英美文学复习资料
英美文学复习资料
英美文学复习资料English Literary HistoryI. Old and Medieval English Literature (from 450 to 1066, and from 1066 to the second half of the 14th century)1. Beowulf is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.2. Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period.3. Geoffrey Chaucer has been called the father of English poetry. His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales. 坎特伯雷故事集II. The Renaissance Period (from the 14th century to mid-17th century)4. Humanism人文主义is the essence of the Renaissance.5. Edmund Spenser is known as “the poets’ poet”. Masterpiece the Faerie Queene仙后is a great poem of its age.6. Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗马洛is the most gifted of the “University Wits”大学才子. His masterpieces are Tamburlaine, Dr. Faustus, the Jew of Malta and Edward II. Marlowe’s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama and the creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.7. William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets. His greatest tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人is the most importantplay among the comedies.8. Francis Bacon is a well-known Renaissance philosopher, scientist and essayist.9. John Donne is the leading figure of the “Metaphysical school.”III. The Neoclassical period (from 1660 to 1789)10. The neoclassical period, that is the eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of enlightenment or the Age of Reason. Enlightenment Movement brought about in reviving the interest in old classical works is known as neoclassicism.11. The mid-century was predominated by a newly rising literary form –the modern English novel.12. John Bunyan was a devout Christian, and a firm non-conformist of the Anglican Church. His masterpiece is the Pilgrim’s Progress.天路历程(最成功的宗教寓言诗)13. Alexander Pope’s亚历山大·蒲柏best satiric work is The Dunciad (愚人志).14. Daniel Defoe’s works are the first literary writings devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people.15. Jonathan Swift(乔纳森.斯威夫特格列佛游记) was a master satirist. His “A Modest Proposal” is generally taken as a perfect model.16. Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁is regarded as “father of the EnglishNovel”(英国小说之父). He was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”(散文讽刺史诗), the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.17. Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰逊, as a lexicographer, distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman – A Dictionary of the English Language.18. Richard Brinsley Sheridan is the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. His plays, especially the Rivals and the School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as the true classics in English comedy.19. Thomas Gray’s masterpiece, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,”(墓园挽歌) establishes his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially “the Graveyard School.”IV. The Romantic period (from 1789 to 1832)20. English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with publication of Wordsworth a nd Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballad s and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.21. William Blake was literarily the first important English Romantic poet. Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry. Hismajor works are Songs of Innocence, Songs of experience and Marriage of heaven and Hell.22. William Wordsworth, together with Robert Southey and Coleridge, became known as the “Lake Poets.” (湖畔诗人华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚塞)He published Lyrical Ballads(抒情歌谣) in collaboration with Coleridge. The preface to this collection of poems is considered as declarations of romanticism.23. Samual Taylor Coleridge and The Rime of the ancient mariner.24.George Gordon Byron’s masterpiece is Don Juan(唐璜), which was called comic epi c and mock epic.25. Percy Bysshe Shelley’s greatest achievement is Prometheus Unbound. His most well-known lyric is “Ode to the West Wind.”西风颂26. John Keats is known for his many great odes. (Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth, and Keats are indisputably great English poets.)27. Jane Austen’s first novel is Sense and Sensibility. Her masterpieces are Pride and Prejudice, and Emma.V. The Victorian period (from 1832 to 1901)28. Novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.29. Realism emphasizes objectivity, straightforward and matter-of-fact, and adopts a critical tone.30. Charles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age. Dickens is a master of story-telling, andCharacter-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works. 31. Bronte Sisters: Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte. Emily is chiefly famous for her only novel, Wuthering Heights.32. Alfred Tennyson’s 丁尼生masterpiece is In Memoriam.悼念33. George Eliot, as a pioneer to the modern psychoanalytical novel, was the first novelist that “started putting all the actions inside.”34. Thomas Hardy’s works, known as “novels of character and environment,” are most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical writer, influenced by nature and environment.VI. The Modern Period (1902- )35. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationship between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.36. Bernard Shaw萧伯纳is a brilliant dramatist. Most of his plays are concerned with political, economic, moral, or religious problems, so his plays can be termed as problem plays. His plays have one passion only, that is, Indignation.37. John Galsworthy is a modern novelist. His first trilogy is Forsyte Saga: The man of property, in chancery and to Let.38. William Butler Yeats was awarded Noble Prize for literature in 1923. His well-known poem is “sailing to Byzantium.”39. T. S. Eliot was originally a very famous American poet, verse dramatist and prose writer. His major poems are “the love song of J. Alfred Prufrock”, and “the waste land.” 荒原是二十世纪诗歌的里程碑40. D. H. Lawrence is one of the greatest English novelist of the 20th century and also the greatest from a working-class family. The Rainbow and Women in Love are regarded as his masterpieces.41. James Joyce is the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novelist. His masterpiece is Ulysses. 尤利西斯是二十世纪小说的里程碑American Literary HistoryI. The Romantic Period (from the end of 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War)42. Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文was one of the first American writers to earn an international reputation. His The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent contains the first modern American short stories and the first great American juvenile literature: Rip Van winkle and “the Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.43. Ralph Waldo Emerson,拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生the American toweringfigure of his era, was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England. His Essays includes his best writings such as The American Scholar, Self-reliance, The Over-soul.44. Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑is one of the most interesting, yet most ambivalent writers in the American literary history. His masterpieces include The Scarlet Letter.45. Walt Whitman惠特曼is a national figure in American literary history. His Leaves of Grass草叶集has always been considered a monumental work, containing “song of myself.”46. Herman Melville’s赫尔曼·梅尔维尔Moby Dick大白鲸is one of the world’s greatest masterpieces.47. Edgar Alan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡is a famous fictional writer, short story writer.48. James Fenimore Cooper’s詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏lasting fame rests on his frontier stories, including The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, the pathfinder, The Pioneers, and the Prairie.II. The Realistic Period (1856-1914)49. Mark Twain, pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clements, is a great literary giant of America and is considered the true father of American literature. He is known as a local colorist. Major works are Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and the Adventures of Tom Sawyer.50. Henry James is the first American writer to conceive his career in international terms and the founder of steam-of-consciousness. Best works are the Ambassadors, and The Golden Bowl.51. Emily Dickinson is the only woman in this period.52. Theodore Dreiser is generally acknowledged as one of the greatest America’s literary natura lists. Sister Carrie is his best-known novel and An American Tragedy is his greatest work.53. Stephan Crane is a pioneer writing in naturalistic tradition. He is mainly famous for The Red Badge of Courage.III. The Modern Period (1914-)54. Ezra Pound, a leading spokesman of the “Imagist Movement,” was one of the most influential American poets of the 20th century.55. Robert Frost is a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize.56. Eugene O’Neill is America’s greatest playwright. He was the only dramati st ever to win a Nobel Prize. He is widely acclaimed “founder of the American drama.” Masterpiece is Long Days Journey Into Night.57. Francis Scott Fitzgerald was a most representative figure of the 1920s. His work, Tales of the Jazz Age, made the 20s called Jazz era. 58. Ernest Hemingway is one of the most popular American novelists of 20th century and a spokesman of the “Lost Generation.” Novels include A Farewell to Arms, the Old Man and the Sea.Quiz1. The Victorian period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.2. The worsening living and working conditions, the mass unemployment and the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement.3. The Bronte sisters refers to Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.4. Robert Browning is noteworthy for his mastery of the dramatic monologue form.5. Faulkner’s novel the sound and the fury describes the decay and downfall of an old southern aristocratic family, symbolizing the old social order.6. The poem The Red Wheelbarrow written by William Carlos Williams exemplifies the Imagist-influenced Philosophy of “no ideas but inthings.”7. E. E. Cummings is the most interesting experimentalists in modern American poetry.第二部分：诗歌1.The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls Henry Wadsworth LongfellowFootprints in “The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls”: The transient nature of human achievement2.“She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways” by William Wordsworth Last stanza creates a kind of perfect pathosThe last line creates a perfect pathos. It shows that Lucy…s death, though, is unnoticed by others and made no difference to the world, it has made all the difference to her lover, who loves and values her so deeply and feels a great pain and deep grief over her death.Now Lucy is in the grave and her lover is still living lonely on the earth, there will be no chance for him to communicate with her and to feel her beauty, so Lucy‟s death is a great loss to him. In this way, the last line arouses our deep sympathy both for the girl and her lover.3.“Wuthering Heights” by Emily BrontëGod1 Would you like to live with your soul in the grave?Y our soul---CatherineI love my murderer---but yours!My murderer--- CatherineY ours--- Catherine‟s husband: Edgar Catherine‟s brother: Hindley4. A Clean, Well-Lighted PlaceWhat does the word “insomnia” imply? Ernest Hemingway A Clean, Well-Lighted Place“insomnia”, a physical disease or mental problem, may be a spiritual wound caused by despair, anxiety, alienation and nihilism.In the course of exploring the deeper meaning of life, Hemingway brings the human neurotic nature into readers’ attention. The here ditary nature of neurosis of Hemingway’s heroes contributes proof to the conviction of naturalists that man is generally a threatened species.It implies that the older waiter unconsciously does not want to confront the chaotic world and shuts him away from reality by sleeping during daytime, or indulging in reverie.第三部分阅读理解1.1. “Sonnet 18” by William ShakespeareShăll I| cǒmpáre| thĕe tó| ă súm|mĕr‟s dáy?Thǒu árt| mǒre lóve|ly ánd| mǒre tém|pĕráte.Róugh wínds| dó sháke| thĕ dár|lǐng búds| ǒf Máy,And súm|mĕr‟s léase| hăth áll| tǒo shórt| ă dáte.Sǒmetímes| tǒo hót| thĕ éye| ǒf héav|ĕn shínes,And óf|ten ís| his góld| cǒmpléx|ǐon dímm‟d;And éve|ry fair| frǒm fáir| sǒmetíme| dĕclínes,By chánce,| ǒr ná|tŭre‟s cháng|ǐng cóurse,| ŭntrímm‟d;Bŭt thy| ĕtér|nál súm|mĕr sháll| nǒt fáde,Nǒr lóse| pǒssés|sǐon óf| thát fáir| thǒu ów‟st;Nǒr sháll| Dĕath brág| thǒu wán|d‟rĕst ín| hǐs sháde,Whĕn ín| ĕtér|nál línes| tǒ tíme| thǒu grów‟st;Sǒ lóng| ás mén| cán bréathe,| ǒr éyes| cán sée,Sǒ lóng| lǐves thís,| ánd thís| gǐves lífe| tǒ thée.What is the rhyme and meter of the poem?Meter: iambic pentameterThe rhyme scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.What does the poem reveal?In the poem, the poet shows his profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves and then expounds that all nice and beautiful things in the world will disappear, but the beauty in poetry can last forever. Thus the poem reveals Shakespeare‟s faith in the permanence of poetry, the lasting powerof human art and the creative power of human beings.2.What is the effectiveness of the use of stream of consciousnesstechnique in the story Eveline3.“Meeting at Night” “Parting at Morning”Theme: Love is absorbing and desirable and makes lovers intent, eager and energetic to meet each other.Love is not the lasting place and a man need to face the actual daily life of worries and hard work.Between romance and reality there is a vast expanse.4.“The Glass Mountain” By Donald BarthelmeWhat modernist devices are used in the story?(1)Repetition(2)Catalogues(3)Collage(4)Parody(5)Displacement(6)Subversion(7)Juxtaposition5.What is the difference between realism and modernism?Realism emphasizes objectivity, straightforward and matter-of-fact, andadopts a critical tone. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationship between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.四．大题1.为什么Robert Frost的诗歌被认为是欺骗性的简单？Robert Frost’s poetry is considered to be deceptively simple, because of the plain language and the common materials. As in this poem, the language is simple, clear and colloquial, and the materials depicted in the poem are everyday incidents, common situations and rural imagery. All these contribute to easy understanding of the poem. But those plain language and common materials are condensed with meaning and wider significance, and contain great lyrical beauty and potent symbolism. Frost implied philosophy of human life in the lines, such as how to deal with choice in our life. Thus there is profound philosophy under the plain lines, which make it simple at the surface. So his poetry is considered to be deceptively simple.2. Give a comparison between Mrs. Mallard and Mrs. Sommers from feminist perspective by talking about their family background, troubles,awakening, desire for freedom, pursuit for the self, tragic end and etc.Although both are questing for self and fulfillment of desire, there are many differences between Mrs. Mallard and Mrs. Sommers.The first difference lies in their family backgrounds. Mrs. Mallard has a relatively good family background. She doesn’t have to care for material, and she belongs to the middle class or above. To the contrary, Mrs. Sommers’ live is hard and poor and she has to make the most of every penny. She has to care for the bread for the children. Before her marriage, her life seems to be better.Next difference is the troubles they faced. Mrs. Mallard’s pursuit of self and freedom is bound by her husband, or rather, by confinement of social norm. But Mrs. Sommers faces the conflict of her responsibility to her children as opposed to her own fulfillment.Their first awakenings are also different. Mrs. Mallard first has a sensuous awakening to the sounds, scents, color that fills the air, such as “the sparrows’ twittering”, “the delicious breath of rain” and beautiful color in the sky. But Mrs. Sommers firstly awakens to the soothing sense when she touches the stocks.The pursuits of freedom are different. Mrs. Mallard’s idea of freedom is that a person has the right to decide what to think and what to do. She pursues self-assertion. But Mrs. Sommers is pursuing the freedom ofself-fulfillment.The last difference is that their tragic ends are different. Mrs. Mallard dies at last, while Mrs. Sommers has to go back the life as before. All these demonstrate that there lies self-oblivion or self-destruction if only the individual changes and not the world.。
英美文学复习资料
英美文学I. 本期讲过的所有名家名作II．名词术语:Ode——in ancient literature, is an elaborate lyrical poem composed for a chorus to chant and to dance to; in modern use, it is a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings, often addressed to a person or celebrating an event.Alliteration——It is a form of initial rhyme, or head rhyme.It is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.e.g. He came on under the clouds, clearly saw at lastRage-inflamed, wreckage-bent, be ripped openKenning——a figurative language in order to add beauty to ordinary objects. It is a metaphor usually composed of two words, which becomes the formula for a special object.e.g. Helmet bearer—— warriorSwan road——the seaThe world candle—— the sunRepetition &Variatione.g. Grendel / The spoiler / warlike creature /the foe / horrible monsterA host of young soldiers / a company ofKinsmen / a whole warrior-bandCaesura——every line consists of two clearly separated half lines between which is a pause, called caesura.e.g. Grendel stalking; God’s brand was on him.the gold-hall of men, the mead-drinking placenailed with gold plates. That was not the first visitBallad——is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later the Americas, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides. The form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century it took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and the term is now often used as synonymous with any love song, particularly the pop or rock power ballad.Epic——is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primary, or original, epics. One such epic is the Old English story Beowulf. Epics that attempt to imitate these like Milton’s Paradise Lost are known as literary, or secondary, epics.➢The six main characteristics:1. The hero is outstanding. He might be important, and historically or legendarily significant.2. The setting is large. It covers many nations, or the known world.3. The action is made of deeds of great valor or requiring superhuman courage.4. Supernatural forces—gods, angels, demons—insert themselves in the action.5. It is written in a very special style.6. The poet tries to remain objective.Sonnet (Italian Sonnet, Shakespearean Sonnet, Spenserian Sonnet, Miltonic Sonnet)①Italian sonnet❖created by Giacomo da Lentini, head of the Sicilian School.❖Petrarch (1304-1374) most famous early sonneteer❖It falls into two main parts:❖an octave rhyming “abbaabba” (set up a problem ) + volta❖followed by a sestet rhyming “cdecde” or some variant, such as “cdccdc” (answer)②English / Shakespearean sonnet❖The greatest practitioner: William Shakespeare❖three quatrains followed by a couplet❖often presents a repetition-with-variation of a statement in each of the three quatrains ❖The final couplet in the English sonnet usually imposes an epigrammatic turn at the end.——a fourteen-line poem of iambic pentameters. This form is made up of 3 quatrains and a couplet, rhyming：ababcdcdefefgg③Spenserian sonnet❖A variant on the English form is the Spenserian sonnet, named after Edmund Spenser❖three quatrains connected by the interlocking rhyme scheme and followed by a couplet ❖the rhyme scheme is abab, bcbc, cdcd, ee——has the rhyme scheme ababbcbccdcdee and no break between the octave (an eight line stanza) and the sestet( a six line stanza). It is named after the Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser.④Miltonic SonnetConceit——in literature, a conceit is an extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem. By juxtaposing, usurping and manipulating images and ideas in surprising ways, a conceit invites the reader into a more sophisticated understanding of an object of comparison. Extended conceits in English are part of the poetic idiom of Mannerism, during the later sixteenth and early seventeenth century.Simile—is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements hav ing at least one quality or characteristic in common.Simile is almost always introduced by th e following words:like,as,as…as,as it were,as if,as though,be something of,similar to,etc.Metaphor—is a figure of speech where comparison is implied.It is also a comparison between two unlike elements with a similar quality.But unlike a simile,this comparison is implied,not expressed with the word"as"or"like".Symbol——In literary usage, a symbol is a specially evocative kind of image: that is, a word or phrase referring to a concrete object, scene, or action which also has some further significance associated with it.➢Types of SymbolsI. Universal or cultural symbols/traditional symbolsare those whose associations are the common property of a society or culture and are so widely recognized and accepted that they can be said to be almost universal.e.g. water—lifeSerpent—the DevilLamb—Jesus ChristII. Contextual, Authorial, or Private symbolsare those whose associations are neither immediate nor traditional; instead, they derive their meaning, largely if not exclusively, from the context of the work in which they are used.e.g. the albatross in Coleridge’s “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”Synecdoche——a figure of speech in which a part is substituted for a whole or a whole for a part e.g. My baby woke for a bottle. [提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.] Oxymoron——is a figure of speech that juxtaposes elements that appear to be contradictory. Oxymora appear in a variety of contexts, including inadvertent errors (such as "ground pilot") and literary oxymorons crafted to reveal a paradox. The most common form of oxymoron involves an adjective–noun combination of two words. For example, the following line from Tennyson's Idylls of the King contains two oxymora: And faith unfaithful kept him falselye.g. painful pleasure a thunderous silencePun——The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of word play that suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. Puns are used to create humor and sometimes require a large vocabulary to understand. Puns have long been used by comedy writers, such as William Shakespeare, Oscar Wilde, and George Carlin.➢Puns can be classified in various ways:①The homophonic pun, a common type, uses word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous.②A homographic pun exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds.③Homonymic puns, another common type, arise from the exploitation of words which are both homographs and homophones.④A compound pun is a statement that contains two or more puns.⑤A recursive pun is one in which the second aspect of a pun relies on the understanding of an element in the first.⑥Visual puns are used in many logos, emblems, insignia, and other graphic symbols, in which one or more of the pun aspects are replaced by a picture.Personification——a figure of speech which represents abstractions or inanimate objects with human qualities, including physical, emotional, and spiritual; the application of human attributes or abilities to nonhuman entities.ExaggerationDramatic monologue——a kind of poem in which the speaker is imagined to be addressing a silent audience——in its broadest sense, is a rhetorical device,literary technique, or event characterized by an incongruity, or contrast, between what the expectations of a situation are and what is really the case.——A subtly humorous perception of inconsistency, in which an apparently straightforward statement or event is undermined by its context so as to give it a very different significance.Allusion——is a figure of speech, in which one refers covertly or indirectly to an object or circumstance from an external context. It is left to the reader or hearer to make the connection; where the connection is detailed in depth by the author, it is preferable to call it "a reference". Literary allusion is closely related to parody and pastiche, which are also "text-linking" literary devices. A type of literature has grown round explorations of the allusions in such works as Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock or T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. James JoyceRomanticism——Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe. In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature.Modernism——Modernism is a rather vague term which is used to apply to the works of a group of poets, novelists, painters, and musicians between 1910 and the early years after the World War II. The term includes various trends or schools, such as imagism, expressionism, dadaism, stream of consciousness, and existentialism. It means a departure from the conventional criteria or established values of the Victorian age.➢The basic themes of modernism:1. Alienation and loneliness are the basic themes of modernism. In the eyes of modernist writers, the modern world is a chaotic one and is incomprehensible.2. Although modern society is materially rich, it is spiritually barren. It is a land of spiritual and emotional sterility.3. Human beings are helpless before an incomprehensible world and no longer able to do things their forefathers once did.➢The characteristics of modernism：1. Complexity and obscurity: (juxtaposition, no limitation of space)2. The use of symbols: (symbol: a means to express their inexpressible selves)3. Allusion: (Allusion is an indirect reference to another work of literature, art, history, or religion.)4. Irony: (an expression of one’s meaning by using words that mean the direct opposite of what one really intends to convey.)Rhyme scheme——the pattern in which the rhymed line-endings are arranged in a poem or stanza. Head rhyme: As busy as a beeEnd rhymeCrossed rhymeWill ye bridle the deep sea with reins, will ye chasten the high sea with rods?Will ye take her to chain her with chains, who is older than all ye Gods?Internal rhyme:“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary"Iambic meter/ trochaic meter/anapestic meter❖Iamb is a metrical unit (foot) of verse❖about [ə'baʊt] =ə+'baʊt❖[ə'baʊt]❖an unstressed syllable(˘) +a stressed syllable(׳)❖=one iambic foot/meter❖About about about about about❖=iambic pentameter抑扬格(iambic):如果一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重，则这种音步叫抑扬格音步，其专业术语是（iamb, iambic.）。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料一、英国文学1、文艺复兴时期：莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》等，以及弥尔顿的《失乐园》。
2、17世纪：约翰·多恩的玄学派诗歌，以及约翰·班扬的《天路历程》。
3、18世纪：启蒙时期，亨利·菲尔丁和理查逊的小说，以及亚历山大·蒲柏的讽刺诗歌。
4、19世纪：浪漫主义时期，包括拜伦、雪莱、济慈等人的诗歌，以及简·奥斯汀、爱米莉·勃朗特等的小说。
5、维多利亚时期：查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特、托马斯·哈代等作家的小说，以及马修·阿诺德、约翰·罗斯金等人的诗歌。
二、美国文学1、浪漫主义时期：包括华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传说》、爱伦·坡的短篇小说、以及纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》。
2、现实主义时期：包括马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》、亨利·詹姆斯的小说、以及艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌。
3、20世纪：包括F.斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》、欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》、杰克·凯鲁亚克的《在路上》等文学作品。
三、文学术语和概念1、象征主义：通过象征性的符号或形象来表达某种思想或情感。
2、叙事视角：从特定的角度来描述故事，常见的有第一人称、第二人称、第三人称等。
3、意象主义：通过形象和比喻来表达情感和思想。
4、文艺复兴：欧洲历史上的一次文化运动，强调人文主义和古希腊罗马文化。
5、玄学派：17世纪英国的一种文学流派，强调诗歌中的哲学思考和神秘主义。
6、悲剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现英雄人物的悲惨命运。
7、喜剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现幽默、讽刺等轻松愉快的主题。
8、自然主义：一种文学流派，强调对自然和社会现实的客观描写。
9、超验主义：一种哲学思想，强调个人经验和直觉，反对传统权威。
英美文学期末复习资料+所有作家作品流派总结
一、文学术语*41.Epic叙事诗，史诗A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Twoof the most famous epics of Western civilization are Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.The great epic of the Middle Ages is The Divine Comedy（神曲）by the Italian poet Dante.The two most famous English epics are the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and John Milton's Paradise Lost,which employ some of the conventions of the classical epic.2.Naturalism自然主义（文学、艺术以反映现实为宗旨）Naturalism is a term of literary history,primarily a French movement in prose fiction and the drama during the final third of the19th century,although it is also applied to similar movements or groups of writers in other countries in the later decades of the19th and early years of the20th cents.In France Emile Zola(1840-1902)was the dominant practitioner(习艺者，专业人员) of Naturalism in prose fiction and the chief exponent（鼓吹者，倡导者，拥护者；能手，大师）of its doctrines.The emergence of Naturalism does not mark a radical（彻底的）break with Realism,rather the new style is a logical extension of it.Broadly speaking,Naturalism is characterized by a refusal to idealize experience and by the persuasion that human life is strictly subjected to natural laws.The Naturalists shared with the earlier Realists the conviction that the everyday life of the middle and lower classes of their own day provided subjects worthy of serious literary treatment.Emphasis was laid on the influence of the material and economic environment on behavior,and on the determining effects of physical and hereditary factors in forming the individual temperament.Famous American Naturalistic writers would include Jack London,Stephen Crane and Frank Norris,who were deeply influenced by Charles Darwin's evolution theory which believe that one's heredity and social situation limit one's character.3.Modernism现代派（盛行于20世纪的文学风格）Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts,originating about the end of the19th century and prosperity in the20th century.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted,alienated and ill relationships between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himself.The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public,more on the subjective than on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual.In their writings,the past,the present and the future are mingled（混合）together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.4.Transcendentalism超验主义It was a reaction to the18th century Newtonian concept of the universe.The major features of New England Transcendentalism can be summarized as follows:1.The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul,as the most important thing in the universe.2.The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.To them the individual was the most important element of society.3.The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was,to them,not purely matter.It was alive,filled with God's overwhelming presence.I.Major Literary Terms in The Anglo-Norman Period1.Romance:Any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Originally,the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings and queens,knights and ladies,and including unlikely or supernatural happenings.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the best of the medieval romances.John Keats's The Eve of St.Agnes is one of the greatest metrical（格律）romances ever written.2.Ballad（民谣，叙事歌谣）:A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung.In many centuries,the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature.Folk ballads have no known authors.They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung.The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people.The most popular subjects,often tragic,are disappointed love,jealousy,revenge,sudden disaster and deeds of adventure and daring.Devices commonly used in ballads are the the refrain（叠词）,incremental repetition（叠句）and code language（特定语言）.A later form of ballad is the literary ballad which imitates the style of the folk ballad.The most famous English literary ballad is Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner（老水手之歌）.二、选择&填空The Anglo-Norman PeriodThe literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its____tales of___and___,in marked contrast of____and ____of Anglo-Saxon poetry.romantic,love,adventure,strength,somberness（昏暗；冷静）Geoffrey Chaucer1.The Canterbury Tales contains in fact a General Prologue and only_____tales,of which two are left unfinished.●242.The____provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury Tales and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.●Prologue序言3.The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's greatest work and the greater part of it was written in____Couplets.●Heroic（英雄双韵体）4.The pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales are on their way to the shrine of St.Thomas a Becket at the place named____.●Canterbury5.In The Canterbury Tales,from the character of_____,we may see a very vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class,and a colorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer's own day.●the Wife of Bath（巴斯夫人：齐叟笔下一个结过5次婚等待第六位丈夫的女人）Renaissance1.Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,and____are generally regarded as Shakespeare's four great tragedies.●Macbeth2.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of_____.●Queen Elizabeth3._____wrote his_____in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of people's sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.●Thomas More，UtopiaThe literature of the17th century1.After____'s death,monarchy was again restored in1660.It was called the period of_____.●Oliver Cromwell;Restoration2.The Glorious Revolution took place in the year of_____●1688.3.Paradise Lost tells how____rebelled against God and how___and___were driven out of Eden.●Satan;Adam,Eve.4.Bunyan's most important work is____,written in the form old-fashioned medieval form of_____and dream.●The Pilgrim's Progress;allegory寓言the18th century literature1.The image of an enterprising Englishman of the18th century was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel______.●Robinson Crusoe2.The18th century in English literature is an age of___.●prose3.Jonathan Swift's masterpiece is___..●Gulliver's Travels4.William Blake's work___(1794)are in marked contrast with the Songs of Innocence天真之歌.●The Songs of Experience经验之歌5.The greatest of___poets in the18th century is Robert Burns.●Scottishthe19th century literature1.With the publication of William Wordworth's______with S.T.Coleridge,______began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.●Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集,Romanticism2.The Romantic Age came to an end in1832when the last Romantic writer_____died.●Walter Scott3.The greatest historical novelist_____was produced in the Romantic Age.●Walter Scott4.The glory of the Romantic age is in the poetry of___,___,___,___,___,and___.●Scott,Wordsworth,Coleridge科尔里奇,Byron,Shelley,Keats,Moore,Southey索西.5.The English Romantic Period produced two major novelists.They are______.●Scott and Austen6.In his poems Wordsworth aimed at the_____and_____of the language.●simplicity,purity7.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems,one is Childe Harold's Pilgrimage,and the other is_____.●Don Juan8.“Ode to a Nightingale”was written by_____.●John Keats9.Jane Austen's literary concern is about human beings in their_____relationships.●personal.Victorian Age1.In the19th century English literature,a new literary trend_____appeared after the romantic poetry,and flourished in the time of ______.●Critical realism,1840s and1850s.2.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature.Here lies in the essentially_____and _____character of critical realism.●Democratic,humanitarian3.In A tale of Two Cities,the two cities are_____and_____in the time of revolution.●London,Paris4.In1847,Thackeray published his masterpiece_____,which marks the peak of his literary career.●Vanity Fair5.It is Robert Browning who developed the literary form_____..●Dramatic monologue戏剧独白20th century British Literature1.____had its outstanding advocate in Kipling,who with drum and trumpet,called upon England to“take up the Whiteman's burden”by dominating all“lesser breeds without the law.”●lmperialism2.Those“novels of character and environment”by Thomas Hardy are the lost representative of him as both a and a critical realist writer.●Naturalistic3.It took Galsworthy twenty-two years to accomplish the monumental work,his masterpiece____●The Forsyte Saga福尔赛世家wrence finished____,the autobiographical novel at which he had been working off and on for years,which was positively taken as a typical example and lively manifestation of the“Oedipus Complex”in fiction.●Sons and Lovers5.___and___are the most outstanding stream of consciousness novelist.●James Joyce，Virginia Woolf.6.____is generally regarded as Virginia Woolf's most remarkable work.●To the LighthouseExercises on American Literature1.In the17th century,the English settlements in____and____began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.●Virginia,Massachusetts2.Washington Irving's____became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.●Sketch Book3.Cooper's enduring fame rests on his frontier stories,especially the five novels that comprise the____.●Leatherstocking Tales4.____was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New land.●Ralph Waldo Emerson5.A superb book entitled____came out of Henry David Thoreau's two-year experiment at Walden Pond.●Walden6.The book____is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.●Moby DickBook two chapter one1.In his cluster of poems called Leaves of Grass,__gave America its first genuine epic poem.●Walt Whitman2.As the founder of American Critical Realism,____enjoys the fame as“Lincoln of American literature”.●Mark Twain3.____was considered the founder of psychological realism in America.●Henry James4.The identification of potency（影响）with money is at the heart of Dreiser's greatest and most successful novel,____.●An American TragedyThe20th century1.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the“_____Movement”.●Imagist2.The most significant American poem of the20th century was_____.●The Waste Land3.____of the1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby.●The Jazz Age4.Hemingway's novel___painted the image of a whole generation,the Lost Generation.●The Sun Also Rises5.____wrote about the disintegration（瓦解）of the old social system in the American southern states,and the lives of modem people,both black and white.●William Faulkner三、True or False1.In1066,Alexander the Great led the Norman army to invade England.It was called the Norman Conquest.●F(William the Conqueror）2.The Story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination（顶点）of the romances about Charles the Great.●F(King Arthur and his knights)3.Robinson named Saturday to the saved victim.F(Friday)4.“A Modest Proposal”is made to Irish government to relieve the poverty of English people.F(Irish)5.It was Henry Fielding and Tobias Gorge Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.T6.Of all the romantic poets of the18th century,Blake is the most in-dependent and the most original.T7.George Eliot produced the remarkable novels including Adam Bede,The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.(true)8.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte,Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.(true)9.The Victorian Age was largely an age of prose,especially of the novel.(true)10.David Copperfield is Thackeray's masterpiece.F(Dickens)11.The title of the novel Vanity Fair is taken from Bunyan's Pilgrim's progress.(true)12.In1907,John Galsworthy received the Nobel Prize for“idealism”in literature.Kim is his long novel.F(Kipling)13.George Bernard Shaw was strongly against the credo of“art for art's sake”.T14.The Importance of Being Earnest is written by Oscar Wilde.T15.Hester Prynne is the heroine in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter.T16.In1828,Noah Webster published his An American Dictionary of the English Language.T17.Stirred by the teachings of transcendentalism,writers of Boston and nearby towns produced a New England literary renaissance.T18.The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe's poems.F(novels)19.Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about man and nature.T20.Emily Dickinson is a democratic poet.F(modernist)21.“The Cop and the Anthem”was written by Jack London.F(O Henry)22.While embracing the socialism of Marx,Jack London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals.This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel The Call of the Wild F(Martin Eden) 23.Between the mid-19th and the first decade of the20th century,there had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social id natural sciences,as well in the field of art in Europe,which played an indispensable role in bringing about modernism and the modernistic writings in the United States.T 24.The decade of the1910s,American literature achieved a new diversity and reached its greatest heights.F(1920s)25.John Steinbeck is a representative of the1930s,when“novels of social protest”became dominant on the American literary scene.T 26.John Updike is considered to be a spokesman for the alienated youth in the post-war era and his The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as students'classic.F（Jerome David Salinger）(J.D.Salinger）四、连线题作家流派/文体作品Literature StyleChaucer heroic couplet英雄双韵体Romance of the Roseschiefly under the influenceof French poetry of theMiddle AgesThe House of Fame--《名誉堂》Troylus and Criseyde《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》The Legend of Good women--《良妇传说》The Parliament of Fowls--《百鸟堂》under the spell of the greatliterary geniuses of earlyRenaissance Italy:Danteand Petrarch andBoccaccioThe Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》Produced his works ofmaturity free from anyforeign influence.WilliamLanglandPiers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》Alliteration(头韵)Thomas More托马斯.莫尔Humanism人文主义Utopia乌托邦Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根The Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》Of Studies《论读书》;Of wisdom《论智慧》EssayJohn Lyly Eupheus written in a peculiar style known as EuphuismThomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特first introduced the sonnet into English literatureEarl of Surrey萨利伯爵created blank verse Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞The Fairy Queen《仙后》Lyrical poetryBen Jonson琼生Every Man in His Humour;Volpone,or the Fox;The Alchemist;Bartholomew Fair.ChristopherMarlowe克里斯托弗.马洛Doctor Faustus;The Jew of Malta;Tamburlaine Play Robert Greene George Green;the Pinner of WakefieldWilliam Shakespeare威廉姆.莎士比亚Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)37plays;blank verseJohn Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets(玄学派诗人)《Death be not proud》《死神莫骄妄》Songs and Sonnets《歌谣与十四行诗》The RelicA Valediction:Forbidding Mourning《离别辞：莫忧伤》1.Extraordinary frankness,penetrating realism,cynicism.2.Novelty of subjectmatter and point of view.3.Novelty of form.John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿三个John都是the Puritans清教徒派《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护《Paradise Lost》失乐园Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》《Paradise Regained》复乐园Sonnet-On His Blindness1.The use of blank verse.2.Grand style.3.Inheritance fromtraditional works such as《失明述怀》Sonnet-On His Deceased Wife《梦之妻》Bible.John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Holy War《圣战》The Life and Death of Mr.BadmanGrace Abounding《丰盛恩惠》1.Written in theold-fashioned,medievalform of allegory anddream.2.His language is chieflyplain,colloquial,and quitemodern.Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福realistic novel现实主义小说《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森.威尔德《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁Father of modernfiction《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯《The History of Tom Jones,a foundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事The History of Jonathan Wild the Great《伟大的乔纳森·王尔德》Humor&satiristJonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特satirist反讽prose poetry《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议A Tale of a Tub1697《一只桶的故事》The Battle of the Books1698《书籍之战》The Drapier’s Letters1724《布商来信》Joseph Addlson The Tatler闲谈者The Spectator旁观者Joseph Addison＆Richard Steele；their life-long friendship and the partnership in literary career.Alexander pope the Pastorals(1709)（田园诗歌）the Essay on Criticism (1711)（论批评）The Rape of the Lock(1714)（卷发遇劫记）“Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady”;“Eloise to Abelard,Samuel Richardson塞缪尔.理查森epistolarynovel(书信体小说），Englishdomestic novel(英国家庭小说）《Pamela》帕美勒Clarissa Harlowe克拉丽莎Sir Charles Grandison查尔斯•格兰迪森的历史psychological analysisRichard B.Sheridan理查德.B.谢尔丹comedy《School for Scandal》造谣学校the Rivals(情敌)the only important Englishdramatist of the18thcenturyOliver Goldsmith’s奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师，小说novel《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧rollicking comedy《The Deserted Village》荒村，诗歌The Traveller旅行者poems,诗歌The Citizen of the World世界公民essay以上6位都是18世纪Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)的代表人物Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷Sentimentalism感伤主义no belief《Elegy,Written in a CountryChurchyard》墓园挽歌William Blake 威廉.布莱克Pre-romanticismSongs of Innocence天真之歌Songs ofExperience经验之歌Poetical Sketches素描诗集The Tiger老虎Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心呀在高原John Anderson,My Jo约翰·安徒生，我爱A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰To a Mouse致小鼠Auld Lang Syne友谊地久天长William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯Lake Poets（湖畔派）Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣《The Prelude》序曲1.Leading figure of English romanticpoetry2.See this world freshly and naturally.3.Changed the course of English poetryLord Byron拜伦Romanticism《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查尔德哈罗德游记Don Juan（唐璜）《Hours of Idleness》闲散时刻1.Renowned as the“gloomy egoist”2.“Byronic Hero”（拜伦式英雄）3.Devote himself into the revolutionPercy Bysshe Shelley雪莱Idealism（理想主义）《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯《Ode to the West Wind》西风颂The Cloud云1.Intense and original2.Reflect radical ideas and revolutionaryoptimism3.Rebel against English politics andconservative valuesJohn Keats济慈Romanticism（浪漫主义）《The Eve of St.Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜《On a Greeian Urn》希腊古瓮颂《To a Nightingale》致夜莺Ode on Melancholy（忧郁颂）Isabella（伊莎贝拉）1.Epitaph:Here lies one whose name waswritten in water（此地长眠者，声名水上书）2.Early death from tuberculosis at theage of253.He is characterized by sensual imageryWalter Scott沃特.斯科特Famous HistoricalNovelistIvanhoe（艾凡赫）The lady of the Lake（湖中夫人）Waverley（威佛利）1.Historical novelist as well as playwrightand poet.2.He was an advocate,judge and legaladministrator by professionJane Austen简.奥斯丁Female Novelist《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢与偏见《Sense and Sensibility》理智与情感《Emma》爱玛1.Modern character through the treatmentof everyday life2.Virginia Woolf called Austen"the mostperfect artist among women."Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯Essayist（随笔作家）Tales from Shakespeare（莎士比亚故事集）Essays of Elia（伊利亚随笔）The Last Essays of Elia（伊利亚续笔）1.Indulged in his own contemplation andimagination2.To him,literature was a means toexpress his own subjective world and toescape from the sordidness（肮脏、卑鄙）Charles Dickens狄更斯Critical Realism批判现实主义Victorian Period维多利亚时期humanism人文主义《Hard Times》艰难时刻《PickwickPapers》匹克威克外传《Oliver Twist》雾都孤儿《A Tale of Two Cities》双城记1.expose and criticize the poverty,injustice,hypocrisy and corruptness2.show a highly consciouse modernartist3.humor and wit seem inexhaustible4.Picaresque novel(流浪汉小说）Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特《Shirley》雪利《Jane Eyre》简.爱1.great work of genius in Englishfiction2.focus on the female topic3.lyric writing style4.simple realismEmily Bronte艾米丽.勃郎特《Wuthering Heights》呼啸山庄Mrs.Gaskell《Mary Barton,North and South》玛丽.巴顿，北方和南方William Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》名利场—this title wasborrowed from The Pilgrim’s Progressby Bunyan.没有大人物的小说1.rich knowledge of social life andheart,the picture in the novels areaccurate and true life2.Thackeray’s satire is caustic and hishumor subtle3.Pay attention to morilityGeorge Eliot 乔治.艾略特《Adam Bede》亚当贝德The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner《织工马南传》Middlemarch《米德尔马契》1.show superb conception andexecution and include much favoralfeminist criticism2.describe various inner world anddepict people’s live with cinematicprecision3.moral teaching and psychologicalrealism.精神说教和心理现实主义。
英美文学期末考试复习
第一章殖民主义时期的文学1、American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.American Puritanism influences on American literature:a. Idealism and optimism 理想主义和乐观主义b. Symbolism 象征主义c. Simplicity. 简洁清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit清教徒的思想：1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学期末复习资料1 (20%)题型为选择题。
参考邮箱课件后选择题。
英美文学选读期末复习资料2 (30%)题型为填空和名词解释Literature refers to writings that are valued as works of art, esp. fiction, drama and poetry.Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry with over 3,000 lines, is regarded today as the national epic of the english people.Romance which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period. Popular subjects for romances: King Arthur of Britain and the knights of the Round Table.A sonnet is a lyric invariably of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter , restricted to a definite rhyme scheme .The 14th century is called “Age of Chaucer”. His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales.An extended metaphor is often called a conceit.Soliloquy is a speech in a play which the character speaks to himself or herself or to the people watching rather than to the other characters.Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy about two young “star-cross‘d lovers”whose deaths ultimately unite their feuding families.Francis Bacon introduced the essay as a literary form into the English language.John Donne is the leading figure of the“metaphysical school.”All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.In 1797 Wordsworth met Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and the two poets became very good friends. They collaborated on a book of poems entitled Lyrical Ballads, first published in 1798The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three men became known as the “Lake Poets.”Jane Austen is the only important female author in the 18-19th century英美文学选读期末复习资料3 (30%)指出作者，作品名及选文大意To be，or not to be：that is the question：“To be” is to continue to live, or to take action. “not to be” is to die, or to do nothing but suffering, to end one’s life by self- destruction. It is a dilemma of trying to determine the meaning of life and deathIt is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.it briskly introduces the arrival of Mr. Bingley at Netherfield—the event that sets the novel in motion—this sentence also offers a miniature sketch of the entire plot, which concerns itself with the pursuit of “single men in possession of a good fortune”by various female characters. The preoccupation with socially advantageous marriage in nineteenth-century English society manifests itself here, for in claiming that a single man “must be in want of a wife,”the narrator reveals that the reverse is also true: a single woman, whose socially prescribed options are quite limited, is in (perhaps desperate) want of a husband.Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring ; for ornament , is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.英美文学选读期末复习资料4 (10%)分析以下诗歌，见邮箱！Sonnet18Death Be Not PrideThe Sick RoseI Wandered Lonely as a Cloud英美文学选读期末复习资料5 (10%)分析以下小说Jane EyreAnalysis of the workThe work is one of the most popular and important novels of the Victorian age. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e. g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions such as Lowood School where poor girls are trained, through constant starvation and humiliation, to be humble slaves, the social discrimination Jane experiences first as a dependent at her aunt's house and later as a governess at Thornfield, and the false social convention as concerning love and marriageAt the same time, it is an intense moral fable. Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo aseries of physical and moral tests to grow up and achieve her final happiness.The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine.Analysis of the HeroineJane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved, a poor, plain, little governess who dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways, and even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him, cuts a completely new woman image. She represents those middle-class working women who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.Robinson CrusoeCharacterizationRobinson is a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist .Artistic FeaturesDefoe was a very good story-teller. Defoe had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible，and fascinating. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best.注：以上只是仅供参考的复习资料，更全面的资料请自行下载本学期课件，邮箱ygwxxd@密码12345。
英美文学选读复习
英美文学选读复习英美文学选读复习1．莎士比亚的生平2．莎士比亚的戏剧创作生涯3．莎士比亚戏剧的代表作品及其故事梗概、情节结构、人物塑造、语言风格、思想意义（1）威尼斯商人4．莎士比亚的诗歌（1）叙事诗（2）十四行诗 185．莎士比亚戏剧的思想意义（1）对社会现实的批判（2）对人文主义的颂歌6．莎士比亚的艺术成就（1）人物塑造（2）情节结构（3）语言风格7．选读十四行诗 18 的主题、意象《威尼斯商人》的主题、人物性格、语言特点《哈姆雷特》的主题、人物性格、语言特点B约翰?弥尔顿1．弥尔顿的生平2．弥尔顿的文学创作3．《利西达斯》：挽歌及其特点4．选读史诗《失乐园》故事梗概、主题结构、人物塑造、语言风格、作品意义C亚历山大?蒲伯1．蒲伯的生平及创作生涯2．蒲伯的时代观与文学观3．蒲伯的主要作品介绍4．蒲伯的语言风格5．选读《论批评》第二部分（1）作品简介（2）作品体裁、结构、语言风格D丹尼尔笛福1．笛福的生平：个人事业和社会活动2．笛福的社会观3．笛福的主要作品介绍4．笛福的创作特点5．选读：《鲁滨逊漂流记》4故事简介作者的创作意义：时代精神的.写照1．华兹华斯的生平及创作生涯2．华兹华斯的诗歌创作主张3．华兹华斯的诗歌（1）抒情诗：《丁灯寺旁》4．华兹华斯诗歌的主要特点及思想意义5．华兹华斯诗歌的艺术成就6．华兹华斯的诗歌对同时代及后世英国文学的影响7．选读：《我孤独地漂泊犹如一片浮云》《作于西敏寺桥上》《她居住在人迹罕至的地方》《孤独的割麦女》主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色等F珀?比?雪莱1．雪莱的生平2．雪莱的诗歌创作主张3．雪莱的主要作品抒情诗：《西风颂》《云雀颂》诗剧：《解放了的普罗米修斯》4．雪莱诗歌的主要特点及思想意义5．雪莱的诗歌对同时代及后世英国文学的影响6．选读：《西风颂》：主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色G约翰?济慈1．济慈的生平及创作生涯2．济慈的美学思想3．济慈的主要诗作《夜莺颂》《希腊古瓮颂》《安底弥翁》《伊莎贝拉》4．济慈诗歌的主要特点及思想意义5．济慈的诗歌对同时代英国文学的影响6．选读：《希腊古瓮颂》主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色等H简?奥斯汀1．奥斯汀的生平及创作生涯2．奥斯汀的小说创作思想3．奥斯汀的小说《理智与情感》《诺桑觉寺》《曼斯菲尔德公园》《傲慢与偏见》《爱玛》《劝告》4．奥斯汀小说的主要特点及社会意义5．奥斯汀的小说对后世英国文学的影响6．选读：《傲慢与偏见》1 主要内容、人物性格、语言特点、表现手法等I查尔斯?狄更斯1．狄更斯的生平及创作生涯2．狄更斯作品中的批判现实主义思想与社会改良主义倾向3．狄更斯前期作品的思想与艺术特征4．狄更斯后期作品的思想与艺术特征5．狄更斯的创作特色与艺术成就（1）语言（2）3种人物的刻画（3）幽默与哀婉情感的交融6．狄更斯小说目录7．选读《雾都孤儿》第3章故事简介主题：济贫院J夏洛特?布朗蒂1．夏洛特的生平2．夏洛特的创作思想和主题3．选读《简?爱》第23章故事梗概作品的批判现实主义思想作品的社会意义作品女主人公的形象在逆境中求自我道德完善的主题K托马斯?哈代1．哈代的生平与创作2．哈代的创作倾向：传统观念与现代思想的并存3．哈代作品中的“宿命观”4．哈代作品中的批判现实主义思想5．哈代作品的艺术特色6．选读《德伯家的苔丝》19 故事梗概作品主题L威廉?勃特勒?叶芝1．叶芝的生平及文学生涯2．叶芝的诗歌创作思想3．叶芝诗歌的代表作品（1）早期诗歌：（2）中期诗歌（3）晚期诗歌4．叶芝诗歌的特点及思想意义5．叶芝诗歌的艺术成就6．叶芝的诗歌对当代英国文学的影响7．叶芝的戏剧创作8．选读：《茵纳斯弗利岛》《在阔叶柳花园旁边》M D．T．S．艾略特1．艾略特的生平几创作生涯2．艾略特的文学理论与文艺批评观点3．艾略特的主要诗歌作品（1）《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》（2）《荒原》4．艾略特诗歌的艺术特色及社会意义5．艾略特的戏剧6．艾略特的艺术成就7．艾略特的文学创作及文艺批评思想对当代英国的影响8．《荒原》主题、结构、神话、象征、语言特色及社会意义9．选读《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》主题结构、思想内容、语言特点、艺术手法等 N戴维?赫伯特?劳伦斯1．劳伦斯的生平及文学生涯2．劳伦斯的创作思想3．劳伦斯的主要小说（1）《儿子与情人》《虹》《恋爱中的女人》4．劳伦斯小说的主要艺术特色及社会意义5．劳伦斯的诗歌与戏剧6．劳伦斯的小说对现当代英国文学的影响7．《儿子与情人》的故事梗概、情节结构、人物塑造、语言风格、思想意义8．选读《儿子与情人》人物性格、语言特点、艺术手法等。
英美文学考试复习点重点整理
英美文学考试复习点重点整理1.现实主义、批判现实主义（代表人物、作品，以及每部作品讲了什么故事）P276—比如《匹克威克外传》主要讲什么？P281 《双城记》主要讲什么？P298 《大卫科波菲尔》主要讲什么？P2922.其中自传体形式的作品有哪些？3.傲慢与偏见的第一个名字：first impression(Pride and prejudice现)4.三姐妹指的是？5.19世纪有名小说名利场副标题：“A Novel Without a Hero”作者：William Makepeace Thackeray P3036.18th浪漫主义作家、代表作P211 反对什么,反抗什么思想？7.Pop代表作有哪些？P134 剪发记？8.玄学诗派有哪些人物组成？Leading Feature? P1169.乌托邦is written in form of ?P3310.Universal Wicks大学才子是谁？P5011.中世纪文学流行的是? 主题特征骑马精神P8？12.最著名作家：乔叟P1913.对于三次征服的概念（1）罗马征服P1 （2）英国人征服P2（3）诺曼征服P514.人民大宪章什么时候出现？时间：1837年1.John MiltonHe was born in London in 1608. He is a master of the blank verse, and a great stylist. And he is famous for his grand style.But his style is never exactly natural. He devoted almost twenty years of his best life to the fight for political, religious and personal liberty as a writer. His famous works are Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.2.RomanceRomance was the most prevailing kind of literature of theupper class in feudal England in the Medieval Ages. It is a long composition in verse or in prose which describes the life and chivalric adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapon. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.3.the EnlightenmentIt is the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the nineteenth century. It was an optimistic belief that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reasons to all things. Typically, these enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule what they felt illogical errors in government, socialcustom, and religious belief.4.NeoclassicismThe neoclassical movement began in the mid-18th century and brought about a revival of interest in the old classical work. The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be in judged in terms of its service to humanity./doc/0d16361832.html,ke poetsAlso called Lake School, it is a name applied to a group of poets in the 19th century, including Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey. They had lived in the Lake District in the northwest of England and shared a community of literary and social outlook in their works.6.MetaphysicalAbout the beginning of the 17th century appeared a schoolof poets called “Metaphysical”, including Donne, Herbert, Marvell, Vaughan, and Crashaw. The work of the metaphysical poets are characterized their wit, imaginative picturing, compressions, often cryptic expression and by generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.7.Heroic coupletsA heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines. The rhyme is always masculine. The use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Chaucer in The legend of Good Women and The Canterbury Tales.8.BalladsBallad was the most important department of English folk literature. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. They are anonymous narrative poems bearing the characteristics of folklore and designed for singing or oral recitation in various English and Scottish dialects. Ballad is mainly the literature of the common people and one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society through the ballads. The subjects of ballad are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal—minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters of class struggle. Usually a ballad deals with a single episode and the beginning is often abrupt, without any introduction to the characters and background information.回答问题1.撒旦为什么选择伊甸园作为复仇之地2.写一个关于傲慢与偏见的小结（作者、人物角色、情节、后果）和主题评价Pride and Prejudice is a novel by Jane Austen, first published in 1813.翻译题1.P103①Throw open all doors; let the re be light ; let every man think and bring his thoughts to the light;dread not any diversities of opinion.②Truth is compared in Scripture to a streaming fountain; if her waters flow not in a perpetual progression, they sicken into a muddy pool of conformity.③Where there is much desire to learn, there of necessity will be much arguing, much writing, many opinions; for opinion in good men is but knowledge in the marking.2.P193It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewedinterest in medieval literature.。
(精品)英美文学复习资料(全)
文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教→ bible 圣经Myth 神话The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
(完整word版)英美文学选读考前总复习
一.What is the theme of Beowulf?Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader。
The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.二。
William Shakespeare （i）Name his four greatest tragedies。
（2)What are the characteristics of the four tragedies in common？（3）Briefly summarize each hero’s weakness of nature。
1.Shakespeare'sfourgreatest tragediesare：Hamlet，Othello,Kinglear,and Macbeth.2。
Eachportrays some noble hero，who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.3.Each hero has his weakness of nature;the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power;and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes三. try to discuss William Shakespeare ‘s art of creations。
{精品}英美文学选读 复习资料 重点知识点
一、名词解释1. Meter:Meter is the measured arrangement of words in the poetry, the rhythmic pattern of a stanza, determined by the kind and number of lines. It’s the beat of the poem and meter is an organized way to arrange unstressed and stressed syllables. The length of lines is described by the number of repeated meters in the line.1 meter,2 dimeter,3 trimeter,4 tetrameter,5 pentameter,6 hexameter,7 heptameter,8 octameter2. Stressed pattern:The most common stressed pattern in English is the iamb, which consists of 2 syllables and the 2nd one of which is accented. Another common stressed pattern is trochee (also 2 syllables, but with the 1st accented).Iamb: unstressed/ stressedTrochee: stressed/ unstressedAnapest: unstressed/ unstressed/ stressedDactyl: stressed/ unstressed/ unstressed• A line with three iambic feet is known as iambic trimester.• A line with six dactylic feet is known as dactylic hexamete r.•Shakespeare is famous for his use of the iambic pentameter.3. Rhyme:Rhyme is when the endings of the words sound the same.4. Rhyme Scheme:Rhyme Scheme is the pattern of rhyming word at the end of each line.Not all poetry has rhyme scheme. Poems of more than one stanza often repeat the same rhyme scheme in each stanza.5. AlliterationAlliteration is the repetition of the same sounds or the same kinds of sound at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables. Modern alliteration is predominantly consonantal.6. Assonance: 谐音，类韵Assonance is the relatively close succession of the same or similar vowel sounds, but with different consonants and it’s a kind of vowel rhyme.7. Consonance:尾韵Consonance is the relatively close succession of the same end consonants with different vowel sounds and it’s a kind of consonant rhyme.8. Repetition:Repetition is the repeating of a sound, word, or phrase for emphasis.10. Meaning devices:Diction is the writer’s choice of words. The words that a writer chooses to use may carry both denotative and connotative meanings. Denotative is the explicit definition as listed in a dictionary, while connotative is the association or set of associations that a word usually brings to mind.11. Figurative language:Figurative language is any language that goes beyond the literal meaning of words in order to furnish new effects or f resh insights into an idea or a subject.Whenever you describe sth.by comparing it with sth. else, you’re using figurative language.•Simile:A simile is a figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared,often in a phrase introd uces by “like” or “as”.•Metaphor:A metaphor is a figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made betweentwo unlike things that actually have sth. important in common.•Symbol:Symbol is an image that comes to stand for sth. (often an idea) beyond itself. •Pun:A pun occurs when a word is used in such a way as to have more than one meaning and in this way. It’s a kind of instant metaphor.•Imagery:Imagery is an appeal to the senses. The poet describes sth. to help you see, hear, smell, taste or touch the topic of the poem. It’s similar to descriptive writing only in poetry form.•Personification:Personification is a figure of speech, which gives the qualities of a person to an animal, an object or an idea. It’s a comparison, which the author uses to show sth.in an entirely new light, to communicate a certain feeling or attitude towards it and to control the way a reader perceives it.•Paradox:Paradox is a statement that on the surface seems to contradict itself and doesn’t make sense, but that at another level expresses a truth.12. English Romanticism<1>. It prevailed in English during the period of 1798—1832. The publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 marked its beginning and the death of Water Scott in 1832 marked its ending.<2>. Highlights of English RomanticismImagination is the supreme faculty of the mindIdealization of Nature: that Nature never did betray the heart that loved herIndividualism: man is an individual in a solitary state; the exploration and evaluation of the inner self.13. Point of view:Point of view is the vantage point from which a story is told.<1>. The First Person Point of View:A character from the story is telling the story; uses pronouns “he”, “she”, “they”.In the first-person point of view, the narrator is a character in the story; knows and can tell only what he or she thinks and feels; may be reliable and trustworthy or may be an unreliable narrator.<2>. Types of Third-Person Point of View:Third-person limited: the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings on only ONEcharacter in a story.Third-person omniscient: the narrator knows the thoughts and feeling of ALL the characters in a story.•Third-Person-Limited Point of View:In Third-person-limited point of view, the narrator plays no part in the story; he knows and can tell what a single character is thinking and feeling.•Omniscient point of view:In the omniscient point of view, the all-knowing narrator plays no part in the story;knows and can tell what any character is thinking and feeling; knows what is happening in all of the story’s settings.14. SettingSetting generally provides the time and place of a story;Setting can also include the mood of the time period, situation and event;Setting can be the social, political, environmental or emotional climate;Setting can also include the emotional state of a character.15. CharacterThe term character refers to a person or an animal in a story, play or other literary work. Characterization is the way a writer reveals the personality of a character.•The protagonist is the main character in a story and the story often revolves around this character.•The antagonist is the force that or character who opposes the protagonist. •Minor characters are present, generally named and have a role that in some way was highlights the protagonist.16. ThemeTheme is the general idea or insight about life that a work of literature reveals.Theme is a main idea or strong message tied to life.Theme threads itself through a story, chapter or scene to make a point about life, society or human nature.Theme is typically implied rather than explicit. The reader has to think about it.Generally, there’s one major theme in a piece of literature. Add itional themes can often be found in a piece of literature.17. Parts of a plotPlot is the sequence of events that happen in a story. Plot provides a story with structure, like a map of a story.•Exposition: introduction; This usually occurs at the beginning of a short story.Here the characters are introduced. We also learn about the setting of the story.Most importantly, we are introduced to the main conflict (problem).•Rising action: events that occur as result of central conflictThis part of the story begins to develop the conflicts. A building of interest or suspense occurs and leads to the climax. Complication arises.•Climax: highest point of interest or suspense of a storyThis is the turning point of the story. Usually the main character comes face witha conflict. The main character will change in some way and this is themostintense moment.•Falling action: tension eases; events show the results of how the main character begins to resolve the conflict.It’s the action that follows the climax a nd ultimately leads to the resolution. •Resolution: the conclusion; all loose ends are tied up; the conflict is solved Either the character defeats the problem, learns to live with the problem or the problem defeats the character.18. ConflictConflict is a problem that must be solved; it’s an issue between the protagonist and antagonist forces. It forms the basis of the plot and conflict can be external or internal. External conflict: exists when a character struggles against some outside force such as another character, group, society, nature, fate or a nonhuman obstacle.E.g. <1>. Man vs. Man is the conflict of one person against another person.<2>. Man vs. Nature is the conflict a person encounters with the forces of nature, and shows how insignificant one person can be when compared to the cosmic scheme of things<3>. Man vs. Society is the conflict of a person/ people and the views of society. Prejudice/Racism is a good example.Internal conflict exits within the mind of a character who is torn between different courses of action. E.g. Man vs. Himself is internal conflict. It’s those conflicts an individual has with his conscience.19. Special Techniques used in a Story<1>. Suspense: excitement, tension, curiosity<2>. Foreshadowing: hint or clue about what will happen in story<3>. Flashback: interrupts the normal sequence of events to tell about something that happened in the past<4>. Symbolism: use of specific objects or images to represent ideas<5>. Personification: when you make a thing, idea or animal do something only humans do<6>. Surprise Ending: conclusion that reader does not expect二、文学作品节选承上启下a connecting link between the preceding and the following1. A Rose for Emily --- William FaulknerThe narration shifts in time frequently and gives out bits of information about the main character Miss Emily in such a way that the reader has to piece them together by himself.Para.1 It tells us who is the main character and who is telling the story. The author chooses “we”, the people of the town, as the collective narrator. “We” represents the gossip of the town, they are observers of the events. But this collective narrator does not know everything. None of “us” have benn inside Miss Emily’s house until her death.•So inevitably there are gaps in the narration that are bound to cause confusion on the part of the readers or the listener of the story. Thatleaves a lot of room for reader participation.Para. 2 This paragraph provides details about the setting of the story --- the place and the time. From the descriptions of the appearance of Miss Emily’s house we learn something about her family and her character, and from the visible changes on the streets over the years we get to know something about the historical and social changes that were taking place then.Part 2.In this part time is shifted back to thirty years before the visit of the deputation. Three things took place during this period of time. There was a bad smell coming from Miss Emily’s house. Two years before that her father dies, and Emily behaved rather strangely by refusing to let the townspeople bury him. A short time after that she had a sweetheart, whom the townspeople believed deserted her.2. A Tale of Two Cities --- Charles Dickensantithesis对照/对仗，anaphora首语重复法，repetition, juxtaposition并列，oxymoron 矛盾3.Romeo and Juliet --- William Shakespeare4.Persuasion --- Jane Austen三、诗歌欣赏1. A Red Red Rose --- Robert Burns①A Red Red Rose is a ballad that written by Robert Burns.②It consists of 4 quatrains (four-line stanzas), in iambic tetrameter in first andthird lines, and iambic trimetersecond and fourth lines. The rhyme scheme isabcb.③The poem focuses on the theme of love. A man professes his true love for hisbeloved girl.④In the first stanzathe author describes her pretty appearance and praise he finedisposition. And he addresses the young lady as bonnie in second stanzas. Hepledges his eternal and faithful love in the next 3 stanzas from 3 dimensions:Depth, length and distance.The man vows to love her however far he may go.⑤There are four main figurative languages used in the poetry.In the first place, the author compares his beloved girl to a red rose which has recently blossomed in June by using simile. And he compares her to melodywhich is the beauty lives on abstraction. Those make the poetry vivid and live.In the second place, he uses hyperbole in the sentence “Till a’ the seas gang dry” to show that all is possible.Furthermore, the author repeat the sentence “Till a’ the seas gang dry” to show the permanent love. The repetition not only emphasizes his love but alsoaddsome musicality to the poetry.In addition, the author uses symbol to expresses his faithful love. Rosesymbolizes passionate love, and rock symbolizes staunch love, sands symbolizeseternal love, seas symbolizes deep love.2.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud --- William Wordsworth①I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is a lyric poem written byWilliam Wordsworth.②This poem presents the deep feelings and emotions of the poet rather thantelling a story or presenting a witty observation.③It consists of 4 six-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter and an ABABCC rhymescheme.④Figurative language:Using personification, the author compares the cloud to a lonely human.By using simile, there is the c omparison of the speaker’s solitariness to that of acloud.Alliteration: lonely as a cloud(line 1)⑤Diction&Tone：Diction can be assumed as indifferent or melancholy in the firsttwo lines. The speaker is comparing himself to a cloud that floats carelessly andyet feels distant or separated from the world beneath himBy the third line“when all at once I saw a crowd” the poem shifts into ablithe/joyful attitude, an interest towards the gorgeous scene which he describesand keeps throughout the poem.-Fluttering/dancing/shine/twinkle/sprightly/dance/glee/gay/jocund/wealth/bliss/ pleasure fills⑥Analysis ：In the first stanzas, Wordsworth describes the scene when we wanders “as lonely as a cloud”.He compares himself to a single cloud that is floating over the valleys and the hills.The speaker feels distant and seperated from the world below. The poet says thathe is like a cloud. That’s a simile.Then he sees a “crowd” of golden daffodils which are under the trees and beside alake and are “fluttering and dancing in the breeze”. He uses calm and soft words.In the second stanza, the speaker makes a connection with the daffodils and the stars. This stanza is still full of imagery. He compares the daffodils to the shiningstars that sparkle in the Milky Way as the number of daffodils are near the riverseem to be thousands in number.In the third stanza, he again compares the waves of the lake to the waves of daffodils. He decides that even though the lake is “sparkling”, the daffodils win because they have more “glee.” He felt so happy and expressed his feeling as gay in such a jocund company. He looked at the scene for a long time ,but while he was there, he couldn’t understand what he had gained from his experience. The repetition of “gaze” tells us that he kept looking at the flowers for a long time.In the last stanza, he describes how that scene affected him because whenever he is at home and on his own “in the bliss of solitude,” he remembers the flowers that fills him with pleasure and his heart “dances with the daffodils”. Again the use of words like “bliss” show his happiness each time the memory of tho se flowers and the way theydanced that day comes back to him.⑦This is a beautiful but simple poem about the beauty of nature and how inspiring it can be. This poem was written so that you can visualize and image how it would look in your perspective. In most of this poem, he gave the flowers a human quality, like dancing. There are rhyming words at the end of every alternate line of the poem giving it both continuity and a sense of rhythm.3.Break, Break, Break --- Alfred Tennyson①Break, Break, Break isa lyric poem thatwritten by Alfred Tennyson.②The poem contains four quatrains with combined iambic and anapestic. Mostlines have three feet and some four. The rhyme scheme is abcb.③This poem expresses Tennyson’s grief after his friend died, the preciousness ofyouth and indifference of nature. Namely, the world continues to be busy andbeautiful, but the happy moments of one’s life never stay.④Hallam died of a stroke in 1833 when he was only 22. Nature, of course, doesnot stop to mourn the loss of anyone. Cold and indifferent, it carries on, thewaves of the ocean breaking against rocks along the seashore without pausingeven for a moment. The rest of the world carries on as well: the fisherman's boyhappily playing with his sister, the sailor merrily singing, the ship busily plyingthe waters of commerce. Downcast, isolated by his grief, the narrator yearns totouch the hand of his friend once more, to hear the sound of his voice. But, no,Hallam is gone forever; his "tender grace" will never again return.⑤The author use repetition in the title and the first line to emphasizes that theocean waves are going to keep breaking.Apostrophe (Lines 1 and 2): The narrator addresses the sea.Personification and metaphor also occur in Lines 1 and 2, forthe poet regards the sea as a human being.Alliteration (Line 8): boat on the bay(Lines 9-12): Stanza 3 uses this figure of speech as follows:And the stately ships go onTo their haven under the hill;But O for the touch of a vanished hand,And the sound of a voice that is still!Alliteration (Line 15): day that is deadRepetend: Line 13 repeats Line 1; Line 7 repeats the first twowords of Line 5.Paradox: Touch of a vanished hand (Line 11), sound of a voicethat is still (Line 12).4.Because I Could Not Stop for Death --- Emily Dickinson①Because I Could Not Stop for Death is written by Emily Dickinson.②It consists of 6 four-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter. Therhyme is not strict.③The poem focuses on the theme of death and immortality. The author’s puzzlingover death leading to ly, the arrival of death is not unpleasant.Death means eternity.④The author use simple and plain word to describe the world of living, and moresolemn and serious words to describe death and immortality.⑤In the first stanza is an angel of death, in the image of a kind person comes in acarriage for the sake of immortality and the poet. This stanza reveals Emily’s calm acceptable of death. Death is seen as kind and polite. The journey to her grave begins when death comes calling.In the second stanza, the drive symbolizes her physical leaving life. He drives her slowly, which could be an expression of his consideration for her. Having relinquished her labor and leisure for the ride, she gives death her respect a full attention.In the third stanza, using metaphor, Dickinson speaks about the different stages of her life. School and children at recess symbolizes her childhood. Gazing grain symbolizes her adulthood. The setting sun represents her final years and decent into death. And the atmosphere surrounding the ride begin to change when we see the setting sun.In fourth stanza, it is a shift that makes her getting closer to the death.In fifth stanza, she saw a house with small size, scarcely visible cornice in the ground, which was actually house of the death. The word “house” is used as a euphemism for a grave to indicate how comfortable she feels about death.In the last stanza, she finally realized that she had been dead and also she had already got eternity. The word “eternity” is the echo of the word “immortality ”in first stanza.⑥Tone: In the first place, the tone is light and pleasant, and then turns to serious.In final, it is meditative.5.Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening --- Robert Frost①Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening iswritten by Robert Frost②It consists of 4 four-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter andanAABA-BBCB-CCDC-DDDDrhyme scheme.③As a traveler, the poet is fascinated by the beautiful scene in the woods. He stopsto enjoy it, but his mind urges him to go on, because there is still a long way ahead of him, an unfinished duty waiting for him. This poem stresses a central conflict between man's enjoyment of natural beauty and his responsibility in society.④The first stanza tells us that the man is stopping in front of the woods owned byanother person in the village--the village and the owner can both represent human society. Only the man is watching the woods being filled up with snow.The woods and snow can both hint at natural occurrences.The second stanza says the location is far from civilization (farmhouse), light (darkest evening) and warmth (frozen lake) that even the horse would think the man is queer to stop there.In the third stanza, there is the climax of the whole poem. The man is woken up by his horse and steps out of fantasy but he finds himself in acontradiction between reality and fantasy.The last stanza reveals the woods’ attractiontowards the man as it is “lovely, dark and deep”. It also shows the man’s determination to break away from suchaesthetic temptation because he has to take on worldly burdens andresponsibilities (“promises”).⑥There are four main figurative languages used in the poetry.In the first place, the author uses personification in the sentences “My little horse must think it queer” and “to ask if there is some mistake”.In the second place, there is the alliteration in words “sound”and “sleep”, ”dark” and “deep”Furthermore, the author repeat the sentence “and miles to go before I sleep”. The superficial meaning is that there is still a long distance before thespeaker. But there is an implied meaning is that there are still numerousresponsibilities before the speaker’s life comes to an end. The repetition alsoadds some musicality to the poetry.In addition, the author uses images in many lines. For example, the woods symbolizes the mystery of nature; the temptations in our life. The snowsymbolizes something of purity. Village & He (the owner of thewoods)—Human world & societyPromises--The unavoidable responsibilities & obligationsMiles--Long distance; the heavy duty of lifeSleep--Rest during night; the end of life (death)I am on my way--The journey of life四、散文1.Letter to Lord Chesterfield --- Samuel JohnsonFebruary 7th, 1755My Lord,I have been lately informed, by the proprietor经营者ofthe World,that two Papers两篇文章, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the Public, were written by your Lordship阁下. To be so distinguished, is an honour受到如此破格的垂青，是一份荣耀, which, being very little accustomed to favors from the Great很不习惯来自大人物的褒奖, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge用什么话来表达感激之情.When, upon some slight encouragement, I first visited your Lordship, I was overpowered深受感动, like the rest of Mankind其他人, by the enchantment of your address您富有魅力的言辞; and could not forbear to wish 奢望that I might boast夸口说myself Le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre世界征服者的征服者, that I might obtain that regard 受到重视for which I saw the world contending争先，奋斗的; but I found my attendance拜访so little encouraged, that neither pride nor modesty谦逊would suffer me to continue it使我能够继续忍受下去. When I had once addressed your Lordship in public 当众向大人致意, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess我用尽了一个性情懒散，不善逢迎的书生所持有的所有手段以博取您欢心. I had done all that I could; and no Man is well pleased 高兴的to have his all neglected他的一切努力被忽视, be it ever so little无论多么微不足道.Seven years, My Lord, have now past已经过去七年了, since I waited in your outward Rooms, or was repulsed from your Door被拒之于门外; during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties在困难中推进我的工作, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of Publication快要出版了, without one Act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile of favor. 没有的到一点帮助，没有得到一句鼓励，没有看到一个笑脸支持Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a Patron before我不曾指望能有这样的待遇，因为我此前从未有权贵提携.The Shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a Native of the Rocks.维吉尔笔下的牧童最后终于和爱神相识，这才发现所谓爱神只不过是岩穴土人而已。
英美文学复习材料
清教主义名词解释清教运动发生在十六世纪末被改革影响很深的运动，他的主要观点是净化英国教会的罗马天主教皇仪式、礼拜和组织。
最重要的根本的清教徒找到原始的基督教精神的复归。
最重要要记的事情是它是英国教会的一个运动。
在十七世纪很多清教徒移民区一个新世界，在那里他们找到一个神圣的联邦在新英格兰。
清教徒们占统治地位的文化力量留在那个地方在十九世纪。
清教徒在很大程度上扩大了英国革命的范围，主要特点表现在四个方面（1）个人的拯救完全依靠上帝（2）圣经提供了不可缺少的人生指引。
（3）教会应该反映出圣经教义的表达（4）社会是一个完整的统一体。
清教徒相信人类完全依靠于上帝的拯救。
根据他们在英国的前辈卢瑟和科尔文，他们相信和解是上帝带来的礼物，是真理的标准。
他们是Augustinians，认为人类是罪人，不愿意也不能够去达到要求，或者享受友谊，这个争议的上帝和开始那个仁慈的上帝相去甚远。
美国清教主义是被美国人认为美国文学史上最持久和最成型的影响之一。
它已经成为，或者在某种程度上说，是一种心理情形，而超过了一套教义，所以是美国人呼吸着的国际文化氛围的一部分没有理解清教主义，就没有真正理解美国的文化和文学。
浪漫主义定义：浪漫主义上升时期在十八世纪和十九世纪。
和古典主义相比，它与个人的想象力创造力联系得更加紧密。
浪漫主义作家着重于描绘有特点的角色. 他们创造新生命在他们的作品中根据他们的理想和想象力甚至是奇异的幻想去限制客观事物的描写叙述，对高雅的激情, 和不规则的美使之完美的部分。
浪漫主义作家：华盛顿欧文, 拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生, 沃尔特惠特曼,济慈,谢莉,拜伦华盛顿欧文: 小品集中最有名的是李伯大梦和沉睡谷传奇拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生: *自然，在现代散文中第一次提倡把乡野世界看作一种无所不包的积极力量他提出了一个观念：出门散步是一种看待世界的2方式。
自然中最有名的是美国学者和诗人沃尔特惠特曼:* 草叶集,* 船长啊，我的船长. 惠特曼诗歌的主题：―民主自由”democracy and freedom、“自我”self/ego等主题的论述，表达诗人对理想人类社会的渴望与追求及对人民的歌颂和热爱詹姆斯Fennimore Cooper库伯: *皮袜子故事,先驱者Walter Scott斯科特: 湖之小姐Henry David Thoreau亨利大卫梭罗: *瓦尔登湖, a Week on the Concord and Merrimack RiversNathaniel Hawthorne纳塞尼尔霍桑: *红字, 有七个尖角阁的房子, 大理石牧神. 红字A的含义：*第一层Adultery，即通奸; 第二层Able，即能力; 第三层,Angel，即天使Edger Allen Poe爱伦坡:** The Raven乌鸦中句子―once upon a 沉闷的午夜…and the Raven, 从不振翅‖, Annabel Lee中―月亮从不发光除了带给我梦‖,best poems* ―Israfel伊斯拉斐尔‖中―yes, heaven is thine; but this…where Israfel…from my lyre七弦琴within the sky‖, most famous *―to Helen致海伦‖中―to the glory 光荣that was Greece希腊/and the grandeur 壮丽that was Rome‖Herman Melville赫尔曼麦尔维尔:* Moby Dick白鲸记Emily Dickinson艾米丽狄金森:诗歌名字即为诗歌的第一句My life closed twice before its close, *Wild Nights-Wild Nights, Death is a Dialogue 对话between, T ell all the Truth but tell it slant倾斜, T o fight aloud老师讲的(Summer for Thee, grant I may be)Samuel Coleridge柯勒律治: Aids to Reflection艾滋病反思, the Friend William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯: I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我独自漫步, Composed upon Westminster Bridge威斯敏斯特大桥, the Solitary Reaper孤独的收割者Thomas Carlyle托马斯卡莱尔: Sartor Resartus裁衣匠的改制Byron拜伦:Keats济慈:Shelley雪莱:Robert Burns伯罗特伯恩斯:Henry Longfellow亨利费朗罗: Hiawatha海华沙之歌Channing钱宁: Remarks摘要on National Literature国家文学现实主义William dean 威廉迪恩Howells: Criticism and Fiction批评和小说, *the Rise of Silas Lapham 地位: 是19世纪末美国最负盛名的作家之一，享有―现实主义文学奠基人‖之美誉，也是美国提倡现实主义文学的先躯亨利詹姆斯: novels-the American, Daisy Miller, the Portrait 肖像of a Lady,* the Ambassadors大使,* the Wings of the Dove鸽子之翼,* the Golden Bowl金黄色的碗, the Ivory T ower象牙塔, the Sense of the Past往事之感.Local 当地Colorism ？Mark twain马克吐温: the Adventure of T om Sawyer汤姆索亚历险记, *the Adventure of Huckleberry Finn费恩历险记, the Mysterious Stranger奇怪的陌生人, Autobiography自传American Naturalism 美国自然主义Stephen 斯蒂芬Crane:* Maggie: a Girl of the Streets玛吉：一个街边女郎, *the Red Badge of Courage (civil war)红色英勇勋章3Frank Norris弗兰克诺里斯: Mcteague, best work最好的著作*―the Octopus章鱼‖Theodore Dreiser西奥多德莱赛: Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹Edwin 爱德温Arlington阿林顿Robinson罗宾逊: *Richard Cory理查德科里, Man against the Sky男人天空之战Jack London杰克伦敦: the Call of the Wild野性的呼唤, White Fang白犬, the Sea Wolf海狼, masterwork 杰作*―Martin Eden马丁伊登‖O. Henry欧亨利: The Gift of the Magi, the Necklace麦琪的礼物项链Upton厄普顿Sinclair: the Jangle争吵1920s Imagism意象派Ezra 以斯拉Pound: *Hugh Selwyn Mauberley休塞尔温, *Rock Drill Cantos凿岩诗章, 老师讲的In the station of the Metro麦德龙, A Pact一个契约, Alba晨曲T.S. Elliot艾略特: *The Waste Land荒原, the Sacred Wood圣木, the Love Song of J. Alfred 阿尔弗雷德爱情诗Prufrock普鲁弗洛克Spenser斯宾塞: Faerie Queene仙后Wallace Stevens华莱士史蒂文斯: *Anecdote of Jar坛子轶事, Ideas of Order 秩序观念, the Man with Blue Guitar有蓝吉他的人, Parts of a World世界部件, the Emperor of Ice-Cream冰激凌皇帝William Carol Williams威廉姆斯颂歌:* Paterson帕特森（美国的一座城市）, In the American Grain在美国的粮食Robert Frost罗伯特弗罗斯特: North of Boston波士顿以北, *the Road Not T aken未选择的路, Stopping by Woods雪夜林边小驻4次Pulitzer普利策Carl Sandburg卡尔桑德堡: Lost, *Fog 迷失雾E. E. Cummings卡明斯: the Enormous Room大风暴，Love is More Thicker than Forget/ I carry your heart with me/l(aHart Carne: White Buildings 白建筑物(23 poems)-for the marriage of Faustus 浮士德and Helen海伦, the Tragical History悲剧of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士, *the Bridge-to Brooklyn Bridge布鲁克林大桥, the Tunnel隧道, Voyages Marianne Moore玛丽安摩尔: the Fish, Silence, the StudentF. Scott Fitzgerald斯科特菲茨杰拉德: *the Great Gatsby, T ender is the Night, *Flappers and Philosophers, T ales of the Jazz Age爵士时代故事Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特海明威:* the Sun Also Rise太阳照常升起, a Farewell to Arms永别了武器,* the Old Man and the Sea老人与海William Faulkner威廉福克纳:* the Sound and the Fury喧嚣与骚动,/*a Rose for Emily艾米丽的玫瑰/ Light in August八月之光/ Absalom, Absalom!押沙龙押沙龙/Go Down, Moses平静下来摩西托妮莫里森: *Song of Solomon所罗门之歌, Beloved被爱约瑟夫Heller: Catch-22, Something Happened,一些事情会发生Fog (CARL SANDBURG)The fog comes 雾来了On little cat feet 小猫的脚步It sits looking 它坐着看Over harbor and city 掠过城市和港口On silent haunches轻轻的脚步And then moves on然后又向前去主题一: 城市的神秘和孤寂–在20世纪随着工业革命的进步，人们感到孤单和沮丧在这个唯物主义的世界里。
英美文学史复习资料
英美文学史复习资料英国文学史资料I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫Artistic features:ing alliteration头韵ing metaphor暗喻and understatement含蓄陈述Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟The founder of English poetry.三个阶段：1 <The Romaunt of the Rose>玫瑰传奇2<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德longest complete poem3 <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：Significance :first time to use …heroic couplet‟(英雄双韵体) by middle EnglishII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Euro pe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.0. 1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。
英美文学复习总结资料.docx
姜（8夂禽1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明•富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard's Almanack 穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth 致富之道；The Autobiography 自传2、Thomas Paine托马斯•潘恩1737-1809Common Sense 常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man 人的权利：The Age of Reason 理性时代4> Washington Irving华盛顿•欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史.... 美国人与的龙部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book 见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的传说---- 使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家5、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库珀1789-1851 The Spy 间谍;The Piloi•领航者;Leatherstocking Tales 皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer 拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans 最后的莫希干A;The Prairie 大草原;The Pathfinder 探路者;The Deerslayer 杀鹿者7、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加•爱伦•坡1809-1849 （以诗为诗;永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人——叶芝）Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 怪诞奇异故事集;Tales 故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌；Annabel Lee安娜贝尔•李 .. 歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头The Raven and Other Poems 乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven 乌鸦；To Hellen 致海伦8、Ralf Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:Nature论自然一-一新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar 论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul 论超灵;Self-reliance 论自立;The Transcendentalist 超验主义者Representative Men 代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说Concord Hymn 康考德颂;The Rhodo 杜鹃花;The Humble Bee 野蜂;Days 日子■首开自由诗之先河9・ Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔•霍桑1804-1864 Twice-told Tales 尽人皆知的故事:Mosses from an Old Manse 古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown 年轻的古徳曼•布朗;The Scarlet Letter 红字;TheHouse of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子 ---------- 心理若们罗曼10、Henry David Threau 亨利•大卫•梭罗1817-1862 Wadden.or Life in the Woods 华腾湖或林中生活Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience 抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers11、Walt Whitman沃尔特•惠特曼1819-1892 Leaves of Grass 草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe 阔斧之歌;T hear America Singing 我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom'd 小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas 民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question 流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself自我之歌12、Herman Melville 赫尔曼•梅尔维尔1819-1891 Moby Dick/The White Whale 莫比•辿克/白鲸；Typee 泰比;Omoo 奥穆;Mardi 玛地;Redburn 得本;White Jacket 白外衣:Pierre 皮尔埃；Piazza 广场故事；Billy Budd比利•巴徳13 、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利•沃兹沃思•朗费罗1807-1882 The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌——美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night 夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens 民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems 布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗:Tales of a Ways ide Inn路边客栈的故事…诗集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生礼物/Paul Reveres Ride保罗•里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish边尔斯•斯坦迪什的求婚——叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery奴役篇…反蓄奴组诗14、John Greenleaf Whittier 约翰•格林里夫•惠蒂埃1807-1892 Poems Written During the Progress of the Abol计ion Question 废奴问题;Voice of Freedom 自由之声;In War Time and Other Poems 内战时期所作;Snow-Bound 大雪封门;The Tent on the Beach and Other Poems 海滩的帐篷Ichabod艾卡博德;A Winter Idyl冬口 E园诗17、Emily Dickinson 埃米莉•迪金森1830-1886 The Poems of Emily Dichenson 埃米莉•迪金森诗集--- ''Tell all the truth and tell it slant0迂回曲折的，玄学的18、Mark Twain 马克•吐温(Samuel Longhorne Clemens) ■一美国文学的一大里程碑The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocenfs Abroad 傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age镀金时代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆•索耳B历险记;The Prince and the Pauper 王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利•费恩历险记;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court 亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The Tragedy of Puddnhead Wilson 傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉哒克;The Man That Corr叩ted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事一-对美国早期幽默文学的总结19、Francis Bret Harte 哈特1836-1902The Luck of Roaring Camp咆哮营的幸运儿 ---- 乡土文学作家23、Henry James享利澹姆斯1843-1916 小说：Daisy Miller 苔瑟•米乐；The Portrait of a Lady 贵妇人画像；The Bostonians 波士顿人;The Real Thing and Other Tales 真货色及其他故事; The Wings of the Dove 鸽翼；The Ambassadors 大使；The Golden Bowl 金碗评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits 不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews 札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays 小说艺术29、O Henry 欧•享利（WilliamSidney Porter） 1862-1910The Man Higher Up 黄雀在后;Sixes and Sevens 七上八下38、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多•德莱塞1871-1945 Sister Carrie 嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt 珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲（Financer 金融苑The Titan 巨人,The Stoic）;An American Tragedy 美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）；Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗40Jack London 杰克•伦敦1876-1916 The Son of the Wolf 狼之子“The Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf 海狼;White Fang 白礫牙;The People of the Abyss 深渊中的人们;The Iron Heel 铁蹄;Marti Eden 马丁•伊登;How I become a Socialist 我怎样成为社会党人;The War of the Classes阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么;Revolution革命:Love of LJfe热爱生UP；The Mexican墨西哥人;Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下45^ Robert Frest罗伯特•弗罗斯特1874-1963 A Boy's Wish 少年心愿；North of Boston 波士顿之北（Mending Wall 修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后）;Mountain Interval 山间（成熟阶段）（The Road Not taken没有选择的道路）；West-running Brook 西流的溪涧;A Further Range 又一片牧场;A Witness Tree 一株作证的树46、Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德•安德森1876-1941 Windy McPhersons Son饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子;Marching Men前进屮的人1fJ;Mid-American Chants 美国中部之歌;Winesburg,Ohio/The Book of the Grotesque俄亥俄州的温斯堡/畸人志;Poor White穷苦的白人;Many Marriages多种婚姻;bark Laughter阴沉的笑声The Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories 鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事;Death in the Woods and Other Stories 林屮之死及其他故事;]Want to Know Why 我想知道为什么50、William Carlos Williams 威廉•卡罗斯•威廉斯1883-1963 收入Des Imagistes意像派（意像派的第一部诗选）诗集:Sour Grapes;Spring and All 春;The Desert Music;The Journey of Love 爱的历程;Collected Poems;Complete Poems;Collected Later Poems;Pictures from Brueghel 布留盖尔的肖像;Paterson 佩特森（5 卷长诗）;AsphodaLThat Green Flower 常青花日光乂（长诗）名诗：Red Wheelbarrow 红色手推车;The Widow's Lament in Spring 寡妇的春怨；The Dead Baby;The Sparrow z to My Father 麻雀一致父亲proletarian Portrait 无产阶级画像（from An Early Martyr 先驱）；The Great American Novels 伟大的美国小说;In the American Grain 美国性格;Autobiography 自传56、Katherine Anne Porter 凯瑟琳•安•波特1890-1980 Flowering Judas 开花的紫荆花（Maria Conception;The Jitting of Granny Weatherall ） ;Pale Horse.Pale Rider;Leaning Tower and Other Stories ------------- TheCollected Stories of K A PorterShip of Fools 愚人船（唯一的一部长篇小说）;The Never Ending Wrong 千古奇冤（回忆录）59、E Cumings 肯明斯1894-1962 Tulips anddd Chimneys 郁金香与烟囱;The Enormous Room 人房间;XL】Poems 诗41 首;Viva 万岁;No, Thanks 不，谢谢;Collected Poems 诗集;Eimi 爱米（访苏游记）63、William Faulkner 威廉•福克纳1897-1962 The Marble Faun云石林神（诗集）jSoldiers* Pay兵饷（小说）短篇小说：Dry September干燥的九月;The Sound and the Fury愤怒与喧嚣:As I lay dying当我垂死的时候;Light in August八月之光;Absalom,Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙（家世小说）65、Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特•海明威1899-1961 （”迷惘的一代“的代表人物）In Our Time 在我们的年代里;The Torrents of Spring 春潮;The Sun Also Rises 太阳照样升起;Farewell to Arms 永别了,武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣短篇小说：Men Without Women没有女人的男人;The Winners Take Notheing 月生者无所获;The Fifth Column and First FortStories 第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇政论：To Have and Have Not 贫与富回忆录：A Moveable Feast 到处逍遥68、Langston Hughes 詹姆斯•兰斯顿•休斯1902-1969 Mulatto 混血儿（剧本）;The Weary Blues 疲倦的歌声:bear Lovely Death 亲爱的死神;Shakespear in Harlem哈莱姆的莎士比亚;I Wonder as I Wander 我漂泊我思考;The Best of Simple辛普尔精选87.Saul Bellow 索尔•贝娄1915・长篇小说：Dangling Man晃来晃去/挂起来的人;The Victim受害者;TheAdventure of Augie March 奥基•马奇历险记;Henderson the Rain King 雨王汉德逊;Herzog赫索格;Mr Summlars Planet塞姆勒先生的行星jHumboldfsGift洪堡的礼物中篇小说:Seize the bay且乐今朝88、Arthur Miller 阿瑟•米勒1915- Situation Normal 情况正常;The Man Who Had All the Luck 吉星高照的人;All My Sons 都是我的儿子;The Death of a Salesman 推销员;The Crucible 严峻的考验/萨姆勒的女巫;A View from the Bridge桥头眺望;A Memory of Two Mondays 两个星期一的冋忆:After the Fall 堕落之后incident at Vichy 维希事件;The Price 代价;The Creation of the World and Other Business 创世及其他;The Archbishop's Ceiling 大主教的天花板;The American Clock 美国时钟89、Robert Lowell 罗伯特•洛厄尔1917-1977 诗：Lord Wearys Castle威尔利老爷的城堡;Life Studies人生探索名篇：For Sale;Walking in the Blue;For the Union Dead 献给联邦死难士f 自白诗运动90、J D Salinger 杰罗姆•大卫•塞林格1919- 短篇小说：The Young Folks年轻人短篇小说集：Nine Stories故事九篇屮篇小说：Franny 弗兰尼;Zooey 卓埃;Raise High the Roof Beam,Carpenters 木匠们，把屋梁升高:Seymour：An Introduction 两摩其人长篇小说：The Cather in the Rye麦田守望者102^ Allen Ginsburg 艾伦•金斯堡1926- 诗集：Howl and Other Poems 嚎叫及其他（America）（The Beat Generation 垮掉的一代的宣言书和代表作）；Kaddish and Other Poems卡第绪及其他;Plannet News行星消息;The Fall of America美国的衰弱105> Martin Luther King Jr 马丁•路德・金1929-1968 I Have a Dream；Stride Toward Freedom 迈向自由;Strength to Love 爱的力量;Why We Cant Wait?;Where Do We Go from Here,Chaos or Community?今后我们何去何从，纷争还是团结？111、Sam Shepard萨姆•谢泼德1943・剧本：Cowboys牛仔;The Rock Garden岩石花园;Cowboys #2牛仔第二号［Chicago 芝加哥Operation Sidewinder 响尾蛇行动;Meloddrama 情节剧112. Sylvia Plath西尔维亚•普拉斯1932・1963（confessional school自白派）诗集：The Colossus巨人集:Ariel阿里尔集（Daddy;Lady Lazarus拉扎勒斯夫人）;The Uncollected Poems 杂诗集［Crossing the Water 涉水;Winter Trees 小说：The Bell Jar钟形玻璃罩（自传体小说）名诗：Death & Co死亡公司114、Le Roi Jones勒罗依•琼斯1934・诗集:The Dead Lecturer已故的讲师;Black Magic黑色魔术（Incident事件）剧本：Dutchman;The Slave;The Motion of History 历史的运动117> Alice Walker 沃克1944-长篇小说：TheThird Life of Grange Copeland格兰治科普兰的第三次生活;Meridian 梅丽迪安;The Color Purple 紫色名文：The Civil RightsMovement： What Good Was It?短篇小说集:In Love and Trouble 相爱与苦恼;You Cant Keep a Good WomanDown 好女人永不屈服散文集：In Search of Our Mothers*Gardens诗集：Once有一次Revolutionary Petunias革命的牵牛花传记：。
英美文学复习
英美文学复习英美文学复习一．William Shakespeare1. In “Sonnet 18” Shakespeare has a profound meditation on the destructive power of _____ and the eternal ____brought forth by poetry to the one he loves.A. death, lifeB. death, loveC. time, beautyD. time, love2. In Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, Antonio could not pay back the money he borrowed from Shylock, because ________.A. his money was all invested in the newly-emerging textile industryB. his enterprise went bankruptC. Bassanio was able to pay his own debtD. his ships had all been lost3. “So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.” (Shakespeare, Sonnet 18) What does “ this” refer t o?A. LoverB. TimeC. SummerD. Poetry4. The sentence “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” is the beginning line of one Shakespeare’s _________.A. comediesB. tragediesC. historiesD. sonnets5. Which of the following does not belong to Shakespeare’s four great tragedies?A. HamletB. Romeo and JulietC. King LearD. Macbeth6. Which of the following is a tragedy written by Shakespeare?A. Dr. FaustusB. FrankensteinC. Timon of AthensD. Sense and SensibilityDr. Faustus is Christopher Marlowe's masterpiece, in which Dr. Faustus sells his soul to the devil in return for the promise of eternal life.7. _______ exposes the corruption of ambition.A. OthelloB. King LearC. HamletD. Macbeth8. Shakespeare’s complete works include 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and ______sonnets.A. 154B. 152C. 153D. 1509. Shakespeare’s works in the earlier period are often imbued with an optimistic atmosphere of humanism. Which of the following works does not belong to this period?A. Romeo and JulietB. The TempestC. The Merchant of VeniceD. A Midsummer Night’s Dream10. All the following except ______ has been called Shakespeare’s “great comedies”?A. Much Ado about NothingB. A Midsummer Night’s DreamC. As You Like ItD. Twelfth Night11. ________is the symbol of Shakespeare’s ideal kinship, who represents the up surging patriotism of that period.A. Henry VIIIB. Henry VC. Richard IID. Richard III12. Who is the heroine in The Merchant of Venice?A. JessicaB. CeliaC. PortiaD. ViolaViola is from Twelfth Night, Celia is from As You Like It.13. The tragedy _______ of Shakespeare shows that noble-minded people may be led astray by evil forces in an evil society and commit heinous mistakes.A. HamletB. MacbethC. OthelloD. King Learheinous: 极可耻的shameful, disgraceful奥赛罗是威尼斯公国一员勇将。
英美文学复习资料
英美文学复习资料American Literature Introduction1.Basic Qualities of American WritersIndependent, Individualistic, Critical, Innovative, Humorous2.How to define American Literature?American literature mainly refers to literature produced in American English by the people living in the United States.3.American Literature History1). Colonial period: (1607-the end of 18th century) 殖民时代的美国文学a.1607-War of IndependencePuritanism：hard work, thrift,piety and sobriety(n.节制，清醒).Forms: histories & poetry (religion)Representative writers: William Bradsteet , John Winthropb.War of IndependenceEnlightenment: discontented with the rule of British government--war(1775-1783)intellectual growth and political upheavalRepresentative writers: Benjamin Franklin , an everlasting myth of "American Dream"c.Cultural IndependenceRepresentative writers: Washington Irving--the father of American Literature,Sketch Book《见闻札记》James Fenimore Cooper, Leatherstocking Tales , Rip V an Winkle& The Legend of Sleepy Hollow2). Romanticism: the first half of 19th century 浪漫主义文学时期的美国文学a.The early Romanticism“New England Transcendentalism”paved the way for the romantic literary movement Representative writers:①.Ralph Waldo Emerson declared the cultural independence of the new nation from European literary tradition.The American Scholar Nature & Self-Reliance②. Henry David Thoreau Walden 《瓦尔登湖》b.“American Renaissance (1836 - 1855)”High Romanticism(=mature Romanticism) Representative writers:①.Walt Whitman：Leaves of GrassEmily Dickinson:woman poet②.Edgar Allan Poe: father of American short stories and the detective story.③.Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet LetterHerman Melville: Moby Dick3). The realistic period(1865 - 1914) 现实主义文学a.Midwestern Realism①.William.Dean. Howells : founding father of American Realism ,The Rise of Silas Lapham②.Cosmopolitan Novelist: Henry James--- Psychological realism③.Local Colorism地方特色主义:MarkTwain--the Lincoln of our lit.-----The Adventure of Huckleberry Finnb.Naturalism: (from the last decade of 19th century to the early 20th century)Major Writers: Stephen Crane-----The Red Badge of CourageTheodore Dreiser ----- Sister Carrie Jack London-----The Call of the Wild4). The period of modernism (1914 - 1945) 美国现代主义文学a.The 1920sMajor Writers: F. Scott FitzgeraldHemingway (the principal spokesman for Lost Generation)Imagism------Major Writer: Ezra Poundother poets:T.S Eliot, William Carlos Williams,Robert Frostb.The 1930sMajor Writer: John Steinbeck: spokesman for the poverty-stricken people The Grapes of Wrath (1939)American Drama: Eugene O’NeillSouthern Writer: William Faulkner: The Sound and the Fury5). Modern and Contemporary American Lit. 二战后的美国文学The Post-war Poetry: Confessional Poetry自白诗Black Mountain Poets黑山派The Beat Generation垮掉的一代The New York Poets纽约派The Post-war novelMajor Writers: Flannery O' Connor(f.) ---A Good Man is Hard to FindSaul Bellow -----Nobel LaureateJ.D. Salinger ---The Catcher in the RyeJoseph Heller ---Catch-22Thomas Pynchon ----Gravity's RainbowWomen Writers: Amy Tan ---The Joy Luck Club汤亭亭Maxine Hong Kingston ---The Woman WorriorPearl Buck ---The Good EarthBenjamin Franklin (1706-1790)1.美国开国之父华盛顿曾说过一句话：“我一生崇拜的人，只有三个，第一个人是富兰克林，第二个也是富兰克林，第三个人还是富兰克林！He appears on the American 100 dollar bill.2.LifeBorn in a poor candle maker’s family in Boston; No regular educationBecame an apprentice 学徒of a printer when he was 12An editor of a newspaper and published lots of essays when he was 16Went to Philadelphia 费城when he was 17 to make his own fortuneSet up himself as an independent printer and publisher; Became financially independentat 42 retired to do what he liked(read, make scientific experiments and do good to his fellow men) 3.Inventions 发明: Franklin stove, effective street lighting, bifocal / baɪˈfəukl/ glasses双焦点眼镜, even a strange musical instrument called an “armonica”玻璃琴, lightning-rod避雷针, The theories of electricity; first applied the terms “positive”and “negative”to electrical charges.4.His contributions to Society社会贡献: a. Pennsylvania Hospital; b. America’s first circulating library in Philadephia; c. University of Pennsylvania; d. American Philosophical Society; e. the postal system.5.Success as a statesman政治家Aid Jefferson in writing The Declaration of Independence; Seeking help from France in American Independent War.6.Success as a writer作家His newspaper and magazinePennsylvania Gazette /gə'zet/《宾夕法尼亚公报》(later the Saturday Evening Post 《周六晚报》) Philadelphia Gazette《费城公报》General Magazine《大众杂志》---- the first colonial magazineHis works (masterpieces)The Autobiography《自传》Poor Richard’s Almanac [ˈɔ:lmənæk] 《格言历书》7.AutobiographyFranklin wrote this book when he was 65 years old.It’s a record of his rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity.Content: four parts written at four different times1st part: 1771; a letter to his son; about 80 pages; his life before the age of 252nd part: 1784; (13virtues) 3rd part: 1788; 4th part: 1790;Franklin’s 13 virtues in The Autobiography:Around 1730, while in his 20s, Benjamin Franklin listed thirteen virtues that he felt were an important guide for living.a.Temperance/ ˈtempərəns/ . Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.节制。
英美文学复习资料
英美文学复习资料英美文学复习资料英美文学是世界文学史上的重要组成部分，包含了许多经典的文学作品和作家。
通过复习英美文学，我们可以更好地了解西方文化和思想，同时也能够提升自己的语言表达能力和文学素养。
本文将为大家提供一些英美文学复习资料，希望对大家的学习有所帮助。
一、英国文学1. 莎士比亚的四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》和《麦克白》。
这些作品被誉为世界文学的瑰宝，展现了莎士比亚独特的戏剧才华和对人性的深刻洞察。
2. 简·奥斯汀的小说：《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等。
奥斯汀以细腻的笔触和幽默的描写，刻画了当时英国社会的风貌和女性的处境，成为英国文学的代表作家之一。
3. 查尔斯·狄更斯的小说：《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》等。
狄更斯以其对社会问题的关注和对人性的揭示而闻名，他的作品揭示了当时英国社会的黑暗面，对社会改革产生了深远影响。
4. 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的小说：《达洛维夫人》、《到灯塔去》等。
伍尔夫以其独特的意识流写作风格和对女性问题的关注，开创了现代主义小说的新篇章。
二、美国文学1. 马克·吐温的小说：《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》、《汤姆·索亚历险记》等。
吐温以其幽默风趣和对美国社会的讽刺洞察而受到广泛赞誉，他的作品展现了美国南方的风土人情和对奴隶制度的批判。
2. 埃米莉·迪金森的诗歌：迪金森的诗歌充满了哲思和深度，她以其独特的写作风格和对生死、爱情等主题的探索而成为美国文学的重要代表。
3. 威廉·福克纳的小说：《喧哗与骚动》、《押沙龙，押沙龙！》等。
福克纳以其复杂的叙事结构和对南方社会的描绘而被誉为美国文学的巨匠，他的作品展现了南方社会的衰落和黑暗。
4. 托尼·莫里森的小说：《亲爱的》、《宠儿》等。
莫里森以其对种族、性别和身份问题的关注而成为美国文学的重要代表，她的作品揭示了美国社会的不公和歧视。
三、阅读技巧和复习建议1. 阅读经典作品时，要注重对文本细节的理解和分析。
英美文学复习资料
英美文学复习资料一．课程介绍：本课程由英国文学和美国文学两个部分组成。
主要内容包括英美文学发展史及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。
文学史部分从英美两国历史、语言、文化发展的角度，简要介绍英美两国文学各个历史时代的主要历史背景、文学文化思潮、文学流派、社会政治、经济、文化等对文学发展的影响，主要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等。
选读部分主要接选了英美文学史上各个时期重要作家的代表作品，包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等。
二．《英美文学选读》的考核目标，按照识记，领会，应用规定应当达到的能力层次要求。
三个层次呈递进关系，其含义是：识记：有关的概念、定义、知识点等能够记住领会：在识记的基础上，能够把握基本概念、基本方法和彼此之间的关系和区别应用了在领会的基础上，能运用本课程的基本理论，基本知识和方法来分析英美文学作品，并能用英语正确表达。
Part1EnglihLiteratureAnIntroductiontoOldandMedievalEnglihLiterature一．重点：有关这部分的文学史内容1．古代英国文学和中世纪英国文学的起始阶段2．英国文学史上的第一部民族史诗----Beowulf3．中世纪文学的主要文学形式-----Romance4．GeoffreyChaucer的文学贡献二．练习：1.Chooethebetanwerforeachblank.1).Theperiodof______Englihliteraturebeginfromabout450to1066, theyearof______.A.Old----RenaianceB.Middle----theNormanConquetofEnglandC.Middle----RenaianceD.Old----theNormanConquetofEngland2)..TheMedievalperiodinEnglihliteraturee某tendfrom1066uptothe______century.A.mid-13thB.mid-14thC.mid-15thD.mid-16th3).Beowulf,atypicale某ampleofOldEnglihpoetry,iregardedtodayathenational______oftheAngl o-Sa某on.A.onnetB.eayC.epicD.novel6).Aftertheconquetof1066,threelanguageco-e某itedinEngland.Theyare______,______and______.A.OldEnglih,Greek,LatinB.OldEnglih,French,LatinC.OldEnglih,G reek,FrenchD.Englih,Greek,FrenchA.coupletB.blankvereC.heroiccoupletD.epic8).Thematicallythepoem“Beowulf”preentavividpictureofhowthe primitivepeoplewageheroictruggleagaintthehotileforceofthe______w orldunderawieandmighty______.A.manB.theoryC.doctrineD.era10).GeoffreyChaucerintroducedfromFrancetherhymedtanzaofvario utypetoEnglihpoetrytoreplacetheOldEnglih______vere.A.rhymedB.alliterativeC.ocialD.viionary2.E某plainthefollowingliteralterm.1).Romance2).HeroicCouplet3).Epic3.Anwerthefollowingquetion.1).HowmanygroupdotheOldEnglihpoetrydividedintoWhataretheyWhi chgroupdoeBeowulfbelongtoWhy2).WhatithecontributionofGeoffreyChaucertoEnglihliteratureChapter1.TheRenaiancePeriod一．重点前言部分1．文艺复兴的起源，起始时间，内容及特征2．人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响3．文艺复兴时期的主要文学形式及其特征练习：RenaiancePeriod1.Chooethebetanwerforeachblank.1).TheRenaiance,ineence,iahitoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropean_ _____thinkerandcholarmadeattempttogetridofthoeoldfeudalitideainmedievalEuro pe,tointroducenewideathate某preedtheinteretoftheriingbourgeoiie,andtorecoverthepurityoftheea rlychurchformthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.A.GreekandRomanB.humanitC.religiouD.loyal2).Generally,the______refertotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcenturie.ItfirttartedinItaly,withthefloweringofpainting,culp tureandliterature.FromItalythemovementwenttoembracetheretofEurop e.A.MedievalPeriodB.RenaianceC.OldEnglihPeriodD.RomanticPeriod3).______itheeenceoftheRenaiance.ThomaMore,ChritopherMarloweand_ ______arethebetrepreentativeoftheEnglihhumanit.A.Humanity----WilliamShakepeareB.Humanim-----FranciBaconC.Humanity----GeoffreyChaucerD.Humanim----WilliamShakepeare4).TheElizabethan______itherealmaintreamoftheEnglihRenaiance .ThemotfamoudramatitintheRenaianceEnglandareChritopherMarlowe,Wi lliamShakepeare,and______.A.novel---GeoffreyChaucerB.poetry----FranciBaconC.drama----BenJononD.drama----GeoffreyChaucer5).Humanimprangfromtheendeavortoretoreamedievalreverencefort heantiqueauthorandifrequentlytakenathebeginningoftheRenaianceoni tconciou,intellectualide,fortheGreekand______civilizationwabaedo nuchaconceptionthat______ithemeaureofallthing.A.Roman----moralB.French----reaonC.Roman----manD.French----God6).OneofthemajorreultoftheReformationinEnglandwathefactthatt heBibleinEnglihwaplacedineverychurchandervicewereheldinEnglihint eadof______othatpeoplecouldundertand.tinB.FrenchC.GreekD.Anglo-Sa某on7).Wyatt,intheRenaianceperiod,introducedthePetrarchan______i ntoEngland,whileSurreybroughtin______vere.A.drama----freeB.onnet----blankC.terzarima----blankD.couplet----free8).IntheearlytageoftheEnglihRenaiance,poetryand______werethe motouttandingformandtheywerecarriedonepeciallybyWilliamShakepeareandBenJo non.A.fictionB.dramaticfictionC.poeticdramaD.novel9).Byemphaizin gthedignityofhumanbeingandtheimportanceofthepreentlife,______voi cedtheirbeliefthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthi life,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimelfandtoperformwonder.A.humanitB.ProtetantC.CatholicD.playwright10).______wathefirtimportantEngliheayit.Hewaalothefounderofm oderncienceinEngland.A.EdmundSpenerB.ChritopherMarloweC.FranciBaconD.BenJonon2.E某plainthefollowingliteralterm.1).theRenaiancePeriod2).blankvere3) .Humanim3.Anwerthefollowingquetion.3).WhatarethetypicalcharacteriticofliteraryworkproducedinRen aianceEngland文艺复兴时期的主要作家。
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Literature RevisionI. Filling1. After his death, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow became the only American tobe honored with a bust in the Poet‟s Corner of Westminster Abbey.2.American writers of the first postwar era self-consiciously acknowledged thatthey were a “Lost Generation”,devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization .3.In the novel The Old Man and the Sea , Hemingway portaryed an oldfisherman named Santiago ,who shows triumphant even in defeat.4.Toni Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993.5. Phlilip Freneau has been called the “Father of AmericaPoetry.6.As T.S Eliot declared, he followed strictly the advice of hisclose frien d Ezra Pound in cutting and concentrating TheWaste Land.7.Pracitical yet idealistic ,hard-working and emormously successful,Fraklin reached his ealy life in his famous Autobiography.8.Edgar Allan Poe can somewhat be called “the Father ofthe American detective story.II.Works and AuthorsProseOf Plymounth Plantation: William BradfordAutobiography: Benjamin FranklinCommon Sense: Thomas PaineThe Sketch Book: Washington IrvingCivil Disobedience: Henry David ThoreauThe House of the Seven Gabies: Nathaniel HawthorneUncle Tom‟s Cabin : Harriet Beecher StoweDaisy Miller: Henry JamesThe Call of the Wild: Jack LondonSister Carrie: Theodore DreiserThe Great Gatsby: F.Scott.FitzgeraldThe Sound and the Furry: William FaulknerA Farewell to Arms: Ernest HemingwayThe Grapes of Wrath: John SteinbeckPoetryThanatopsis: William Cullen BryantThe people,yes: Carl SandburgHarmonium: Wallace StevensThe Waste Land: T.S.EliotIII. Literary Terms:Poetry/Prose1. Free verseFree verse means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without paying attention to conventional rules of meter.1）Free verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. 2）Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead thee rhythms of natural speech .3).Walt Whitman‟s Leaves of Grass is perhaps the most notable example.2. American Romanticism1).It is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature that stretches from the end of the eighteenth century through the the outbreak of the Civil War.2).Being a period of the great flowering of America literature.it is aslo called the “the American Renaissance”.3).American romantic works emphasize the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature.The strong tendency to eulogize the individual and the common man was typical of this period.Most importanly ,the writings of American Romanticism are typically American Works concentrate on unique characteristics of the American land,such as Cooper‟s Leatherstocking Tales and Hawthorne‟s The Scarlet Letter.4)New England Transcendentalism is the summit of American Romanticism.The New England poets,such as Longfellow and Bryant are most famous.3. American Realism1.) In American literature,the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to anend .It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism.2.)Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange tward a faithful renderingof the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived .3.)Realists looked for truth in everyday truths and concerned with social andpsychological problems,revealing the frustrations of characters in an environment of sordidness and depravity4.) They aslo express the concern for common place and the low ,and it offer an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.5. Realist literature finds the drama and tension beneath the ordinary surface of life.These are three masters as William Dean Howells ,Henry James and Mark Twain.VI.Questions and Answers1. Please interpret Rober Frost‟s The Road Not Taken1) This poem is written on classic five-line stanzas,with the rhyme scheme a-b-a-a-b and conversational rhythmn.The poem seems to be about the poet. Walking in the woods in autumn,choosing which road he should follow on his walk. In reality,it concerns the important decisions which one must make in life,when one must give up once desirable thing in order to possess another.Then,whatever the outcome,one must accept the consequences of one‟s choice for it is not possible to go back and have another chance to choose differently.The poet seems to be giving a suggestion to the reader “Make good choice of your life>”2).In the poem,the poet hesitates for a long time,wondering which road to take,because they are both pretty.In the end ,he follows the one which seems to have fewer travelers on it. Symbolically he chose to follow an unusual,solitary life. Perhaps he was speaking of his choice to become a poet rather than some commoner profession. But he always remembers the road which he might have taken,and which would have give him a different kind of life.2. Whitman is one of the representative poets in America. He employs brand-new means in his poetry.What are the features of his poetry?1).His poetice style is marked by the use of poetic “I”2)He adopted “free verse”,poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.3).The images in his poems are unconventional.4).He has a strong tendency to use oral English.5).His vocabulary is amazing,powerful colourful,rarely used words of foreign origins,some even wrong.6).Parallelism and phonetic recurrence are used at the beginning of the lines.7).The sentences in his poems always use catalogue technique ling list of names,long list of names,long poem lines.3. Mark Twain presented the 19th century America in his own unique way. Discuss Twain…s art of fiction: the setting, the language, and the characters,etc; based on his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.1). The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel in which Twain shows a panorama of pre-war America and contrasts innocence with experience,nature with culture,and wilderness with civilization,thus exposing hypocrisies,dishonesties and pervasive cruelties.2) Setting :In the novel Mark Twain recreates a small-town world of America and presents the local color.3).Language:He uses simple,direct language faithful to the colloquial speech,the vernacular language of the local people.4).Character(s.): The author recreats two rebels and fugitives running away from innocent boy who refuses to accept the conventional village morality.5).Theme: The novel employs a humorous style of narration and is aslo highly symbolic with the central symbol.The novel is a criticism of social injustice,hypocrisy,conservativeness and narrow-mindedness of the American small town society.In short, the novel is not only a child‟s adventure story,but aslo Twain‟s masterpiece which has shaped the world‟s view of America and proved a milestone in American literature.4. What are the characteristics of America naturalism? Please discuss the above question in relation to the basic principles1).The most familiar in American naturalism is the theme of human,especially as explanation o f sexual desire.2).Artistically naturalistic writings are usually unpolished in language,lacking in academic skills and awkward in structure.3).Philosophically, the naturalists believe that the real and true is always partially hidden from the eyes of the individual or beyond his control.4).The author‟s tone in writing becomes less serious and loss aympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.5. The Great Gatsby is a masterpiece in American literature. Who is the author? What is the main concept of the work?Is there any realtionship between The Great Gatsby and the American Dream?1).The Great Gatsby is written by F.S.Fitzgerald .The novel evokes a haunting mood of glamorous,wild time that seemingly will never come again.2).Besides ,the loss of an ideal and the disillusitonment that comes with the failure are represented fully in the personal tragedy of a yong man whose “incorruptible dream” is “smashed into pieces by the relentless reality”.3).The protagonist Gatsby is a mythical figure whose intensity of dream stands for a state of mind that embodies America itself.Gatsby is the last of the romantic heroes, whose energy and sense of commitment take him in search of his personal grail,Gastby‟s failure symbolizes to a great extent the end of the American Dream.6. Make a brief comment on Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter.1.Hester is passionated but also strong—she endures years of shame andscorn .She equals both her husband and her lover in her intelligence and thoughtfulness .Her alienation puts her in the position to make acute observations about her community ,particularly about its treatment of women.2.Hester was a strong-willed and impetuous young woman---She remembersher parents as loving guides who frequently had to restrain her incautious behavior.The fact that she has an affair aslo suggests that she once had a passionate nature.3.Hester is portrayed as an intelligent,capable,but not necessarilyextraordinary woman .It is the extraordinary circumstances shaping her that make her such an important figure.。