英语诗歌简明术语表
英语诗歌简明术语表
英语诗歌简明术语表A Concise Glossary of English Poetry Accent 重音Allegory 寓言Alliteration 头韵Allusion 典故Anapest 抑抑扬格Apostrophe 呼语Approximate rime 近韵Assonance 半韵Ballad 民谣Ballad stanza 民谣体诗节Blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗Cacophony 不与谐音Caesura 行停中顿Connotation 内涵，引申义Consonance 辅音韵Cosmic irony 命运反讽Couplet 对句Dactyl 扬抑抑格Denotation 本义Dimeter 二音步诗Doggerel 打油诗Dramatic irony 戏剧性反讽Dramatic monologue 戏剧性独白End rhyme 尾韵End-stopped line 行尾停顿诗行English or Shakespearean sonnet 英式/莎士比亚体十四行诗Enjambment 跨行连续Epic 史诗Euphony 谐音Exact rhyme 全韵Eye rhyme 视觉韵Feminine rhyme 阴韵Figure of speech 修辞手法Fixed form 固定诗体Foot 音步Free verse 自由诗Haiku 俳句Heroic couplet 英雄偶句体Heptameter 七音步诗行Hexameter 六音步诗行Hyperbole 夸张Iamb 抑扬格Imagery 意象Internal rhyme 行中韵Irony 反讽，反语Italian or Petrarchan sonnet 意式/比特拉克体十四行诗Limerick 五行打油诗Literary ballad 文人民谣Lyric 抒情诗Masculine rhyme 阳韵Metaphor 暗喻，隐喻Meter 格律，韵律Metonymy 换喻，转喻Monometer 单音步诗行Narrative poem 叙事诗Octameter 八音步诗行Octave 八行诗节Ode 颂诗Onomatopoeia 拟声法Open form 开放诗体Overstatement 夸张Oxymoron 矛盾形容法Paradox 悖论Pentameter 五音步诗行Personification 拟人法Picture poem 涂画诗Prose poem 散文诗Quatrain 四节诗行Refrain 叠句，副歌Rhyme or rime 押韵Rhyme scheme 押韵格式Rhythm 节奏，韵律，格律Run-on line 连续诗行Sarcasm 讥刺Satire 讽刺Scansion 韵律分析，韵律图示Sestet 六节诗行Simile 明喻Situational irony 情景反讽Sonnet 十四行诗Speaker 说话者Spondee 扬扬格Stanza 诗节Stress 重音Symbol 象征Synecdoche 提喻Tercet 三行诗节Terza rima 三行诗节隔行押韵法Tetrameter 四音步诗行Theme 主题Tone 语气，语调trimeter 三音步诗行Triplet 同韵三行联句Trochee 扬抑格Understatement 低调陈述，轻描淡写Verbal irony 言辞反讽Verse 散文诗Villanelle 维拉内拉体。
英美文学术语(英文版)-literary-terms
英国文学Alliteration:押头韵repetition of the initial sounds（不一定是首字母）Allegory:寓言a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Allusion:典故a reference in a literary work to person, place etc. often to well-known characters or events. Archetype:原型Irony:反讽intended meaning is the opposite of what is statedBlack humor:黑色幽默Metaphor: 暗喻Ballad: 民谣about the folk logeEpic:史诗in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes.Romance: 罗曼史/骑士文学is a popular literary form in the medieval England./ChivalryEuphuism: 夸饰文体This kind of style consists of two distinct elements. The first is abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations and other artificial prosodic means. The second element is the use of odd similes and comparisons.Spenserian stanza: It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter. 斯宾塞诗节新诗体，每一节有9排，前8排是抑扬格五步格诗，第9排是抑扬格六步格诗。
英国文学诗歌术语解释
A Glossary of Poetic TermsAccent（重音）Another word for stress. The emphasis placed on a syllable. Accent is frequently used to denote stress in describing verse.Aestheticism（唯美主义） A literary movement in the 19th century of those who believed in “art for art’s sake” in opposition to the utilitarian doctrine that everything must be morally or practically useful. Key figures of the aesthetic movement were Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.Alexandrine（亚历山大诗体）The most common meter in French poetry since the 16th century: a line of twelve syllables. The nearest English equivalent is iambic hexameter. The Alexandrine being a long line, it is often divided in the middle by a pause or caesura into two symmetrical halves called hemistiches. Alexander Pope’s “Essay on Criticism” offers a typical example.Allegory（讽喻）A pattern of reference in the work which evokes a parallel action of abstract ideas. Usually allegory uses recognizable types, symbols and narrative patterns to indicate that the meaning of thetext is to be found not in the represented work but in a body of traditional thought, or in an extra-literary context. Rrepresentative works are Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene, John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.Alliteration（头韵） A rhyme-pattern produced inside the poetic line by repeating consonantal sounds at the beginning of words. It is also called initial rhyme.Allusion（引喻）A passing reference in a work of literature to something outside itself. A writer may allude to legends,historical facts or personages, to other works of literature, or even to autobiographical details. Literary allusion requires special explanation. Some writers include in their own works passages from other writers in order to introduce implicit contrasts or comparisons. T.S. Eli ot’s The Waste Land is of this kind.Analogy（类比）The invocation of a similar but different instance to that which is being represented, in order to bring out its salient features through the comparison.Anapest（抑抑扬格） A trisyllabic metrical foot consisting of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable.Apostrophe（顿呼） A rhetorical term for a speech addressed to a person, idea or thing with an intense emotion that can no longer be held back, often placed at the beginning of a poem or essay, but also acting as a digression or pause in an ongoing argument.Arcadia（阿卡狄亚）A mountainous region of Greece which was represented as the blissful home of happy shepherds. During the Renaissance Arcadia becamethe typical name for an idealized rural society where the harmonious Golden Age still flourished. Sir Philip Sidney’s prose romance is entitled Arcadia.Assonance（半谐音）The repetition of accented vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds.Aubade（晨曲） A song or salute at dawn, usually by a lover lamenting parting at daybreak, for example, John Donne’s “The Sun Rising”.Augustan Age: may refer to 1) The period in Roman history when Caesar Augustuswas the first emperor; 2) The period in the history of the Latin language when Caesar Augustus was emperor and Golden-age Latin was in use; 3) Augustan literature and Augustan poetry, the early 18th century in British literature and poetry, where the authors highly admired and emulated the original Augustan Age.Avant-garde(先锋派) A military expression used in literature refers to a group of modern artists and writers. Their main concern is deliberate and self-conscious experimentation in writing to discover new forms, techniques and subject matter in the arts.Ballad（民谣）A narrative poem which was originally sung to tell a story in simple colloquial language.Ballad metre (民谣格律）A quatrain of alternate four-stress and three-stress lines, usually roughly iambic.Ballad stanza（民谣体诗节） A quatrain that alternates tetrameter with trimeter lines, and usually rhymes a b c b.Blank verse（无韵诗）Verse in iambic pentameter without rhyme scheme, oftenused in verse drama in the sixteenth century and later used for poetry.Burlesque（诙谐作品）An imitation of a literary style, or of human action, that aims to ridicule by incongruity style and subject. High burlesque involves a high style for a low subject, for instance, Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock.Byronic hero（拜伦式英雄） A character type portrayed by George Lord Gordon Byron in many of his early narrative poems, especially Child Harold’s Pilgrimage. The Byronic hero is a brooding solitary, who seeks exotic traveland wild nature to reflect his superhuman passions. He is capable of great suffering and guilty of some terrible, unspecified crime, but bears this guilt with pride, as it sets him apart from society, revealing the meaninglessness of ordinary moral values. He is misanthropic, defiant, rebellious, nihilistic and hypnotically fascinating to others.Canto（诗章） A division of a long poem, especially an epic. Dante’s Divine Comedy, Byron’s Don Juan and Ezra Pound’s The Cantos are all divided into these chapter-length sections.Carpe Diem（及时行乐） A poem advising someone to “seize the day” or “seize the hour”. Usually the genre is addressed by a man to a young woman who is urged to stop prevaricating in sexual or emotional matters.Cavalier poets（骑士诗人）English lyric poets during the reign of Charles I. Richard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, Thomas Carew, Edmund Waller and Robert Herrick are the representatives of this group. Cavalier poetry is mostly concerned with love, and employs a variety of lyric forms.Cockney school of poetry （伦敦佬诗派）A derisive term for certain London-based writers, including Leigh Hunt, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Hazlitt and John Keats. This term was invented by the Scottish journalist John Gibson Lockhart in an anonymous series of article on The Cockney School of Poetry, in which he mocked the supposed stylistic vulgarity of these writers.Complaint （怨诗）A poetic genre in which the poet complains, often about his beloved. Geoffery Chaucer’s “Complaint to His Purse”, Edward Young’s “TheComplaint”, or “Night Thoughts”are examples.Conceit（奇思妙喻）Originally it meant simply a thought or an opinion. The term came to be used in a derogatory way to describe a particular kind of far-fetched metaphorical association. It has now lost this pejorative overtone and simply denotes a special sort of figurative device. The distinguishing quality of a conceit is that it should forge an unexpected comparison between two apparently dissimilar things or ideas. The classic example is John Donne’s The Flea and A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning.Didactic poetry（说教诗）Poetry designed to teach or preach as a primary purpose.Dirge （挽歌）Any song of mourning, shorter and less formal than an elegy. Shakespeare’s Full Fathom Five in The Tempest is a famous example..Dithyramb（酒神颂歌）A Greek choric hymn in honour of Dionysus. In general “dithyrambic” is applied to a wildly enthusiastic song or chant.Eclogue （牧歌）A pastoral poem, especially a pastoral dialogue, usually indebted to the Virgillian tradition.Elegy（挽诗） A poem of lamentation, concentrating on the death of a single person, like Alfred Tennyson’s “In Memoriam”, Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”, or W.B. Yeats’s “In Memory of Major Robert Gregory”.Epic（史诗）A long narrative poem in elevated style, about the adventures of a hero whose exploits are important to the history of a nation. The more famous epicsin western literature are Homer’s Iliad, Virgil’s Aeneid,Dante’s Divine Comedy and John Milton’s Paradise Lost.Epigram（警句诗） A polished, terse and witty remark that packs generalized knowledge into short compass.Epigraph（铭文） A short quotation cited at the start of a book or chapter to point up its theme and associate its content with learning. Also an inscription on a monument or building explaining its purpose.Epitaph（墓志铭）An inscription on a tomb or a piece of writing suitable for that purpose, generally summing up someone’s life, sometimes in praise, sometimes in satire. John Keats wrote an Epitaph for himself. It says, “Here lies one whose name is wri t in water.”Epithet（表述词语）From Latin epitheton, from Greek epitithenai meaning “to add”, an adjective or adjective cluster that is associated with a particular person or thing and that usually seems to capture their prominent characteristics. For example, “Ethelred the unready”, or “fleet-footed Achilles” in Alexander Pope’s version of The Iliad.Folk ballad（民间歌谣） A narrative poem designed to be sung, composed by an anonymous author, and transmitted orally for years or generations before being written down. It has usually undergone modification through the process of oral transmission.Foot（音步） a unit of measure consisting of stressed and unstressed syllables.Free verse（自由诗）Verse released from the convention of meter, with its regular pattern of stresses and line length. Georgian Poetry： the title of a series of anthologies showcasing the work of a school of English poetry that established itself during the early years of the reign of King George V of the United Kingdom. Edward Marsh was the general editor of the series and the centre of the circle of Georgian poets, which included Rupert Brooke. It has been suggested that Brooke himself took a hand in some of the editorial choices.Graveyard poets（墓园诗人）Several 18th century poets wrote mournfullypensive poems on the nature of death, which were set in graveyards or inspired by gloomy nocturnal meditations. Examples of this minor but popular genre are Thomas Parnell’s “Night-Piece on Death”, Edward Young’s “Night Thoughts” and Robert Blair’s “The Grave”. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” owes something to this vogue.Haiku（俳句）A Japanese lyric form dating from the 13th century which consists of seventeen syllables used in three lines: 5/7/5. Several 20th century English and American poets haveexperimented with the form, including Ezra Pound.Heroic couplet（英雄双韵体）Lines of iambic pentameter rhymed in pairs. Alexander Pope brought the meter to a peak of polish and wit, using it in satire. Because this practice was especially popular in the Neoclassic Period between 1660 and 1790, the heroic couplet is often called the “neoclassic couplet” if the poem originates during this time period.Heroic quatrain（英雄四行诗）Lines of iambic pentameter rhymed abab, cdcd, and so on. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Writtenin a Country Churchyard” is a notable example.Hexameter（六音步）In English versification, a line of six feet. A line of iambic hexameter is called an Alexanderine.Iamb（抑扬格）The commonest metrical foot in English verse, consisting of a weak stress followed by a strong stress.Iambic-anapestic meter（抑扬抑抑扬格）A meter which freely mixes iambs and anapests, and in which it might bedifficult to determine which foot prevails without actually counting.Iambic hexameter（六音步抑扬格）A line of six iambic feet.Iambic pentameter（五音步抑扬格）A line of five iambic feet. It is the most pervasive metrical pattern found in verse in English.Iambic tetrameter（四音步抑扬格）A line of four iambic feet.Idyll（田园诗）A poem which represents the pleasures of rural life.Image, imagery（意象） A critical word with several different applications. In its narrowest sense an ‘image’ is a word-picture, a description of some visible scene or object. More commonly, however, ‘imagery’ refers to figurative language in a piece of literature; or all the words which refer to objects and qualities which appeal to the senses and feelings.Imagism（意象派）A self-conscious movement in poetry in England and America initiated by Ezra Pound and T.E. Hulme in about 1912. Pound described the aims of Imagism in his essay “APetrospect”as follows:1) Direct treatment of the ‘thing’ whether subjective or objective. 2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.3) As regarding rhythm: to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome. Pound defined an ‘Image’ as ‘that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time’. His haiku-like two-line poem In a Station of the Metro is often quoted as the quintessence of Imagism.Irony（反讽）The expression of a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant.Lake poets（湖畔派诗人）The three early 19th century romantic poets, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey, who lived in the Lake District of Cumbria in northern England. This term was often applied in a derogatory way, suggesting the provincialism of their themes and interests.Lyric（抒情诗）A poem, usually short, expressing in a personal manner the feelings and thoughts of an individual speaker. The typical lyric subject matter is love, for a lover or deity, and the mood of the speaker in relation to this love.Metaphysical poets （玄学派诗人）Metaphysics is the philosophy of being and knowing, but this term was originally applied to a group of 17th century poets in a derogatory manner. The representatives are John Donne, George Herbert, Henry Vaughan and Richard Crashaw and John Cleveland, Andrew Marvell and Abraham Cowley. The features of metaphysical poetry are arresting and original images and conceits, wit, ingenuity, dexterous use of colloquial speech, considerable flexibility of rhythm and meter, complex themes, a liking for paradox and dialectical argument, a direct manner, a caustic humor, a keenly felt awareness of mortality, and a distinguished capacity forelliptical thought and tersely compact expression. But for all their intellectual robustness the metaphysical poets are also capable of refined delicacy, gracefulness and deep feeling, passion as well as wit. They had a profound influence on the course of English poetry in the 20th century.Meter（格律）The regular pattern of accented and unaccented syllables. The line is divided into a number of feet. According to their stress pattern the feet are classed as iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic, spondaic or pyrrhic.Metonymy（借代）A figure of speech: the substitution of the name of a thing by the name of an attribute of it, or something closely associated with it.Monometer（单音步诗行）A metrical line containing one foot.Monologue（独白） A single person speaking, with or without an audience, is uttering a monologue. The dramatic monologue is the name given to a specific kind of poem in which a single person, not the poet, is speaking.Dramatic Monologue（戏剧独白） A poem in which a poetic speaker addresses either the reader or an internal listener at length. It is similar to the soliloquy in theater, in that both a dramatic monologue and a soliloquy often involve the revelation of the innermost thoughts and feelings of the speaker. Two famous examples are Browning’s “My Last Duchess”.Interior Monologue: A type of stream of consciousness in which the author depicts the interior thoughts of a single individual in the same order these thoughts occur inside that character's head. The author does not attempt to provide (or providesminimally) any commentary, description, or guiding discussion to help the reader untangle the complex web of thoughts, nor does the writer clean up the vague surge of thoughts into grammatically correct sentences or a logical order. Indeed, it is as if the authorial voice ceases to exist, and the reader directly “overhears” the thought pouring forth randomly from a character’s mind. An example of an interior monologue can be found in James Joyce’s Ulysses. Here, Leopold Bloom wanders past a candy shop in Dublin, and his thoughts wander back and forth.The Movement： A term coined by J. D. Scott, literary editor of The Spectator, in1954 to describe a group of writers including Kingsley Amis, Philip Larkin, Donald Davie, D.J. Enright, John Wain, Elizabeth Jennings, Thom Gunn, and Robert Conquest. The Movement was essentially English in character; poets in Scotland and Wales were not generally included. The Movement poets were considered anti-Romantic, but we find many Romantic elements in Larkin and Hughes. We may call The Movement the revival of the importance of form. To these poets, good poetry meant simple, sensous content, and traditional, conventional and dignified form.Neoclassicism（新古典主义） This word refers to the fact that some writers, particularly in the 18th century, modeled their own writing on classical, especially Roman literature. Neoclassicism is applied to a period of English literature lasting from 1660, the Restoration of Charles II, until about 1800. The following major writers flourished then, in poetry, John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Oliver Goldsmith; in prose, Jonathan Swift, Addition, Samuel Johnson. Neoclassical writers did not value creativity or originality highly. They valued the various genres, such as epic, tragedy, pastoral, comedy. The meter for most of Neoclassic writings was the heroic couplet.Octameter（八音步诗行）A metrical line containing eight feet; only occasionally attempted in English verse.Octave（八行体）An eight-line stanza or the first eight lines of a sonnet, especially one structured in the manner of an Italian sonnet.Ode（颂歌） A form of lyric poem, characterized by its length, intricate stanza forms, grandeur of style and seriousness of purpose, with a venerable history in Classical and post-Renaissance poetry.Onomatopoeia（拟声词）The use of words that resemble the sounds they denote, fo r example, ‘hiss’, ‘bang’, ‘pop’ or ‘smack’.Oxford Movement: A movement of High Church Anglicans, eventually developing into Anglo-Catholicism. The movement, the members of which were often associated with the University of Oxford, argued for the reinstatement of lost Christian traditions of faith and their inclusion into Anglican liturgy and theology. They conceived of the Anglican Church as one of three branches of the Catholic Church.Oxymoron（逆喻）A figure of speech in which contradictory terms are brought together in what is at first sight an impossible combination. It is a special variety of the paradox.Paradox（悖论）An apparently self-contradictory statement, or one that seems in conflict with all logic and opinion; yet lying behind the superficial absurdity is a meaning or truth. It is common in metaphysical poetry.Parody（嘲仿）An imitation of a specific work of literature or style devised so as to ridicule its characteristic features.Exaggeration, or the application of a serious tone to an absurd subject, are typical methods. Henry Fielding’s Shamela,Samuel Richardson’s Pamela, and Lewis Carroll’s version of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s Hiawatha are examples.Pastoral（田园诗）An artistic composition dealing with the life of shepherds or with a simple, rural existence. It usually idealizes shepherds’ lives in order to create an image of peaceful and uncorrupted existence. More generally, pastoral describes the simplicity, charm, and serenity attributed to country life, or any literary convention that places kindly,rural people in nature-centered activities. The pastoral is found in poetry, drama, and fiction. Many subjects, such as love, death, religion, and politics, have been presented in pastoral settings.Pattern poetry（拟形诗）The name for verse which is written in a stanza form that creates a picture or pattern on the page. It is a precursor of concrete poetry. George Herbert’s “Easter Wings” is a typical example.Pentameter（五音步诗行） A poetic line of five feet and the most common poetic line in English.Personification（拟人） A figure of speech in which things or ideas are treated as if they were human beings, with human attributes and feeling.Poem（诗）An individual composition, usually in some kind of verse or meter, but also perhaps in heightened language which has been given some sense of pattern or organization to do with the sound of its words, its imagery, syntax, or any available linguistic element.Poet （诗人）Originally from the Greek poiein, a person who ‘makes’.Poet laureate （桂冠诗人） A laurel crown is the traditional prize for poets, based on the myth in which Apollo turns Daphne into a laurel tree. Poet laureates have been officially named by the British monarch since John Dryden’s appointment in 1668 by Charles II. They are supposed to stand as the figurehead of British poetry, but in the two centuries after John Dryden, with the exceptions of William Wordsworth and Alfred Tennyson, most were minor poets. Some indeed were poets of no significance whatever. The poets laureate in the 20th century have been less negligible. Ted Hughes is the present incumbent.Poetic licence（诗的破格）The necessary liberty given to poets, allowing them to manipulate language according to their needs, distorting syntax, using odd archaic words and constructions, etc. It can also refer to the manner in which poets, sometimes through ignorance, or deliberately, make mistaken assumptions about the world they describe.Pre-Raphaelites（前拉斐尔学派）Originally a group of artists (including John Millais, Holman Hunt and Dante Gabriel Rossetti) who organized the ‘Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood’ in 1848. Theiraim was a return to the ‘truthfulness’ and simplicity of medieval art. The representatives include Christina Rossetti, Algernon Swinburne and William Morris. The typical aspects of their poetry are medievalism, archaism and lush sensuousness combined with religious feeling.Prosody（韵律学）The technical study of versification, including meter, rhyme, sound effects and stanza patterns.Psalm（赞美诗）A sacred song or hymn, especially one from the Book of Psalms in the Bible.Pun（双关语） A figure of speech in which a word is used ambiguously, thus, invoking two or more of its meanings, often for comic effect.Pyrrhic（抑抑格） A metrical foot consisting of two short or unstressed syllables. As with the spondee, from a linguistic point of view it is doubtful if the pyrrhic is necessary in English scansion, as two successive syllables are unlikely to bear exactly similar levels of stress.Quatrian（四行诗节）A stanza of four lines. A very common form in English,used with various meters and rhyme schemes..Refrain（叠句）Words or lines repeated in the course of a poem, recurring at intervals, sometimes with slight variation, usually at the end of a stanza. Refrains are especially common in songs and ballads.Rhyme（诗韵）The pattern of sound that established unity in verse forms. Rhyme at the end of lines is ‘end rhyme’; inside a line it is ‘internal rhyme’. End rhyme is clearly the most emphatic and usually relies on homophony between final syllables.Rhyme scheme（韵式）The pattern of rhymes in a stanza or section of verse, usually expressed by an alphabetical code.Rhythm（韵律）Rhythm refers to any steady pattern of repetition, particularly that of a regular recurrence of accented or unaccented syllables at equal intervals.Romance（传奇故事）Primarily medieval fiction in verse or prose dealing with adventures of chivalry and love. Notable English romances include Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Thomas Malory’s Le Mor te d’Arthur.Romanticism（浪漫主义）A word used in an appallingly large number of different ways in different contexts.(1) Romantic in popular sense means idealized and facile love. (2) The Romantic Period. A term used to refer to the period dating from 1789 to about 1830 in English literature. Novelists of the period include Sir Walter Scott and Jane Austen; essayists such as Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt and Thomas De Quincey are notable for their contributions to the fast-developing literary magazines. There were two generations of Romantic poets: the first included William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge andRobert Southy; the second were George Gordon Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats. (3) Romanticism. It was in contrast to neoclassical literature. Writers showed their concern for feeling and emotion rather than the human capacity to reason. William Wordsworth’s The Prelude is the foremost text of Romanticism. The romantic poets were interested in nature. They saw nature as a way of coming to understand the self and made use of their imagination to create harmony. They also showed their disapproval toward neoclassical rules of poetry.Scansion（韵律分析）Scansion is the process of measuring the stresses in a line of verse in order to determine the metrical pattern of the line. It starts with identifying the standard of its prevailing meter and rhythm.Sestet（六行诗）The last six lines of a Petrarchan sonnet which should be separated by rhyme and argument from the preceding eight lines, called the octave.Sestina（六节诗）A rare and elaborate verse form, consisting of six stanzas, each consisting of six lines of pentameter, plus a three-line envoi. The end words for eachstanza are the same, but in a different order from stanza to stanza. An example is Ezra Pound’s Sestina, Altaforte.Song（歌）A short lyric poem intended to be set to music, though often such poems have no musical setting.Sonnet（十四行诗） A lyric poem of fixed form: fourteen lines of iambic pentameter rhymed and organized according to several intricate schemes. Three patterns predominate: (1) The Petrarchan or Italian sonnet is divided into an octave which rhymes abba abba, and a sestet usually rhymes cde cde, or cdc dcd.The sestet usually replies to the argument of the octave. (2) Spenserian sonnet is a nine-line stanza of iambics rhymed abab bcbc cdc dee. The first eight lines are pentameters; the final line is a hexameter;(3) Shakespearean sonnet has three quatrains and a final couplet which usually provides an epigrammatic statement of the theme. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗节） A nine-line stanza rhyming in an ababbcbcc pattern in which the first eight lines are iambic pentameter and the last line is an iambic hexameter line. The name Spenserian comes from the form’s most。
诗歌英文术语poetry
“Father William”
Page 400
• In this poem, a young man questions his father about some rather unusual behavior. • Have you ever asked someone what they were doing and received an explanation that made very little sense at all?
Mrs. Smith’s Limerick:
There once was a man from Japan. All the while he hoped for a tan. So he lay on the beach, And ate a ripe peach, That came from a Georgia van.
– A three-lined Japanese verse
9. Image:
– A word or phrase that appeals to one or more of the five senses
10. Lyric Poem:
– Highly musical verse that expresses the observations and feelings of a single speaker
英文诗歌术语名词解释
英文诗歌术语名词解释Poetry, like any other form of art, has its own set of unique terms and concepts that are used to describe and analyze various aspects of the craft. Here are some key English poetry terms and their explanations:1. Metaphor: A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unrelated things, without using the words 'like' or 'as.' For example, 'Her smile is a ray of sunshine.'2. Simile: A figure of speech that compares two unlike things using the words 'like' or 'as.' For example, 'She sings like an angel.'3. Imagery: The use of vivid and descriptive language to create mental images in the reader's mind. It appeals to the reader's senses and helps them visualize the poet's words.4. Meter: The rhythmic pattern created by stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. Different meters, such as iambic pentameter or trochaic tetrameter, have specific patterns and contribute to the overall musicality of a poem.5. Rhy The repetition of similar or identical sounds at the end of lines in a poem. Rhyme can create a sense of musicality and unity within a poem, and various rhyme schemes exist, such as AABB or ABAB.6. Stanza: A group of lines that form a unit within a poem. Stanzas are often separated by white space on the page and can vary in length and structure.7. Alliteration: The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words in close proximity. For example, 'Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.'8. Symbolism: The use of objects, characters, or actions to represent abstract ideas or qualities. Symbols can add layers of meaning and depth to a poem.9. Enjambment: The continuation of a sentence or thought from one line to the next without a pause. Enjambment can createa sense of flow and movement within a poem.10. The The central message or idea that a poet explores in a poem. It is a unifying concept that ties the various elements of a poem together.These terms are just a glimpse into the world of poetry, and there are many more techniques and concepts to explore. Learning about these terms can enhance our understanding and appreciation of poetry, as well as inspire us to create our own poetic masterpieces.。
诗歌术语2
A Glossary of Poetic TermsBallad（民谣）A narrative poem which was originally sung to tell a story in simple colloquial language.Blank verse（无韵诗）Verse in iambic pentameter without rhyme scheme, often used in verse drama in the sixteenth century and later used for poetry.Couplet（双偶）A pair of lines of verse, usually rhymed and of the same number of feet.Didactic poetry（说教诗）Poetry designed to teach or preach as a primary purpose.Dirge （挽歌）Any song of mourning, shorter and less formal than an elegy. Shakespeare‟s Full Fathom Five in The Tempest is a famous example.Elegy（挽诗）A poem of lamentation, concentrating on the death of a single person, like Alfred Tennyson‟s “In Memoriam”, Thomas Gray‟s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyar d”, or W. B. Yeats‟s “In Memory of Major Robert Gregory”.Epic（史诗）A long narrative poem in elevated style, about the adventures of a hero whose exploits are important to the history of a nation. The more famous epics in western literature are Homer‟s Iliad, Virgil‟s Aeneid,Dante‟s Divine Comedy and John Milton‟s Paradise Lost.Foot（音步）a unit of measure consisting of stressed and unstressed syllables.Free verse（自由诗）Verse released from the convention of meter, with its regular pattern of stresses and line length.Iamb（抑扬格）The commonest metrical foot in English verse, consisting of a weak stress followed by a strong stress.Iambic pentameter（五音步抑扬格）A line of five iambic feet. It is the most pervasive metrical pattern found in verse in English.Image, imagery（意象）A critical word with several different applications. In its narrowest sense an …image‟ is a word-picture, a description of some visible scene or object. More commonly, however, …imagery‟ refers to figurative language in a piece of literature; or all the words which refer to objects and qualities which appeal to the senses and feelings.Lyric（抒情诗）A poem, usually short, expressing in a personal manner the feelings and thoughts of an individual speaker. The typical lyric subject matter is love, for a lover or deity, and the mood of the speaker in relation to this love.Metaphor（隐喻）A metaphor goes further than a comparison between two different things or ideas by fusing them together: one thing is described as being another thing, thus …carrying over‟ all its associations.Meter（格律）The regular pattern of accented and unaccented syllables. The line is divided into a number of feet. According to their stress pattern the feet are classed as iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic, spondaic or pyrrhic.Monologue（独白）A single person speaking, with or without an audience, is uttering a monologue. The dramatic monologue is the name given to a specific kind of poem in which a single person, not the poet, is speaking. The best-known one is Robert Browni ng‟s My Last Duchess.Ode（颂歌）A form of lyric poem, characterized by its length, intricate stanza forms, grandeur of style and seriousness of purpose, with a venerable history in Classical and post-Renaissance poetry.Pastoral（田园诗）An artistic composition dealing with the life of shepherds or with a simple, rural existence. It usually idealizes shepherds‟ lives in order to create an image of peaceful and uncorrupted existence. More generally, pastoral describes the simplicity, charm, and serenity attributed to country life, or any literary convention that places kindly, rural people in nature-centered activities. The pastoral is found in poetry, drama, and fiction. Many subjects, such as love, death, religion, and politics, have been presented in pastoral settings.Pentameter（五音步诗行）A poetic line of five feet and the most common poetic line in English.Quatrian（四行诗节）A stanza of four lines. A very common form in English, used with various meters and rhyme schemes.Rhyme（诗韵）The pattern of sound that established unity in verse forms. Rhyme at the end of lines is …end rhyme‟; inside a line it is …internal rhyme‟. End rhyme is clearly the most emphatic and usually relies on homophony between final syllables.Rhyme scheme（韵式）The pattern of rhymes in a stanza or section of verse, usually expressed by an alphabetical code.Rhythm（韵律）Rhythm refers to any steady pattern of repetition, particularly that of a regular recurrence of accented or unaccented syllables at equal intervals.Romance（传奇故事）Primarily medieval fiction in verse or prose dealing with adventures of chivalry and love. Notable English romances include Sir Gawain andthe Green Knight and Thomas Malory‟s Le Morte d’Arthur.Simile（明喻）a comparison of two unlike things using the words "like" or "as".Scansion（韵律分析）Scansion is the process of measuring the stresses in a line of verse in order to determine the metrical pattern of the line. It starts with identifying the standard of its prevailing meter and rhythm.Song（歌）A short lyric poem intended to be set to music, though often such poems have no musical setting.Sonnet（十四行诗）A lyric poem of fixed form: fourteen lines of iambic pentameter rhymed and organized according to several intricate schemes. Three patterns predominate: (1) The Petrarchan or Italian sonnet is divided into an octave which rhymes abba abba, and a sestet usually rhymes cde cde, or cdc dcd. The sestet usually replies to the argument of the octave. (2) Spenserian sonnet is a nine-line stanza of iambics rhymed abab bcbc cdc dee. The first eight lines are pentameters; the final line is a hexameter; (3) Shakespearean sonnet has three quatrains and a final couplet which usually provides an epigrammatic statement of the theme. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.Spenserian stanza (斯宾塞诗体）A fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem The Faerie Queene. Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single 'Alexandrine' line in iambic hexameter, rhymed ababbcbcc.Stanza（诗节）A unit of several lines of verse. Much verse is split up into regular stanzas of three, four, five or more lines each. Examples of stanza forms include ottava rime, quatrain, rhyme royal, Spenserian stanza, terza rime.Syllable（音节）Sounds in language uttered with a single effort of articulation.Symbol（象征）A symbol is something which represents something else by analogy or association. A symbol may be seen as a species of metaphor in which the exact subject of the metaphor is not made explicit, and may even be mysterious.Tone（语调）The writer‟s or speaker‟s attitude toward his subject, his audience, or himself.。
英语文学作品中的专业术语（英语专业）
英语文学作品中的专业术语（英语专业）文学术语复习1. sonnet十四行诗,商籁诗type of poem containing 14 lines, each of 10 syllables, and with a formal pattern of rhymes2. tragedy 悲剧A drama or similar work, in which the main character is brought to ruin or otherwise suffers the extreme consequences of some tragic flaw or weakness of character；Play, novel or other narrative, depicting serious and important events, in which the main character (usually a good and noble person of high rank) comes to an unhappy end.3. neo-classicism新古典主义 A mid 18th Century art movement started in Rome and aimed at recreating the art of ancient Greece and Rome. It was a reaction to the excesses of Baroque and Rococo and part of a Classical revival that prevailed into the 19th Century.4. realism 现实主义The nineteenth- century literary movement that reacted to romanticism by insisting on a faithful, objective presentation of the details of everyday life. Also regarded as the style of art and literature in which things, especially unpleasant things, are shown or described as they really are in life5. Renaissance 文艺复兴(period of the) revival of art and literature in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, based on classical forms. The term originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism, being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. The study and propagation of classical learning and art was carried o n by the progressive thinkers of the humanists. They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but inman, his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas6. free verse自由诗体A poetic form divided into lines of no particular length or meter, without a rhyme scheme Also called open form poetry, free verse refers to poems characterized by their nonconformity to established patterns of meter, rhyme, and stanza. Free verse uses elements such as speech patterns, grammar, emphasis, and breath pauses to decide line breaks, and usually does not rhyme.7. imagism（意象派）：it was a poetic vogue that flourished in England, and even more vigorously in America, between the years 1912 and 1917. The typical Imagist poetry is written in free verse and undertakes to be as precisely and tersely as possible. Meanwhile, the Imagist poetry likes to express the writers’ momentary impression of a visual object or scene and often the impression is rendered by means of metaphor without indicatinga relation.8. Local Colorism（地方色彩）was a literary trend belonging to Realism. It refers to the detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular region. After the Civil War a number of American writers exploited the literary possibilities of local color in various parts of America. The most famous representative of local colorism should be Mark Twain who took his hometown near the Mississippi as the typical setting of nearly all his novels.9. epic（史诗）: A long narrative poem, elevated and dignified in theme, tone, and style, celebrating heroic deeds and historically (at times cosmically) important events; usuallyfocuses on the adventures of a hero who has qualities that are superhuman or divine and on whose fate very often depends the destiny of a tribe, a nation, or even the whole of the human race.10. Puritanism：清教主义is behavior or beliefs that are based on strict moral or religious principles, especially the principle that people should avoid physical pleasures，advocating for more "purity" of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group piety.11. tragic flaw: 悲剧性缺陷the principal defect in character or judgment that leads to the downfall of the tragic hero. In a tragedy, the quality within the hero or heroine which leads to his or her downfall. Examples of the tragic flaw include Othello's jealousy and Hamlet's indecisiveness, although most great tragedies defy such simple interpretation.12. heroic couplet（英雄双韵体）refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on. Or two lines of poetry one after the other that RHYME and usually contain ten syllables and five stresses13. stream of consciousness意识流a continuous flow of ideas, thoughts, and feelings, as they are experienced by a person; a style of writing that expresses this without using the usual methods of description and conversation: Virginia Woolf's use of stream of consciousness in her novel 'Mrs. Dalloway'。
英美文学术语terms
1.alliteration：It is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or morewords that are next to or close to each other. It is a form of initial rhyme, or head rhyme.2.caesura：a pause in a line of verse, often coinciding with a break between clauses orsentences. It is usually placed in the middle of the line, but may appear near the beginning or towards the end.3.Sonnet - a lyric poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, with rhymes arranged according to certain definite patterns. It usually expresses a single, complete thought, idea, or sentiment.4.Free verse: a kind of poetry that does not conform to any regular metre: the length of its lines is irregular, as is its use of rhyme.5. heroic couplet: a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines.6. Paradox: a statement or expression so surprisingly self-contradictory as to provoke us into seeking another sense or context in which it would be true.7. Conceit: An unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feelings.8. Mock epic: a poem employing the lofty style and the conventions of the epic poetry to describe a trivial or undignified series of events; thus a kind of satire that mocks its subject by treating it in an inappropriately grandiose manner, usually at some length. One of the outstanding examples in English is Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock.9. Satire: a mode of writing that exposes the failings of individuals, institutions or societies to ridicule and scorn. Satire is often an incidental element in literary works that may not be wholly satirical, especially in comedy. Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal is a bitter satire on the policy of the English government towards the Irish people.10. Epigram：a short poem with a witty turn of thought, or a wittily condensed expression in prose. Originally a form of monumental inscription in ancient Greece, the epigram was developed into a literary form by poets.11. Allegory:Allegory is a story or visual image with a second distinct meaning partially hidden behind its literal or visible meaning. The principal technique of allegory is personification, whereby abstract qualities are given human shape.12. Simile:A figure of speech in which two things, essentially different but thought to be alike in one or more respects, are compared using “like,” “as,” “as if,” or “such” for the purpose ofexplanation, allusion, or ornament.13. metaphor: the most important and widespread figure of speech, in which one thing, idea, or action is referred to by a word or expression normally denoting another thing, idea, or action, so as to suggest some common quality shared by the two. In metaphor, this resemblance is assumed as an imaginary identity rather than directly stated as a comparison.14. verbal irony: it involves a discrepancy between what is said and what is really meant, as in its crude form, sarcasm..15. dramatic irony:the audience knows more about a character’s situation than the character does, foreseeing an outcome contrary to the character’s expectations, and thus ascribing a sharply different sense to some of the character’s own statements.。
英美文学术语,中英对照简洁版
1. Allegory （寓言）A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. 寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力。
2. Alliteration （头韵）Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words.头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。
3. Allusion （典故）A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. 典故：作者对某些读者熟悉并能够作出反映的特定人物，地点，事件，文学作品的引用。
4. Analogy （类比）A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them. 类比：为了在两个事物之间找出差别而进行的比较。
5. Antagonist （反面主角）The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero or heroine of a narrative or drama.反面主角：叙事文学或戏剧中与男女主人公或英雄相对立的主要人物。
6. Antithesis （对仗）The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words, or sentences. 对仗：两组相对的思想，言辞，词句的平衡。
英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)
1，alliteration 2，kenning 3，caesura 4,romance 5,chivalery 6,quatrain 7,meter:rhyme 8,heroic couplet 9iambic pentameter 10,bob and wheel 11,realism 12,idealism 13,renaissiance 14,blank verse 15,sonnet 16,comedy 17,tragedy 18,humanism 19,cavalier poets 20,metaphysical poets 21,metaphysical conceit1. Epic(史诗)（appeared in the Anglo-Saxon Period ）Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》.1.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.4. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
英语诗歌简明术语表[合集]
![英语诗歌简明术语表[合集]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/5841afe3c0c708a1284ac850ad02de80d4d8060d.png)
英语诗歌简明术语表[合集]第一篇：英语诗歌简明术语表英语诗歌简明术语表A Concise Glossary of English Poetry Accent 重音 Allegory 寓言 Alliteration 头韵 Allusion 典故Anapest 抑抑扬格 Apostrophe 呼语Approximate rime近韵 Assonance 半韵 Ballad 民谣Ballad stanza 民谣体诗节Blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗Cacophony 不和谐音 Caesura 行停中顿Connotation 内涵，引申义 Consonance 辅音韵 Cosmic irony 命运反讽 Couplet 对句 Dactyl 扬抑抑格 Denotation 本义 Dimeter 二音步诗 Doggerel 打油诗Dramatic irony 戏剧性反讽Dramatic monologue 戏剧性独白 End rhyme 尾韵End-stopped line 行尾停顿诗行English or Shakespearean sonnet 英式/莎士比亚体十四行诗Enjambment 跨行连续 Epic 史诗 Euphony 谐音 Exact rhyme 全韵Eye rhyme 视觉韵 Feminine rhyme 阴韵Figure of speech 修辞手法 Fixed form 固定诗体 Foot 音步Free verse 自由诗 Haiku 俳句Heroic couplet 英雄偶句体 Heptameter 七音步诗行 Hexameter 六音步诗行 Hyperbole 夸张 Iamb 抑扬格 Imagery 意象Internal rhyme 行中韵Irony 反讽，反语Italian or Petrarchan sonnet 意式/比特拉克体十四行诗Limerick 五行打油诗 Literary ballad 文人民谣 Lyric 抒情诗Masculine rhyme 阳韵 Metaphor 暗喻，隐喻 Meter 格律，韵律 Metonymy 换喻，转喻 Monometer 单音步诗行 Narrative poem 叙事诗 Octameter 八音步诗行 Octave 八行诗节 Ode 颂诗Onomatopoeia 拟声法 Open form 开放诗体 Overstatement 夸张 Oxymoron 矛盾形容法 Paradox 悖论Pentameter 五音步诗行 Personification 拟人法 Picture poem 涂画诗 Prose poem 散文诗 Quatrain 四节诗行 Refrain 叠句，副歌Rhyme or rime 押韵Rhyme scheme 押韵格式Rhythm 节奏，韵律，格律Run-on line 连续诗行 Sarcasm 讥刺 Satire 讽刺Scansion 韵律分析，韵律图示 Sestet 六节诗行 Simile 明喻Situational irony 情景反讽Sonnet 十四行诗Speaker 说话者Spondee 扬扬格 Stanza 诗节 Stress 重音 Symbol 象征 Synecdoche 提喻 Tercet 三行诗节Terza rima 三行诗节隔行押韵法 Tetrameter 四音步诗行 Theme 主题Tone 语气，语调trimeter 三音步诗行Triplet 同韵三行联句Trochee 扬抑格Understatement 低调陈述，轻描淡写Verbal irony 言辞反讽Verse 散文诗Villanelle 维拉内拉体第二篇：简明英语句子成分分析简明英语句子成分分析一、句子的成分概说句子是包含主语部分和谓语部分的一组词。
英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版)
The Basic Elements of Appreciating English Poetry1.What is poetry?Poetry is the expression of Impassioned feeling in language.“Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.”“Poetry, in a general sense, may be defined to be the expression of the imagination.”Poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty.Poetry is the image of man and nature.“诗言志，歌咏言。
” ---《虞书》“诗言志之所以也。
在心为志，发言为诗。
情动于中而行于言，言之不足，则嗟叹之；嗟叹之不足，故咏歌之；咏歌之不足，不知手之舞之，足之蹈之也。
情发于声；声成文，谓之音。
”---《诗·大序》“诗是由诗人对外界所引起的感觉，注入了思想与情感，而凝结了形象，终于被表现出来的一种‘完成’的艺术。
” ---艾青：《诗论》2.The Sound System of English Poetrya. The prosodic featuresProsody (韵律)---the study of the rhythm, pause, tempo, stress and pitch features of a language.Chinese poetry is syllable-timed, English poetry is stress-timed.Stress: The prosody of English poetry is realized by stress. One stressed syllable always comes together with one or more unstressed syllables.eg. Tiger, /tiger, /burning /brightIn the /forest /of the/ night,What im/mortal /hand or /eyeCould frame thy/ fearful /symme/try? ---W. BlakeLength: it can produce some rhetorical and artistic effect.eg. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea,The Ploughman homeward plods his weary way,And leaves the world to darkness and to me.---Thomas GrayLong vowels and diphthongs make the poem slow, emotional and solemn; short vowels quick, passionate, tense and exciting.Pause: it serves for the rhythm and musicality of poetry.b. Meter or measure (格律)poem---stanza/strophe---line/verse---foot---arsis + thesis;Meter or measure refers to the formation way of stressed andunstressed syllables.Four common meters:a) Iambus; the iambic foot (抑扬格)eg. She walks/ in beau/ty, like/ the nightOf cloud /less climes/ and star/ry skies;And all/ that’s best /of dark/ and brightMeet in /her as /pect and /her eyes. ---Byronb) Trochee; the trochaic foot（扬抑格）eg. Never /seek to/ tell thy/ love,Love that/ never/ told can/ be. ---Blake c) Dactyl; the dactylic foot （扬抑抑格）eg. Cannon to/ right of them,Cannon to/ left of them.Cannon in/ front of them,V olley’d and/ thunder’d. ---Tennysond) Anapaest; the anapestic foot（抑抑扬格）eg. Break,/ break, /break,On thy cold /grey stones,/ O sea!And I would /that my tongue/ could utterThe thought/ that arise /in me. ---Tennysonc) Other metersAmphibrach, the amphibrachic foot (抑扬抑格)；Spondee, the spondaic foot(扬扬格)；Pyrrhic, the pyrrhic foot (抑抑格)；d) Actalectic foot (完整音步) and Cactalectic foot（不完整音步）eg. Rich the / treasure,Sweet the / pleasure. (actalectic foot)Tiger,/ tiger, /burning /bright,In the/ forest/ of the/ night. (cactalectic foot )e) Types of footmonometer(一音步)dimeter（二音步）trimeter（三音步）tetrameter（四音步）pentameter（五音步）hexameter（六音步）heptameter（七音步）octameter（八音步）We have iambic monometer, trochaic tetrameter, iambicpentameter, anapaestic trimeter, etc., when the number offoot and meter are taken together in a poem.C. RhymeWhen two or more words or phrases contain an identicalor similar vowel sound, usually stressed, and theconsonant sounds that follow the vowel sound areidentical and preceded by different consonants, a rhymeoccurs.It can roughly be divided into two types:internal rhyme and end rhymeInternal rhymea) alliteration: the repetition of initial identical consonant sounds or any vowel sounds in successive or closely associated syllables, esp. stressed syllables.eg. The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,The furrow followed free.---ColeridgeI slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,Among my skinning swallows.---Tennyson Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade,He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast.---Shakespeare “Consonant cluster” (辅音连缀)“internal or hidden alliteration” (暗头韵) as in“Here in the long unlovely street” (Tennyson)The Scian & the Teian muse,The hero’s harp, the love’s lute,Have found the fame your shores refuse.---Byron b) Assonance (腹韵/元音叠韵/半谐音)：the repetition of similar or identical vowel sounds in a line ending with different consonant sounds.eg. Do not go gentle into that nightOld age should burn and rave at close of day.Rage, rage against the dying of the light.Though wise men at their end know dark is right,Because their words have forked no lightning theyDo not go gentle into that night.c) Consonance (假韵): the repetition of the ending consonant sounds with different preceding vowels of two or more words in a line.eg. At once a voice arose amongThe bleak twigs overheadIn a full-hearted evensongOf joy illimited.---HardyEnd rhyme: lines in a poem end in similar or identicalstressed syllables.a) Perfect rhymePerfect rhyme (in two or more words) occurs in the following three conditions:identical stressed vowel sounds (lie--high, stay--play);the same consonants after the identical stressed vowels (park--lark, fate-- late);different consonants preceding the stressed vowels (first– burst);follow—swallow (perfect rhyme)b) imperfect/ half rhyme: the stressed vowels in two or more words are the same, but the consonant sounds after and preceding are different.eg. fern—bird, faze—late, like—rightc) Masculine and feminine rhymeeg. Sometimes when I’m lonely,Don’t know why,Keep thinking I w on’t be lonelyBy and by.---Hughes The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven,As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speedScarce seem’d a vision; I would ne’er have striven…---Shelley Rhyme scheme (韵式)a) Running rhyme scheme (连续韵)two neighbouring lines rhymed in aa bb cc dd:eg. Tiger, tiger, burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eyeCould frame thy fearful symmetry?In what distant deeps or skiesBurnt the fire of thine eyes?On what wings dare he aspire?What the hand dare seize the fire?b) Alternating rhyme scheme (交叉韵)rhymed every other line in a b a b c d c d:eg. Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:---Shakespearec) enclosing rhyme scheme (首尾韵)In a quatrain, the first and the last rhymed, and the second and the third rhymed in a b b a:eg. When you are old and gray and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read, and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;---W. B. YeatsD. Form of poetry ( stanzaic form)a) couplet: a stanza of two lines with similar end rhymes:eg. A little learning is a dangerous thing;Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian Spring.b) heroic couplet: a rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter:eg. O could I flow like thee, and make thy streamMy great example, as it is my theme:---DenhamThen share thy pain, allow that sad relief;Ah, more than share it, give me all thy grief.---Popec) Triplet / tercet: a unit or group of three lines, usu. rhymedeg. He clasps the crags with crooked hands;Close to the sun in lonely lands,Ringed with the azure world, he stands.The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls:He watches from his mountains walls,And like a thunderbolt he falls.---Tennyson d) quatrain: a stanza of four lines rhymed or unrhymed.eg. O my luve is like a red, red rose,That’s newly sprung in Jun e;O my luve is like the melodieThat’s sweetly play’d in tune.As fair art thou, my bonie lass,So deep in luve am I;And I will luve thee still, my dear,Till a’ the seas gang dry.---Burnse) Sonnet: a fixed verse form of Italian origin consisting of14 lines that are characteristically in iambic pentameter:The Petrarchan / Italian sonnet (Francesco Petrarch):two parts: octave, asking question, presenting a problem,or expressing an emotional tension rhyming abba abba;while the sestet, solving the problem rhyming cde cde,cde cde, or cd cd cd.Shakespearean / English sonnet:arranged usually into three quatrains and a couplet,rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. The first quatrain introducesa subject, the second expands, and once more in the third,and concludes in the couplet.Spenserian sonnet: three quatrains and a couplet rhymingabab bcbc cdcd ee;Miltonic sonnet: simply an ltalian sonnet that eliminates thepause between the octave and sestet.f) Blank verse: the unrhymed iambic pentametereg. To be, or not to be: that is the question:Whe ther ’tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;---Shakespeareg) Free verse: poetry that is based on irregular rhythmiccadence of the recurrence, with variations, of phrases,images and syntactical patterns rather than theconventional use of meter.eg. DaysWhat are days for?Days are where we live.They come, they wake usTime and time over.They are to be happy inWhere can we live but days?Ah, solving that questionBring the priest and doctorIn their long coatsRunning over the fields.---Philip Larkin3.The semantic system of English poetrya. The meaning of poetryPoetry is “the one permissible way of saying one t hingand meaning another”. (Frost)The meaning of a poem usually consists of three levels,that is, the literal (the lowest), the sensory (the medium)and the emotional (the highest).b. Image---the soul of the meaning in poetrya) Definition: “language that evokes a physical sensationproduced by one or more of the five senses--- sight,hearing, taste, touch and smell.” (Kirszner and Mandell)A literal and concrete representation of a sensoryexperience or of an object that can be known by one ormore of the senses.b) Types of imagesIn terms of senses：visual image (视觉意象)auditory image（听觉意象）olfactory image（嗅觉意象）tactile image （触觉意象）gustatory image （味觉意象）kinaesthetic image （动觉意象）eg. Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king,Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing:Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!---Thomas Nashe In terms of the relation between the image and the object:Literal (字面意象) and figurative image （修辞意象）The former refers to the one that involves no necessarychange or extension in the obvious meaning of the words;or the one in which the words call up a sensoryrepresentation of the literal object or sensation.The latter is the one that involves a turn on the literalmeaning of the words.eg. Let us walk in the white snowIn a soundless space;With footsteps quiet and slow,At a tranquil pace,Under veils of white lace.---Elinor WylieIn terms of the readers: fixed and free image（稳定意象和自由意象）By fixed or tied image, it is the one so employed that itsmeaning and associational value is the same ornearly the same for all readers.By free image, it is the one not so fixed by the context thatits possible meanings or associational values are limited, itis therefore, capable of having various meanings or valuesfor various people.eg. SnakeI saw a young snake glideOut of the mottled shadeAnd hang limp on a stone:A thin mouth, and a tongueStayed, in the still air.It turned; it drew away;Its shadow bent in half;It quickened and was gone.I felt my slow blood warm.I longed to be that thing,The pure, sensuous form.And I may be, some time. ---Theodore Roethkec) The function of image:to stimulate readers’ senses;to activate readers’ sensory and emotional experience;to involve the readers in the creation of poetry with personal and emotional experience; to strike a responsive chord in the hearts of readers;eg. FogThe fog comeson little cat feet.It sits lookingover harbor and cityon silent haunchesand then moves on.---Carl Sandbergeg. Fire and iceSome say the world will end in fire,Some say in ice.From what I’ve tasted of desireI hold with those who favor fire.But if it had to perish twice,I think I know enough of hateTo say that for destruction iceIs also greatAnd would suffice. ---R. FrostC. The means of expressing meaninga) Phonetic devicesonomatopoeiaA widow birdeg. A widow bird was mourning for her loveUpon a wintry bough;The frozen wind crept on above,The freezing stream belowThere was no leaf upon the forest bare,No flower upon the ground,And little motion in the airExcept the mill-wheel’s sound. P. B. Shelley Puneg.The little black thing among the snowCrying “’weep, ’weep” in notes of woe!b) figures of speechA. comparison: metaphor; simile (tenor 本体, vehicle 喻体)B. conceitC. personificationD. metonymy (换喻)E. apostropheF. synaesthesia （“通感”或“联觉”）G. symbolismH. hyperboleI. Allusion （典故）c) Deviation (变异)：the digression from the normal way ofexpressionsLexical deviation (self-made words)Grammatical deviation (slang, vernacular)Deviation of registersDeviation of cultural subjects。
文学英语词汇大全了解经典文学作品的专业术语
文学英语词汇大全了解经典文学作品的专业术语文学作品是人类智慧与情感的结晶，它们通过语言表达思想，启迪读者的想象力与情感。
作为文学爱好者，了解并掌握相关的文学英语词汇是必不可少的。
本文将介绍一些经典文学作品中常见的专业术语，帮助读者更好地理解文学作品。
一、小说常用词汇1. Protagonist（主角）- 故事的中心人物，通常是发展故事情节的主要推动力。
2. Antagonist（对手）- 与主角相对立的人物，通常是制造冲突和故事发展的阻碍者。
3. Plot（情节）- 故事的基本框架，包括起承转合等不同部分。
4. Setting（背景）- 故事发生的地点和时间背景。
5. Conflict（冲突）- 故事中出现的矛盾和问题，是推动情节发展的驱动力。
6. Theme（主题）- 故事的核心思想或主旨。
7. Foreshadowing（暗示）- 在故事中提前暗示后续发展的情节或事件。
8. Symbolism（象征主义）- 通过特定的符号或象征来传递更深层次的意义。
9. Irony（讽刺）- 用逆转的手法展示出与表面相反的结果或意义。
10. Point of view（视角）- 故事叙述的角度，可以是第一人称、第三人称等。
二、诗歌专业术语1. Rhyme（押韵）- 诗歌中相邻句子或词语的音韵相同或相似。
2. Meter（韵律）- 诗歌中由重音和轻音组成的节奏。
3. Stanza（诗节）- 诗歌中的一组排列整齐的行。
4. Simile（明喻）- 通过使用"like"或"as"来进行比喻的修辞手法。
5. Metaphor（隐喻）- 直接将一个事物比作另一个事物的修辞手法。
6. Personification（拟人）- 赋予非人事物以人类特征的修辞手法。
7. Alliteration（头韵）- 诗句中多个字母或音节以相同的辅音开头。
8. Assonance（押韵）- 诗句中多个字母或音节以相同的元音结尾。
英语诗歌术语以及定义
acrosticismthe art or skill of writing a poem in which the lines or stanzasbegin with letters of the alphabet in regular order or one inwhich the first, middle, or final letters of the line spell a word or a phrase. —acrostic, n., adj.Alexandrinean iambic hexameter, or iambic verse with six feet.anapesta foot of three syllables, the first two short or unstressed, thethird long or stressed. —anapestic, adj.antibacchius1. (in quantitative meter) two long syllables followed by a short.2. (in accented meter) two stressed syllables followed by anunstressed. Cf. bacchius. —antibacchic, adj.antistrophethe second of two metrically related sections in a poem. Cf.strophe. See also 127. DRAMA . —antistrophic,antistrophal , adj.arsisthe accented part of a foot of verse.bacchius1. (in quantitative meter) a short syllable followed by two long.2. (in accented meter) an unstressed syllable followed by twostressed. Cf. antibacchius . —bacchic , adj.bardism1. the art or skill of one who composes and recites epic orheroic poetry, often to his own musical accompaniment.2. membership in an ancient Celtic order of poets.cantoone of the main (larger) divisions in a long poem.catalexisincompleteness of a foot, wherever it appears in a verse.—catalectic, adj.dactyla foot of three syllables, the flrst long or accented, the followingtwo short or unaccented. —dactylist, n.—dactylic, adj. diastole(in Greek and Latin verse) the lengthening of a short syllable. Cf.systole.—diastolic, adj.dipodya double foot; a pair of similar feet comprising a metrical unit.—dipodic, adj.disticha couplet or pair of verses or lines, usually read as a unit. ecthlipsis(in Latin prosody) the elision of the last syllable of a word ending in m when the following word begins with a vowel.heptametera verse having seven metrical feet. —heptametrical, adj. heptapodya verse having seven metrical feet; a heptameter.—heptapodic, adj.hexametera verse having six metrical feet. —hexametrical, adj. hexapodya verse having six metrical feet; a hexameter. —hexapodous,adj.iamba foot of two syllables, the first short or unstressed, the secondlong or stressed. —iambic, adj.ictusthe stress or accent that indicates the rhythm of a verse or piece of music. See also 284. MUSIC .lettrisma technique of poetic composition originated by Isidore Isou,characterized by strange or meaningless arrangements ofletters.logaoedica poem or verse composed of dactyls and trochees or anapestsand iambs, resulting in a proselike rhythm. —logaoedic, adj. lyricismthe practice of writing verse in song form rather than narrativeform to embody the poet’s thoughts and emotions. Also lyrism.—lyricist, n.—lyrical, adj.lyrismlyricism. —lyrist, n.madrigala lyric poem suitable for setting to music, usually with love as atheme. —madrigalist, n.metricism1. any of various theories and techniques of metricalcomposition.2. the study of metrics. —metricist, n.metrics1. the science of meter. —metricist, n.2. the art of composing metrical verse. —metrician, metrist, n. metromaniaan abnormal compulsion for writing verse.monopodya verse consisting of one foot. —monopodic, adj.octonarya stanza of eight lines; an octave. —octonary, adj. orthometry1. the laws of versification.2. the art or practice of applying these laws.pentametera verse of five metrical feet.pentapodya line of verse containing five feet.poesy1.Archaic. poetry.2.Obsolete, a poem.poetasterypoor or mediocre poetry.poeticismthe qualities of bad poetry: trite subject matter, banal or archaic and poetical language, easy rhymes, jingling rhythms,sentimentality, etc; the standards of a poetaster.poetics1.Lit. Crit. the nature and laws of poetry.2. the study of prosody.3. a treatise on poetry.4. (cap. ) a treatise or collection of lecture notes on aestheticscomposed by Aristotle.proceleusmatica metrical foot of four short syllables. —proceleusmatic, adj. prosody1. the science or study of poetic meters and versification.2. a particular or distinctive system of metrics and versification,as that of Dylan Thomas. —prosodist, n.—prosodie,prosodical, adj.pyrrhica metrical foot composed of two short or unaccented syllables.—pyrrhic, adj.rhapsodismthe professional recitation of epic poems. —rhapsodist, n. rhapsodomancya form of divination involving verses.rhopalism1. the art or skill of writing verse in which each successive wordin a line is longer by one syllable than the preceding word or inwhich each line of verse is longer by a syllable or a metrical foot than the preceding line.2. an instanceof rhopalicform. —rhopalist, n.—rhopalic, adj. rhymestera poetaster or poet of little worth; a mere versifier.scansionthe analysis of verse into its metrical or rhythmic components. spondeea foot of two syllables, both long or stressed. —spondiac, adj. stanzaa section of a poem containing a number of verses.sticha line of a poem; verse.stichomancya form of divination involving lines of poetry or passages frombooks.strophethe first of two metrically related sections in a poem. Cf.antistrophe. See also 127. DRAMA .synonymous parallelisma term describing a couplet in which the second line repeats theidea or content of the first line, but in different terms, as by using different images, symbols, etc.systolethe shortening of a syllable that is naturally long. Cf. diastole .—systolic, adj.tetrameter1. a verse of four feet.2.Classical Prosody. a verse consisting of four dipodies introchaic, iambic, or anapestic meter. —tetrameter, adj. tetrapodya verse of other measure having four metrical feet.triadismthe composition of poetic triads. —triadist, n.tribracha foot composed of three short syllables. —tribrachic, adj. trimetera verse having three metrical units.triplet1. a stanza of three verses.2. any set of three verses. See also 284. MUSIC ; 295.NUMBERS .tripodya verse or measure of three metrical feet.tristicha poem, strophe, or stanza of three lines. —tristichic, adj. trocheea foot of two syllables, the first long or stressed, the secondshort or unstressed. —trochaic, adj.truncationthe omission of one or more unaccented syllables at the beginning or end of a verse. —truncated, adj。
诗歌英语词汇大全解读诗歌中的关键英语词汇领略文学的力
诗歌英语词汇大全解读诗歌中的关键英语词汇领略文学的力诗歌英语词汇大全：解读诗歌中的关键英语词汇，领略文学的力量诗歌是一种独特的文学形式，通过韵律和意象表达情感和思想。
在诗歌中，选择恰当的词汇非常重要，它们有可能隐含深刻的意义和象征。
本文将为您介绍一些常见的诗歌中的关键英语词汇，帮助您更好地理解和欣赏诗歌的魅力。
一、自然和环境1. Sky（天空）- 在许多诗歌中，天空往往象征着自由和无限的可能性。
例如，"The sky's the limit"（没有上限）这个常见的成语，意味着一个人的潜力是无穷的。
2. Moon（月亮）- 月亮在诗歌中非常盛行，它通常象征着浪漫、神秘和幻想。
"The moonlit night"（月光下的夜晚）是一个经常出现的描写，形容它温柔的光芒和神秘的氛围。
3. Bloom（花开）- 花朵是自然界中的美丽象征，它们经常出现在诗歌中，代表生命和希望，尤其是当春天来临时。
例如，"In full bloom"（盛开），用来形容美丽的花朵在阳光下完全绽放。
二、人类情感和内心世界1. Love（爱）- 爱情是诗歌中最常出现的主题之一。
诗人会使用各种词汇来表达爱、温暖和柔情。
例如，"Love is a battlefield"（爱情是一个战场）这个成语描述了爱情的复杂性和挑战。
2. Tears（泪水）- 泪水常常被用来表达伤心和痛苦。
诗人尝试通过描述泪水来传达情感世界的复杂性和深度。
3. Hope（希望）- 希望是一个非常强大的情感，它在诗歌中常常代表着无尽的期待和信任。
有时，希望被描述为激励人们努力追求成功和改变的力量。
三、时间和回忆1. Time（时间）- 时间是诗歌中一个重要的主题，诗人经常使用时间的概念来描绘生命的流逝和变化。
例如，"Time flies"（时间飞逝），形容时间过得很快。
英美诗歌文学术语（全英）
英美诗歌⽂学术语（全英）Selected English and American PoemsLiterary Terms for Discussing PoetryAlliteration: The repetition of initial sounds or prominent consonant sounds. Examples: “A ll the a wful a uguries;” “p ensive p oets;” “a f ter li f e’s f itful f ever;” “I s lip, I s lide, I g loom, I g lance” (from Tennyson’s “The Brook”)Apostrophe: An addressing to an absent or imagined person or to a thing as if it were present and could listen. Example:“Milton! Thou shouldst be living at this hour / England hath need of thee: she is a fen / Of stagnant waters:” (from William Wordsworth, “London, 1802”)Assonance: The repetition, in words of close proximity, of same or similar vowel sounds, especially in stressed syllables, preceded and followed by differing consonant sounds. Examples: “deep green sea;” “light / bride;” “tide / mine” (note that tide and hide are rhymes).Ballad: A short narrative poem, especially one that is sung or recited, composed of quatrains, with 8, 6, 8, 6 syllables, with the second and fourth lines rhyming. A ballad often contains a refrain (i.e.a repeated phrase, line, or group of lines). Examples: “Jackaroe;” “The Long Black Veil”Blank verse: Unrhymed iambic pentameter. Examples: Shakespeare's playsCarpe diem poetry: Poems, whose theme is “to seize the day,” that is concerned with the shortness of life and the need to act in or enjoy the present. Examples: Herrick’s “To the Virgins to Make Much of Time”; Marvell's "To His Coy Mistress"Consonance: The counterpart of assonance; the repetition of identical consonant sounds in words whose main vowels differ. Also called half rhyme or slant rhyme. Examples: shadow / meadow; pressed / passed; trolley / bully; fail / peel.Couplet: A stanza of two lines, usually, but not necessarily, with end-rhymes (i.e. the rhyming words occur at the ends of the lines). Couplets end the pattern of a Shakespearean sonnet. Diction: The choice of vocabulary and of grammatical constructions. In poetry, it can be formal or high—proper, elevated, elaborate, and often polysyllabic language; neutral or middle—correct language characterized by directness and simplicity; or informal or low—relaxed, conversational and familiar language. Example: there is a difference in diction between “One never knows” and “You never can tell.”Double rhyme or trochaic rhyme: Rhyming words of two syllables in which the first syllable is accented. Example: flower / showerDramatic monologue: A poetic form, derived from the theater, in which the poet chooses a moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives and their minds and hearts to one or more other characters whose presence is strongly felt. In some dramatic monologues, especially those by Robert Browning, the speaker may reveal his personality in unexpected and unflattering ways. Examples: Robert Browning’s “My Last Duchess;” T. S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock;” Tennyson’s “Ulysses”Elegy: A lyric poem expressing sadness, usually a lament for the dead. Example: Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”Enjambment: The continuation of the grammatical construction and logical sense of a line on to the next line or lines for the purpose of special effect. Also called run-on lines. Example: “The Count your master’s known munificence / Is ample warrant that no just pretense / Of mine fordowry will be disallowed…. ” (from Browning, “My Last Duchess”)Epic: A long narrative poem, dignified in theme and elevated in style, that usually records how a hero, through experiences of great adventure, accomplishes important deeds. Examples: Homer’s “Odyssey;” Milton’s “Paradise Lost”Eye rhyme: Words that look as if they should rhyme because they are spelled identically but pronounced differently. Examples: heath / death; watch / catch, bear / fear, dough / coughEnd rhyme: Identical sounds at the ends of lines of poetry. Also called “terminal rhyme.” Example: “Tyger! Tyger! burning bright / In the forests of the night” (from William Blake, “The Tyger”). Feminine rhyme (double rhyme): Stressed rhyming syllables are followed by identical unstressed syllables. Examples: fatter / batter; tenderly / slenderly; revival / arrival Foot: A basic metrical unit, consisting of two or three syllables, with a specified arrangement of the stressed syllable orsyllables. The repetition of feet can produce a pattern of stresses throughout the poem. The numbers of feet are given here: monometer (one foot); dimeter (two feet); trimeter (three feet); tetrameter (four feet); pentameter (five feet); hexameter (six feet); heptameter or septenary (seven feet); Octameter (eight feet).Free verse: Poetry in lines of irregular length, usually unrhymed and often largely based on repetition and parallel grammatical structure. Examples: Walt Whitman’s “O Captain! My Captain!”; Gwendolyn Brooks’ “The Bean Eaters”Heroic couplet: Two successive rhyming lines of iambic pentameter, often “closed,” i.e. containing a complete thought. It is called heroic because in England, especially in the 18th century, it was much used for heroic (epic) poems. Examples: “Be not the first by whom the new are tried, / Nor yet the last to lay the old aside.” (f rorm Alexander Pope, “An Essay on Criticism”) Iambic pentameter: The most natural and common kind of metrical pattern in English. Example: “The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, / The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea, / The plowman homeward plods his weary way, / And leaves the world to darkness and to me” (from Thomas Gray, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”).Image: An Image is language that appeals to the senses, such as sight (visual), sounds (auditory), tastes (gustatory), smells (olfactory), and sensations of touch (tactile). Imagery refers to images throughout a work or throughout the works of a writer or group of writers. Images frequently do more than offer only sensory impressions. They also convey emotions and moods. Examples: “the gray sea and the long black land” (visual); “and quench its speed i’ the slushy sand” (auditory); “sea-scented beach” (olfactory); Ezra Pound’s “In a Station of the Metro” (visual and tactile) Lyric poem: A short poem, often songlike, with the emphasis not on narrative but on the speaker’s emotion or reverie. Example: Christopher Marlowe’s “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” Masculine rhyme: Rhyme of one-syllable words such as lies / cries or, if more than one syllable, words in which the final syllables are stressed and, after their differing initial consonant sounds, are identical in sound. Examples: stark / mark; support / retort; behold / foretoldMetaphor: A kind of figurative language equating two literally incompatible things with each other, without a connective such as like or a verb such as appears or resembles. Examples: “Oh, my love is a red, red rose” (the speaker’s love is equated with a rose); “a piercing cry” (a cry is compared to a spear or other sharp instrument)Metaphysical conceit: An elaborate and extended metaphor or simile that links two apparently unrelated fields or subjects in an unusual and surprising conjunction of ideas. The term is commonly applied to the metaphorical language of a number of early 17th century poets,particularly John Donne. Examples: Donne’s “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning;” Marvell’s “To His Coy Mistress”Meter: A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. The most common kinds of metrical feet in English poetry are the five listed below:Iamb (iambic): An unstressed stressed foot. The most common rhythm in English verse.Examples: alone; away; “My heart is like a singing bird”Trochee (trochaic): A stressed unstressed foot. Examples: happy; garden, “Tyger! Tyger!Burning bright;”He was / louder / than the / preacherAnapest (anapestic): An unstressed unstressed stressed foot. Also called “galloping meter.”Examples: “As I came / to the edge / of the wood;” “There are man / -y whosay / that a dog / has his day”Dactyl (dactylic): A stressed unstressed unstressed foot. Examples: underwear; constantly;Take her up / tenderly; Sing it all / merrilySpondee (spondaic): A stressed stressed foot. Examples: True-blue; smart lad; sweet rose;dead set; “ (That the) night come”Ode: A long, stately poem in stanzas of varied length, meter, and form; Usually a serious poem on an exalted subject. Example: Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind”Onomatopoeia: A blending of consonant and vowel sounds designed to imitate or suggest the sound of the activity being described. Examples: hiss; buzz; murmur; whirrOxymoron: A self-contradictory combination of words or smaller verbal units. Also can be seen as a compact paradox. Examples: bittersweet; a pleasing pain; hurry slowly. An exaggerated employment of oxymoron can be seen in Romeo’sspeech early in Romeo and Juliet:Why, then, O brawling love! O loving hate!O anything, of nothing first create!O heavy lightness! serious vanity!Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms!Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health!Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is!Paradox: A rhetorical figure embodying a seeming contradiction that is nonetheless true with a logic structure. Examples:“More haste, less speed;” “less is more;” “The child is father of the man”Pentameter: A line of verse containing five feet.Personification: Attributing human characteristics to nonhuman things or abstractions. Prosody: The principles of versification, particularly as they refer to rhyme, meter, rhythm, and stanza.Quatrain: A four-line stanza or poetic unit. In an English or Shakespearean sonnet, a group of four lines united by rhyme.Rhyme: The repetition of identical or similar concluding syllables in different words, most often at the ends of lines. Unlike rhythm, rhyme is not basic to poetry; but it is pleasant, suggests order, and may be related to meaning implying a relationship. Examples: lie / high; June / moon; stay / play; tender / slender; throne / alone; love / doveRhyme scheme: The pattern of rhyme, usually indicated by assigning a letter of the alphabet toeach rhyme at the end of a line of poetry. Example: The rhyme scheme of Shakespearean sonnet often is abab cdcd efef gg.Scan (scansion): The process of marking the kind and number of feet in poetic lines to establish the prevailing metrical pattern. Example: The scansion of the line “The summer thunder, like a wooden bell” tells readers that it is iambic pentameter.Shakespearean sonnet: A fourteen-line poem written in iambic pentameter, composed of three quatrains and a couplet rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. Also called the English sonnet. Shakespeare was its most distinguished practitioner.Slant rhyme: A near or approximate but not true rhyme in which the concluding consonant sounds are identical but not the vowels. Also called oblique rhyme, off-rhyme and pararhyme. Examples: sun / noon, should / food, slim / ham. Soliloquy: A speech in a play, in which a character alone on the stage speaks his or her thoughts aloud. Examples: Shakespeare’s HamletSonnet: A closed form of poem almost invariably of fourteen lines and following one of several set rhyme schemes. The two basic sonnet types are the Italian or Petrarchan and the English or Shakespearean. The sonnet developed in Italy probably in the 13th century and the form was introduced into England by Thomas Wyatt.Stanza: A group of poetic lines forming a unit corresponding to paragraphs in prose; the meters and rhymes are usually repeating or systematic.Terza rima: An interlocking rhyme scheme with the pattern aba bcb cdc, etc. Example: Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind”Verse: (1) a line of poetry; (2) a stanza of a poemVersification: The art and practice of writing verse. It includes all the mechanical elements making up poetic composition: accent, rhyme, meter, rhyme, stanza form, diction, and such aids as assonance, onomatopoeia, and alliteration. Guidelines for Reading Poetry ResponsivelyThe following guidelines can help you respond to important elements that reveal a poem’s effects and meanings. The questions listed are general, so not all of them will necessarily be relevant to a particular poem. Many, however, should prove useful for thinking, discussing, understanding, and writing about poetry.1. Read the poem a few times slowly and aloud.2. Make sure you understand the grammar of each sentence so that you can follow what eachsentence literally says. If there are deviations form normal syntax, consider the reasons for them.3. Try relating the poem to your own experience in your life, work or study.4. Pay attention to the title. What does it mean or emphasize? Does it provide any context forthe poem?5. Rephrase the poem in your own words. What does your paraphrase reveal about thepoem’s subject and central concerns? What is lost or gained in your paraphrase?6. Study the poem’s voice. Who is the speaker? Is it possible to determine his or her age, sex, level of awareness, and values? Is he or she addressing anyone in particular? How would you characterize the poem’s tone? Is it consistent? What is the setting or situation?7. Analyze the poem’s diction. Look up unfamiliar words in a dictionary. Examine the denotations and connotations of the words the poet chose. Is dialect used? Is word order unusual or unexpected? How does the arrangement of words reveal the meaning or the theme of the poem?8. Consider the poem’s use of allegory, allusion, myth, and symbols. In what way are they related to the poem’s theme? Does the poem also use imagery or figures of speech such as metaphor, simile, irony, personification, hyperbole, understatement, metonymy, etc.? How do they enrich the poem’s vividness or meaning?9. Listen to the poem’s sound and rhythm. What is the predominant rhythm or meter? Are they regular or irregular? Is the rhythm consistent with the tone of the poem? Does the poem use alliteration? Assonance? Rhyme? What effect do they produce in the poem?10. Consider the poem’s form. Is the poem constructed as a sonnet? An ode? An elegy? A lyric? A free verse? Is the form appropriate for shaping the poem’s thought and emotion? 11. Identify the poem’s theme. What central theme or themes does the poem explore? How are the themes expressed?12. Consider the biographical and historical information about the author and the poem which might provide a useful context for interpretation of the poem.13. Don’t expect to produce a definitive reading. Many poems do not resolve all the ideas, issues, or tensions in them. Your reading will explore rather than define the poem.Suggestions for Scanning a Poem1. After reading the poem through, read it aloud. Try listening for natural emphases or accented syllables in the rhythm of the line.2. Mark the stressed syllables first, and then mark the unstressed syllables. Several methods can be used to mark lines. One widely used system employs ˊ for a stressed syllable and ˇ for an unstressed syllable.3. If you are not sure which syllables should be stressed, look for two- and three-syllable words in a line and pronounce them as you would normally pronounce them. For Examples, you'd say beLOW, not Below, MURmuring, not murMURing or murmurING.4. Try breaking the words into syllables so that you can see them individually instead of as part of a word. For example: You’d say “The CUR few TOLLS the KNELL of PART ing DAY,” not “The curfew tolls the knell of parting day.” This will make it easier to find the stressed syllables.5. From your markings, identify the dominant kind of foot (iambic, trochaic, dactylic, or anapestic) and divide the lines into feet.6. Count up the number of feet in each line (Remember that there may be variations; what is important is the overall pattern). Put the kind of foot together with the number of feet, and you've identified the meter. Examples: “The CUR | few TOLLS | the KNELL | of PART| ing DAY” is iambic pentameter whereas “As I CAME | to the EDGE | of the WOODS” is anapestic trimeter.7. Keep in mind that scansion does not always yield a definitive measurement of a line. What really matters is not a precise description of the line but an awareness of how a poem’s rhythms contribute to its effects.。
英美文学术语,中英对照简洁版
1.Allegory (寓言)A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities.寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力。
2.Alliteration (头韵)Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words.头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。
3.Allusion (典故)A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to.典故：作者对某些读者熟悉并能够作出反映的特定人物，地点，事件，文学作品的引用。
4.Analogy (类比)A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them.类比：为了在两个事物之间找出差别而进行的比较。
5. Antagonist (反面主角)The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero or heroine of a narrative or drama.反面主角：叙事文学或戏剧中与男女主人公或英雄相对立的主要人物。
6. Antithesis (对仗)The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words, or sentences.对仗：两组相对的思想，言辞，词句的平衡。
英国文学简史术语解释总结(英文)
1.Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphorsand understatements.2. Romance （名词解释）a story of adventure--fictitious, frequently marvelous or supernatural--in verse or prose.3，Ballad民谣（名词解释）Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记) Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上). 4，4，Heroic couplet (名词解释)heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)5 . Renaissance（名词解释）Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.555humanism 人文主义：admire human beauty and human achievement556The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism6，. Sonnet（名词解释）The sonnet is a poem in 14 lines with one or the other rhyme schme,a form much in vogue in Renaissance Europe, expecially in Italy ,France and England.7，Blank verse（名词解释）: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.8，Spenserian Stanza（名词解释）Stanza form developed by Edmund Spenser and almost certainly influenced by rhyme royal and ottava rima. Spenser's stanza has nine lines and is rhymed a-b-a-b-b-c-b-c-c. The first eight lines of the stanza are in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter. He used this form in his epic poem The Faerie Queene. John Keats, a great admirer of Spenser, used this stanza in his poem The Eve of St. Agnes.,9Enlightenment (1650-1800)（名词解释）A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracyIndividualism--emphasized the importance of the individual and his inborn rights Rationalism-- the conviction that with the power of reason, humans could arrive at truth and improve the world.Relativism-- was the concept that different cultures, beliefs, ideas, and value systems had equal merit.Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)10，Classicism（名词解释）In the arts, historical tradition or aesthetic attitudes based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity. In the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produced in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of antiquity; Neoclassicism always refers to the art produced later but inspired by antiquity.11 Sentimentalism（名词解释）Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.12Graveyard School / Poets: A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from elegiac pensiveness to profound gloom.13 Romanticism14 Lake Poets（名词解释）The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century.15 Aestheticism唯美主义（名词解释）The Aesthetic Movement is a loosely defined movement in literature, fine art, the decorative arts, and interior design in later nineteenth-century Britain. It represents the same tendencies that symbolism or decadence stood for in France and may be considered the British branch of the same movement. It belongs to the anti-Victorian reaction and had post-Romantic roots, and as such anticipates modernism. It took place in the late Victorian period from around 1868 to 1901, and is generally considered to have ended with the trial of Oscar Wilde.16 Stream-of-consciousness（名词解释）The “stream of consciousness” is a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”.。
诗歌术语
A Glossary of Poetic TermsAccent（重音）Another word for stress. The emphasis placed on a syllable. Accent is frequently used to denote stress in describing verse.Aestheticism（唯美主义）A literary movement in the 19th century of those who believed in “art for art‟s sake” in opposition to the utilitarian doctrine that everything must be morally or practically useful. Key figures of the aesthetic movement were Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.Alexandrine（亚历山大诗体）The most common meter in French poetry since the 16th century: a line of twelve syllables. The nearest English equivalent is iambic hexameter. The Alexandrine being a long line, it is often divided in the middle by a pause or caesura into two symmetrical halves called hemistiches. Alexander Pope‟s “Essay on Criticism” offers a typical example.Allegory（讽喻）A pattern of reference in the work which evokes a parallel action of abstract ideas. Usually allegory uses recognizable types, symbols and narrative patterns to indicate that the meaning of the text is to be found not in the represented work but in a body of traditional thought, or in an extra-literary context.Rrepresentative works are Edmund Spenser‟s The Faerie Queene, John Bunyan‟s The Pilgrim’s Progress.Alliteration（头韵）A rhyme-pattern produced inside the poetic line by repeating consonantal sounds at the beginning of words. It is also called initial rhyme.Allusion（引喻）A passing reference in a work of literature to something outside itself.A writer may allude to legends, historical facts or personages, to other works of literature, or even to autobiographical details. Literary allusion requires special explanation. Some writers include in their own works passages from other writers in order to introduce implicit contrasts or comparisons. T.S. Eliot‟s The Waste Land is of this kind.Analogy（类比）The invocation of a similar but different instance to that which is being represented, in order to bring out its salient features through the comparison. Anapest（抑抑扬格） A trisyllabic metrical foot consisting of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable.Apostrophe（顿呼）A rhetorical term for a speech addressed to a person, idea or thing with an intense emotion that can no longer be held back, often placed at the beginning of a poem or essay, but also acting as a digression or pause in an ongoing argument. Arcadia（阿卡狄亚）A mountainous region of Greece which was represented as the blissful home of happy shepherds. During the Renaissance Arcadia became the typical namefor an idealized rural society where the harmonious Golden Age still flourished. Sir Philip Sidney‟s prose romance is entitled Arcadia.Assonance（半谐音）The repetition of accented vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds.Aubade（晨曲）A song or salute at dawn, usually by a lover lamenting parting at daybreak, for example, John Donne‟s “The Sun Rising”.Augustan Age: may refer to 1) The period in Roman history when Caesar Augustus was the first emperor; 2) The period in the history of the Latin language when Caesar Augustus was emperor and Golden-age Latin was in use; 3) Augustan literature and Augustan poetry, the early 18th century in British literature and poetry, where the authors highly admired and emulated the original Augustan Age. Avant-garde (先锋派) A military expression used in literature refers to a group of modern artists and writers. Their main concern is deliberate and self-conscious experimentation in writing to discover new forms, techniques and subject matter in the arts.Ballad（民谣） A narrative poem which was originally sung to tell a story in simple colloquial language.Ballad metre (民谣格律）A quatrain of alternate four-stress and three-stress lines, usually roughly iambic.Ballad stanza（民谣体诗节）A quatrain that alternates tetrameter with trimeter lines, and usually rhymes a b c b.Blank verse（无韵诗）Verse in iambic pentameter without rhyme scheme, often used in verse drama in the sixteenth century and later used for poetry.Burlesque（诙谐作品）An imitation of a literary style, or of human action, that aims to ridicule by incongruity style and subject. High burlesque involves a high style for a low subject, for instance, Alexander Pope‟s The Rape of the Lock.Byronic hero（拜伦式英雄）A character type portrayed by George Lord Gordon Byron in many of his early narrative poems, especially Child Harold’s Pilgrimage. The Byronic hero is a brooding solitary, who seeks exotic travel and wild nature to reflect his superhuman passions. He is capable of great suffering and guilty of some terrible, unspecified crime, but bears this guilt with pride, as it sets him apart from society, revealing the meaninglessness of ordinary moral values. He is misanthropic, defiant, rebellious, nihilistic and hypnotically fascinating to others.Canto（诗章）A division of a long poem, especially an epic. Dante‟s Divine Comedy, Byron‟s Don Juan and Ezra Pound‟s The Cantos are all divided into these chapter-length sections.Carpe Diem（及时行乐）A poem advising someone to “seize the day” or “seize t he hour”. Usually the genre is addressed by a man to a young woman who is urged to stop prevaricating in sexual or emotional matters.Cavalier poets（骑士诗人）English lyric poets during the reign of Charles I. Richard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, Thomas Carew, Edmund Waller and Robert Herrick are the representatives of this group. Cavalier poetry is mostly concerned with love, and employs a variety of lyric forms.Cockney school of poetry （伦敦佬诗派） A derisive term for certain London-based writers, including Leigh Hunt, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Hazlitt and John Keats. This term was invented by the Scottish journalist John Gibson Lockhart in an anonymous series of article on The Cockney School of Poetry, in which he mocked the supposed stylistic vulgarity of these writers.Complaint （怨诗）A poetic genre in which the poet complains, often about his beloved. Geoffery Chaucer‟s “Complaint to His Purse”, Edward Young‟s “The Complaint”, or “Night Thoughts”are examples.Conceit（奇思妙喻）Originally it meant simply a thought or an opinion. The term came to be used in a derogatory way to describe a particular kind of far-fetched metaphorical association. It has now lost this pejorative overtone and simply denotes a special sort of figurative device. The distinguishing quality of a conceit is that it should forge an unexpected comparison between two apparently dissimilar things or ideas. The classic example is John Donne‟s The Flea and A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning.Didactic poetry（说教诗）Poetry designed to teach or preach as a primary purpose. Dirge （挽歌）Any song of mourning, shorter and less formal than an elegy. Shakespeare‟s Full Fathom Five in The Tempest is a famous example.Dithyramb（酒神颂歌）A Greek choric hymn in honour of Dionysus. In general “dithyrambic” is applied to a wildly enthusiastic song or chant.Eclogue （牧歌）A pastoral poem, especially a pastoral dialogue, usually indebted to the Virgillian tradition.Elegy（挽诗）A poem of lamentation, concentrating on the death of a single person, like Alfred Tennyson‟s “In Memoriam”, Thomas Gray‟s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”, or W. B. Yeats‟s “In Memory of Major Robert Gregory”.Epic（史诗）A long narrative poem in elevated style, about the adventures of a hero whose exploits are important to the history of a nation. The more famous epics in western literature are Homer‟s Iliad, Virgil‟s Aeneid,Dante‟s Divine Comedy and John Milton‟s Paradise Lost.Epigram（警句诗） A polished, terse and witty remark that packs generalized knowledge into short compass.Epigraph（铭文） A short quotation cited at the start of a book or chapter to point up its theme and associate its content with learning. Also an inscription on a monument or building explaining its purpose.Epitaph（墓志铭）An inscription on a tomb or a piece of writing suitable for that purpose, generally summing up someone‟s life, sometimes in praise, sometimes in satire. John Keats wrote an Epitaph for himself. It says, “Here lies one whose name is writ in water.”Epithet（表述词语） From Latin epitheton, from Greek epitithenai meaning “to add”, an adjective or adjective cluster that is associated with a particular person or thing and that usually seems to capture their prominent characteristics. For example, “Ethelred the unready”, or “fleet-foot ed Achilles” in Alexander Pope‟s version of The Iliad.Folk ballad（民间歌谣）A narrative poem designed to be sung, composed by an anonymous author, and transmitted orally for years or generations before being written down. It has usually undergone modification through the process of oral transmission.Foot（音步） a unit of measure consisting of stressed and unstressed syllables.Free verse（自由诗）Verse released from the convention of meter, with its regular pattern of stresses and line length.Georgian Poetry：the title of a series of anthologies showcasing the work of a school of English poetry that established itself during the early years of the reign of King George V of the United Kingdom. Edward Marsh was the general editor of the series and the centre of the circle of Georgian poets, which included Rupert Brooke. It has been suggested that Brooke himself took a hand in some of the editorial choices.Graveyard poets（墓园诗人）Several 18th century poets wrote mournfully pensive poems on the nature of death, which were set in graveyards or inspired by gloomy nocturnal meditations. Examples of this minor but popular genre are Thomas Parnell‟s “Night-Piece on Death”, Edward Young‟s “Night Thoughts” and Robert Blair‟s “The Grave”. Thomas Gray‟s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” owes something to this vogue.Haiku（俳句） A Japanese lyric form dating from the 13th century which consists of seventeen syllables used in three lines: 5/7/5. Several 20th century English and American poets have experimented with the form, including Ezra Pound.Heroic couplet（英雄双韵体）Lines of iambic pentameter rhymed in pairs. Alexander Pope brought the meter to a peak of polish and wit, using it in satire. Because this practice was especially popular in the Neoclassic Period between 1660 and 1790, the heroic couplet is often called the “neoclassic couplet” if the poem originates during this time period. Heroic quatrain（英雄四行诗） Lines of iambic pentameter rhymed abab, cdcd, and so on. Thomas Gray‟s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is a notable example. Hexameter（六音步）In English versification, a line of six feet. A line of iambic hexameter is called an Alexanderine.Iamb（抑扬格）The commonest metrical foot in English verse, consisting of a weak stress followed by a strong stress.Iambic-anapestic meter（抑扬抑抑扬格）A meter which freely mixes iambs and anapests, and in which it might be difficult to determine which foot prevails without actually counting.Iambic hexameter（六音步抑扬格）A line of six iambic feet.Iambic pentameter（五音步抑扬格）A line of five iambic feet. It is the most pervasive metrical pattern found in verse in English.Iambic tetrameter（四音步抑扬格）A line of four iambic feet.Idyll（田园诗）A poem which represents the pleasures of rural life.Image, imagery（意象）A critical word with several different applications. In its narrowest sense an …image‟ is a word-picture, a description of some visible scene or object.More commonly, however, …imagery‟ refers to figur ative language in a piece of literature; or all the words which refer to objects and qualities which appeal to the senses and feelings. Imagism（意象派）A self-conscious movement in poetry in England and America initiated by Ezra Pound and T.E. Hulme in about 1912. Pound described the aims of Imagism in his essay “A Petrospect”as follows:1) Direct treatment of the …thing‟ whether subjective or objective. 2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation. 3) As regarding rhythm: to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome. Pound defined an …Image‟ as …that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time‟. His haiku-like two-line poem In a Station of the Metro is often quoted as the quintessence of Imagism.Irony（反讽） The expression of a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant. Lake poets（湖畔派诗人）The three early 19th century romantic poets, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey, who lived in the Lake District of Cumbria in northern England. This term was often applied in a derogatory way, suggesting the provincialism of their themes and interests.Lyric（抒情诗） A poem, usually short, expressing in a personal manner the feelings and thoughts of an individual speaker. The typical lyric subject matter is love, for a lover or deity, and the mood of the speaker in relation to this love.Metaphysical poets （玄学派诗人） Metaphysics is the philosophy of being and knowing, but this term was originally applied to a group of 17th century poets in a derogatory manner. The representatives are John Donne, George Herbert, Henry Vaughan and Richard Crashaw and John Cleveland, Andrew Marvell and Abraham Cowley. The features of metaphysical poetry are arresting and original images and conceits, wit, ingenuity, dexterous use of colloquial speech, considerable flexibility of rhythm and meter, complex themes, a liking for paradox and dialectical argument, a direct manner, a caustic humor, a keenly felt awareness of mortality, and a distinguished capacity for elliptical thought and tersely compact expression. But for all their intellectual robustness the metaphysical poets are also capable of refined delicacy, gracefulness and deep feeling, passion as well as wit. They had a profound influence on the course of English poetry in the 20th century.Meter（格律）The regular pattern of accented and unaccented syllables. The line is divided into a number of feet. According to their stress pattern the feet are classed as iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic, spondaic or pyrrhic.Metonymy（借代）A figure of speech: the substitution of the name of a thing by the name of an attribute of it, or something closely associated with it.Monometer（单音步诗行）A metrical line containing one foot.Monologue（独白）A single person speaking, with or without an audience, is uttering a monologue. The dramatic monologue is the name given to a specific kind of poem in which a single person, not the poet, is speaking.Dramatic Monologue（戏剧独白） A poem in which a poetic speaker addresses either the reader or an internal listener at length. It is similar to the soliloquy in theater, in that both a dramatic monologue and a soliloquy often involve the revelation of the innermost thoughts and feelings of the speaker. Two famous examples are Browning‟s “My Last Duchess”.Interior Monologue: A type of stream of consciousness in which the author depicts the interior thoughts of a single individual in the same order these thoughts occur inside that character's head. The author does not attempt to provide (or provides minimally) any commentary, description, or guiding discussion to help the reader untangle the complex web of thoughts, nor does the writer clean up the vague surge of thoughts into grammatically correct sentences or a logical order. Indeed, it is as if the authorial voice ceases to exist, and the reader directly “overhears” the thought pouring forth randomly from a character‟s mind. An example of an interior monologue can be found in James Joyce‟s Ulysses. Here, Leopold Bloom wanders past a candy shop in Dublin, and his thoughts wander back and forth.The Movement：A term coined by J. D. Scott, literary editor of The Spectator, in 1954 to describe a group of writers including Kingsley Amis, Philip Larkin, Donald Davie, D.J. Enright, John Wain, Elizabeth Jennings, Thom Gunn, and Robert Conquest. The Movement was essentially English in character; poets in Scotland and Wales were not generally included. The Movement poets were considered anti-Romantic, but we find many Romantic elements in Larkin and Hughes. We may call The Movement the revival of the importance of form. To these poets, good poetry meant simple, sensous content, and traditional, conventional and dignified form.Neoclassicism（新古典主义）This word refers to the fact that some writers, particularly in the 18th century, modeled their own writing on classical, especially Roman literature. Neoclassicism is applied to a period of English literature lasting from 1660, the Restoration of Charles II, until about 1800. The following major writers flourished then, in poetry, John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Oliver Goldsmith; in prose, Jonathan Swift, Addition, Samuel Johnson. Neoclassical writers did not value creativity or originality highly. They valued the various genres, such as epic, tragedy, pastoral, comedy. The meter for most of Neoclassic writings was the heroic couplet.Octameter（八音步诗行）A metrical line containing eight feet; only occasionally attempted in English verse.Octave（八行体）An eight-line stanza or the first eight lines of a sonnet, especially one structured in the manner of an Italian sonnet.Ode（颂歌）A form of lyric poem, characterized by its length, intricate stanza forms, grandeur of style and seriousness of purpose, with a venerable history in Classical and post-Renaissance poetry.Onomatopoeia （拟声词）The use of words that resemble the sounds they denote, for example, …hiss‟, …bang‟, …pop‟ or …smack‟.Oxford Movement: A movement of High Church Anglicans, eventually developing into Anglo-Catholicism. The movement, the members of which were often associated with the University of Oxford, argued for the reinstatement of lost Christian traditions of faith and their inclusion into Anglican liturgy and theology. They conceived of the Anglican Church as one of three branches of the Catholic Church.Oxymoron（逆喻） A figure of speech in which contradictory terms are brought together in what is at first sight an impossible combination. It is a special variety of the paradox.Paradox（悖论）An apparently self-contradictory statement, or one that seems in conflict with all logic and opinion; yet lying behind the superficial absurdity is a meaning or truth. It is common in metaphysical poetry.Parody（嘲仿）An imitation of a specific work of literature or style devised so as to ridicule its characteristic features. Exaggeration, or the application of a serious tone to an absurd subject, are typical methods. Henry Fielding‟s Shamela, Samuel Richardson‟s Pamela, and Lewis Carroll‟s version of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow‟s Hiawatha are examples. Pastoral（田园诗）An artistic composition dealing with the life of shepherds or with a simple, rural existence. It usually idealizes shepherds‟ lives in order to create an image of peaceful and uncorrupted existence. More generally, pastoral describes the simplicity, charm, and serenity attributed to country life, or any literary convention that places kindly, rural people in nature-centered activities. The pastoral is found in poetry, drama, and fiction. Many subjects, such as love, death, religion, and politics, have been presented in pastoral settings. Pattern poetry（拟形诗）The name for verse which is written in a stanza form that creates a picture or pattern on the page. It is a precursor of concrete poetry. George Herbert‟s “Easter Wings” is a typical example.Pentameter（五音步诗行） A poetic line of five feet and the most common poetic line in English.Personification（拟人） A figure of speech in which things or ideas are treated as if they were human beings, with human attributes and feeling.Poem（诗）An individual composition, usually in some kind of verse or meter, but also perhaps in heightened language which has been given some sense of pattern or organization to do with the sound of its words, its imagery, syntax, or any available linguistic element. Poet （诗人）Originally from the Greek poiein, a person who …makes‟.Poet laureate （桂冠诗人） A laurel crown is the traditional prize for poets, based on the myth in which Apollo turns Daphne into a laurel tree. Poet laureates have been officially named by the British monarch since John Dryden‟s appointment in 1668 by Charles II. They are supposed to stand as the figurehead of British poetry, but in the two centuries after John Dryden, with the exceptions of William Wordsworth and Alfred Tennyson, most were minor poets. Some indeed were poets of no significance whatever. The poets laureate in the 20th century have been less negligible. Ted Hughes is the present incumbent.Poetic licence（诗的破格） The necessary liberty given to poets, allowing them to manipulate language according to their needs, distorting syntax, using odd archaic words and constructions, etc. It can also refer to the manner in which poets, sometimes through ignorance, or deliberately, make mistaken assumptions about the world they describe.Pre-Raphaelites（前拉斐尔学派）Originally a group of artists (including John Millais, Holman Hunt and Dante Gabriel Rossetti) who organized the …Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood‟ in 1848. Their aim was a return to the …truthfulness‟ and simplicity of medieval art. The representatives include Christina Rossetti, Algernon Swinburne and William Morris. The typical aspects of their poetry are medievalism, archaism and lush sensuousness combined with religious feeling.Prosody（韵律学）The technical study of versification, including meter, rhyme, sound effects and stanza patterns.Psalm（赞美诗）A sacred song or hymn, especially one from the Book of Psalms in the Bible.Pun（双关语）A figure of speech in which a word is used ambiguously, thus, invoking two or more of its meanings, often for comic effect.Pyrrhic（抑抑格） A metrical foot consisting of two short or unstressed syllables. As with the spondee, from a linguistic point of view it is doubtful if the pyrrhic is necessary inEnglish scansion, as two successive syllables are unlikely to bear exactly similar levels of stress.Quatrian（四行诗节） A stanza of four lines. A very common form in English, used with various meters and rhyme schemes..Refrain（叠句）Words or lines repeated in the course of a poem, recurring at intervals, sometimes with slight variation, usually at the end of a stanza. Refrains are especially common in songs and ballads.Rhyme（诗韵） The pattern of sound that established unity in verse forms. Rhyme at the end of lines is …end rhyme‟; inside a line it is …internal rhyme‟. End rhyme is clearly the most emphatic and usually relies on homophony between final syllables.Rhyme scheme（韵式）The pattern of rhymes in a stanza or section of verse, usually expressed by an alphabetical code.Rhythm（韵律） Rhythm refers to any steady pattern of repetition, particularly that of a regular recurrence of accented or unaccented syllables at equal intervals.Romance（传奇故事）Primarily medieval fiction in verse or prose dealing with adventures of chivalry and love. Notable English romances include Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Thomas Malory‟s Le Morte d’Arthur.Romanticism（浪漫主义）A word used in an appallingly large number of different ways in different contexts.(1) Romantic in popular sense means idealized and facile love. (2) The Romantic Period.A term used to refer to the period dating from 1789 to about 1830 in English literature. Novelists of the period include Sir Walter Scott and Jane Austen; essayists such as Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt and Thomas De Quincey are notable for their contributions to the fast-developing literary magazines. There were two generations of Romantic poets: the first included William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southy; the second were George Gordon Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats. (3) Romanticism. It was in contrast to neoclassical literature. Writers showed their concern for feeling and emotion rather than the human capacity to reason. William Wordsworth‟s The Prelude is the foremost text of Romanticism. The romantic poets were interested in nature. They saw nature as a way of coming to understand the self and made use of their imagination to create harmony. They also showed their disapproval toward neoclassical rules of poetry.Scansion（韵律分析）Scansion is the process of measuring the stresses in a line of verse in order to determine the metrical pattern of the line. It starts with identifying the standard of its prevailing meter and rhythm.Sestet（六行诗）The last six lines of a Petrarchan sonnet which should be separated by rhyme and argument from the preceding eight lines, called the octave.Sestina（六节诗）A rare and elaborate verse form, consisting of six stanzas, each consisting of six lines of pentameter, plus a three-line envoi. The end words for each stanza are the same, but in a different order from stanza to stanza. An example is Ezra Pound‟s Sestina, Altaforte.Song（歌）A short lyric poem intended to be set to music, though often such poems have no musical setting.Sonnet（十四行诗）A lyric poem of fixed form: fourteen lines of iambic pentameter rhymed and organized according to several intricate schemes. Three patterns predominate: (1) The Petrarchan or Italian sonnet is divided into an octave which rhymes abba abba, and a sestet usually rhymes cde cde, or cdc dcd. The sestet usually replies to the argument of the octave. (2) Spenserian sonnet is a nine-line stanza of iambics rhymed abab bcbc cdc dee. The first eight lines are pentameters; the final line is a hexameter; (3) Shakespearean sonnet has three quatrains and a final couplet which usually provides an epigrammatic statement of the theme. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗节）A nine-line stanza rhyming in an ababbcbcc pattern in which the first eight lines are iambic pentameter and the last line is an iambic hexameter line. The name Spenserian comes from the form‟s most famous us er, Spenser, who used it in The Fairie Queene. Other examples include Keat‟s “Eve of Saint Agnes” and Shelley‟s “Adonais.” The Spenserian stanza is probably the longest and most intricate stanza generally employed in narrative poetry.Spondee（扬扬格）A metrical foot consisting of two long syllables or two strong stresses, giving weight to a line.Stanza（诗节）A unit of several lines of verse. Much verse is split up into regular stanzas of three, four, five or more lines each. Examples of stanza forms include ottava rime, quatrain, rhyme royal, Spenserian stanza, terza rime.Stress（重读音节） In any word of more than one syllable, more emphasis or loudness will be given to one of the syllables in comparison with the others.Syllable（音节） Sounds in language uttered with a single effort of articulation. Symbol（象征）A symbol is something which represents something else by analogy or association. A symbol may be seen as a species of metaphor in which the exact subject of the metaphor is not made explicit, and may even be mysterious.Symbolism（象征主义）The Symbolist Movement usually refers to French poets of the second half of the 19th century, whose poems exploited the mysterious suggestiveness of private symbols. They concentrated on achieving a musical quality in their poems and believed that through blurring the senses and mixing images they depicted a higher reality. Many modern American and British poets were deeply influenced by French symbolism, and many of the most famous works of the modernist movement, such as T. S. Elio t‟s The Waste Land and James Joyce‟s Ulysses, are symbolist in technique.Synecdoche（提喻）A figure of speech in which a part is used to describe the whole of something, or vice versa.Synaesthesia（通感）A technique common in symbolist verse whereby the writer tries to bring many senses into play, for example, describing sounds as colors, or colors as tastes.Tercet（三行押韵诗节）A three-line stanza. When all three lines rhyme the tercet is a triplet.Terza rime（三行诗节隔句压韵法） A rhyme scheme as used by Dante Alighieri in his Divine Comedy.A tercet is interlocked in the following way, aba, bcb, cdc, and so on. A typical example is Percy Bysshe Shelley‟s “Ode to the West Wind”. Tetrameter （四音步诗行） A metrical line containing four feet. Iambic and trochaic tetrameter are common in English verse.Tone（强调）The writer‟s or speaker‟s attitude toward his subject, his audience, or himself.Trimeter（三音步诗行）A metrical line containing three feet.Trochee, trochaic（扬抑格） A foot consisting of a strongly stressed syllable followed by a weakly stressed syllable.University wits（大学才子）The name given to a group of Elizabethan poets and playwrights who had all been educated at Oxford or Cambridge. Their leader was John Lyly, originator of euphuism. Other members include George Peele, Robert Greene, Thomas Lodge and Thomas Nash. Christopher Marlowe is sometimes considered the leading representative. Zeugma（轭式搭配）A figure of speech in which words or phrases with widely different meanings are …yoked together‟ with comic effect by being made synt actically dependent on the same word, often a verb.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
英语诗歌简明术语表
A Concise Glossary of English Poet ry
Accent 重音
Allegory 寓言
Alliteration 头韵
Allusion 典故
Anapest 抑抑扬格
Apostrophe 呼语
Approximate rime 近韵
Assonance 半韵
Ballad 民谣
Ballad stanza 民谣体诗节
Blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗
Cacophony 不和谐音
Caesura 行停中顿
Connotation 内涵，引申义
Consonance 辅音韵
Cosmic irony 命运反讽
Couplet 对句
Dactyl 扬抑抑格
Denotation 本义
Dimeter 二音步诗
Doggerel 打油诗
Dramatic irony 戏剧性反讽
Dramatic monologue 戏剧性独白
End rhyme 尾韵
End-stopped line 行尾停顿诗行
English or Shakespearean sonnet 英式/莎士比亚体十四行诗Enjambment 跨行连续
Epic 史诗
Euphony 谐音
Exact rhyme 全韵
Eye rhyme 视觉韵
Feminine rhyme 阴韵
Figure of speech 修辞手法
Fixed form 固定诗体
Foot 音步
Free verse 自由诗
Haiku 俳句
Heroic couplet 英雄偶句体
Heptameter 七音步诗行
Hexameter 六音步诗行
Hyperbole 夸张
Iamb 抑扬格
Imagery 意象
Internal rhyme 行中韵
Irony 反讽，反语
Italian or Petrarchan sonnet 意式/比特拉克体十四行诗Limerick 五行打油诗
Literary ballad 文人民谣
Lyric 抒情诗
Masculine rhyme 阳韵
Metaphor 暗喻，隐喻
Meter 格律，韵律
Metonymy 换喻，转喻
Monometer 单音步诗行
Narrative poem 叙事诗
Octameter 八音步诗行
Octave 八行诗节
Ode 颂诗
Onomatopoeia 拟声法
Open form 开放诗体
Overstatement 夸张
Oxymoron 矛盾形容法
Paradox 悖论
Pentameter 五音步诗行
Personification 拟人法
Picture poem 涂画诗
Prose poem 散文诗
Quatrain 四节诗行
Refrain 叠句，副歌
Rhyme or rime 押韵
Rhyme scheme 押韵格式
Rhythm 节奏，韵律，格律
Run-on line 连续诗行
Sarcasm 讥刺
Satire 讽刺
Scansion 韵律分析，韵律图示
Sestet 六节诗行
Simile 明喻
Situational irony 情景反讽
Sonnet 十四行诗
Speaker 说话者
Spondee 扬扬格
Stanza 诗节
Stress 重音
Symbol 象征
Synecdoche 提喻
Tercet 三行诗节
Terza rima 三行诗节隔行押韵法Tetrameter 四音步诗行
Theme 主题
Tone 语气，语调
trimeter 三音步诗行
Triplet 同韵三行联句
Trochee 扬抑格
Understatement 低调陈述，轻描淡写Verbal irony 言辞反讽
Verse 散文诗
Villanelle 维拉内拉体。