江西财经大学2018年博士研究生入学考试试题

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江西财经大学考博英语模拟试题解析

江西财经大学考博英语模拟试题解析Part I Structure and VocabularySection ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked[A],[B],[C]and[D],Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by black-Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times____1979.[A]from[B]after[C]for[D]sinceThe sentence should read,"I have been to the Great Wall three times since1979."Therefore,you should choose[D]Sample Answer[A][B][C][D]1.As I'll be away for at least a year,I'd appreciate____from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along.[A]hearing[B]to hear[C]to be hearing[D]having heard Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi huo kao bo fu dao ti yan qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.2.Greatly agitated,I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, ___to find it locked.[A]just[B]only[C]hence[D]thus3.Doctors see a connection between increase amounts of leisure time spent___and the increased number of cases of skin cancer.[A]to sunbathe[B]to have sunbathed[C]having sunbathed[D]sunbathing4.Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods,you are not entitled____a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on5.On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont____I noticeda young man holding up a sign reading"Boston".[A]which[B]where[C]when[D]that6.Christie stared angrily at her boos and turned away,as though____out of the office.[A]went[B]gone[C]to go[D]would go7.The roles expected___old people in such a setting give too few psychological satisfactions for normal happiness.[A]of[B]on[C]to[D]with8.Talk to anyone in the drug industry,____you'll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.[A]or[B]and[C]for[D]so9.It wasn't so much that I disliked her___that I just wasn't interested in the whole business.[A]rather[B]so[C]than[D]as10.Countless divouced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divouce,let alone___one.[A]getting[B]to get[C]gotten[D]getSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked[A],[B],[C],and[D].Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.（5points）Example:A number of[A]foreign visitors were taken[B]to the industrial exhibition,which[C]they saw[D]many new products.Answer[C]is wrong.The sentence should read,"A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition,where they saw many new products."So you should choose[C].Sample Answer[A][B][C][D]11.Having isolated[A]on a remote island,with[B]little work to occupy[C]them,the soldiers suffered from boredom and low spirits[D].12.If the letter to be mailed[A]was placed[B]on the writing table an hour ago,it is[C]certain being[D]there now.13.The ruling[A]party could even lose its[B]majority in the lower house of parliament,started[C]a period of prolonged struggling[D].14.The mechanisms at[A]work are manifest[B]in the tendencyfor such physical activity to[C]utilize the potential[D]harmful constituents of the stress response.15.In[A]the long run,however,this hurry to shed[B]full time staff may be more[C]harmful to industry as it is to[D]the workforce.16.See to it[A]that you include in[B]the examination paper whatever[C]questions they didn't know the answer[D]last time.17.Most newspapers,while devoting[A]the major part of its[B] space to recent events,usually manage to find room[C]on the inside pages for articles on[D]some interesting topics.18.One sign by which[A]you are making progress in an art[B] such as painting or photography is that[C]you begin to realize how much there is[D]to learn.19.The ideal listener stays both inside and outside[A]the music at the moment it is played and enjoying[B]it almost as much as[C] the composer at the moment he composes[D].20.Continued[A]exposure to stress has been linked to worsened[B]functioning of the immune system,leaving[C]a person more liable for[D]infection.Section CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences,there four choices marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choose the one that best completes the sentenec.Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.（10points）Example:The lost car of the Lees was found____in the woods off the highway.[A]vanished[B]scattered[C]abandoned[D]rejectedThe sentence should read,"The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway."Therefore,you should choose[C].Sample Answer[A][B][C][D]21.He spoke so___that even his opponents were won over by his arguments.[A]bluntly[B]convincingly[C]emphatically[D]determinedly22.France's____of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations.[A]assumption[B]consumption[C]presumption[D]resumption23.The215-page manuscript,circulated to publishers last October,____an outburst of interest.[A]flared[B]glittered[C]sparked[D]flashed24.His efforts to bring about a reconciliation between the two Parties_____.[A]came off[B]came on[C]came round[D]came down25.The system was redesigned to embrace the network andeventually____it in a profitable direction.[A]adapt[B]control[C]install[D]steer26.The capital intended to broaden the export base and____efficiency gains from international trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution.[A]secure[B]extend[C]defend[D]possess27.It is announced that a wallet has been found and can be____ at the manager's office.[A]declared[B]obtained[C]reclaimed[D]recognized28.When I___my senses,I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room,with Grandma bending over me.[A]woke up[B]took to[C]picked up[D]came to29.The American society is___an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources,which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.[A]established on[B]affiliated to[C]originated from[D]incorporated with30.I am not_____with my roommate but I have to share the room with her,because I have nowhere else to live.[A]concerned[B]compatible[C]considerate[D]complied31.At first,the____of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible,but,with painstaking efforts and at great expense,it became a reality.[A]transaction[B]transmission[C]transformation[D]transition32.When the committee_____to details,the proposed plan seemed impractical.[A]got down[B]set about[C]went off[D]came up33.____to some parts of South America is still difficult,because parts of the continent are still covered with thick forests.[A]Orientation[B]Access[C]Procession[D]Voyage34.Mr Smith had an unusual_____:he was first an office clerk, the a sailor,and ended up as a school teacher.[A]profession[B]occupation[C]position[D]career35.The mayor is a woman with great____and therefore deserves our political and financial support.[A]intention[B]instinct[C]intgrity[D]intensity36.The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest____to everyone.[A]speculation[B]attribution[C]utilization[D]proposition37.The fact that the golden eagle usually builds its nest on some high cliffs___it almost impossible to obtain the eggs or the young birds.[A]renders[B]reckons[C]regards[D]relates38.To impress a future employer,one should dress neatly be____, and display in the job.[A]swift[B]instant[C]timely[D]punctual39.You don't have to install this radio in your new car,it'san_____extra.[A]excessive[B]optional[C]additional[D]arbitrary40.We were pleased to note that the early morning delivery didn't______to the traffic jam of the busy city.[A]aid[B]amount[C]add[D]attributePartⅡCloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in following passage,there are four choices marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.（10points）If a farmer wishes to succeed,he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production.He must store a large quantity of grain41consuming all his grain immediately.He can continue to support himself and his family42he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways:as seed for sowing,as an insurance43the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to44old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to45the soil.He may also need money to construct irrigation46and improve his farm in other ways.If no surplus is available,a farmer cannot be47.He must either sell some of hi loans.Naturallyhe will try to borrow money at a low 49of interest,but loans of this kind are not50obtainable.41.[A]other than[B]as well as[C]instead of[D]more than42.[Aonly if[B]much as[C]long before[D]ever since43.[A]for[B]against[C]supplement[D]dispose44.[A]replace[B]purchase[C]supplement[D]dispose45.[A]enhance[B]mix[C]feed[D]raise46.[A]vessels[B]routes[C]paths[D]channels47.[A]self-confident[B]self-sufficient[C]self-satisfied[D]self-restrained48.[A]search[B]save[C]offer[D]seek49.[A]proportion[B]percentage[C]rate[D]ratio50.[A]genuinely[B]obviously[C]presumably[D]frequentlyPartⅢReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked[A],[B][C]and[D].Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.（40points）Passage1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap,but,if properly handled,it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War,it had a market eight ties larger than any competitor,giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.Its scientists were the world's best,its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer.Just as inevitably,the retreat from predominance proved painful.By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries,such as consumer electronics,had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition.By1987there was only one American television maker left,Zenith.（Now there is none:Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.）Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes.For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors,which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age,was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence.Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted.They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing,and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well.The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline.Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed!In1995the United States can look backon five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling.Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle.Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride."American industry has changed its structure,has gone on a diet,has learnt to be more quick-witted,"according to Richard Cavanagh,executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute,a think-tank in Washington,DC.And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as"a golden age of business management in the United States."51.The U.S.achieved its predominance after WorldWarⅡbecause_____.[A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C]the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D]the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy52.The loss of U.S.predominance in the world economy in the1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_____.[A]TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B]semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C]machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D]auto industry had lost part of its domestic market53.What can be inferred from the passage?[A]It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pried.[B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C]The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D]A long history of success may pave the way for further development.54.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S.economy in the1990s can be attributed to the____.[A]turning of the business cycle[B]restructuring of industry[C]improved business management[D]success in educationPassage2Being a man has always been dangerous.There are about105males born for every100females,but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity,and among70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men.But the great universal of male mortality is being changed.Now,by babies survive almost as well as girls do.This means that,for the first time,there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when the are searching for a mate.More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed.Fifty yearsago,the chance of a baby（particularly a boy baby）surviving depended on its weight.A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death.Today it makes almost no difference.Since much of the variation is due to genes one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide:stay alive, but have fewer children.Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities,very few women has15children. Nowadays the number of births,like the age of death,has become average.Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring.Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples.The grand mediocrity of today everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost80%of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us,this means that evolution is over;the biological Utopia has arrived.Strangely,it has involved little physical change No other species fills so many places in nature.But in the pass100, 000years even the pass100year our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not.We did not evolve,because machines and society did it for us.Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution:they"look at an organic being as average looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension."No doubt we willremember a20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness.But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were,they will look just like us.55.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A]A lack of mates.[B]A fierce competition.[C]A lower survival rate.[D]A defective gene.56.What does the example of India illustrate?[A]Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.[B]Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C]The middle class population is80%smaller than that of the tribes.[D]India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.57.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because____.[A]life has been improved by technological advance[B]the number of female babies has been declining[C]our species has reached the highest stage of evolution[D]the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing58.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A]Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution[B]Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution[C]The Evolutionary Future of Nature[D]Human Evolution Going NowherePassage3When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion,it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at,for,however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today,it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.With regard to Futurist poetry,however,the case is rather difficult,for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right,it can hardly be classed as Literature.This,in brief,is what the Futurist says;for a noise and violence and speed.Consequently,our feelings,thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change.This speeding up of life,says the Futurist,requires a new form of expression.We must speed up our literature too,if we want to interpret modern stress.We must pour out a large stream of essential words,unhampered by stops,or qualifying adjectives,of finite verbs.Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them;we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page,and shorten or lengthen words at will.Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused.But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river and then to find thatthe line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers:Pluff!Pluff!A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.This,though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry,can hardly be classed as Literature.All the same,no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition:that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression.The whole question is really this:have we essentially changed?59.This passage is mainly____.[A]a survey of new approaches to art[B]a review of Futurist poetry[C]about merits of the Futurist movement[D]about laws and requirements of literature60.When a novel literary idea appers,people should try to_____.[A]determine its purposes[B]ignore its flaws[C]follow the new fashions[D]accept the principles61.Futurists claim that we must____.[A]increase the production of literature[B]use poetry to relieve modern stress[C]develop new modes of expression[D]avoid using adjectives and verbs62.The author believes that Futurist poetry is_____.[A]based on reasonable principles[B]new and acceptable to ordinary people[C]indicative of basic change in human nature[D]more of a transient phenomenon than literaturePassage4Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values.Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being,but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs,and young people don't know where they should go next.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.In a recent survey,it was found that only24.5percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life,compared with67.2percent of students in the United States.In addition,far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the10other countries surveyed.While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression."Those things that do not show up in the test scores personality,ability,courage orhumanity are completely ignored,"says Toshiki Kaifu,chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee." Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild."Last year Japan experienced2,125incidents of school violence, including929assaults on teachers.Amid the outcry,many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral st year Mitsuo Setoyama,who was then education minister,raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after WorldWarⅡhad weakened the"Japanese morality of respect for parents."But that may have more to do with Japanese life-stvles."In Japan, "says educator Yoko Muro,"it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life,but only how much you can endure."With economic growth has come centralization;fully76percent of Japan's 119million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated,two generation households.Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes （travels to and from work）and crowded living conditions,but as the old group and family values weaken,the discomfort is beginning to tell.In the past decade,the Japanese divorce rate,while still well below that of the United States,has increased by more than50percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.63.In the Westerner's eyes,the postwar Japan was_____.[A]under aimless development[B]a positive example[C]a rival to the West[D]on the decline64.According to the author,what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?[A]Women's participation in social activities is limited.[B]More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.[C]Excessive emphasis his been placed on the basics.[D]The life-style has been influenced by Western values.65.Which of the following is true according to the author?[A]Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder[B]Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.[C]More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.[D]Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.66.The change in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact that____.[A]the young are less tolerant of discomforts in the factthat_____.[B]the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.[C]the Japanese endure more than ever before[D]the Japanese appreciate their present lifePassage5If ambition is to be well regarded,the rewards of ambition health, distinction,control over one's destiny must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf.If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality,it must be widely shared;and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired,the educated not least among them.In an odd way,However,it is the educated who have claimed to have give up on have give up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition-if not always their own the that of their parents and grandparents.There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this,a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped with the educated themselves riding on them.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly.Summer homes,European travel,BMWs.The locations,place names and name brands may change,but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams,as easily and openly as once they could,lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.Instead,we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles,which now more than ever seem in ample supply:the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home;the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants;the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.For such peopleand many more perhaps not so exceptional,the proper formulation is, "Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious."The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive,where the are not extremely unattractive.As a result,the support for ambition as a healthy impulse,a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young,is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end,that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings,but only that,no longer openly honored,it is less openly underground,or made sly.Such,then,is the way things stand:on the left angry critics,on the right stupid supporters,and in the middle,as usual,the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.67.It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if_____.[A]its returns well compensate for the sacrifices[B]it is rewarded with money,fame and power[C]its goals are spiritual rather than material[D]it is shared by the rich and the famous68.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is____.[A]customary of the educated to discard ambition in words[B]too late to check ambition once it has been let out[C]dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal[D]impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition69.Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because____.[A]they think of it as immoral[B]their pursuits are not fame or wealth[C]ambition is not closely related to material benefits[D]they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible70.From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained_____.[A]secretly and vigorously[B]openly and enthusiastically[C]easily and momentarily[D]verbally and spirituallyPartⅣEnglish-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese.Your translation must be written neatly no ASWER SHEET2.（15points）Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.71）Under modem conditions,this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.72）Furthermore,it。

江西财经大学2018年博士研究生入学考试试题

江西财经大学2018年博士研究生入学考试试题( A卷)考试时间：3小时专业：_管理科学与工程科目：数据库系统原理考生答题时，请写在考场下发的答题纸上，写在本试题纸或其他答题纸上的律无效。

(本试题共4页)一、简答或论述(每小题8分，共40分)1.试解释数据模型、概念模型的概念?并阐述为什么在实行数据库设计时要先实行概念模型设计?答：数据模型是一个描述数据结构、数据操作以及数据约束的数学形式体系（即概念及其符号表示系统）。

其中数据结构用于刻画数据、数据语义以及数据与数据之间的联系；数据约束是对数据结构和数据操作的一致性、完整性约束，也称为数据的完整性约束。

概念层次的数据模型称为概念模型，简称为概念模型，他按照用户的观点或理解对现实世界的数据和信息实行建模，主要用于数据库设计。

概念模型是一种独立于计算机系统的模型。

他不涉及信息在系统中的表示，仅仅用来描述某个特定组织所关心的信息结构。

概念模型强调语义表达功能，他是现实世界的第一层抽象。

概念模型用于信息世界的建模，是现实世界到信息世界的一层抽象，是数据库设计人员实行数据库设计的有力工具，也是数据库设计人员和用户实行交流的语言。

2.什么是子查询?请分别对SELECT 查询语句中的IN(集合运算)子查询、EXISTS(存有量词)子查询的应用规律和应用场景实行总结。

3.数据库完整性包括实休完整性、参照完整性和用户自定义完整性。

完整性约束条件即完整性规则)有列约束、元组约束和关系约束条件。

试举例阐述实体完整性、参照完整性和用户自定义完整性分别与列约束、元组约束和关系约束条件的对应关系，并分别给出SQL Server 中的定义样例(不需要完整的实例，只需要分别给出局部的完整性约束条件的定义样例)?4.请简述事务的概念、事务的ACID特性，并解释为什么事务需要ACID特性以及数据库管理系统是如何保证事务的ACID特性的?5. 现在是大数据和人工智能时代，数据包括结构化数据、半结构化数据和非结构化数据，智能数据处理方法包括数据挖掘、机器学习、统计学习等。

江西财经大学考博英语阅读题及其解析

江西财经大学考博英语阅读题及其解析The majority of successful senior managers do not closely followthe classical rational model of first clarifying goals,assessing theproblem,formulating options,estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision,and only then taking action to implement thedecision.Rather,in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers,these Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lianxi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi senior executivesrely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network ofinterrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity,inconsistency,novelty,and surprise；and to integrate action intothe process of thinking.Generations of writers on management have recognized that somepracticing managers rely heavily on intuition.In general,however,such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see itas the opposite of rationality;others view it as an excuse forcapriciousness.Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of seniormanagers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather,senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First,they intuitively sense when a problem exists.Second,managers relyon intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly.Thisintuition is not arbitrary or irrational,but is based on years ofpainstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills.Athird function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha！experience. Fourth,some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis.Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action.Finally,managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible ed in this way,intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting.Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it,they frequently act first and explain later.Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles,in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert.Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face,senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue.They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue.One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of definingthe problem,not just of implementing the solution.1.According to the text,senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to[A]speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.[B]identify a problem.[C]bring together disparate facts.[D]stipulate clear goals.2.The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line1,paragraph2？[A]They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.[B]They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.[C]They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.[D]They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.3.It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X,who uses intuition to reach decisions,and Manager Y,who uses only formal decision analysis？[A]Manager X analyzes first and then acts；Manager Y does not.[B]Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis；Manager Y does not.[C]Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem；Manager Y does not.[D]Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creatinga solution to a problem；Manager X does not.4.The text provides support for which of the following statements？[A]Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.[B]Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.[C]Managers''intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.[D]Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text？[A]An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given.[B]A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.[C]The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.[D]Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.[答案与考点解析]1.「答案」D「考点解析」这是一道归纳推导题。

江西财经大学-管理学原理与方法-历年考博真题及答案

江西财经大学管理学原理与方法2012-2017历年考博真题及答案2012年管理学原理考博真题及答案1．X理论与Y理论有哪些主要观点，它们之间的主要区别是什么？X 理论的主要观点:人的本性是坏的，一般人都有好逸恶劳、尽可能逃避工作的特性:由于人有厌恶工作的特性，因此对大多数人来说，仅用奖赏的办法不足以战胜其厌恶工作的倾向，必须进行强制、监督、指挥、并惩罚进行威胁，才能使他们付出足够的努力去完成给定的工作目标:一般人都胸无大志，通常满足于平平稳稳地完成工作，而不喜欢具有"压迫感"的创造性的困难工作。

与X 理论相反的是Y 理论。

麦格雷戈认为， y 理论是较为传统的X 理论的合理替换物。

Y 理论的主要观点是:人并不懒惰，他们对工作的喜欢和憎恶决定于这工作对他是一种满足还是一种惩罚:在正常情况下人愿意承担责任:人们都热衷于发挥自己的才能和创造性。

对比X 理论及Y 理论可以发现，它们的差别在于对工人的需要看法不同，因此采用的管理方法也不相同。

按X 理论来看待工人的需要，进行管理就要采取严格的控制、强制方式; 如果按Y 理论看待工人的需要，管理者就要创造一个能多方面满足工人需要的环境，使人们的智慧、能力得以充分的发挥，以更好地实现组织和个人的目标。

2．一个有效的管理者需扮演哪些角色，需要具备哪些技能?(l)根据明茨伯格的企业管理者角色理论，管理者扮演着十种角色，这十种角色可被归入三大类:人际角色、信息角色和决策角色。

(人信决)①人际角色。

人际角色直接产生自管理者的正式权力基础，管理者在处理与组织成员和其他利益相关者的关系时，他们就在扮演人际角色。

管理者所扮演的三种人际角色分别是代表个人角色、领导者角色和联络者角色。

个领联②信息角色。

管理者要负责确保和其一起工作的人具有足够的信息，从而能够顺利完成工作。

管理者既是所在单位的信息传递中心，也是组织内其他工作小组的信息传递渠道。

整个组织的人依赖于管理结构和管理者获取或传递必要的信息，以便完成工作。

江西财经大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析

江西财经大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Section II Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.（10points）Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi（crimes committed by young people）focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.Theories（21）____on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior（22）____they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through（23）____with others. Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in（24）____to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status（25）____as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families，（26）____the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes.The latter may commit crimes（27）____lack of adequate parental control.All theories，however，are tentative and are（28）____to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly（29）____ juvenile crime rates.For example，changes in the economy that（30）____to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment（31）____make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in（32）____lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also（33）____changes these years.More families consist of one parent households or two working parents；（34）____，children are likely to have less supervision at home（35）____was common in the traditional family（36）____.This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates.Other（37）____causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school，the increased（38）____of drugs and alcohol，and the growing（39）____of child abuse and child neglect.All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act，（40）____a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.21.[A]acting[B]relying[C]centering[D]cementing22.[A]before[B]unless[C]until[D]because23.[A]interactions[B]assimilation[C]cooperation[D]consultation24.[A]return[B]reply[C]reference[D]response25.[A]or[B]but rather[C]but[D]or else26.[A]considering[B]ignoring[C]highlighting[D]discarding27.[A]on[B]in[C]for[D]with28.[A]immune[B]resistant[C]sensitive[D]subject29.[A]affect[B]reduce[C]chock[D]reflect30.[A]point[B]lead[C]come[D]amount31.[A]in general[B]on average[C]by contrast[D]at length32.[A]case[B]short[C]turn[D]essence33.[A]survived[B]noticed[C]undertaken[D]experienced34.[A]contrarily[B]consequently[C]similarly[D]simultaneously35.[A]than[B]that[C]which[D]as36.[A]system[B]structure[C]concept[D]heritage37.[A]assessable[B]identifiable[C]negligible[D]incredible38.[A]expense[B]restriction[C]allocation[D]availability39.[A]incidence[B]awareness[C]exposure[D]popularity40.[A]provided[B]since[C]although[D]supposing21.C/centering（着重于、突出、强调）。

江西财经大学803经济学历年考研真题及详解专业课考试试题

目　录2008年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题2008年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题及详解2009年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题2009年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题及详解2010年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题2010年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题及详解2011年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题2011年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题及详解2012年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题2012年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题及详解2013年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题2013年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题及详解2014年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题2014年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题及详解2015年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题2015年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题及详解2016年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题（部分）2016年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题（部分）及详解2017年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题（部分）2017年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题（部分）及详解2018年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题2018年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题及详解附送资料：2003～2007年、2019年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题2019年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题（回忆版）2007年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题2006年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题2005年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题2004年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题2003年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题2008年江西财经大学803经济学考研真题一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1边际替代率2局部均衡分析3公共物品4国内生产总值5投资乘数6非自愿失业二、简答题、作图题、计算题（每题10分，共80分）1什么是垄断竞争市场？它有哪些特点（或假设条件）？2根据下列描述，画出消费者的三条无差异曲线，并比较其效用水平大小。