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition29.Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because ________.[A] they think of it as immoral[B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth[C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits[D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible30.From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained ________.[A] secretly and vigorously [B] openly and enthusiastically[C] easily and momentarily [D] verbally and spirituallyPart BDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 31) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 32) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.33) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are oftenforced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 34) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization -- with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed -- was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.35) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements -- themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.Section III Writing36.Directions:A. Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of at least 150 words.B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:1）Describe the pictures，2）Deduce the purpose of the drawer in the pictures，3）Suggest counter-measures. (15 points)A Brief History of World Commercial Fishing。

2000年考研英语阅读理解

2000 Text 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."51. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause________.[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ______.[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market53. What can be inferred from the passage?[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.54. The author seems to believe the revival of the US economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the________.[A] turning of the business cycle[B] restructuring of industry[C] improved business management[D] success in education核心词汇1. effortless 没有努力的2. dreadful 可怕的3. handicap 障碍4. handle 处理；解决5. drive 驱动；driving force 驱动力6. glowing 光辉的；灿烂的7. competitor 竞争对手8. unparalleled 无可比拟的；unmatched=matchless 无可比拟的9. skilled 熟练的10. beyond 超出11. inevitable 不可避免的12. primacy 主导地位13. narrow 缩小14. retreat 撤退；后退15. predominance 绝对主导地位16. at a loss over 对…不知所措17. fade 消退；减弱18. competitiveness 竞争力19. shrink 缩小；萎缩20. vanish 消失21. in the face of 面对22. textile 纺织品23. sweep into 涌入24. domestic 国内25. on the ropes 危在旦夕；命悬一线26. casualty 牺牲品27. cause 引起28. take…for granted 想当然29. inquiry 调查；询问30. sensational 轰动一时的31. look back on 回顾32. solid 稳定；固定33. attribute…to 把….归因于34. solely 仅仅35. devalue 贬值36. self-doubt 自我怀疑37. yield to 让位于38. blind pride 盲目自豪39. go on a diet 减肥；裁剪机构40. quick-witted 才智敏捷难句精解①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.▲该句是一个并列句，由前后两个转折关系的分句组成，其间的连词为but。

2000考研英语一真题及答案

2000考研英语一真题及答案Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times ________________________ 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.”Therefore, you should choose [D]Sample Answer[A] to have caught[B] to catch[C] catching（B）[D] having caught1. As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate ________________________ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along.[A] hearing[B] to hear[C] to be hearing[D] having heard2. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, ________________________ to find it locked.[A] just[B] only[C] hence[D] thus3. Doctors see a connection between increase amounts of leisure time spent ________________________ and the increased number of cases of skin cancer.[A] to sunbathe[B] to have sunbathed[C] having sunbathed[D] sunbathing4. Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are not entitled ________________________ a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery.[A] to[B] with[C] for[D] on5. On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont ________________________I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading “Boston”.[A] which[B] where[C] when[D] that6. Christie stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though ________________________ out of the office.[A] went[B] gone[C] to go[D] would go7. The roles expected ________________________ old people in such a setting give too few psychological satisfactions for normal happiness.[A] of[B] on[C] to[D] with8. Talk to anyone in the drug industry, ________________________ you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.[A] or[B] and[C] for[D] so9. It wasn’t so much that I disliked her ________________________ that I just wasn’t interested in the whole business.[A] rather[B] so[C] than[D] as10. Countless divorced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divorce, let alone ________________________ one.[A] getting[B] to get[C] gotten[D] getPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(5 points)Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition, which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Answer [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].Sample Answer[A] [B] [■] [D]11. on a remote island, little work them, the soldiers suffered from boredom and low .12. If the letter on the writing table an hour ago, it certain there now.13. The party could even lose majority in the lower house of parliament, a period of .14. The mechanisms work in the tendency for such physical activity utilize the harmful constituents of the stress response.15. the long run, however, this hurry full-time staff may be harmful to industry as it is the workforce.16. See to that you include the examination paper questions they didn’t know last time.17. Most newspapers, the major part of space to recent events, usually manage to find on the inside pages for articles some interesting topics.18. One sign you are making progress in an such as painting or photography is you begin to realize how much to learn.19. The ideal listener stays both the music at the moment it is played and it almost the composer at the moment he .20. exposure to stress has been linked to functioning of the immune system, a person more liable infection.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________________________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].Sample Answer[A] [B] [■][D]21. He spoke so ________________________ that even his opponents were won over by his arguments.[A] bluntly[B] convincingly[C] emphatically[D] determinedly22. France’s ________________________ of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations.[A] assumption[B] consumption[C] presumption[D] resumption23. The 215-page manuscript, circulated to publishers last October, ________________________ an outburst of interest.[A] flared[B] glittered[C] sparked[D] flashed24. His efforts to bring about a reconciliation between the two Parties ________________________.[A]came off[B] came on[C] came round[D] came down25. The system was redesigned to embrace the network and eventually ________________________ it in a profitable direction.[A] adapt[B] control[C] install[D] steer26. The capital intended to broaden the export base and ________________________ efficiency gains from international trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution.[A] secure[B] extend[C] defend[D] possess27. It is announced that a wallet has been found and can be ________________________ at the manager’s office.[A] declared[B] obtained[C] reclaimed[D] recognized28. When I ________________________ my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, with Grandma bending over me.[A] woke up[B] took to[C] picked up[D] came to29. The American society is ________________________ an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources, which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.[A] established on[B] affiliated to[C] originated from[D] incorporated with30. I am not ________________________ with my roommate but I have to share the room with her, because I have nowhere else to live.[A] concerned[B] compatible[C] considerate[D] complied31. At first, the ________________________ of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible, but, with painstaking efforts and at great expense, it became a reality.[A] transaction[B] transmission[C] transformation[D] transition32. When the committee ________________________ to details, the proposed plan seemed impractical.[A] got down[B] set about[C] went off[D] came up33. ________________________ to some parts of South America is still difficult, because parts of the continent are still covered with thick forests.[A] Orientation[B] Access[C] Procession[D] Voyage34. Mr. Smith had an unusual ________________________: he was first an office clerk, then a sailor, and ended up as a school teacher.[A] profession[B] occupation[C] position[D] career35. The mayor is a woman with great ________________________ and therefore deserves our political and financial support.[A] intention[B] instinct[C] integrity[D] intensity36. The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest ________________________ to everyone.[A] speculation[B] attribution[C] utilization[D] proposition37. The fact that the golden eagle usually builds its nest on some high cliffs ________________________ it almost impossible to obtain the eggs or the young birds.[A] renders[B] reckons[C] regards[D] relates38. To impress a future employer, one should dress neatly, be ________________________, and display interest in the job.[A] swift[B] instant[C] timely[D] punctual39. You don’t have to install this radio in your new car, it’s an ________________________ extra.[A] excessive[B] optional[C] additional[D] arbitrary40. We were pleased to note that the early morning delivery didn’t ________________________ to the traffic jam of the busy city.[A] aid[B] amount[C] add[D] attributeSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain ___41___ consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family ___42___ he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance ___43___ the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to ___44___ old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to ___45___ the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation ___46___ and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be ___47___. He must either sell some of his property or ___48__ extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low ___49__ of interest, but loans of this kind are not ___50__ obtainable.41. [A] other than[B] as well as[C] instead of[D] more than42. [A] only if[B] much as[C] long before[D] ever since43. [A] for[B] against[C] of[D] towards44. [A] replace[B] purchase[C] supplement[D] dispose45. [A] enhance[B] mix[C] feed[D] raise46. [A] vessels[B] routes[C] paths[D] channels47. [A] self-confident[B] self-sufficient[C] self-satisfied[D] self-restrained48. [A] search[B] save[C] offer[D] seek49. [A] proportion[B] percentage[C] rate[D] ratio50. [A] genuinely[B] obviously[C] presumably[D] frequentlySection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of theSecond World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a deva lued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”51. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because ________________________.[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ________________________.[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market53. What can be inferred from the passage?[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.54. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ________________________.[A] turning of the business cycle[B] restructuring of industry[C] improved business management[D] success in educationText 2Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today -- everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring -- means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years -- even the pass 100 years -- ourlives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.” No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A] A lack of mates.[B] A fierce competition.[C] A lower survival rate.[D] A defective gene.56. What does the example of India illustrate?[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because ________________________.[A] life has been improved by technological advance[B] the number of female babies has been declining[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A] Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution[B] Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature[D] Human Evolution Going NowhereText 3When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be -- even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right -- it can hardly be classed as Literature.This, in brief, is what the Futurist says; for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river -- and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?59. This passage is mainly ________________________.[A] a survey of new approaches to art[B] a review of Futurist poetry[C] about merits of the Futurist movement[D] about laws and requirements of literature60. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to ________________________.[A] determine its purposes[B] ignore its flaws[C] follow the new fashions[D] accept the principles61. Futurists claim that we must ________________________.[A] increase the production of literature[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress[C] develop new modes of expression[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs62. The author believes that Futurist poetry is ________________________.[A] based on reasonable principles[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people[C] indicative of basic change in human nature[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literatureText 4Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, comparedwith 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores -- personality, ability, courage or humanity -- are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.” With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.63. In the Westerner’s eyes, the postwar Japan was ________________________.[A] under aimless development[B] a positive example[C] a rival to the West[D] on the decline64. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?[A] Women’s participation in social activities is limited.[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.65. Which of the following is true according to the author?[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.66. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that ________________________.[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before[D] the Japanese appreciate their present lifeText 5If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition -- wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny -- must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition -- if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped -- with the educated themselves riding on them.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs -- the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles,which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.67. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if ________________________.[A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices[B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power[C] its goals are spiritual rather than material[D] it is shared by the rich and the famous68. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is ________________________.[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition69. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because ________________________.[A] they think of it as immoral。

2000-2013年考研英语历年真题和答案(英语一)

2000-2013年考研英语历年真题和答案(英语一)ui2013年考研英语（一）真题 (6)Section I Use of English (6)Section II Reading Comprehension (11)Part APart B (35)Part C (42)Section III Writing (48)Part A48Part B (49)2013考研英语（一）答案 (50)Section I Use of English (50)Section II Reading Comprehension (57)Section III Writing (79)2012年考研英语（一）试题 (83)Section I Use of English (83)Section II Reading Comprehension.Part A87Part B (110)Part C (115)Section III Writing (118)Part APart B (119)2012考研英语（一）答案 (121)Section I (121)Section II Reading Comprehension (132)作文 (167)2011考研英语(一)试题 (172)Section I Use of English (172)Section II Reading Comprehension (178)Part A (178)Part B (205)Part C (211)Section ⅢWriting (216)Part A (216)Part B (216)2011考研英语（一）答案 (219)Section I Use of English (219)Section II Reading Comprehension (226)Section III Writing (244)2010年考研英语（一）试题 (250)Section I Use of English (250)Section II Reading Comprehension (251)Part A (251)Part B (258)Part C (260)Section ⅢWriting (260)Part A (260)Part B (261)2009年考研英语（一）试题 (262)Section I Use of English (262)Section I I Reading comprehension (263)Part A (263)Part B (270)Part C (271)Section ⅢWriting (272)Part A (272)Part B (272)2009年考研英语（一）答案 (274)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (274)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (274)Section III: Writing (30 points) (274)2008年考研英语（一）试题 (276)Section I Use of English (276)Section II Reading Comprehension (277)Part A (277)Part B (284)Part C (286)Section III Writing (287)Part A (287)Part B (287)2008年考研英语（一）答案 (289)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (289)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (289)Section III: Writing (30 points) (289)2007年考研英语（一）试题 (291)Section I Use of English (291)Section II Reading Comprehension (295)Part A (295)Part B (303)Part C (304)Section III Writing (305)Part A (305)Part B (306)2007年考研英语（一）答案 (307)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (307)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (307)Section III: Writing (30 points) (307)2006年考研英语（一）试题 (309)Section I Use of English (309)Section II Reading Comprehension (313)Part A (313)2002年考研英语（一）试题 (381)Section I Listening Comprehension (381)Part A (381)Part B (382)Part C (382)Section II Use of English (385)Section III Reading Comprehension (390)Part A (390)Part B (398)Section IV Writing (399)2002年考研英语（一）答案 (400)Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points) (400)Section II: Use of English (10 points) (400)Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points) (400)Section IV: Writing (20 points) (401)2001年考研英语（一）试题 (402)Section I Structure and Vocabulary (402)Part A (402)Part B (405)Section II Cloze Test (410)Section III Reading Comprehension (414)Section IV English-Chinese Translation (423)Section V Writing (424)2001年考研英语（一）答案 (426)Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points) (426)Section II: Cloze Text (10 points) (426)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points) (426)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points) (426)Section V: Writing (20 points) (427)2000年考研英语（一）试题 (428)Section I Structure and Vocabulary (428)Part A (428)Part B (431)Part C (432)Section II Cloze Test (437)Section III Reading Comprehension (440)Section IV English-Chinese Translation (448)Section V Writing (449)2000年考研英语（一）答案 (451)Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points) (451)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points) (451)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points) (451)Section V: Writing (15 points) (452)2013年考研英语（一）真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that ___1___ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by ___2___ factors. But Dr Simonton speculated that an inability to consider the big ___3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. ___4___, hetheorized that a judge ___5___ of appearing too soft ___6___crime might be more likely to send someone to prison ___7___he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To ___8___this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ___9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonton suspected the truth was___11___.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews ___12___ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had ___13___ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale ___14___ numerous factorsinto consideration. The scores were ___15___ used in conjunction w ith an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardized exam which is ___16___out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonton found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one ___17___ that, then the score for the next applicant would___18___ by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to___19___the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been ___20___.1. A grants B submits C transmits Ddelivers2. A minor B external C crucial D objective3. A issue B vision C picture D moment4. A Above all B On average C In principleD For example5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless6. A in B for C to D on7. A if B until C though D unless8. A. test B. emphasize C. share D. promote9. A. decision B. quality C. status D. success10. A. found B. studied C. chosen D.identified11. A. otherwise B. defensible C. replaceable D. exceptional12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conductedD. secured13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced17. A below B after C above D before18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn`t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline`s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers tosee clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world`s answer toconsumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan`s. The Omnivore`s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes –and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; he r example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment –including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labelsurge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment”(Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory,this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer andApple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking w ith Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and presson anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, MMicrosoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that“behavioral”ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry”(Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured formillions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question.For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say withconsiderable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to beinspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN`s “Red List”suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world`s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet`s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the federal government and the states.In Arizona, United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigrations law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule ofnaturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state police that ran to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field" and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powersHowever, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That`s because Congress has alwaysenvisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federalexecutive power”. The White House argued the Arizona`s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightlyrejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona`s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers` duty to withhold immigrants` information.[B] States` independence from federal immigration law.[C] States` legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress`s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states` interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] Outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states` support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every yearsince 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today`s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers . Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creativedestruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed”or “climate change”have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today`s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health anddemographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is aboutdeveloping clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,”to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible assuch. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts。

2000年全国考研英语一真题全文翻译

2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语全文翻译P a r tⅡU s e o fE n g l i s h一个农民要想成功,就必须在其消费和生产之间努力保持着较大的差距㊂他必须存储大量的粮食而不是立即把所有的粮食都消费掉㊂农民若想养活自己及家人,就必须有余粮㊂他必须用以下三种方式来使用这些余粮:留作种子,留作应对恶劣天气影响的保障,以及作为商品卖掉,来替换旧农具和购买化肥给土壤施肥㊂他可能还需要钱来修建灌溉水渠,或在其他方面改善自己的农田㊂如果没有余粮,农民就不能自给自足,他就只得变卖部分家产或通过贷款寻求额外的资金㊂自然,他会尽量争取低息贷款,但这种贷款不是经常能够得到的㊂P a r t I I I R e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n s i o nP a s s a g e1长期的㊁不费力气的成功史可能成为一种可怕的障碍,但是如果处理得当,它也可能成为一种动力㊂二战结束后,美国恰好进入这样的一段辉煌时期,当时它拥有比任何竞争对手大八倍的市场,这使其工业经济规模前所未有㊂它的科学家是世界上最优秀的,它的工人是最富于技巧的㊂美国和美国人的繁荣是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚两大洲人民做梦都想像不出的㊂当其他国家逐渐富有起来时,这种差距的缩小是必然的㊂同样不可避免的是逐渐失去主导地位的痛苦㊂在80年代中期,美国人为他们工业竞争力的减退感到困惑㊂有些大型的美国工业,如消费电子工业,在外国的竞争面前萎缩或者崩溃㊂到l987年,只剩下一家美国电视机制造企业 Z e n i t h(现在已经完全没有了:Z e n i t h已经被韩国的L G电子兼并)㊂外国汽车和纺织品正在大举进入美国国内市场㊂美国的机械工业岌岌可危㊂在一段时期,好像半导体制造业,这个美国发明的并且对新的计算机时代极为关键的工业,也将成为下一个牺牲品㊂所有这些引发了一种信心危机㊂美国人已经不再将繁荣视为自然而然的事㊂他们开始怀疑他们的经营方法出了问题,怀疑他们的收人很快就会下降㊂80年代中期人们对美国工业衰退的原因进行一次又一次的调查㊂这些调查的发现,有些是耸人听闻的,都充满了对来自海外竞争加剧的警示㊂现在情况已经完全改变!1995年美国可以回顾在过去五年中稳步的增长,而日本还在奋力挣扎㊂很少有美国人把它的原因归结为类似美元贬值或商业周期轮回这些显而易见的原因㊂对自身的怀疑已经被盲目乐观取代㊂美国的产业结构已经改变,消除了滞涨,学会了快速反应, 哈佛大学肯尼迪行政学院执行院长R i c h a r dG a v a n a g h指出㊂看到美国经济如此地提高生产力,我为自己是美国人而感到自豪, 华盛顿特区的智囊团卡托研究院的S t e P h e n M o o r e说㊂哈佛经管学院的W i l l i a mS a h l m a n相信,人们将来会把这个时期视为美国企业管理的黄金时期㊂P a s s a g e2身为一个男人从来都充满危险㊂男女出生的比例大约是105:100,但到了成年期,这个比例便降至基本持平,而到70岁时,女性的人数就已达到男性的两倍了㊂不过男性死亡率高的普遍规律正在改变㊂现在男婴的成活率与女婴基本一样㊂那意味着有史以来第一次男孩在他们择偶的关键年龄期有所过剩㊂更重要的是,又一个自然选择的机会消失了㊂50年前,婴儿(特别是男婴)成活的关键在于他的体重㊂多一公斤或少一公斤都会造成死亡㊂今天,体重几乎不起什么作用㊂因为大部分差异是由基因造成的,所以又一个进化的因素消失了㊂进化自杀还有另外一种办法:活着,但少生孩子㊂现在很少有人像过去那样大批生育㊂除了在少数宗教团体中,几乎没有女性生15个孩子㊂现在出生的数量,就像死亡的年龄一样,变得平均化㊂我们大多数都有同样数量的后代㊂而且,人与人之间的差异和利用这种差异进行自然选择的机会都已经减少㊂印度证实了这种状况㊂这个国家为大城市的少数人提供了财富,为其余大多数部落居民造成了贫穷㊂今天这种极其显著的平均化每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同意味着与部落相比,自然选择在印度中㊁上阶层已经失去了80%的作用㊂对于我们来说,这意味着进化已经结束;生物学上的乌托邦已经来临㊂奇怪的是,它并未造成多少外形的改变㊂没有其他物种在自然界占据如此多的地方㊂但是在过去10万年中甚至过去100年中我们的生活发生了变化,但我们的身体却没有改变㊂我们没有进化,因为机器和社会在代替我们进化㊂达尔文曾经用下面的语句来描述那些对生物进化过程一无所知的人:他们注视着有机体,就像原始人注视着轮船,注视着那完全超出自己理解能力的事物㊂无疑,我们将记住20世纪的一种生活方式,尽管对其丑陋之处无法理解㊂但是不管我们的后代对我们离乌托邦之远感到多么吃惊,他们看上去将和我们一样㊂P a s s a g e3当一场新的艺术运动在某种程度上流行,人们最好去弄清其倡导者的目的是什么,因为不管它们的原则现在看来多么牵强附会㊁不可思议,很可能在将来它们会被视为正常㊂然而就未来派诗歌来说,情况则不这么简单,因为不管未来派诗歌是什么即使承认它赖以存在的理论基础是正确的这种形式也很难被界定为文学㊂简而言之,未来派诗人宣称:一个世纪以来,过去的生活状况一直在有条件地急剧变化,到现在我们已经生活在一个充满了噪声㊁暴力和快节奏的世界㊂因此,我们的感觉㊁思想和情感都发生了相应的变化㊂未来主义者说这种加速的生活节奏,需要一种新的表达方式㊂我们要理解现代社会的压力,就必须加快文学发展的步伐㊂我们在下笔时必须让一长串表达意义的最基本词汇倾泄而出,不受句读停顿㊁限制修饰性形容词或限定性动词的牵制㊂我们不再描写声音,我们制造词汇来模仿它们;我们使用的字体必须在同一页纸上大小不同,颜色不同,词汇可以随意地加长或缩短㊂毫无疑问,他们对战斗的描述会令人费解㊂但是读到一句描写战斗的诗行的注解时,则更令人心烦㊂注解中说该诗描写了一名土耳其军官和一名保加利亚军官在一座桥上发生了搏斗,结果双双从桥上掉进河中后来发现这一行诗文是由军官落水的声音和他们的体重组成的: 扑通!扑通!一百八十五公斤㊂虽然这符合未来派诗歌的规律和要求,但是它很难被界定为文学㊂与此同时,没有一个有思想的人能拒绝接受他们的基本主张:我们的感情生活的巨大变化要求表达方式的变化㊂但实际问题是:从根本上说,我们改变了吗?P a s s a g e4战后日本的生产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲所称羡,因此毫无目标很难说是战后日本的特色㊂但是日本人正在经历传统工作道德价值观的日益衰退㊂10年前,年轻人工作很勤奋,将工作视为他们生存的主要理由,但是现在日本已经大致满足了它的经济需求,年轻人不知道他们下一步目标在哪里㊂战后生育高峰时出生的人口成人,以及女性进入以男性为主的劳动力市场,二者都限制了青少年的发展机遇,他们已经对攀登等级森严的社会阶梯以及获得较好的教育和工作所付出的巨大个人代价提出质疑㊂在最近的一次调查中,人们发现只有24.5%的日本学生对学校生活感到满意,而在美国达到67.2%㊂而且,日本工人对他们的工作感到不满的人数要比其他10个被调查的国家多得多㊂虽然日本的教育常常因重视基础知识而受到外国人士赞扬,但它对应试和机械的学习的重视程度超过了创造性和个性表现㊂那些在考试分数中不能表现的东西个性㊁能力㊁勇气和人道主义精神被完全忽视了, 去年日本出现了2,125起校园暴力事件,包括929起殴打老师的事件㊂在抗议声中,许多保守的领导人呼吁回到战前对道德教育非常重视的状态㊂去年,当时的教育部长M i t s u oS e t o y a m a不无愤慨地说道,二战后美国占领当局所引进的自由化改革弱化了日本人尊敬父母的传统道德㊂但那可能与日本人生活方式更有关系㊂教育学家Y o k oM u r o说道: 在日本,问题从来都不在于你是否喜欢你的生活和你的工作,而只在于你能够忍受多少㊂经济的增长带来了居住集中化,日本1.19亿人口的76%都住在城市,传统社区和多代同堂家庭消失了,取而代之的是与外界很少往来的,仅由两代人构成的家庭㊂日本的城市人口长期以来忍受着漫长的上下班路途和拥挤的居住条件,但是,随着传统的群体和家庭价值观的弱化,不满逐渐显露出来㊂在过去的10年中,日本的离婚率虽然仍然在美国之下,但已经上升了50%多,自杀率上升了近四分之一㊂P a s s a g e5如果雄心能被正确看待的话,那么它的回报财富㊁荣誉㊁对自己命运的控制则应该被认为是值得为之做出的牺牲㊂如果雄心的传统仍具有生命力,那么它就应该受到广泛的推崇;尤其会受到自己也受人仰慕的人士的青睐,在这些人中也包括那些受过良好教育的㊂奇怪的是,正是这些受过教育的人们宣称他们已经放弃将雄心壮志作为人生理想的追求㊂更奇怪的,他们也许是雄心壮志的最大受益者如果这些雄心壮志不是他们自己的,至少也是他们父母或祖父母的㊂这里面有很强烈的虚伪性,就好比等马全跑光了,才关上马厩的门而受过良好教育的人自己正骑在那些马背上㊂当然,人们现在对成功及其标志的兴趣似乎并不亚于先前㊂夏日别墅㊁欧洲旅行㊁宝马车地点㊁地名以及品牌或许会有变化,但这类事物在今天被人渴求的程度似乎比十年前或两年前有所减少㊂实际情况是人们不能像从前那样轻易㊁公开地坦陈他们有这样的梦想,以免被人认为爱出风头㊁贪得无厌或俗不可耐㊂而我们所看到的是许多极为虚伪的景象,这种景象比以往更多:批评美国实利主义的人却拥有南安普敦的消夏别墅;出版激进思想书籍的人却在三星级餐厅享用一日三餐;倡导在生活各方面实行公民参与决策的民主制的记者却将他们的孩子送进了私立学校㊂对于这些人,对于许多也许不如此特别的人,最恰当的解释是不惜代价去追求成功,但避免表现得野心勃勃㊂对雄心的抨击层出不穷,且来自各个角度;公开为之辩解的则少之又少,虽不能说这些辩解毫无吸引力可言,但却未能给人们留下深刻印象㊂因此,对雄心壮志的支持,支持它作为一种健康的志向,一种受人尊敬并扎根于年轻人心中的品德的人们,也许下降到美国历史上的最低点㊂这并不是说雄心壮志穷途末路了,人们不再感到它的涌动和激励了;而是它不再公开被嘉奖,很少公开被承认㊂这种情形的结果当然是,在有些情况中雄心壮志被迫转入地下,或暗藏于胸㊂这就是目前的状况:在左边是恼羞成怒的批评者,在右边是不得力的支持者,而在中间像往常一样,是广大的想在生活中进取的认真的人们㊂P a r t I V E n g l i s h-C h i n e s eT r a n s l a t i o n世界各国政府的行为都基于一个假设,即,本国人民的福利主要依赖于该国经济实力和社会财富㊂(71)在现代条件下,这需要不同程度的中央控制,从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助㊂(72)再者,显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关,而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力㊂这也就意味着政府被迫越来越多地干预这些产业部门,以便提高生产率,确保产品的消费发挥最佳效益㊂例如,政府可能利用各种方法鼓励研究,包括建立自己的研究中心;政府可以改变教育结构,或进行干预,以便减少自然资源的浪费,开发尚未利用的资源;或者在日益增多的跨国科学㊁经济和工业项目中直接进行合作㊂无论如何,一切干预都离不开科学家的建议和各种科技人才㊂(73)大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求,不断接触到新的习俗和思想㊂由于上述原因,政府常常得推出更多的革新㊂与此同时,与过去相比,世界各地社会变化的正常速度越来越快㊂例如,(74)在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中,其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革,持续了大约一个世纪之久,而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程㊂所有这些在社会内部造成了巨大的压力和紧张气氛,从而给有关政府带来了严重问题㊂(75)由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力㊂目前,以上所有这些因素产生的后果就是,各国政府为了制定合理的计划并将之付诸实施,越来越多地依靠生物学家和社会学家㊂。

2000年考研英语一真题答案解析

２０００年考研英语真题ＰａｒｔⅠＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄＶｏｃａｂｕｌａｒｙ（１～４０略：新大纲不再考查的部分）ＰａｒｔⅡＣｌｏｚｅＴｅｓｔＤｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：Ｆｏｒｅａｃｈｎｕｍｂｅｒｅｄｂｌａｎｋｉｎｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｐａｓｓａｇｅ，ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｆｏｕｒｃｈｏｉｃｅｓｍａｒｋｅｄＡ，Ｂ，ＣａｎｄＤ．ＣｈｏｏｓｅｔｈｅｂｅｓｔｏｎｅａｎｄｍａｒｋｙｏｕｒａｎｓｗｅｒｏｎＡＮＳＷＥＲＳＨＥＥＴ１ｂｙｂｌａｃｋｅｎｉｎｇｔｈｅｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｌｅｔｔｅｒｉｎｔｈｅｂｒａｃｋｅｔｓｗｉｔｈａｐｅｎｃｉｌ．（１０ｐｏｉｎｔｓ）Ｉｆａｆａｒｍｅｒｗｉｓｈｅｓｔｏｓｕｃｃｅｅｄ，ｈｅｍｕｓｔｔｒｙｔｏｋｅｅｐａｗｉｄｅｇａｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｈｉｓｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎａｎｄｈｉｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ．Ｈｅｍｕｓｔｓｔｏｒｅａｌａｒｇｅｑｕａｎｔｉｔｙｏｆｇｒａｉｎ　４１　ｃｏｎｓｕｍｉｎｇａｌｌｈｉｓｇｒａｉｎｉｍｍｅｄｉａｔｅｌｙ．Ｈｅｃａｎｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｔｏｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｈｉｍｓｅｌｆａｎｄｈｉｓｆａｍｉｌｙ　４２　ｈｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｓａｓｕｒｐｌｕｓ．Ｈｅｍｕｓｔｕｓｅｔｈｉｓｓｕｒｐｌｕｓｉｎｔｈｒｅｅｗａｙｓ：ａｓｓｅｅｄｆｏｒｓｏｗｉｎｇ，ａｓａｎｉｎｓｕｒａｎｃｅ　４３　ｔｈｅｕｎｐｒｅｄｉｃｔａｂｌｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｂａｄｗｅａｔｈｅｒａｎｄａｓａｃｏｍｍｏｄｉｔｙｗｈｉｃｈｈｅｍｕｓｔｓｅｌｌｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏ　４４　ｏｌｄａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｉｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔｓａｎｄｏｂｔａｉｎｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｓｔｏ　４５　ｔｈｅｓｏｉｌ．Ｈｅｍａｙａｌｓｏｎｅｅｄｍｏｎｅｙｔｏｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｒｒｉｇａｔｉｏｎ　４６　ａｎｄｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｈｉｓｆａｒｍｉｎｏｔｈｅｒｗａｙｓ．Ｉｆｎｏｓｕｒｐｌｕｓｉｓａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ，ａｆａｒｍｅｒｃａｎｎｏｔｂｅ　４７　．Ｈｅｍｕｓｔｅｉｔｈｅｒｓｅｌｌｓｏｍｅｏｆｈｉｓｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙｏｒ　４８　ｅｘｔｒａｆｕｎｄｓｉｎｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｏｆｌｏａｎｓ．Ｎａｔｕｒａｌｌｙｈｅｗｉｌｌｔｒｙｔｏｂｏｒｒｏｗｍｏｎｅｙａｔａｌｏｗ　４９　ｏｆｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ，ｂｕｔｌｏａｎｓｏｆｔｈｉｓｋｉｎｄａｒｅｎｏｔ　５０　ｏｂｔａｉｎａｂｌｅ．４１．Ａ．ｏｔｈｅｒｔｈａｎＢ．ａｓｗｅｌｌａｓＣ．ｉｎｓｔｅａｄｏｆＤ．ｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎ４２．Ａ．ｏｎｌｙｉｆＢ．ｍｕｃｈａｓＣ．ｌｏｎｇｂｅｆｏｒｅＤ．ｅｖｅｒｓｉｎｃｅ４３．Ａ．ｆｏｒＢ．ａｇａｉｎｓｔＣ．ｏｆＤ．ｔｏｗａｒｄｓ４４．Ａ．ｒｅｐｌａｃｅＢ．ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅＣ．ｓｕｐｐｌｅｍｅｎｔＤ．ｄｉｓｐｏｓｅ４５．Ａ．ｅｎｈａｎｃｅＢ．ｍｉｘＣ．ｆｅｅｄＤ．ｒａｉｓｅ４６．Ａ．ｖｅｓｓｅｌｓＢ．ｒｏｕｔｅｓＣ．ｐａｔｈｓＤ．ｃｈａｎｎｅｌｓ４７．Ａ．ｓｅｌｆｃｏｎｆｉｄｅｎｔＢ．ｓｅｌｆｓｕｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔＣ．ｓｅｌｆｓａｔｉｓｆｉｅｄＤ．ｓｅｌｆｒｅｓｔｒａｉｎｅｄ４８．Ａ．ｓｅａｒｃｈＢ．ｓａｖｅＣ．ｏｆｆｅｒＤ．ｓｅｅｋ４９．Ａ．ｐｒｏｐｏｒｔｉｏｎＢ．ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅＣ．ｒａｔｅＤ．ｒａｔｉｏ５０．Ａ．ｇｅｎｕｉｎｅｌｙＢ．ｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｌｙＣ．ｐｒｅｓｕｍａｂｌｙＤ．ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙＰａｒｔⅢＲｅａｄｉｎｇＣｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｏｎＤｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：Ｅａｃｈｏｆｔｈｅｐａｓｓａｇｅｂｅｌｏｗｉｓｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄｂｙｓｏｍｅｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ．ＦｏｒｅａｃｈｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｆｏｕｒａｎｓｗｅｒｓｍａｒｋｅｄＡ，Ｂ，ＣａｎｄＤ．Ｒｅａｄｔｈｅｐａｓｓａｇｅｓｃａｒｅｆｕｌｌｙａｎｄｃｈｏｏｓｅｔｈｅｂｅｓｔａｎｓｗｅｒｔｏｅａｃｈｏｆｔｈｅｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ．ＴｈｅｎｍａｒｋｙｏｕｒａｎｓｗｅｒｏｎＡＮＳＷＥＲＳＨＥＥＴ１ｂｙｂｌａｃｋｅｎｉｎｇｔｈｅｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｌｅｔｔｅｒｉｎｔｈｅｂｒａｃｋｅｔｓｗｉｔｈａｐｅｎｃｉｌ．（４０ｐｏｉｎｔｓ）Ｐａｓｓａｇｅ１Ａｈｉｓｔｏｒｙｏｆｌｏｎｇａｎｄｅｆｆｏｒｔｌｅｓｓｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｃａｎｂｅａｄｒｅａｄｆｕｌｈａｎｄｉｃａｐ，ｂｕｔ，ｉｆｐｒｏｐｅｒｌｙｈａｎｄｌｅｄ，ｉｔｍａｙｂｅｃｏｍｅａｄｒｉｖｉｎｇｆｏｒｃｅ．ＷｈｅｎｔｈｅＵｎｉｔｅｄＳｔａｔｅｓｅｎｔｅｒｅｄｊｕｓｔｓｕｃｈａｇｌｏｗｉｎｇｐｅｒｉｏｄａｆｔｅｒｔｈｅｅｎｄｏｆｔｈｅＳｅｃｏｎｄＷｏｒｌｄＷａｒ，ｉｔｈａｄａｍａｒｋｅｔｅｉｇｈｔｔｉｍｅｓｌａｒｇｅｒｔｈａｎａｎｙｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｏｒ，ｇｉｖｉｎｇｉｔｓｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓｕｎｐａｒａｌｌｅｌｅｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｅｓｏｆｓｃａｌｅ．Ｉｔｓｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔｓｗｅｒｅｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄｓｂｅｓｔ，ｉｔｓｗｏｒｋｅｒｓｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｓｋｉｌｌｅｄ．ＡｍｅｒｉｃａａｎｄＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓｗｅｒｅｐｒｏｓｐｅｒ１ｏｕｓｂｅｙｏｎｄｔｈｅｄｒｅａｍｓｏｆｔｈｅＥｕｒｏｐｅａｎｓａｎｄＡｓｉａｎｓｗｈｏｓｅｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｅｓｔｈｅｗａｒｈａｄｄｅｓｔｒｏｙｅｄ．Ｉｔｗａｓｉｎｅｖｉｔａｂｌｅｔｈａｔｔｈｉｓｐｒｉｍａｃｙｓｈｏｕｌｄｈａｖｅｎａｒｒｏｗｅｄａｓｏｔｈｅｒｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｇｒｅｗｒｉｃｈｅｒ．Ｊｕｓｔａｓｉｎｅｖｉｔａｂｌｙ，ｔｈｅｒｅｔｒｅａｔｆｒｏｍｐｒｅｄｏｍｉｎａｎｃｅｐｒｏｖｅｄｐａｉｎｆｕｌ．Ｂｙｔｈｅｍｉｄ１９８０ｓ，Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓｈａｄｆｏｕｎｄｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓａｔａｌｏｓｓｏｖｅｒｔｈｅｉｒｆａｄｉｎｇｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｖｅｎｅｓｓ．ＳｏｍｅｈｕｇｅＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓ，ｓｕｃｈａｓｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｉｃｓ，ｈａｄｓｈｒｕｎｋｏｒｖａｎｉｓｈｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｆａｃｅｏｆｆｏｒｅｉｇｎｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎ．Ｂｙ１９８７ｔｈｅｒｅｗａｓｏｎｌｙｏｎｅＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎｍａｋｅｒｌｅｆｔ，Ｚｅｎｉｔｈ．（Ｎｏｗｔｈｅｒｅｉｓｎｏｎｅ：ＺｅｎｉｔｈｗａｓｂｏｕｇｈｔｂｙＳｏｕｔｈＫｏｒｅａｓＬＧＥｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｉｃｓｉｎＪｕｌｙ．）Ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎｍａｄｅｃａｒｓａｎｄｔｅｘｔｉｌｅｓｗｅｒｅｓｗｅｅｐｉｎｇｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃｍａｒｋｅｔ．Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｓｍａｃｈｉｎｅｔｏｏｌｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｗａｓｏｎｔｈｅｒｏｐｅｓ．Ｆｏｒａｗｈｉｌｅｉｔｌｏｏｋｅｄａｓｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｍａｋｉｎｇｏｆｓｅｍｉｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｏｒｓ，ｗｈｉｃｈＡｍｅｒｉｃａｈａｄｉｎｖｅｎｔｅｄａｎｄｗｈｉｃｈｓａｔａｔｔｈｅｈｅａｒｔｏｆｔｈｅｎｅｗｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒａｇｅ，ｗａｓｇｏｉｎｇｔｏｂｅｔｈｅｎｅｘｔｃａｓｕａｌｔｙ．Ａｌｌｏｆｔｈｉｓｃａｕｓｅｄａｃｒｉｓｉｓｏｆｃｏｎｆｉｄｅｎｃｅ．Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓｓｔｏｐｐｅｄｔａｋｉｎｇｐｒｏｓｐｅｒｉｔｙｆｏｒｇｒａｎｔｅｄ．Ｔｈｅｙｂｅｇａｎｔｏｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅｉｒｗａｙｏｆｄｏｉｎｇｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｗａｓｆａｉｌｉｎｇ，ａｎｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｉｒｉｎｃｏｍｅｓｗｏｕｌｄｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅｓｈｏｒｔｌｙｂｅｇｉｎｔｏｆａｌｌａｓｗｅｌｌ．Ｔｈｅｍｉｄ１９８０ｓｂｒｏｕｇｈｔｏｎｅｉｎｑｕｉｒｙａｆｔｅｒａｎｏｔｈｅｒｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｃａｕｓｅｓｏｆＡｍｅｒｉｃａｓｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ．Ｔｈｅｉｒｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓｓｅｎｓａｔｉｏｎａｌｆｉｎｄｉｎｇｓｗｅｒｅｆｉｌｌｅｄｗｉｔｈｗａｒｎｉｎｇｓａｂｏｕｔｔｈｅｇｒｏｗｉｎｇｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎｆｒｏｍｏｖｅｒｓｅａｓ．Ｈｏｗｔｈｉｎｇｓｈａｖｅｃｈａｎｇｅｄ！Ｉｎ１９９５ｔｈｅＵｎｉｔｅｄＳｔａｔｅｓｃａｎｌｏｏｋｂａｃｋｏｎｆｉｖｅｙｅａｒｓｏｆｓｏｌｉｄｇｒｏｗｔｈｗｈｉｌｅＪａｐａｎｈａｓｂｅｅｎｓｔｒｕｇｇｌｉｎｇ．ＦｅｗＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓａｔｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｔｈｉｓｓｏｌｅｌｙｔｏｓｕｃｈｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｃａｕｓｅｓａｓｄｅｖａｌｕｅｄｄｏｌｌａｒｏｒｔｈｅｔｕｒｎｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｃｙｃｌｅ．Ｓｅｌｆｄｏｕｂｔｈａｓｙｉｅｌｄｅｄｔｏｂｌｉｎｄｐｒｉｄｅ．“Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｈａｓｃｈａｎｇｅｄｉｔｓｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ，ｈａｓｇｏｎｅｏｎａｄｉｅｔ，ｈａｓｌｅａｒｎｔｔｏｂｅｍｏｒｅｑｕｉｃｋｗｉｔｔｅｄ，”ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏＲｉｃｈａｒｄＣａｖａｎａｇｈ，ｅｘｅｃｕｔｉｖｅｄｅａｎｏｆＨａｒｖａｒｄｓＫｅｎｎｅｄｙＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＧｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ．“ＩｔｍａｋｅｓｍｅｐｒｏｕｄｔｏｂｅａｎＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｊｕｓｔｔｏｓｅｅｈｏｗｏｕｒｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｅｓａｒｅｉｍｐｒｏｖｉｎｇｔｈｅｉｒｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ．”ｓａｙｓＳｔｅｐｈｅｎＭｏｏｒｅｏｆｔｈｅＣａｔｏＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ，ａｔｈｉｎｋｔａｎｋｉｎＷａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎ，Ｄ．Ｃ．ＡｎｄＷｉｌｌｉａｍＳａｈｌｍａｎｏｆｔｈｅＨａｒｖａｒｄＢｕｓｉｎｅｓｓＳｃｈｏｏｌｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｓｔｈａｔｐｅｏｐｌｅｗｉｌｌｌｏｏｋｂａｃｋｏｎｔｈｉｓｐｅｒｉｏｄａｓ“ａｇｏｌｄｅｎａｇｅｏｆｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｉｎｔｈｅＵｎｉｔｅｄＳｔａｔｅｓ．”５１．ＴｈｅＵ．Ｓ．ａｃｈｉｅｖｅｄｉｔｓｐｒｅｄｏｍｉｎａｎｃｅａｆｔｅｒＷｏｒｌｄＷａｒⅡｂｅｃａｕｓｅ．［Ａ］ｉｔｈａｄｍａｄｅｐａｉｎｓｔａｋｉｎｇｅｆｆｏｒｔｓｔｏｗａｒｄｓｔｈｉｓｇｏａｌ［Ｂ］ｉｔｓｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃｍａｒｋｅｔｗａｓｅｉｇｈｔｔｉｍｅｓｌａｒｇｅｒｔｈａｎｂｅｆｏｒｅ［Ｃ］ｔｈｅｗａｒｈａｄｄｅｓｔｒｏｙｅｄｔｈｅｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｅｓｏｆｍｏｓｔｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｏｒｓ［Ｄ］ｔｈｅｕｎｐａｒａｌｌｅｌｅｄｓｉｚｅｏｆｉｔｓｗｏｒｋｆｏｒｃｅｈａｄｇｉｖｅｎａｎｉｍｐｅｔｕｓｔｏｉｔｓｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ５２．ＴｈｅｌｏｓｓｏｆＵ．Ｓ．ｐｒｅｄｏｍｉｎａｎｃｅｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｙｉｎｔｈｅ１９８０ｓｉｓｍａｎｉｆｅｓｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｆａｃｔｔｈａｔｔｈｅＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎ．［Ａ］ＴＶｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｈａｄｗｉｔｈｄｒａｗｎｔｏｉｔｓｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃｍａｒｋｅｔ［Ｂ］ｓｅｍｉｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｏｒｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｈａｄｂｅｅｎｔａｋｅｎｏｖｅｒｂｙｆｏｒｅｉｇｎｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅｓ［Ｃ］ｍａｃｈｉｎｅｔｏｏｌｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｈａｄｃｏｌｌａｐｓｅｄａｆｔｅｒｓｕｉｃｉｄａｌａｃｔｉｏｎｓ［Ｄ］ａｕｔｏｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｈａｄｌｏｓｔｐａｒｔｏｆｉｔｓｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃｍａｒｋｅｔ５３．Ｗｈａｔｃａｎｂｅｉｎｆｅｒｒｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｐａｓｓａｇｅ？［Ａ］Ｉｔｉｓｈｕｍａｎｎａｔｕｒｅｔｏｓｈｉｆｔｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｓｅｌｆｄｏｕｂｔａｎｄｂｌｉｎｄｐｒｉｄｅ．［Ｂ］Ｉｎｔｅｎｓｅｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎｍａｙｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｔｏｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓ．［Ｃ］Ｔｈｅｒｅｖｉｖａｌｏｆｔｈｅｅｃｏｎｏｍｙｄｅｐｅｎｄｓｏｎｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｃｏｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ．［Ｄ］Ａｌｏｎｇｈｉｓｔｏｒｙｏｆｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｍａｙｐａｖｅｔｈｅｗａｙｆｏｒｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ．５４．ＴｈｅａｕｔｈｏｒｓｅｅｍｓｔｏｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｔｈｅｒｅｖｉｖａｌｏｆｔｈｅＵ．Ｓ．ｅｃｏｎｏｍｙｉｎｔｈｅ１９９０ｓｃａｎｂｅａｔｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄｔｏｔｈｅ．［Ａ］ｔｕｒｎｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｃｙｃｌｅ［Ｂ］ｒｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｉｎｇｏｆｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ［Ｃ］ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ［Ｄ］ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｉｎｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ２【红宝书】（请登陆红宝书网站：ｗｗｗ．ｈｏｎｇｂａｏｓｈｕ．ｃｏｍ下载其它考研英语资料）Ｐａｓｓａｇｅ２Ｂｅｉｎｇａｍａｎｈａｓａｌｗａｙｓｂｅｅｎｄａｎｇｅｒｏｕｓ．Ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅａｂｏｕｔ１０５ｍａｌｅｓｂｏｒｎｆｏｒｅｖｅｒｙ１００ｆｅｍａｌｅｓ，ｂｕｔｔｈｉｓｒａｔｉｏｄｒｏｐｓｔｏｎｅａｒｂａｌａｎｃｅａｔｔｈｅａｇｅｏｆｍａｔｕｒｉｔｙ，ａｎｄａｍｏｎｇ７０ｙｅａｒｏｌｄｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｔｗｉｃｅａｓｍａｎｙｗｏｍｅｎａｓｍｅｎ．Ｂｕｔｔｈｅｇｒｅａｔｕｎｉｖｅｒｓａｌｏｆｍａｌｅｍｏｒｔａｌｉｔｙｉｓｂｅｉｎｇｃｈａｎｇｅｄ．Ｎｏｗ，ｂｏｙｂａｂｉｅｓｓｕｒｖｉｖｅａｌｍｏｓｔａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｇｉｒｌｓｄｏ．Ｔｈｉｓｍｅａｎｓｔｈａｔ，ｆｏｒｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｔｉｍｅ，ｔｈｅｒｅｗｉｌｌｂｅａｎｅｘｃｅｓｓｏｆｂｏｙｓｉｎｔｈｏｓｅｃｒｕｃｉａｌｙｅａｒｓｗｈｅｎｔｈｅｙａｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎｇｆｏｒａｍａｔｅ．Ｍｏｒｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ，ａｎｏｔｈｅｒｃｈａｎｃｅｆｏｒｎａｔｕｒａｌｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｈａｓｂｅｅｎｒｅｍｏｖｅｄ．Ｆｉｆｔｙｙｅａｒｓａｇｏ，ｔｈｅｃｈａｎｃｅｏｆａｂａｂｙ（ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙａｂｏｙｂａｂｙ）ｓｕｒｖｉｖｉｎｇｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｄｏｎｉｔｓｗｅｉｇｈｔ．Ａｋｉｌｏｇｒａｍｔｏｏｌｉｇｈｔｏｒｔｏｏｈｅａｖｙｍｅａｎｔａｌｍｏｓｔｃｅｒｔａｉｎｄｅａｔｈ．Ｔｏｄａｙｉｔｍａｋｅｓａｌｍｏｓｔｎｏｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ．Ｓｉｎｃｅｍｕｃｈｏｆｔｈｅｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｉｓｄｕｅｔｏｇｅｎｅｓ，ｏｎｅｍｏｒｅａｇｅｎｔｏｆｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｈａｓｇｏｎｅ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｉｓａｎｏｔｈｅｒｗａｙｔｏｃｏｍｍｉｔｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎａｒｙｓｕｉｃｉｄｅ：ｓｔａｙａｌｉｖｅ，ｂｕｔｈａｖｅｆｅｗｅｒｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ．Ｆｅｗｐｅｏｐｌｅａｒｅａｓｆｅｒｔｉｌｅａｓｉｎｔｈｅｐａｓｔ．Ｅｘｃｅｐｔｉｎｓｏｍｅｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ，ｖｅｒｙｆｅｗｗｏｍｅｎｈａｖｅ１５ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ．Ｎｏｗａｄａｙｓｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｂｉｒｔｈｓ，ｌｉｋｅｔｈｅａｇｅｏｆｄｅａｔｈ，ｈａｓｂｅｃｏｍｅａｖｅｒａｇｅ．Ｍｏｓｔｏｆｕｓｈａｖｅｒｏｕｇｈｌｙｔｈｅｓａｍｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｏｆｆｓｐｒｉｎｇ．Ａｇａｉｎ，ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｐｅｏｐｌｅａｎｄｔｈｅｏｐｐｏｒｔｕｎｉｔｙｆｏｒｎａｔｕｒａｌｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｔｏｔａｋｅａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｏｆｉｔｈａｖｅｄｉｍｉｎｉｓｈｅｄ．Ｉｎｄｉａｓｈｏｗｓｗｈａｔｉｓｈａｐｐｅｎｉｎｇ．Ｔｈｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｏｆｆｅｒｓｗｅａｌｔｈｆｏｒａｆｅｗｉｎｔｈｅｇｒｅａｔｃｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄｐｏｖｅｒｔｙｆｏｒｔｈｅｒｅｍａｉｎｉｎｇｔｒｉｂａｌｐｅｏｐｌｅｓ．Ｔｈｅｇｒａｎｄｍｅｄｉｏｃｒｉｔｙｏｆｔｏｄａｙ—ｅｖｅｒｙｏｎｅｂｅｉｎｇｔｈｅｓａｍｅｉｎｓｕｒｖｉｖａｌａｎｄｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｏｆｆｓｐｒｉｎｇ—ｍｅａｎｓｔｈａｔｎａｔｕｒａｌｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｈａｓｌｏｓｔ８０％ｏｆｉｔｓｐｏｗｅｒｉｎｕｐｐｅｒｍｉｄｄｌｅｃｌａｓｓＩｎｄｉａｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｔｒｉｂｅｓ．Ｆｏｒｕｓ，ｔｈｉｓｍｅａｎｓｔｈａｔｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｉｓｏｖｅｒ；ｔｈｅｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＵｔｏｐｉａｈａｓａｒｒｉｖｅｄ．Ｓｔｒａｎｇｅｌｙ，ｉｔｈａｓｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄｌｉｔｔｌｅｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｃｈａｎｇｅ．Ｎｏｏｔｈｅｒｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｆｉｌｌｓｓｏｍａｎｙｐｌａｃｅｓｉｎｎａｔｕｒｅ．Ｂｕｔｉｎｔｈｅｐａｓｔ１００，０００ｙｅａｒｓ—ｅｖｅｎｔｈｅｐａｓｔ１００ｙｅａｒｓ—ｏｕｒｌｉｖｅｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍｅｄｂｕｔｏｕｒｂｏｄｉｅｓｈａｖｅｎｏｔ．Ｗｅｄｉｄｎｏｔｅｖｏｌｖｅ，ｂｅｃａｕｓｅｍａｃｈｉｎｅｓａｎｄｓｏｃｉｅｔｙｄｉｄｉｔｆｏｒｕｓ．Ｄａｒｗｉｎｈａｄａｐｈｒａｓｅｔｏｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｔｈｏｓｅｉｇｎｏｒａｎｔｏｆｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ：ｔｈｅｙ“ｌｏｏｋａｔａｎｏｒｇａｎｉｃｂｅｉｎｇａｓａｓａｖａｇｅｌｏｏｋｓａｔａｓｈｉｐ，ａｓａｔｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇｗｈｏｌｌｙｂｅｙｏｎｄｈｉｓｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｏｎ．”Ｎｏｄｏｕｂｔｗｅｗｉｌｌｒｅｍｅｍｂｅｒａ２０ｔｈｃｅｎｔｕｒｙｗａｙｏｆｌｉｆｅｂｅｙｏｎｄｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｏｎｆｏｒｉｔｓｕｇｌｉｎｅｓｓ．ＢｕｔｈｏｗｅｖｅｒａｍａｚｅｄｏｕｒｄｅｓｃｅｎｄａｎｔｓｍａｙｂｅａｔｈｏｗｆａｒｆｒｏｍＵｔｏｐｉａｗｅｗｅｒｅ，ｔｈｅｙｗｉｌｌｌｏｏｋｊｕｓｔｌｉｋｅｕｓ．５５．Ｗｈａｔｕｓｅｄｔｏｂｅｔｈｅｄａｎｇｅｒｉｎｂｅｉｎｇａｍａｎａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈ？［Ａ］Ａｌａｃｋｏｆｍａｔｅｓ．［Ｂ］Ａｆｉｅｒｃｅｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎ．［Ｃ］Ａｌｏｗｅｒｓｕｒｖｉｖａｌｒａｔｅ．［Ｄ］Ａｄｅｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｇｅｎｅ．５６．ＷｈａｔｄｏｅｓｔｈｅｅｘａｍｐｌｅｏｆＩｎｄｉａｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｅ？［Ａ］Ｗｅａｌｔｈｙｐｅｏｐｌｅｔｅｎｄｔｏｈａｖｅｆｅｗｅｒｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎｔｈａｎｐｏｏｒｐｅｏｐｌｅ．［Ｂ］Ｎａｔｕｒａｌｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｈａｒｄｌｙｗｏｒｋｓａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｒｉｃｈａｎｄｔｈｅｐｏｏｒ．［Ｃ］Ｔｈｅｍｉｄｄｌｅｃｌａｓｓｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｓ８０％ｓｍａｌｌｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏｆｔｒｉｂｅｓ．［Ｄ］Ｉｎｄｉａｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｗｉｔｈａｖｅｒｙｈｉｇｈｂｉｒｔｈｒａｔｅ．５７．Ｔｈｅａｕｔｈｏｒａｒｇｕｅｓｔｈａｔｏｕｒｂｏｄｉｅｓｈａｖｅｓｔｏｐｐｅｄｅｖｏｌｖｉｎｇｂｅｃａｕｓｅ．［Ａ］ｌｉｆｅｈａｓｂｅｅｎｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｂｙｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌａｄｖａｎｃｅ［Ｂ］ｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｆｅｍａｌｅｂａｂｉｅｓｈａｓｂｅｅｎｄｅｃｌｉｎｉｎｇ［Ｃ］ｏｕｒｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｈａｓｒｅａｃｈｅｄｔｈｅｈｉｇｈｅｓｔｓｔａｇｅｏｆｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ［Ｄ］ｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｗｅａｌｔｈａｎｄｐｏｖｅｒｔｙｉｓｄｉｓａｐｐｅａｒｉｎｇ５８．Ｗｈｉｃｈｏｆｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｗｏｕｌｄｂｅｔｈｅｂｅｓｔｔｉｔｌｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｐａｓｓａｇｅ？［Ａ］ＳｅｘＲａｔｉｏＣｈａｎｇｅｓｉｎＨｕｍａｎＥｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ［Ｂ］ＷａｙｓｏｆＣｏｎｔｉｎｕｉｎｇＭａｎｓＥｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ［Ｃ］ＴｈｅＥｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎａｒｙＦｕｔｕｒｅｏｆＮａｔｕｒｅ［Ｄ］ＨｕｍａｎＥｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎＧｏｉｎｇＮｏｗｈｅｒｅ３【红宝书】２０００年考研英语真题系统精析Ｐａｓｓａｇｅ３Ｗｈｅｎａｎｅｗｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｉｎａｒｔａｔｔａｉｎｓａｃｅｒｔａｉｎｆａｓｈｉｏｎ，ｉｔｉｓａｄｖｉｓａｂｌｅｔｏｆｉｎｄｏｕｔｗｈａｔｉｔｓａｄｖｏｃａｔｅｓａｒｅａｉｍｉｎｇａｔ，ｆｏｒ，ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒｆａｒｆｅｔｃｈｅｄａｎｄｕｎｒｅａｓｏｎａｂｌｅｔｈｅｉｒｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓｍａｙｓｅｅｍｔｏｄａｙ，ｉｔｉｓｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｔｈａｔｉｎｙｅａｒｓｔｏｃｏｍｅｔｈｅｙｍａｙｂｅｒｅｇａｒｄｅｄａｓｎｏｒｍａｌ．ＷｉｔｈｒｅｇａｒｄｔｏＦｕｔｕｒｉｓｔｐｏｅｔｒｙ，ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｔｈｅｃａｓｅｉｓｒａｔｈｅｒｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔ，ｆｏｒｗｈａｔｅｖｅｒＦｕｔｕｒｉｓｔｐｏｅｔｒｙｍａｙｂｅ———ｅｖｅｎａｄｍｉｔｔｉｎｇｔｈａｔｔｈｅｔｈｅｏｒｙｏｎｗｈｉｃｈｉｔｉｓｂａｓｅｄｍａｙｂｅｒｉｇｈｔ———ｉｔｃａｎｈａｒｄｌｙｂｅｃｌａｓｓｅｄａｓＬｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ．Ｔｈｉｓ，ｉｎｂｒｉｅｆ，ｉｓｗｈａｔｔｈｅＦｕｔｕｒｉｓｔｓａｙｓ：ｆｏｒａｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ，ｐａｓｔｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｌｉｆｅｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙｓｐｅｅｄｉｎｇｕｐ，ｔｉｌｌｎｏｗｗｅｌｉｖｅｉｎａｗｏｒｌｄｏｆｎｏｉｓｅａｎｄｖｉｏｌｅｎｃｅａｎｄｓｐｅｅｄ．Ｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙ，ｏｕｒｆｅｅｌｉｎｇｓ，ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｓ，ａｎｄｅｍｏｔｉｏｎｓｈａｖｅｕｎｄｅｒｇｏｎｅａｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｃｈａｎｇｅ．Ｔｈｉｓｓｐｅｅｄｉｎｇｕｐｏｆｌｉｆｅ，ｓａｙｓｔｈｅＦｕｔｕｒｉｓｔ，ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｓａｎｅｗｆｏｒｍｏｆｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎ．Ｗｅｍｕｓｔｓｐｅｅｄｕｐｏｕｒｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅｔｏｏ，ｉｆｗｅｗａｎｔｔｏｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔｍｏｄｅｒｎｓｔｒｅｓｓ．Ｗｅｍｕｓｔｐｏｕｒｏｕｔａｌａｒｇｅｓｔｒｅａｍｏｆｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｗｏｒｄｓ，ｕｎｈａｍｐｅｒｅｄｂｙｓｔｏｐｓ，ｏｒｑｕａｌｉｆｙｉｎｇａｄｊｅｃｔｉｖｅｓ，ｏｒｆｉｎｉｔｅｖｅｒｂｓ．Ｉｎｓｔｅａｄｏｆｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｉｎｇｓｏｕｎｄｓｗｅｍｕｓｔｍａｋｅｕｐｗｏｒｄｓｔｈａｔｉｍｉｔａｔｅｔｈｅｍ；ｗｅｍｕｓｔｕｓｅｍａｎｙｓｉｚｅｓｏｆｔｙｐｅａｎｄｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｃｏｌｏｒｅｄｉｎｋｓｏｎｔｈｅｓａｍｅｐａｇｅ，ａｎｄｓｈｏｒｔｅｎｏｒｌｅｎｇｔｈｅｎｗｏｒｄｓａｔｗｉｌｌ．Ｃｅｒｔａｉｎｌｙｔｈｅｉｒｄｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｂａｔｔｌｅｓａｒｅｃｏｎｆｕｓｅｄ．ＢｕｔｉｔｉｓａｌｉｔｔｌｅｕｐｓｅｔｔｉｎｇｔｏｒｅａｄｉｎｔｈｅｅｘｐｌａｎａｔｏｒｙｎｏｔｅｓｔｈａｔａｃｅｒｔａｉｎｌｉｎｅｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｓａｆｉｇｈｔｂｅｔｗｅｅｎａＴｕｒｋｉｓｈａｎｄａＢｕｌｇａｒｉａｎｏｆｆｉｃｅｒｏｎａｂｒｉｄｇｅｏｆｆｗｈｉｃｈｔｈｅｙｂｏｔｈｆａｌｌｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｒｉｖｅｒ—ａｎｄｔｈｅｎｔｏｆｉｎｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｌｉｎｅｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｎｏｉｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｆａｌｌｉｎｇａｎｄｔｈｅｗｅｉｇｈｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｏｆｆｉｃｅｒｓ：“Ｐｌｕｆｆ！Ｐｌｕｆｆ！Ａｈｕｎｄｒｅｄａｎｄｅｉｇｈｔｙｆｉｖｅｋｉｌｏｇｒａｍｓ．”Ｔｈｉｓ，ｔｈｏｕｇｈｉｔｆｕｌｆｉｌｌｓｔｈｅｌａｗｓａｎｄｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔｓｏｆＦｕｔｕｒｉｓｔｐｏｅｔｒｙ，ｃａｎｈａｒｄｌｙｂｅｃｌａｓｓｅｄａｓＬｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ．Ａｌｌｔｈｅｓａｍｅ，ｎｏｔｈｉｎｋｉｎｇｍａｎｃａｎｒｅｆｕｓｅｔｏａｃｃｅｐｔｔｈｅｉｒｆｉｒｓｔｐｒｏｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ：ｔｈａｔａｇｒｅａｔｃｈａｎｇｅｉｎｏｕｒｅｍｏｔｉｏｎａｌｌｉｆｅｃａｌｌｓｆｏｒａｃｈａｎｇｅｏｆｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎ．Ｔｈｅｗｈｏｌｅｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｉｓｒｅａｌｌｙｔｈｉｓ：ｈａｖｅｗｅｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｌｙｃｈａｎｇｅｄ？５９．Ｔｈｉｓｐａｓｓａｇｅｉｓｍａｉｎｌｙ．［Ａ］ａｓｕｒｖｅｙｏｆｎｅｗａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓｔｏａｒｔ［Ｂ］ａｒｅｖｉｅｗｏｆＦｕｔｕｒｉｓｔｐｏｅｔｒｙ［Ｃ］ａｂｏｕｔｍｅｒｉｔｓｏｆｔｈｅＦｕｔｕｒｉｓｔｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ［Ｄ］ａｂｏｕｔｌａｗｓａｎｄｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔｓｏｆｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ６０．Ｗｈｅｎａｎｏｖｅｌｌｉｔｅｒａｒｙｉｄｅａａｐｐｅａｒｓ，ｐｅｏｐｌｅｓｈｏｕｌｄｔｒｙｔｏ．［Ａ］ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｉｔｓｐｕｒｐｏｓｅｓ［Ｂ］ｉｇｎｏｒｅｉｔｓｆｌａｗｓ［Ｃ］ｆｏｌｌｏｗｔｈｅｎｅｗｆａｓｈｉｏｎｓ［Ｄ］ａｃｃｅｐｔｔｈｅｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓ６１．Ｆｕｔｕｒｉｓｔｓｃｌａｉｍｔｈａｔｗｅｍｕｓｔ．［Ａ］ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｔｈｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ［Ｂ］ｕｓｅｐｏｅｔｒｙｔｏｒｅｌｉｅｖｅｍｏｄｅｒｎｓｔｒｅｓｓ［Ｃ］ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｎｅｗｍｏｄｅｓｏｆｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎ［Ｄ］ａｖｏｉｄｕｓｉｎｇａｄｊｅｃｔｉｖｅｓａｎｄｖｅｒｂｓ６２．ＴｈｅａｕｔｈｏｒｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｓｔｈａｔＦｕｔｕｒｉｓｔｐｏｅｔｒｙｉｓ．［Ａ］ｂａｓｅｄｏｎｒｅａｓｏｎａｂｌｅｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓ［Ｂ］ｎｅｗａｎｄａｃｃｅｐｔａｂｌｅｔｏｏｒｄｉｎａｒｙｐｅｏｐｌｅ［Ｃ］ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｉｖｅｏｆａｂａｓｉｃｃｈａｎｇｅｉｎｈｕｍａｎｎａｔｕｒｅ［Ｄ］ｍｏｒｅｏｆａｔｒａｎｓｉｅｎｔｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎｏｎｔｈａｎｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ４【红宝书】（请登陆红宝书网站：ｗｗｗ．ｈｏｎｇｂａｏｓｈｕ．ｃｏｍ下载其它考研英语资料）Ｐａｓｓａｇｅ４Ａｉｍｌｅｓｓｎｅｓｓｈａｓｈａｒｄｌｙｂｅｅｎｔｙｐ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ｏｐｅｎｌｙｈｏｎｏｒｅｄ，ｉｔｉｓｌｅｓｓｏｐｅｎｌｙｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｅｄ．Ｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓｆｏｌｌｏｗｆｒｏｍｔｈｉｓ，ｏｆｃｏｕｒｓｅ，ｓｏｍｅｏｆｗｈｉｃｈａｒｅｔｈａｔａｍｂｉｔｉｏｎｉｓｄｒｉｖｅｎｕｎｄｅｒｇｒｏｕｎｄ，ｏｒｍａｄｅｓｌｙ．Ｓｕｃｈ，ｔｈｅｎ，ｉｓｔｈｅｗａｙｔｈｉｎｇｓｓｔａｎｄ：ｏｎｔｈｅｌｅｆｔａｎｇｒｙｃｒｉｔｉｃｓ，ｏｎｔｈｅｒｉｇｈｔｓｔｕｐｉｄｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｅｒｓ，ａｎｄｉｎｔｈｅｍｉｄｄｌｅ，ａｓｕｓｕａｌ，ｔｈｅｍａｊｏｒｉｔｙｏｆｅａｒｎｅｓｔｐｅｏｐｌｅｔｒｙｉｎｇｔｏｇｅｔｏｎｉｎｌｉｆｅ．６７．Ｉｔｉｓｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｄｔｈａｔａｍｂｉｔｉｏｎｍａｙｂｅｗｅｌｌｒｅｇａｒｄｅｄｉｆ．［Ａ］ｉｔｓｒｅｔｕｒｎｓｗｅｌｌｃｏｍｐｅｎｓａｔｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｓａｃｒｉｆｉｃｅｓ［Ｂ］ｉｔｉｓｒｅｗａｒｄｅｄｗｉｔｈｍｏｎｅｙ，ｆａｍｅａｎｄｐｏｗｅｒ［Ｃ］ｉｔｓｇｏａｌｓａｒｅｓｐｉｒｉｔｕａｌｒａｔｈｅｒｔｈａｎｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ［Ｄ］ｉｔｉｓｓｈａｒｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｒｉｃｈａｎｄｔｈｅｆａｍｏｕｓ６８．Ｔｈｅｌａｓｔｓｅｎｔｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈｍｏｓｔｐｒｏｂａｂｌｙｉｍｐｌｉｅｓｔｈａｔｉｔｉｓ．［Ａ］ｃｕｓｔｏｍａｒｙｏｆｔｈｅｅｄｕｃａｔｅｄｔｏｄｉｓｃａｒｄａｍｂｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｗｏｒｄｓ［Ｂ］ｔｏｏｌａｔｅｔｏｃｈｅｃｋａｍｂｉｔｉｏｎｏｎｃｅｉｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｌｅｔｏｕｔ［Ｃ］ｄｉｓｈｏｎｅｓｔｔｏｄｅｎｙａｍｂｉｔｉｏｎａｆｔｅｒｔｈｅｆｕｌｆｉｌｌｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｇｏａｌ［Ｄ］ｉｍｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌｆｏｒｔｈｅｅｄｕｃａｔｅｄｔｏｅｎｊｏｙｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓｆｒｏｍａｍｂｉｔｉｏｎ６【红宝书】（请登陆红宝书网站：ｗｗｗ．ｈｏｎｇｂａｏｓｈｕ．ｃｏｍ下载其它考研英语资料）６９．Ｓｏｍｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｄｏｎｏｔｏｐｅｎｌｙａｄｍｉｔｔｈｅｙｈａｖｅａｍｂｉｔｉｏｎｂｅｃａｕｓｅ．［Ａ］ｔｈｅｙｔｈｉｎｋｏｆｉｔａｓｉｍｍｏｒａｌ［Ｂ］ｔｈｅｉｒｐｕｒｓｕｉｔｓａｒｅｎｏｔｆａｍｅｏｒｗｅａｌｔｈ［Ｃ］ａｍｂｉｔｉｏｎｉｓｎｏｔｃｌｏｓｅｌｙｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｏｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ［Ｄ］ｔｈｅｙｄｏｎｏｔｗａｎｔｔｏａｐｐｅａｒｇｒｅｅｄｙａｎｄｃｏｎｔｅｍｐｔｉｂｌｅ７０．Ｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｌａｓｔｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎｃａｎｂｅｄｒａｗｎｔｈａｔａｍｂｉｔｉｏｎｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｍａｉｎｔａｉｎｅｄ．［Ａ］ｓｅｃｒｅｔｌｙａｎｄｖｉｇｏｒｏｕｓｌｙ［Ｂ］ｏｐｅｎｌｙａｎｄｅｎｔｈｕｓｉａｓｔｉｃａｌｌｙ［Ｃ］ｅａｓｉｌｙａｎｄｍｏｍｅｎｔａｒｉｌｙ［Ｄ］ｖｅｒｂａｌｌｙａｎｄｓｐｉｒｉｔｕａｌｌｙＰａｒｔⅣＥｎｇｌｉｓｈＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＴｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎＤｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：ＲｅａｄｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｐａｓｓａｇｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅｎｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｅｔｈｅｕｎｄｅｒｌｉｎｅｄｓｅｇｍｅｎｔｓｉｎｔｏＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ．ＹｏｕｒｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｗｒｉｔｔｅｎｎｅａｔｌｙｏｎｔｈｅＡＮＳＷＥＲＳＨＥＥＴ２．（１５ｐｏｉｎｔｓ）Ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄａｃｔｏｎｔｈｅａｓｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎｔｈａｔｔｈｅｗｅｌｆａｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｐｅｏｐｌｅｄｅｐｅｎｄｓｌａｒｇｅｌｙｏｎｔｈｅｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈａｎｄｗｅａｌｔｈｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ．（７１）Ｕｎｄｅｒｍｏｄｅｒｎｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ，ｔｈｉｓｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｓｖａｒｙｉｎｇｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓｏｆｃｅｎｔｒａｌｉｚｅｄｃｏｎｔｒｏｌａｎｄｈｅｎｃｅｔｈｅｈｅｌｐｏｆｓｐｅｃｉａｌｉｚｅｄｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔｓｓｕｃｈａｓｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｓｔｓａｎｄｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｌｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｘｐｅｒｔｓ．（７２）Ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｍｏｒｅ，ｉｔｉｓｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｔｈａｔｔｈｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｏｆａｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｓｅｃｏｎｏｍｙｉｓｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙｂｏｕｎｄｕｐｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙｏｆｉｔｓａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ，ａｎｄｔｈａｔｔｈｉｓｉｎｔｕｒｎｒｅｓｔｓｕｐｏｎｔｈｅｅｆｆｏｒｔｓｏｆｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔｓａｎｄｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｓｔｓｏｆａｌｌｋｉｎｄｓ．Ｉｔａｌｓｏｍｅａｎｓｔｈａｔｔｈｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓａｒｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｌｙｃｏｍｐｅｌｌｅｄｔｏｉｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｅｉｎｔｈｅｓｅｓｅｃｔｏｒｓｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｓｔｅｐｕｐｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｅｎｓｕｒｅｔｈａｔｉｔｉｓｕｔｉｌｉｚｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｂｅｓｔａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅ．Ｆｏｒｅｘａｍｐｌｅ，ｔｈｅｙｍａｙｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎｖａｒｉｏｕｓｗａｙｓ，ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｅｔｔｉｎｇｕｐｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｏｗｎｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｃｅｎｔｅｒｓ；ｔｈｅｙｍａｙａｌｔｅｒｔｈｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ，ｏｒｉｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｅｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｒｅｄｕｃｅｔｈｅｗａｓｔａｇｅｏｆｎａｔｕｒａｌｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｏｒｔａｐｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｈｉｔｈｅｒｔｏｕｎｅｘｐｌｏｉｔｅｄ；ｏｒｔｈｅｙｍａｙｃｏｏｐｅｒａｔｅｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙｉｎｔｈｅｇｒｏｗｉｎｇｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｓｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｏｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ，ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｓａｎｄｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ．Ｉｎａｎｙｃａｓｅ，ａｌｌｓｕｃｈｉｎｔｅｒｖｅｎｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｈｅａｖｉｌｙｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｏｎｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｄｖｉｃｅａｎｄａｌｓｏｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｎｄｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｍａｎｐｏｗｅｒｏｆａｌｌｋｉｎｄｓ．（７３）Ｏｗｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｒｅｍａｒｋａｂｌｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｉｎｍａｓｓｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ，ｐｅｏｐｌｅｅｖｅｒｙｗｈｅｒｅａｒｅｆｅｅｌｉｎｇｎｅｗｗａｎｔｓａｎｄａｒｅｂｅｉｎｇｅｘｐｏｓｅｄｔｏｎｅｗｃｕｓｔｏｍｓａｎｄｉｄｅａｓ，ｗｈｉｌｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓａｒｅｏｆｔｅｎｆｏｒｃｅｄｔｏｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｓｔｉｌｌｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｉｎｎｏｖａｔｉｏｎｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｒｅａｓｏｎｓｇｉｖｅｎａｂｏｖｅ．Ａｔｔｈｅｓａｍｅｔｉｍｅ，ｔｈｅｎｏｒｍａｌｒａｔｅｏｆｓｏｃｉａｌｃｈａｎｇｅｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄｉｓｔａｋｉｎｇｐｌａｃｅａｔａｖａｓｔｌｙａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｅｄｓｐｅｅｄｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｐａｓｔ．Ｆｏｒｅｘａｍｐｌｅ，（７４）ｉｎｔｈｅｅａｒｌｙｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｉｚｅｄｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｏｆＥｕｒｏｐｅｔｈｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ—ｗｉｔｈａｌｌｔｈｅｆａｒｒｅａｃｈｉｎｇｃｈａｎｇｅｓｉｎｓｏｃｉａｌｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓｔｈａｔｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ—ｗａｓｓｐｒｅａｄｏｖｅｒｎｅａｒｌｙａｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ，ｗｈｅｒｅａｓｎｏｗａｄａｙｓａｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇｎａｔｉｏｎｍａｙｕｎｄｅｒｇｏｔｈｅｓａｍｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎａｄｅｃａｄｅｏｒｓｏ．Ａｌｌｔｈｉｓｈａｓｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｕｐｕｎｕｓｕａｌｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｓａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｏｎｓｗｉｔｈｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙａｎｄｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｓｅｒｉｏｕｓｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｅｄ．（７５）Ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｓｏｃｉａｌｓｔｒｅｓｓｅｓｍａｙａｌｓｏｏｃｃｕｒｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｅｘｐｌｏｓｉｏｎｏｒｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓａｒｉｓｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｍａｓｓｍｉｇｒａｔｉｏｎｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｓ—ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓｍａｄｅｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｌｙｅａｓｙｎｏｗａｄａｙｓｂｙｍｏｄｅｒｎｍｅａｎｓｏｆｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔ．Ａｓａｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆａｌｌｔｈｅｓｅｆａｃｔｏｒｓ，ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓａｒｅｂｅｃｏｍｉｎｇｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｌｙｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｏｎｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｓｔｓａｎｄｓｏｃｉａｌｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔｓｆｏｒｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇｔｈｅａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓａｎｄｐｕｔｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｍｉｎｔｏｅｆｆｅｃｔ．７ＰａｒｔⅤＷｒｉｔｉｎｇ（１５ｐｏｉｎｔｓ）Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：Ａ．Ｓｔｕｄｙｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｔｗｏｐｉｃｔｕｒｅｓｃａｒｅｆｕｌｌｙａｎｄｗｒｉｔｅａｎｅｓｓａｙｏｆａｔｌｅａｓｔ１５０ｗｏｒｄｓ．Ｂ．ＹｏｕｒｅｓｓａｙｍｕｓｔｂｅｗｒｉｔｔｅｎｎｅａｔｌｙｏｎＡＮＳＷＥＲＳＨＥＥＴ２．Ｃ．Ｙｏｕｒｅｓｓａｙｓｈｏｕｌｄｍｅｅｔｔｈｅｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔｓｂｅｌｏｗ：　１）Ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｔｈｅｐｉｃｔｕｒｅｓ．　２）Ｄｅｄｕｃｅｔｈｅｐｕｒｐｏｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｐａｉｎｔｅｒｏｆｔｈｅｐｉｃｔｕｒｅｓ．　３）Ｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｃｏｕｎｔｅｒｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ．ＡＢｒｉｅｆＨｉｓｔｏｒｙｏｆＷｏｒｌｄＣｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌＦｉｓｈｉｎｇ８【红宝书】２０００年考研英语真题系统精析２０００年考研英语真题答案快速扫描　（１～４０略：新大纲不再考查的部分）４１．Ｃ４２．Ａ４３．Ｂ４４．Ａ４５．Ｃ４６．Ｄ４７．Ｂ４８．Ｄ４９．Ｃ５０．Ｄ５１．Ｃ５２．Ｄ５３．Ｂ５４．Ａ５５．Ｃ５６．Ｂ５７．Ａ５８．Ｄ５９．Ｂ６０．Ａ６１．Ｃ６２．Ｄ６３．Ｂ６４．Ｄ６５．Ｃ６６．Ａ６７．Ａ６８．Ｃ６９．Ｄ７０．Ｂ２０００年考研英语真题答案系统精析ＰａｒｔⅠＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄＶｏｃａｂｕｌａｒｙ　（１～４０略：新大纲不再考查的部分）ＰａｒｔⅡＣｌｏｚｅＴｅｓｔ文章大意本文是一篇短小的论证性文章，其主题是强调了农民储存余粮的必要性。

(完整)2000年考研英语真题及答案解析,推荐文档

2000年全真试题Part ⅠClose TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)①If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. ②He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately. ③He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus.④He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil. ⑤He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm in other ways. ⑥If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 . ⑦He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans. ⑧Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable. ［139 words］1.［A］other than ［B］as well as ［C］instead of ［D］more than2.［A］only if ［B］much as ［C］long before ［D］ever since3.［A］for ［B］against ［C］of ［D］towards4.［A］replace ［B］purchase ［C］supplement ［D］dispose5.［A］enhance ［B］mix ［C］feed ［D］raise6.［A］vessels ［B］routes ［C］paths ［D］channels7.［A］self-confident ［B］self-sufficient［C］self-satisfied ［D］self-restrained8.［A］search ［B］save ［C］offer ［D］seek9.［A］proportion ［B］percentage ［C］rate ［D］ratio10.［A］genuinely ［B］obviously ［C］presumably ［D］frequentlyPart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. ②When the United States entered just such a glowingperiod after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. ③Its scientists were the world s best; its workers the most skilled. ④(11)America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.①It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. ②Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. ③By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. ④Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. ⑤By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. ⑥(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) ⑦（12）Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. ⑧For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.①All of this caused a crisis of confidence. ②Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. ③They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. ④The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. ⑤Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.①How things have changed! ②In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. ③（14）Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. ④Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. ⑤“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,”according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. ⑥“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,”says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. ⑦And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”［429 words］11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because.［A］it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal［B］its domestic market was eight times larger than before［C］the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors［D］the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American.［A］TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market［B］semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises［C］machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions［D］auto industry had lost part of its domestic market13. What can be inferred from the passage?［A］It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.［B］Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.［C］The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.［D］A long history of success may pave the way for further development.14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.［A］turning of the business cycle ［B］restructuring of industry［C］improved business management ［D］success in educationPassage 2①（15）Being a man has always been dangerous. ②There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. ③But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. ④Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. ⑤This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. ⑥More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. ⑦Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. ⑧Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.①There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children.②Few people are as fertile as in the past. ③Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. ④Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. ⑤Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. ⑥（16）Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.⑦India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. ⑧The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. ②Strangely, it has involved little physical change. ③No other species fills so many places in nature. ④But in the past 100, 000 years—even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. ⑤（17）We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. ⑥Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”⑦No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.［406 words］15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?［A］A lack of mates. ［B］A fierce competition.［C］A lower survival rate. ［D］A defective gene.16. What does the example of India illustrate?［A］Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.［B］Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.［C］The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.［D］India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.［A］life has been improved by technological advance［B］the number of female babies has been declining［C］our species has reached the highest stage of evolution［D］the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?［A］Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.［B］Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution.［C］The Evolutionary Future of Nature.［D］Human Evolution Going Nowhere.Passage 3①（20）When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. ②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.①This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. ②Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. ③（21）This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. ④We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. ⑤We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. ⑥Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.①Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. ②But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river —and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”①（22）This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. ②All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. ③The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?［334 words］19. This passage is mainly.［A］ a survey of new approaches to art［B］ a review of Futurist poetry［C］about merits of the Futurist movement［D］about laws and requirements of literature20. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to.［A］determine its purposes ［B］ignore its flaws［C］follow the new fashions ［D］accept the principles21. Futurists claim that we must.［A］increase the production of literature［B］use poetry to relieve modern stress［C］develop new modes of expression［D］avoid using adjectives and verbs22. The author believes that Futurist poetry is.［A］based on reasonable principles［B］new and acceptable to ordinary people［C］indicative of a basic change in human nature［D］more of a transient phenomenon than literaturePassage 4①（23）Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. ②But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. ③Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.①The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. ②In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. ③In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.①While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking andmechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. ②（25）“Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality, ability, courage or humanity—are completely ignored,”says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. ③“Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.”④Last year Japan experienced 2，125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. ⑤Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. ⑥Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”①（26）But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. ②“In Japan,”says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.”③With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. ④Urban Japanese have longendured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. ⑤In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.［447 words］23. In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was.［A］under aimless development ［B］ a positive example［C］a rival to the West ［D］on the decline24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?［A］Women’s participation in social activities is limited.［B］More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.［C］Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.［D］The life-style has been influenced by Western values.25. Which of the following is true according to the author?［A］Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.［B］Japanese education is characterized by mechanicallearning as well as creativity.［C］More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.［D］Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that.［A］the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life［B］the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.［C］the Japanese endure more than ever before［D］the Japanese appreciate their present lifePassage 5①（27）If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. ②If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. ③（28）In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. ④What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. ⑤There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped—with the educated themselves riding on them.①Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. ②Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.③（29）What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. ④Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. ⑤For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”①The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. ②As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. ③This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. ④Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. ⑤Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. ［431 words］27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.［A］its returns well compensate for the sacrifices［B］it is rewarded with money, fame and power［C］its goals are spiritual rather than material［D］it is shared by the rich and the famous28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.［A］customary of the educated to discard ambition in words［B］too late to check ambition once it has been let out［C］dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal［D］impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.［A］they think of it as immoral［B］their pursuits are not fame or wealth［C］ambition is not closely related to material benefits［D］they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained.［A］secretly and vigorously ［B］openly and enthusiastically［C］easily and momentarily ［D］verbally and spirituallyPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 31）Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 32）Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.33）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 34）in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures andtensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 35）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. ［390 words］Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36.Directions:A. Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of at least 150 words.B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:1）Describe the pictures.2）Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.3）Suggest counter-measures.2000年英语试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1. C2. A3. B4. A5. C6. D7. B8.D9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 111. C 12. D 13.B 14. APassage 215.C 16.B 17.A 18.DPassage 319.B 20.A 21.C 22.DPassage 423.B 24.D 25.C 26.APassage 527.A 28.C 29.D 30.BPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的集中控制措施，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。

2000年考研英语真题(含答案解析)

2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Part ⅠClose TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and ［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)①If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. ②He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately. ③He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus. ④He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil. ⑤He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm in other ways. ⑥If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 . ⑦He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans. ⑧Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable. ［139 words］1.［A］ other than ［B］ as well as［C］ instead of ［D］ more than2.［A］ only if ［B］ much as［C］ long before ［D］ ever since3.［A］ for ［B］ against［C］ of ［D］ towards4.［A］ replace ［B］ purchase［C］ supplement ［D］ dispose5.［A］ enhance ［B］ mix［C］ feed ［D］ raise6.［A］ vessels ［B］ routes［C］ paths ［D］ channels7.［A］ self-confident ［B］ self-sufficient［C］ self-satisfied ［D］self-restrained8.［A］ search ［B］ save［C］ offer ［D］ seek9.［A］ proportion ［B］ percentage［C］ rate ［D］ ratio10.［A］ genuinely ［B］ obviously［C］ presumably ［D］ frequentlyPart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. ②When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. ③Its scientists were the world s best; its workers the most skilled. ④(11)America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.①It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. ②Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. ③By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. ④Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. ⑤By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. ⑥(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) ⑦（12）Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. ⑧For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.①All of this caused a crisis of confidence. ②Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. ③They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. ④The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. ⑤Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.①How things have changed! ②In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. ③（14）Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. ④Self-doubt has yielded toblind pride. ⑤“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. ⑥“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. ⑦And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”［429 words］11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because.［A］it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal［B］its domestic market was eight times larger than before［C］the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors ［D］the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American.［A］TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market［B］semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises ［C］machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions ［D］auto industry had lost part of its domestic market13. What can be inferred from the passage?［A］It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.［B］Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.［C］ The revival of the economy depends on international cooperate ［D］A long history of success may pave the way for further development.14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.［A］turning of the business cycle［B］ restructuring of industry［C］ improved business management［D］ success in educationPassage 2①（15）Being a man has always been dangerous. ②There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. ③But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. ④Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. ⑤This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. ⑥More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. ⑦Fifty years ago, the chance of ababy (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. ⑧Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.①There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. ②Few people are as fertile as in the past. ③Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children.④Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average.⑤Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. ⑥（16）Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. ⑦India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. ⑧The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. ②Strangely, it has involved little physical change. ③No other species fills so many places in nature. ④But in the past 100, 000 years —even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. ⑤（17）We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. ⑥Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”⑦No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.［406 words］15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?［A］ A lack of mates. ［B］ A fierce competition.［C］ A lower survival rate. ［D］ A defective gene.16. What does the example of India illustrate?［A］ Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.［B］ Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.［C］ The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.［D］ India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.［A］ life has been improved by technological advance［B］ the number of female babies has been declining［C］ our species has reached the highest stage of evolution［D］ the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?［A］ Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.［B］ Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution.［C］ The Evolutionary Future of Nature.［D］ Human Evolution Going Nowhere.Passage 3①（20）When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. ②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.①This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. ②Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. ③（21）This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression.④We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. ⑤We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. ⑥Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.①Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. ②But it isa little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river —and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”①（22）This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. ②All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. ③The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?［334 words］19. This passage is mainly.［A］ a survey of new approaches to art［B］ a review of Futurist poetry［C］ about merits of the Futurist movement［D］ about laws and requirements of literature20. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to.［A］ determine its purposes ［B］ ignore its flaws［C］ follow the new fashions ［D］ accept the principles21. Futurists claim that we must.［A］ increase the production of literature［B］ use poetry to relieve modern stress［C］ develop new modes of expression［D］ avoid using adjectives and verbs22. The author believes that Futurist poetry is.［A］ based on reasonable principles［B］ new and acceptable to ordinary people［C］ indicative of a basic change in human nature［D］ more of a transient phenomenon than literaturePassage 4①（23）Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. ②But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. ③Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.①The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.②In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. ③In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.①While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. ②（25）“Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality, ability, courage or humanity—are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. ③“Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.”④Last year Japan experienced 2，125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. ⑤Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. ⑥Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese moralit y of respect for parents.”①（26）But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. ②“In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.”③With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. ④Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. ⑤In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.［447 words］23. In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was.［A］ under aimless development ［B］ a positive example［C］ a rival to the West ［D］ on the decline24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?［A］ Women’s participation in social activities is limited.［B］ More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.［C］ Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.［D］ The life-style has been influenced by Western values.25. Which of the following is true according to the author?［A］ Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.［B］ Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.［C］ More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.［D］ Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that.［A］ the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life［B］ the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.［C］ the Japanese endure more than ever before［D］ the Japanese appreciate their present lifePassage 5①（27）If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition —wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. ②If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. ③（28）In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. ④What is odd isthat they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. ⑤There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped—with the educated themselves riding on them.①Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. ②Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.③（29）What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. ④Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. ⑤For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”①The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. ②As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. ③This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. ④Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. ⑤Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. ［431 words］27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.［A］ its returns well compensate for the sacrifices［B］ it is rewarded with money, fame and power［C］ its goals are spiritual rather than material［D］ it is shared by the rich and the famous28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.［A］ customary of the educated to discard ambition in words［B］ too late to check ambition once it has been let out［C］ dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal ［D］ impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.［A］ they think of it as immoral［B］ their pursuits are not fame or wealth［C］ ambition is not closely related to material benefits［D］ they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained.［A］ secretly and vigorously ［B］openly and enthusiastically［C］ easily and momentarily ［D］ verbally and spirituallyPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 31）Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 32）Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.33）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 34）in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization —with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect ofbuilding up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 35）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. ［390 words］Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36.Directions:A. Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of at least 150 words.B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:1）Describe the pictures.2）Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.3）Suggest counter-measures.2000年英语试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1. C2. A3. B4. A5. C6. D7. B8.D9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 111. C 12. D 13.B 14. APassage 215.C 16.B 17.A 18.DPassage 319.B 20.A 21.C 22.DPassage 423.B 24.D 25.C 26.APassage 527.A 28.C 29.D 30.BPart Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation31.在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的集中控制措施，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。

打印版黄皮书真题解析2000年考研英语试题

2000年全真试题Part ⅠClose TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)①If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. ②He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately. ③He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus. ④He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil. ⑤He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm in other ways. ⑥If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 . ⑦He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans. ⑧Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable. ［139 words］1.［A］other than ［B］as well as ［C］instead of ［D］more than2.［A］only if［B］much as［C］long before［D］ever since3.［A］for［B］against［C］of［D］towards4.［A］replace［B］purchase［C］supplement［D］dispose5.［A］enhance［B］mix［C］feed［D］raise6.［A］vessels［B］routes［C］paths［D］channels7.［A］self-confident ［B］self-sufficient［C］self-satisfied ［D］self-restrained8.［A］search［B］save［C］offer［D］seek9.［A］proportion［B］percentage［C］rate［D］ratio10.［A］genuinely［B］obviously［C］presumably［D］frequentlyPart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. ②When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. ③Its scientists were the world s best; its workers the most skilled. ④(11)America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.①It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. ②Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. ③By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. ④Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. ⑤By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. ⑥(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) ⑦（12）Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. ⑧For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.①All of this caused a crisis of confidence. ②Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. ③They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. ④The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. ⑤Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.①How things have changed! ②In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. ③（14）Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. ④Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. ⑤“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,”according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. ⑥“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how ourbusinesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. ⑦And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”［429 words］11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because.［A］it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal［B］its domestic market was eight times larger than before［C］the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors［D］the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American.［A］TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market［B］semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises［C］machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions［D］auto industry had lost part of its domestic market13. What can be inferred from the passage?［A］It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.［B］Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.［C］The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.［D］ A long history of success may pave the way for further development.14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.［A］turning of the business cycle［B］restructuring of industry［C］improved business management［D］success in educationPassage 2①（15）Being a man has always been dangerous. ②There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. ③But the great universal of male mortality is being changed.④Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. ⑤This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. ⑥More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. ⑦Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. ⑧Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.①There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. ②Few people are as fertile as in the past. ③Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. ④Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average.⑤Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. ⑥（16）Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. ⑦India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. ⑧The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. ②Strangely, it has involved little physical change. ③No other species fills so many places in nature. ④But in the past 100, 000 years—even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. ⑤（17）We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. ⑥Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”⑦No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.［406 words］15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?［A］ A lack of mates.［B］ A fierce competition.［C］ A lower survival rate.［D］ A defective gene.16. What does the example of India illustrate?［A］Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.［B］Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.［C］The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.［D］India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.［A］life has been improved by technological advance［B］the number of female babies has been declining［C］our species has reached the highest stage of evolution［D］the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?［A］Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.［B］Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution.［C］The Evolutionary Future of Nature.［D］Human Evolution Going Nowhere.Passage 3①（20）When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. ②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.①This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. ②Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. ③（21）This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. ④We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress.⑤We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. ⑥Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.①Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. ②But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river —and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”①（22）This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. ②All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. ③The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?［334 words］19. This passage is mainly.［A］ a survey of new approaches to art［B］ a review of Futurist poetry［C］about merits of the Futurist movement［D］about laws and requirements of literature20. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to.［A］determine its purposes［B］ignore its flaws［C］follow the new fashions［D］accept the principles21. Futurists claim that we must.［A］increase the production of literature［B］use poetry to relieve modern stress［C］develop new modes of expression［D］avoid using adjectives and verbs22. The author believes that Futurist poetry is.［A］based on reasonable principles［B］new and acceptable to ordinary people［C］indicative of a basic change in human nature［D］more of a transient phenomenon than literaturePassage 4①（23）Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. ②But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. ③Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.①The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.②In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. ③In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.①While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. ②（25）“Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality, ability, courage or humanity—are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. ③“Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.”④Last year Japan experienced 2，125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. ⑤Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. ⑥Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”①（26）But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. ②“In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.”③With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. ④Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. ⑤In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.［447 words］23. In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was.［A］under aimless development［B］ a positive example［C］ a rival to the West［D］on the decline24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?［A］Women’s participation in social activities is limited.［B］More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.［C］Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.［D］The life-style has been influenced by Western values.25. Which of the following is true according to the author?［A］Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.［B］Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.［C］More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.［D］Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that.［A］the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life［B］the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.［C］the Japanese endure more than ever before［D］the Japanese appreciate their present lifePassage 5①（27）If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. ②If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. ③（28）In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. ④What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. ⑤There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped—with the educated themselves riding on them.①Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. ②Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.③（29）What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. ④Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. ⑤For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”①The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. ②As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. ③This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. ④Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. ⑤Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. ［431 words］27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.［A］its returns well compensate for the sacrifices［B］it is rewarded with money, fame and power［C］its goals are spiritual rather than material［D］it is shared by the rich and the famous28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.［A］customary of the educated to discard ambition in words［B］too late to check ambition once it has been let out［C］dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal［D］impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.［A］they think of it as immoral［B］their pursuits are not fame or wealth［C］ambition is not closely related to material benefits［D］they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained.［A］secretly and vigorously［B］openly and enthusiastically［C］easily and momentarily［D］verbally and spirituallyPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 31）Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 32）Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.33）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 34）in the earlyindustrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 35）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. ［390 words］Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36.Directions:A. Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of at least 150 words.B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:1）Describe the pictures.2）Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.3）Suggest counter-measures.Part ⅠCloze Test1. C2. A3. B4. A5. C6. D7. B8.D9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 1 11. C 12. D13.B 14. APassage 215.C 16.B17.A18.D Passage 319.B20.A21.C22.D Passage 423.B24.D25.C26.A Passage 527.A28.C29.D30.BPart Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation31.在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的集中控制措施，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。

2000年考研英语真题解析

Part ⅠCloze Test一、文章总体分析本文是一篇短小的论证性文章，其主题是强调农民储存余粮的必要性。

文章①句提出论点：农民想成功，就必须努力保持消费和生产之间有较大的差距。

②句对①句进行具体的解释：即他必须存储大量的粮食。

③④⑤从正面论述储存余粮的必要性：③句总说可以养家糊口；④⑤句具体说可以留作播种、应对恶劣天气影响及作为商品卖掉以满足农业再生产等需要。

⑥⑦⑧句论述没有余粮的危害:不能自给自足，从反面论证储存余粮的必要性。

二、试题具体解析1. [A] other than不同于，除了……[B] as well as也，又（表示附加）[C] instead of而不是……（表选择）[D] more than比……更多（表比较）本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。

正确率：72%［快速解题］文章首句的含义是：一个农民要想成功，就必须努力保持其消费和生产之间较大的差距。

接着文章提到了两种正好相反的做法，一种是store a large quantity of grain （存储大量的粮食），另一种是consuming all his grain immediately（立即把他所有的粮食都消费完）。

显然前一种做法是农民可以成功的做法，因此空格处需要一个词语来否定后面部分，而且其后能跟现在分词。

选项中，只有介词短语instead of符合要求，意为“他必须存储大量的粮食而不是立即把所有的粮食都消耗完”。

［篇章分析］①句为文章主旨句，核心内容是“保持消费和生产之间的差距”。

②句承接①句，具体阐述如何保持这个差距：储存大量的粮食。

［空格设置］instead of是连接性介词，体现上下文语义上的逻辑关系。

instead of表选择关系，意为“代替，作为……的替换，而不是…”，在两种做法中肯定前者，否定后者。

如：I will stay at home instead of going out.我将待在家里，不出门。

2000年考研英语真题及解析

2000年全真试题Part ⅠClose Test一、文章总体分析本文是一篇短小的论证性文章，其主题是强调农民储存余粮的必要性。

文章①句提出论点：农民想成功，就必须努力保持消费和生产之间有较大的差距。

②句对①句进行具体的解释：即他必须存储大量的粮食。

⑥⑦⑧句论述没有余粮的危害:不能自给自足，从反面论证储存余粮的必要性。

二、试题具体解析1.\[A\] other than不同于，除了……[B] as well as也，又（表示附加）[C] instead of而不是……（表选择）[D] more than比……更多（表比较）本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。

正确率：72%［快速解题］文章首句的含义是：一个农民要想成功，就必须努力保持其消费和生产之间较大的差距。

显然前一种做法是农民可以成功的做法，因此空格处需要一个词语来否定后面部分，而且其后能跟现在分词。

选项中，只有介词短语instead of符合要求，意为“他必须存储大量的粮食而不是立即把所有的粮食都消耗完”。

［篇章分析］①句为文章主旨句，核心内容是“保持消费和生产之间的差距”。

②句承接①句，具体阐述如何保持这个差距：储存大量的粮食。

［空格设置］instead of是连接性介词，体现上下文语义上的逻辑关系。

instead of表选择关系，意为“代替，作为……的替换，而不是…”，在两种做法中肯定前者，否定后者。

如：I will stay at home instead of going out.我将待在家里，不出门。

考研英语2000阅读及翻译

2000 Passage 11. A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handle d, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.　一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。

二战结束后，美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期，当时，它拥有比任何竞争者大8倍的市场，这使其工业经济具有前所未有的规模经济。

美国的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是最富于技术的。

美国的国富民强是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法达到的。

It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textile s were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. 2. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductor s, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.随着其他国家日益强盛，美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。

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2000年考研英语1真题Section I Structure and V ocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979.[A]from[B]after[C]for[D]sincethe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].1.As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate 1 from you now and then telling melow everyone is getting along.[A]hearing[B]to hear[C]to be hearing[D]having heard2.Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, 2 to find it locked.[A]just[B]only[C]hence[D]thus3.Doctors see a connection between increase amounts of leisure time spent 3 and theincreased number of cases of skin cancer.[A]to sunbathe[B]to have sunbathed[C]having sunbathed[D]sunbathing4.Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are not entitled4 a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on5.on a rainy day I was driving north through V ermont 5 I noticed a young man holdingup a sign reading “Boston”.[A]which[B]where[C]when[D]that6.Chrisite stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though 6 out of the office.[A]went[B]gone[C]to go[D]would go7.The roles expected 7 old people in such a setting give too few psychologicalsatisfactions for normal happiness.[A]of[B]on[C]to[D]with8.Talk to anyone in the drug industry, 8 you’ll soon discover that the science ofgenetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.[A]or[B]and[C]for[D]so9.it wasn’t so much that I disliked her 9 that I just wasn’t interested in the wholebusiness.[A]rather[B]so[C]than[D]as10.Countless divorced politicians would have elected out of office years ago had they eventhough of a divorce, let alone 10 one.[A]getting[B]to get[C]gotten[D]getPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)”Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition, which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Answer [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].11.Having isolated on a remote island, with little work to occupy them, the soldiers suffered fromboredom and low spirits.12.If the letter to be mailed was placed on the writing table an hour ago, it is certain being therenow.13.The ruling party could even love its majority in the lower house of parliament, started a periodof prolonged struggling.14.The mechanisms at work are manifest in the tendency for such physical activity to utilize thepotential harmful constituents of the stress response.15.In the long run, however, this hurry to shed full-time staff may be more harmful to industry asit is to the workforce.16.See to it that you include in the examination paper whatever questions they didn’t know theanswer last time.17.Most newspapers, while devoting the major part of its space to recent events, usually manageto find room on the inside pages for articles on some interesting topics.18.One sign by which you are making progress in an art such as painting or photography is thatyou begin to realize how much there is to learn.19.The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played andenjoying it almost as much as the computer at the moment he composes.20.Continued exposure to stress has been linked to worsened functioning of the immune system,leaving a person more liable for infection.Part CBeneath each of the following sentences, there four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway.[A]vanished[B]scattered[C]abandoned[D]rejectedthe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21.He spoke so 21 that even his opponents were won over by his arguments.[A]bluntly[B]convincingly[C]emphatically[D]determinedly22.France’s 22 of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered politicaldebates and mass demonstrations.[A]assumption[B]consumption[C]presumption[D]resumption23.The 216-page manuscript, circulated to publishers last October, 23 and outburst ofinterest.[A]flared[B]glittered[C]sparked[D]flashed24.His efforts to bring about a reconciliation between the two Parties 24 .[A]came off[B]came on[C]came round[D]came down25.The system was redesigned to embrace the network and eventually 25 it in a profitabledirection.[A]adapt[B]control[C]install[D]steer26.The capital intended to broaden the export base and 27 efficiency gains frominternational trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution[A]secure[B]extend[C]defend[D]possess27.It is announced that a wallet has been found and can be 27 at the manager’s office.[A]declared[B]obtained[C]reclaimed[D]recognized28.When I 28 my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, withGrandma bending over me.[A]woke up[B]took to[C]picked up[D]came to29.The American society is 29 an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources,which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.[A]established[B]affiliated to[C]originated from[D]incorporated with30.I am not 30 with my roommate but I have to share the room with her, because I havenowhere else to live.[A]concerned[B]compatible[C]considerate[D]complied31.At first, the 31 of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible, but, withpainstaking efforts and at great expense, it became a reality.[A]transaction[B]transmission[C]transformation[D]transition32.When the committee 32 to details, the proposed plan seemed impratcital.[A]got down[B]set about[C]went off[D]came up33.33 to some parts of South America is still difficult, because parts of the continent arestill covered with thick forests.[A]Orientation[B]Access[C]Procession[D]Voyage34.Mr. Smith had an unusual 34 : he was first an office clerk, then a sailor, and ended up asa school teacher.[A]profession[B]occupation[C]position[D]career35.The mayor is a woman with great 35 and therefore deserves our political and financialsupport.[A]intention[B]instinct[C]integrity[D]intensity36.The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest 36 to everyone.[A]speculation[B]attribution[C]utilization[D]proposition37.The fact that the golden eagle usually builds its nest on some high cliffs 37 it almostimpossible to obtain the eggs or the young birds.[A]renders[B]reckons[C]regards[D]relates38.To impress a future employer, one should dress neatly, be 38 , and display interest in thejob.[A]swift[B]instant[C]timely[D]punctual39.You don’t have to install this radio in your new car, it’s an 39 extra.[A]excessive[B]optional[C]additional[D]arbitrary40.We were pleased to note that the early morning delivery didn’t 40 to the traffic jam ofthe busy city.[A]aid[B]amount[C]add[D]attributeSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)If a farmer wishes to successes, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain 41 consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family 42 he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 43 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 44 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 45 the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation 46 and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 47 . He must either sell some of his property or 48 extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 49 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 50 obtainable.41.A. other than B. as well as C. instead of D. more than42.A. only if B. much as C. long before D. ever since43.A. for B. against C. of D. towards44.A. replace B. purchase C. supplement D. dispose45.A. enhance B. mix C. feed D. raise46.A. vessels B. routes C. paths D. channels47.A. self-confident B. self-sufficient C. self-satisfied D. self-restrained48.A. search B. save C. offer D. seek49.A. proportion B. percentage C. rate D. ratio50.A. genuinely B. obviously C. presumably D. frequentlySection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passage below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answer marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving itsindustries uparalleled economies of scale. Its scientist were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of improving their productivity,”says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United State.”51.The U. S. achieved its predominance after World War II because.[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal.[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before.[C] the war had destroyed the economies of post potential competitors.[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy52.The loss of U. S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the factthat the American.[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market.[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises.[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions.[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market.53.What can be inferred from the passage?[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.54.The author seems to believe the revival of the U. S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed tothe.[A] turning of the business cycle.[B] restructuring of industry.[C] improved business management.[D] success in education.Text 2Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changes. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another change chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India show what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today – everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring – means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over, the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years – even the pass 100 years – our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they ‘look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.” No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.55.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A] A lack of mates.[B] A fierce competition.[C] A lower survival rate.[D] A defective gene.56.What does the example of India illustrate?[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children that poor people.[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.57.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.[A] life has been improved by technological advance.[B] the number of female babies has been declining.[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution.[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing.58.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A] Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.[B] Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution.[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature.[D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere.TEXT 3When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out that its advocates are aiming at, for , however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it I possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be – even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right – it can hardly be classed as Literature.This, in brief, is what the Futurist says; for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till no we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up works that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks to on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river – and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “ Pluff! Pluff! A hundreds and eight-five kilograms.”This, thoug it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no think man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?59.This passage is mainly.[A] a survey of new approaches to art.[B] a review of Futurist poetry.[C] about merits of the Futurist movement.[D] about laws and requirements of literature.60.When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to.[A] determine its purposes.[B] ignore its flaws.[C] follow the new fashions.[D] accept the principles.61.Futurists claim that we must.[A] increase the production of literature.[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress.[C] develop new modes of expression.[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs.62.The author believes that Futurist poetry is.[A] based on reasonable principles.[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people.[C] indicative of basic change in human nature.[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literature.Text 4Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.63.In the Westerner’s eyes, the postwar Japan was.[A] under aimless development.[B] a positive example.[C] a rival to the world.[D] on the decline64.According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanesesociety?[A] Women’s participation in social activities is limited.[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.65.Which of the following is true according to the author?[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.66.The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that.[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life.[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before.[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life.Text 5If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition – wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny – must deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition –if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped – with the educated themselves riding on them.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs – the locations, place names and name brands may has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to finehypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the supports for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it was ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.67.It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.[A]Its returns well compensate for the sacrifices.[B]It is rewarded with money, fame and power.[C]Its goals are spiritual rather than material.[D]It is shared by the rich and the famous.68.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.[A]Customary of the educated to discard ambition in words.[B]Too late to check ambition once it has been let out.[C]Dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal.[D]Impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition.69.Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.[A]They think of it as immoral.[B]Their pursuits are not fame or wealth.[C]Ambition is not closely related to material benefits.[D]They do not want to appear greedy and contemptible.70.From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained.[A]Secretly and vigorously.[B]Openly and enthusiastically.[C]Easily and momentarily.[D]Verbally and spiritually.Section IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economics and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with thee efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. Italso means that governments are increasingly compelled to interface in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interface in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while government are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization – with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed –was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements – themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.Section V Writing76. Directions:[A]Study the following two pictures carefully and write an easy of at least 150 words.[B]Your essay must be written neatly ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)[C]Your essay should meet the requirements below:1.Describe the pictures.2.Deduce the purpose of the drawer in the pictures.3.Suggest counter-measure.。

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