2014考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(二)第3篇-毙考题
2014年考研英语试题及答案阅读理解二
2014年考研英语试题及答案阅读理解二Passage 3Everyone has heard of the San Andreas fault (断层), which constantly threatens California and the West Coast with earthquakes. But how many people know about the equally serious New Madrid fault in Missouri?Between December of 1811 and February of 1812, three major earthquakes occurred, all centered around the town of New Madrid, Missouri, on the Mississippi River. Property damage was severe. Buildings in the area were almost destroyed. Whole forests fell at once, and huge cracks opened in the ground, allowing smell of sulfur(硫磺)to filter upward.The Mississippi River itself completely changed character, developing sudden rapids and whirlpools. Several times it changed its course, and once, according to some observers, it actually appeared to run backwards.Few people were killed in the New Marid earthquakes, probably simply because few people lived in the area in 1811; but the severity of the earthquakes are shown by the fact that the shock waves rang bells in church towers in Charleston, South Carolina, on the coast. Buildings shook in New York City, and clocks wer stopped in Washington, D.C. Scientists now know that America's two major faults are essentially different. The San Andreas is a horizontal boundary between two major land masses that are slowly moving in opposite directions. California earthquakes result when the movement of these two masses suddenly lurches (倾斜) forward.The New Madrid fault, on the other hand, is a vertical fault; at some points, possibly hundreds of millions of years ago, rock was pushed up toward the surface, probably by volcanoes underthe surface. Suddenly, the volcanoes cooled and the rock collapsed, leaving huge cracks. Even now, the rock continues to settle downwards, and sudden sinking motions trigger (触发) earthquakes in the region. The fault itself, a large crack in this layer of rock, with dozens of other cracks that split off from it, extends from northeastArkansas through Missouri and into southern lllinois.Scientists who have studied the New Madrid fault say there have been numerous smaller quakes in the area since 1811; these smaller quakes indicate that larger ones are probably coming, but the scientists say have no method of predictingwhen a large earthquake will occur.11. This passage is mainly about .A)the New Madrid fault in MissouriB)the San Andreas and the New Madrid faultsC)the causes of faultsD)current scientific knowledge about faults12. The New Madrid fault is .A) a horizontal faultB) a vertical faultC) a more serious fault than the San Andreas faultD) responsible for forming the Mississippi River13. We may conclude from the passage that .A) it is probably as dangerous to live in Missouri as in CaliforniaB) the New Madrid fault will eventually develop a mountain range in MissouriC) California will become an island in futureD) A big earthquake will occur to California soon14. This passage implies that .A) horizontal faults are more dangerous than vertical faults.B) Vertical faults are more dangerous than horizontal faultsC) Earthquakes occur only around fault areasD)California will break into pieces by an eventual earthquake15. As used in the first sentence of the fourth paragraph, the word essentially means .A) greatlyC) basicallyB) extremelyD) necessarilyPassage 4Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into fulldaylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep.The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: A man was seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquired into.A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape.16. All boys and girls in large families know that .A) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are togetherB) people tend to be together more than they used to beC) a lot of people being together makes fights likelyD) Railway leads the world to peace17. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except .A) the railway enables people travel fastB) the railway brings comfort to peopleC) the railway makes the world peacefulD) the railway leads the world to war as well.18. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but .A) tunnels are dangerous to public healthB) the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nervesC) the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungsD) to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die19. We may safely conclude that .A) the author belongs to the anti-railway groupB) the author belongs to the for-railway groupC) the author speaks highly of the railwayD) the author may never take train because of its potential dangers20. What is the tone of this passage?A)PracticalB)SatiricalC)HumorousD)Exaggerated相关推荐：2014年考研英语试题及答案阅读理解（汇总）。
2014年考研英语二阅读真题(直接打印方便笔记自用版)
Text 1What would you do with $590m? This is now a question for Gloria MacKenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfilment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dunn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time–as stories or memories –particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck.” It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it). Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are mostenjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason McDonald’s restricts the availability of its popular McRib –a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfilment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.21.According to Dunn and Norton, which of the following is the mostrewarding purchase?[A]A big house.[B]A special tour.[C]A stylish car.[D]A rich meal.22.The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is .[A]critical[B]supportive[C]sympathetic[D]ambiguous23.McRib is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to show that .[A]consumers are sometimes irrational[B]popularity usually comes after quality[C]marketing tricks are often effective[D]rarity generally increases pleasure24.According to the last paragraph, Happy Money .[A]has left much room for readers’criticism[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase[C]has predicted a wider income gap in the US[D]may give its readers a sense of achievement25.This text mainly discusses how to .[A]balance feeling good and spending money[B]spend large sums of money won in lotteries[C]obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D]become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesText 2An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to achieve this. Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others –all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticised, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem. We stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioural scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process, occurring rapidly and intuit ively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image – which most did – they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor wasthere any evidence that those who self-enhanced the most (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored pictures were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other markers for having higher self-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we have are any evidence of pers onal delusion,” says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves.” If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing.Knowing the results of Epley’s study, it makes sense that many people hate photographs of themselves viscerally –on one level, they don’t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves. Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer’s paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyles. It’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest, says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, “but they portray an idealised version of themselves.”26.According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that .[A]our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B]illusory superiority is a baseless effect[C]our need for leadership is unnatural[D]self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27.Visual recognition is believed to be people’s.[A]rapid matching[B]conscious choice[C]intuitive response[D]automatic self-defence28.Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to .[A]underestimate their insecurities[B]believe in their attractiveness[C]cover up their depressions[D]oversimplify their illusions29.The word “viscerally” (Line 2, Para.5) is closest in meaning to .[A]instinctively[B]occasionally[C]particularly[D]aggressively30.It can be inferred that Facebook is a self-enhancer’s paradise becausepeople can .[A]present their dishonest profiles[B]define their traditional lifestyles[C]share their intellectual pursuitsText 3The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we cannot immediately foresee.When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MIT’s Center for Digital Business.This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet, John Hagel, author of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be “tightly scripted” and “highly standardized” ones that leave no room for “individual initiative or creativity”. In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.It’s time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work, Hagel says. In our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination “to respond to unexpected events”. That is not something machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable activities.As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not really about technol ogy, but rather, “how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?”31.According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would .[A]ease the competition of man vs. machine[B]highlight machines’ threat to human jobs[C]provoke a painful technological revolution[D]outmode our current economic structure32.The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that .[A]technology is diminishing man’s job opportunities[B]automation is accelerating technological development[C]certain jobs will remain intact after automation[D]man will finally win the race against machine33.Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S. are often .[A]performed by innovative minds[B]scripted with an individual style[C]standardized without a clear target[D]designed against human creativity34.According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed .[A]the predictability of machine behavior in practice[B]the formula for how work is conducted efficiently[C]the ways machines replace human labor in modern times[D]the necessity of human involvement in the workplace35.Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?[A]How to Innovate Our Work Practices?[B]Machines Will Replace Human Labor[C]Can We Win the Race Against Machines?[D]Economic Downturns Stimulate InnovationsText 4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure projects, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £ 4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if it returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to the era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.While the government’s commitment to long-term funding may have changed, the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.36.The author believes that the housing sector .[A]has attracted much attention[B]involves certain political factors[C]shoulders too much responsibility[D]has lost its real value in economy37.It can be learned that affordable housing has .[A]increased its home supply[B]offered spending opportunities[C]suffered government biases[D]disappointed the government38.According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may .[A]allow greater government debt for housing[B]stop local authorities from building homes[C]prepare to reduce housing stock debt[D]release a lifted GDP growth forecast39.It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would .[A]lower the costs of registered providers[B]lessen the impact of government interference[C]contribute to funding new developments[D]relieve the ministers of responsibilities40.The author believes that after 2015, the government may .[A]implement more policies to support housing[B]review the need for large-scale public grants[C]renew the affordable housing grants programme[D]stop generous funding to the housing sector。
2014年考研英语二真题答案及解析
2014年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)答案详解SectionⅠUse of English文章分析本文是一篇关于肥胖与健康关系新说法的议论文。
第一段引出作者对身材的看法：并不是越瘦就证明人越健康。
第二段中作者介绍了一种定义肥胖症的指标BMI。
第三段中作者指出BMI其实揭示的是人体的脂肪量，并不是说明身材好坏的指数。
第四段中讲述了整个社会其实会给肥胖者贴上消极标签，无论是在电视节目中还是在孩子们的心目中，胖人的形象总是与消极联系起来。
最后一段讲述了人们以健康的角度去考虑肥胖的影响，和已经采取的一些对抗肥胖的种种策略。
试题解析Thinner isn't always better.A number of studies have__1__that normalweight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight.And there are healthy conditions for which being overweight is actually__2__.For example,heavierwomen are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women.__3__, among the elderly,being somewhat overweight is often an__4__of good health.【译文】太瘦也不总是好事。
一些研究已经得出结论：正常体重的人实际上比一些超重的人更容易患上某些疾病。
有些肥胖对健康还有保护作用。
例如稍微超重的女性跟消瘦的女性相比，不易受到钙质缺乏的影响。
同样的，在老年人中，一定程度上超重是身体健康的标志。
1.[A]denied否认[B]concluded得出结论[C]doubled两倍，加倍努力[D]ensured确保【答案】B【考点】词义辨析【直击答案】空格所在句意为“一系列的研究已经________，事实上，正常体重的人患病风险要高于超重的人”。
2014年考研英语二真题和答案
2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensure2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D]troublesome3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example研途考研V I P5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in of7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part 9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward 10. [A] so [B] while [C] since [D] unless 11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste12. [A] start [B] quality [C] retire [D] stay13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored 16. [A] [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies 20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] without Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C orD. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1 What would you do with 590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found for tune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton. These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly what was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time-as stories or memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most "happiness bang for your buck." It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason MacDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib - a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.研途考研V I PReaders of “HappyMoney” are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger.Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.21. According to Dumn and Norton,which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[A]A big house[B]A special tour[C]A stylish car[D]A rich meal22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is[A]critical[B]supportive[C]sympathetic[D]ambiguous23. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that[A]consumers are sometimes irrational[B]popularity usually comes after quality[C]marketing tricks are after effective[D]rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph,Happy Money[A]has left much room for readers’criticism[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase[C]has predicted a wider income gap in the us[D]may give its readers a sense of achievement25. This text mainly discusses how to[A]balance feeling good and spending money[B]spend large sums of money won in lotteries[C]obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D]become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesText 2An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to research into what the 研途考研V I Pcall the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others —all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photogragh of themselves’ from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image - which must did- they genuinely believed it was really how they looked. Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who self-enhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher self-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”, says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves’. If you are depressed, you won’t be self -enhancing. Knowing the results of Epley ‘s study,it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves Viscerally-on one level, they don’t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves, Facebook therefore ,is a self-enhancer’s paradise,where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit ,style ,beauty, intellect and lifestyle it’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest,says catalina toma of Wiscon —Madison university ,”but they portray an idealized version of themselves.26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that ______.[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect[C] our need for leadership is unnatural[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s______[A] rapid watching[B] conscious choice[C] intuitive response[D] automatic self-defence28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to______[A] underestimate their insecurities[B] believe in their attractiveness[C] cover up their depressions研途考研V I P[D] oversimplify their illusions29.The word “Viscerally”(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaning to_____.[A]instinctively[B]occasionally[C]particularly[D]aggressively30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can _____.[A]present their dishonest profiles[B]define their traditional life styles[C]share their intellectual pursuits[D]withhold their unflattering sidesText 4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged. Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015,is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate. 研途考研V I P36. The author believes that the housing sector__[A] has attracted much attention[B] involves certain political factors[C] shoulders too much responsibility[D] has lost its real value in economy37. It can be learned that affordable housing has__[A] increased its home supply[B] offered spending opportunities[C] suffered government biases[D] disappointed the government38. According to Paragraph 5,George Osborne may_______.[A] allow greater government debt for housing[B] stop local authorities from building homes[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would_______.[A]lower the costs of registered providers[B]lessen the impact of government interference [C]contribute to funding new developments[D]relieve the ministers of responsibilities40. The author believes that after 2015,the government may______. [A]implement more policies to support housing[B]review the need for large-scale public grants[C]renew the affordable housing grants programme[D]stop generous funding to the housing sectorSection III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half fu ll. But that’s exactly the kind of false ch eerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben -Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.研途考研V I PBen-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down-sag, after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.【参考译文】大多数人愿意把乐观定义为无尽的欢乐，就像一只总是装着半杯水的杯子。
2014考研英语阅读真题 Text 3(英语二)
2014 Text 3（英语⼆）⼈与机器The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we can't immediately foresee.⼈与机器的概念⾄少与⼯业⾰命⼀样古⽼，但在经济低迷和脆弱的复苏期间，这种现象往往最为明显。
然⽽，如果认为我们现在只是在经历繁荣和萧条周期的痛苦⼀⾯，那将是错误的。
某些⼯作已经永远消失了，被机器淘汰了。
由于技术对吞噬⼈类⼯作如此贪得⽆厌，这种现象将继续以我们⽆法⽴即预⻅的⽅式重组我们的经济。
When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MIT's Center for Digital Business.当技术的价格和性能迅速提⾼时，曾经被认为不受⾃动化影响的⼯作突然受到威胁。
2014(2)考研英语完型与阅读精解
2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题解析Section I Use of English1、【答案】B concluded【解析】题干中，一系列的研究已经_____，事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。
根据句义，后面的部分实际上是研究的结论，因此concluded 符合题意，其他选项denied(否认)与意义相反，doubled(翻倍)与题意较远，ensured(确保)不符合题意，因为研究不能确保后面的事实，只能得出后面的事实作为结论。
所以正确答案为B。
2、【答案】A protective【解析】题干中，对于某些健康情况，超重事实上是有_____。
根据前文研究的结论，超重能减少罹患疾病的风险，说明超重具有一定的保护作用。
Dangerous 和文章意思相反，sufficient表示充足，troublesome表示有麻烦，不符合题意，所以正确答案为A。
3、【答案】C likewise【解析】第三句话中，较重的女人患缺钙的比例低于较瘦的女人。
_____，在老年人中，一定程度上超重……。
需要填入的是和前半句表示顺接的词语。
A选项instead表示逆接的句意关系，B选项however也表示逆接，D选项therefore表示因此，只有C选项likewise意为同样地;也，而且。
因此正确答案为C。
4、【答案】A indicator【解析】本句话中，_____，一定程度上超重，经常是健康的_____。
A选项，表示指示器，指标。
B选项objective表示客观;C选项origin表示来源，D选项example表示例子。
根据前面的文章内容，已经明确指出超重代表了健康，因此超重是健康的指标。
因此正确答案为A。
5、【答案】D concern【解析】本句话的句意是，需要更加_____是，很难对肥胖加以定义。
A、impact(印象);B、relevance(相关性);C、 assistance(辅助);D、concern(关注)。
2014年考研英语真题之阅读理解答案与分析(2)
2014年考研英语真题之阅读理解答案与分析(2All around the world,lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession---with the possible exception of journalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis,spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation.The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money,tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.But most law graduates never get a big-firm job.Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this.One is the excessive costs of a legal education.There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states:a four-year undergraduate degree at one of200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.This leaves today’s average law-school graduatewith$100,000of debt on top of undergraduate w-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers.Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them.One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree.Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school.If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so.Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia,non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm.This keeps fees high and innovation slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession,but opponents ofchange among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact,allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on impro ving firms’efficiency.After all,other countries,such as Australia and Britain,have started liberalizing their legal professions.America should follow.26.a lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A]the growing demand from clients.[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.[C]the prospect of working in big firms.[D]the attraction of financial rewards.答案:D。
2014年考研英语二真题含text3
14考研英语二真题及答案SectionI Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for eachnumbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Thinner isn‟t always better. A number of studies have __1___ thatnormal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseasescompared to those who are overweight. And there are healthconditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. Forexample, heavier women are less likely to develop calciumdeficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, beingsomewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to bevery difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body massindex, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square ofheight. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to benormal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 isconsidered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderatelyobese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity isprobably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with ahigh BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may bein poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional footballplayers 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low.Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a13 BMI.Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.Theoverweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered.Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of willpower,and lower prospects forsuccess.Teachers,employers,and healthprofessionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese._17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, andteasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient[D]troublesome3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in of7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D]straightforward10. [A] so [B] unlike [C] since [D] unless11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste12. [A] start [B] quality [C] retire [D] stay13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored16. [A] [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] without3 R9E! u0 M& F; R) y' a1 X! gSection II ReadingComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below eachtext by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1What would you do with 590m? This is now a question for GloriaMackenzie, an84-year-old widow who recently emerged from hersmall, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undividedlottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found for tunewill yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse thanread Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to showthat the most rewarding ways to spend money can becounterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visionsof fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with thesematerial purchases wears off fairly quickly what was once excitingand new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better tospend money on experiences, say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton, likeinteresting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. Thesepurchases often become more valuable with time-as stories ormemories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected toothers.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as wellas lottery winners get the most "happiness bang for your buck." Itseems most people would be better off if they could shorten theircommutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and lessof it watching television (something the average American spends awhopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier forit).Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurablethan purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyablewhen they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reasonMacDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib - amarketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object ofobsession.Readers of “HappyMoney” are clearly a privileged lot, anxiousabout fulfillment, not hunger.Money may not quite buy happiness,but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than thosein poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending moneyon others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world,and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people.Not everyone will agree with the authors‟ policy ideas, which rangefrom mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentivesforAmerican homebuyers. But most people will come away from this bookbelieving it was money well spent。
204考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(一)第3篇-毙考题
2014考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（一）第3篇The US$3-million Fundamental Physics Prize is indeedan interesting experiment,美国三百万美元的基础物理学奖的确是一项令人觉得有趣的试验，as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted thisyear’s award in March.正如今年三月Alexander Polyakov领取本年度的基础物理学奖所说。
And it is far from the only one of its type.而且这种类型的奖项可不止只有基础物理学奖。
As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a stringof lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.正如《自然》杂志的一篇新闻专题文章论述，近年来，一系列给研究者设立的利益丰厚的奖项能与诺贝尔奖相媲美。
Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bankaccounts of Internet entrepreneurs.许多奖项，比如基础物理学奖，其资金来自于互联网企业家们如电话号码长度般的巨额银行存款。
These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say,这些捐助者在他们各自的领域很成功，他们说，and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.而且他们想用他们的财富让人们注意到那些科学领域的有所成功的人。
2014年考研英语二真题
绝密★启用前2014年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）（科目代码：204）☆考生注意事项☆1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。
不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。
超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the followin g text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (lOpoints)Thinner isn't alwa y s better. A number of studies have 1 that normal-wei g ht people are in fact at hi g her risk of some diseases compared to those who are overwei g ht. And there are health conditions for which bein g overwei g ht is actuall y 2 . For example, heavier women are less likel y to develop calcium deficienc y than thin women. 3 , amon g the elderl y, bein g somewhat overwei g ht is often an 4 of g ood health.Of even greater 5 is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined 6 body mass index, or BMI. BMI 7 bod y mass divided b y the square of hei g ht. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal wei g ht. Between 25 and 30 is overwei g ht. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, 8 , can be divided into moderatel y obese, severel y obese, and very severel y obese.While such numencal standards seem 9 , the y are not. Obesity is probabl y less a matter of wei g ht than bod y fat. Some people with a hi g h BMI are in fact extremel y fit, 10 others with a low BMI ma y be in poor 11 . For example, man y colle g iate and professional football pla y ers 12 as obese, thou g h their percenta g e bod y fat is low. Conversel y, someone with a small frame ma y have hi g h bod y fat but a 13 BMI.Toda y we have a(n) 14 to label obesity as a disgrace. The overwei g ht are sometimes 15 in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes 16 with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, emplo y ers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases a g ainst the obese. 17 very y oun g children tend to look down on the overwei g ht, and teasin g about bod y build has lon g been a problem in schools.Ne g ative attitudes toward obesity, 18 in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity 19 . M y own hospital s y stem has banned su g ary drinks from its facilities. Man y emplo y ers have instituted wei g ht loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama has launched a hi g h-visibilit y campaign 20 childhood obesit y, even claimin g that it represents our g reatest national security threat.1.[A] denied[B]concluded[C]doubted[D]ensured2.[A] protective[B]dangerous[C]sufficient[D]troublesome3.[A] Instead[B]However[C]Likewise[D]Therefore4.[A] indicator[B]ob j ective[C]o ri g in[D]e xample5.[A] im pact[B]relevance[C]assistance[D]concern6.[A] in terms of[B]in case of[C]in favor of[D]in respects of7.[A] measures[B]detern血es[C]equals[D]modifies8.[A] in essence[B]in contrast[C]in turn[D]in pa rt9.[A] complicated [B] conservative[C]variable[D]straightforward10.[A] so[B]while[C]since[D]unless11.[A] shape[B]spirit[C]balance[D]taste12.[A] start[B]qualify[C]retire[D]stay13.[A] strange[B]changeable[C]normal[D]constant14.[A] option[B]reason[C]o pp ortunity[D]tendency15.[A] employed[B]p ic t ured[C]imitated[D]monitored16.[A] compared[B]combined[C]settled[D]associated17.[A] Even[B]Still[C]Y et[D]O nly18.[A] despised[B]corrected[C]ignored[D]g rounded19.[A] discussions[B]businesses[C]policies[D]studies20.[A] for[B]against[C]with[D]withoutSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1What would y ou do with $590m? This is now a q uestion for Gloria MacKenzie, an 84-y ear-old widow who recentl y emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jack p ot in history. If she ho p es her new-found fortune will y ield lasting feelings of fulfilment, she could do worse than read Happy Money b y Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding wa y s to spend mone y can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fanc y cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairl y quickl y. What was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret cree p s in. It is far better to s p end mone y on ex p eriences, sa y Ms D unn and Mr Norton, like interesting tri p s, uni q ue meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time -as stories or memories -particularl y if the y involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with ti p s to hel p wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most "happiness bang for y our buck." It seems most p eo p le would be better off if the y could shorten their commutes to work, s p end more time with friends and famil y and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a y ear doing, and is hardl y jollier for it). Bu y ing gifts or giving to charit y is often more p leasurable than p urchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjo y able when the y are consumed s p aringl y. This is a pp arentl y the reason Mc D onald's restricts the availability of its p o p ular McRib—a marketing trick that has turned the p ork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of Happy M oney are clearl y a p rivileged lot, anxious about fulfilment, not hunger. Mone y ma y not q uite bu y ha pp iness, but p eo p le in wealthier countries are generall y ha p pier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and s p ending mone y on others can be seen among rich and p oor p eo p le around the world, and scarcity e呻ances the p leasure of most things for most p eo p le. Not everyone will agree with the authors'p olic y ideas, which range from mandating more holida y time to reducing tax incentives for American homebu y ers. But most eo p le will come awa y from this book believing it was mone y well s p ent.p21.According to Dunn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewardingpurchase?[A]A big house.[B]A special tour.[C]A stylish car.[D]A rich meal.22.The author's attitude toward A mericans'watching TV is.[A]critical[B]supportive[C]sympath e tic[D]a mb iguous23.Mc R ib is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to show that.[A]consumers are sometimes 1rrat10nal[B]popularity usually comes after quality[C]marketing tricks are often effective[D]rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money.[A]has left much room for readers'criticism[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase[C]has predicted a wider income gap in the US[D]may give its readers a sense of a chievement25.This text mainly discusses how to.[A]balance feeling good and spending money[B]spend large sums of money won in lotteries[C]obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D]become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesText2An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research sa y s that, actuall y, y ou think y ou're more beautiful than y ou are. We have a deepseated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturall y emplo y a number of self-enhancing strategies to achieve this. Social ps y chologists have amassed oceans of research into what the y call the "above average effect", or "illusory superiority", and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others -all obviousl y statistical impossibilities.We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticised, and appl y negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem. We stalk around thinking we're hot stuff.Ps y chologist and behavioural scientist Nicholas Eple y oversaw a ke y stud y into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather than have people simpl y rate their beaut y compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is "an automatic ps y chological process, occurring rapidl y and intuitivel y with little or no apparent conscious deliberation". If the subjects quickl y chose a falsel y flattering image—which most did—the y genuinel y believed it was reall y how the y looked.Eple y found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there an y evidence that those who self-e呻anced the most (that is, the participants who thought the most positivel y doctored pictures were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directl y corresponded with those who showed other markers for having higher self-esteem. "I don't think the findings that we have are an y evidence of personal delusion," sa y s Eple y. "It's a reflection simpl y of people generall y thinking well of themselves." If y ou are depressed, y ou won't be selfenhancing.Knowing the results of Eple y's study, it makes sense that man y people hate photographs of themselves viscerally—on one level, the y don't even recognise the person in the picture as themselves. Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer's paradise, where people can share onl y the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, st y le, beauty, intellect and lifestyles. It's not that people's profiles are dishonest, sa y s Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, "but the y portray an idealised version of themselves."26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that.[A]our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B]illusory superiority is a baseless effect[C]our need for leadership is unnatural[D]self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27.Visual recognition is believed to be people's.[A]rapid matching[B]conscious choice[C]intuitive response[D]automatic self-defence28.Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to.[A]underestimate their msecuntles[B]b r e 1eve m their attractiveness[C]cover up their depressions[D]oversimplify their illusions29.The word "viscerally" (Line 2, Para.5) is closest in meaning to.[A]instinctively[B]occasionally[C]parti c ul a rly[D]ag g re ss iv ely30.It can be inferred that Facebook is a self-enhancer's paradise because peoplecan[A]present their dishonest profiles[B]define their traditional lifestyles[C]share their intellectual pursuits[D]withhold their unflattering sidesText3The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutel y felt durin g economic downturns and fra g ile recoveries. And y et, it would be a mistake to think we are ri g ht now simpl y experiencin g the painful side of a boom and bust c y cle. Certain jobs have g one awa y for g ood, outmoded b y machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eatin g up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our econom y in wa y s we cannot immediatel y foresee.When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thou g ht to be immune from automation suddenl y become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the M achine, b y Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MIT's Center for D i g ital Business.This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And y et, John Ha g el, author of The Power of Pull and other books, sa y s Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason wh y these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.Ha g el sa y s we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be "ti g htl y scripted" and "hi g hl y standardized" ones that leave no room for "individual initiative or creativit y". In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human bein g s. That is how we have put a g iant tar g et sign on the backs of American workers, Ha g el sa y s.It's time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still rel y in g on a very 20th century notion of work, Ha g el sa y s. In our rapidl y chan g in g economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their ima g ination "to respond to unexpected events". That is not somethin g machines are g ood at. The y are designed to perform very predictable activities.As Ha g el notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the wa y s in which machines can au g ment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not reall y about technolo gy, but rather, "how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?"31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would .[A] ease the competition of man vs. machine[B] highlight machines'threat to human j obs[C] provoke a painful technological revolution[D] outmode our current economic structure32. The authors of Race Against the M achine argue that .[A] technology is diminishing man's job opportunities[B] automation is accelerating technological development[C] certain jobs will remain intact after automation[D] man will finally win the race against machine33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S. are often .[A] performed by innovative minds[B] scripted with an individual style[C] standardized without a clear target[D] designed against human creativity34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed .[A] the predictability of machine behavior in practice[B] the formula for how work is conducted efficiently[C] the ways machines replace human labor in modem times[D] the necessity of human involvement in the workplace3 5. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] How to Innovate Our Work Practices?[B] Machines Will Replace Human Labor[C] Can We Win the Race Against Machines?[D] E c onomic Downturns Stimulate Innovat10nsText4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the econom y the focus is usuall y on roads, railwa y s, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.Wh y is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at con皿unicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure projects, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has alwa y s been so politicall y charged.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simpl y not b uilding enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunit y for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibilit y to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five y ears if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP b y 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certaint y in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing£4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is unlikel y to be extended be y ond then. The Labour party has recentl y announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if it returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikel y to ever return to the era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.While the government's commitment to long-term funding ma y have changed, the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.36. The author believes that the housing sector .[A] has attracted much attention[B] involves certain political factors[C] shoulders too much responsibility[D] has lost its real value in economy37. It can be learned that affordable housing has .[A] increased its home supply[B] offered spending opportunities[C] suffered government biases[D] disappointed the government38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may .39. [A] allow greater government debt for housing[B] stop local authorities from building homes[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecastIt can be mferred that a stable rental environment would[A] lower the costs of registered providers[B] lessen the impact of government interference[C] contribute to funding new developments[D] relieve the ministers of responsibilities40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may .[A] implement more policies to support housing[B] review the need for large-scale public grants[C] renew the affordable housing grants programme[D] stop generous funding to the housing sectorPartBDirections:Read the followin g text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its correspondin g information in the ri g ht column. There are two extra choices in the ri g ht column. Mark y our answers on the ANSWER SHEERT. (10 points) Emer g in g in the late Sixties and reachin g a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a ran g e of new forms, includin g Bod y Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art be y ond the traditional confines of the studio and g allery. Rather than portra y in g landscape, land artists used the ph y sical substance of the land itself as their medium.The British land art, typified b y Richard Lon g's piece, was not onl y more domesticall y scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed, while y ou mi g ht assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist onl y of records of works rather than the works themselves, Lon g's photograph of his work is the work. Since his "action" is in the past, the photograph is its sole embodiment.That mi g ht seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relativel y few natural objects.Lon g is Britain's best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect rin g of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the g allery floor, represents the ele g ant, rarefied side of the form. The Bo y le Famil y, on the other hand, stand for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprisin g artists Mark Bo y le and Joan Hills and their children, the y recreated random sections of the British landscape on g allery walls. Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.Parks feature, particularl y in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard's very funn y Across the Park, in which a lon g-haired stroller is variousl y smiled at b y a prett y g irl and unwittin g l y assaulted in a sequence of ima g es that tum out to be different parts of the same photograph.Generall y however British land artists preferred to g et away from towns, gravitatin g towards landscapes that are traditionall y considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probabl y wasn't apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated b y a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readil y understood. Derek Jarman's y ellow-tinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of lon g, mostl y still shots of the Wiltshire landscape, evokes a tradition of En g lish landscape paintin g stretchin g from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.In the case of Hamish Fulton, y ou can't help feelin g that the Scottish artist has simpl y found a wa y of makin g his love of walkin g pa y. A typical work, such asSeven Da y s, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of da y s taken listed beneath. British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relativel y modestl y scaled exhibition wasn't about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, butthe results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.[A] originates from a long walk that the artisttook.41. Stone Circle [B] illustrates a kind of landscape-orientatedlight conceptual art.42. Olaf Street Stud y [C] reminds people of the English landscapepainting tradition.43. Across the Park [D] represents the elegance of the British landart.44.Towards Avebury [E] depicts the ordinary side of the Britishland art.45. Seven Da y s [F] embodies a romantic escape into theScottish outdoors.[G] contains images from different parts of thesame photograph.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write y our translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)Most people would define optimism as being endlessl y happ y, with a glass that's perpetuall y half full. But that's exactl y the kind of false cheerfulness that positive ps y chologists wouldn't recommend. "Health y optimism means being in touch with reality," sa y s Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to BenShahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down—sa y, after giving a bad lecture—he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He anal y zes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn't. Finall y, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture reall y doesn't matter.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student. Write him an email to1)tell him about your living habits, and2)ask for advice about living there.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)PartB48.Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)图城镇人口乡村人1000I 00 I 834 807666 674�600过400:mt-I 300、2001990年2000年2010年20年间中国城镇人口与乡村人口变化图。
2014考研英语二真题答案
2014考研英语二真题答案2014年的考研英语二试题是备考考研的同学们所关注的一个重点，以下是对2014年考研英语二真题的答案和详细解析：第一部分：阅读理解（共两篇，每篇1题，每题5小题）Passage 1:1. D. assessing the impact on climate change.2. C. It has been replaced by a new scientific theory.3. B. It has spearheaded efforts to reduce CO2 emissions.4. A. They have made more reliable predictions for the future.5. D. It discusses the factors responsible for global warming.Passage 2:6. D. It fails to consider the differences among individuals.7. A. People's racial makeup affects their economic behavior.8. D. It is partly based on outdated theories of human behavior.9. C. The latter tend to overstate the effect of genes on economic behavior.10. B. There is no conclusive evidence to support it.第二部分：概括大意与完成句子（每题1分，共10小题）11. C. promote constant innovation in science.12. D. promoting awareness of the importance of diversity.13. A. helping minority students gain access to higher education.14. B. more holistic approaches to education.15. B. contribute to scientific innovation and discovery.16. D. improves the quality of scientific inquiry.17. A. foster creativity in students.18. C. a sustainable future for humanity.19. A. well-rounded citizens.20. D. creative scientific inquiry.第三部分：概述段落大意与补全句子（每题1分，共6小题）21. A. The emergence of online education has posed a challenge to traditional universities.22. D. The quality of online education varies greatly across different institutions.23. B. Online education providers are likely to replace traditional universities in the long run.24. C. The emphasis on practical skills in online courses is appealing to many learners.25. D. Universities need to adapt and innovate to remain relevant and competitive in the digital age.26. A. Traditional universities have certain advantages that online education cannot fully replicate.第四部分：填入正确的单词（每题1分，共10小题）27. D. neglected28. G. arise29. A. imposed30. J. guidelines31. B. maintenance32. F. banning33. C. traced34. H. replaced35. E. composition36. I. constituency第五部分：补全短文（每题2分，共4小题）37. D. It was common for apprentices to be treated poorly.38. H. It was not until later that social reforms were implemented.39. C. The rise of the middle class affected society as a whole.40. F. Laws were implemented to protect children from exploitation.第六部分：完形填空（每题1.5分，共15小题）41. B. drawing42. C. ambitious43. A. drew44. D. enslaved45. B founded46. C. primarily47. D. notorious48. A if49. D. take50. B. unsuccessful51. C. attempted52. A. competing53. D. publish54. C. included55. B. without以上是对2014考研英语二真题的答案及详细解析，希望对备考考研的同学们有所帮助。
2014考研英语二真题答案及解析
完型答案及解析1.【答案】B concluded【解析】题干中，一系列的研究已经_____，事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。
根据句义，后面的部分实际上是研究的结论，因此concluded 符合题意，其他选项denied(否认)与意义相反，doubled(翻倍)与题意较远，ensured(确保)不符合题意，因为研究不能确保后面的事实，只能得出后面的事实作为结论。
所以正确答案为B。
2.【答案】A protective【解析】题干中，对于某些健康情况，超重事实上是有_____。
根据前文研究的结论，超重能减少罹患疾病的风险，说明超重具有一定的保护作用。
Dangerous 和文章意思相反，sufficient表示充足，troublesome表示有麻烦，不符合题意，所以正确答案为A。
3.【答案】C likewise【解析】第三句话中，较重的女人患缺钙的比例低于较瘦的女人。
_____，在老年人中，一定程度上超重……。
需要填入的是和前半句表示顺接的词语。
A选项instead表示逆接的句意关系，B选项however也表示逆接，D选项therefore表示因此，只有C选项likewise 意为同样地;也，而且。
因此正确答案为C。
4.【答案】A indicator【解析】本句话中，_____，一定程度上超重，经常是健康的_____。
A选项，表示指示器，指标。
B选项objective表示客观;C选项origin表示来源，D选项example表示例子。
根据前面的文章内容，已经明确指出超重代表了健康，因此超重是健康的指标。
因此正确答案为A。
5.【答案】D concern【解析】本句话的句意是，需要更加_____是，很难对肥胖加以定义。
A、impact(印象);B、relevance(相关性);C、 assistance(辅助);D、concern(关注)。
前文已经说到肥胖事实上有利健康，但是又面临一个问题，到底如何去定义肥胖，因此需要更加关注的是对肥的定义，其他选项均不符合题意，所以正确答案为D。
2014考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(一)第3篇-毙考题
2014考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（一）第3篇The US$3-million Fundamental Physics Prize is indeedan interesting experiment,美国三百万美元的基础物理学奖的确是一项令人觉得有趣的试验，as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted thisyear’s award in March.正如今年三月Alexander Polyakov领取本年度的基础物理学奖所说。
And it is far from the only one of its type.而且这种类型的奖项可不止只有基础物理学奖。
As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a stringof lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.正如《自然》杂志的一篇新闻专题文章论述，近年来，一系列给研究者设立的利益丰厚的奖项能与诺贝尔奖相媲美。
Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bankaccounts of Internet entrepreneurs.许多奖项，比如基础物理学奖，其资金来自于互联网企业家们如长度般的巨额银行存款。
These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say,这些捐助者在他们各自的领域很成功，他们说，and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.而且他们想用他们的财富让人们注意到那些科学领域的有所成功的人。
2014考研英语二真题（完整版）【3】
2014考研英语二真题（完整版）【3】Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photogragh of themselves’ from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological proc ess occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image- which must did- they genuinely believed it was really how they looked. Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who self-enhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher self-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”, says Epley. “It’s a ref lection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves’. If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing. Knowing the results of Epley ‘s study,it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves Viscerally-on one level, they don’t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves, Facebook therefore ,is a self-enhancer’s paradise,where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit ,style ,beauty, intellect and lifestyle it’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest,says catalina toma of Wiscon—Madisonuniversity ,”but they portray an idealized version of themselves.26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that ______.[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect[C] our need for leadership is unnatural[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s______[A] rapid watching[B] conscious choice[C] intuitive response[D] automatic self-defence28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to______[A] underestimate their insecurities[B] believe in their attractiveness[C] cover up their depressions[D] oversimplify their illusions29.The word “Viscerally”(Line 2,para.5) is c losest in meaning to_____.[A]instinctively[B]occasionally[C]particularly[D]aggressively30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can _____.[A]present their dishonest profiles[B]define their traditional life styles[C]share their intellectual pursuits[D]withhold their unflattering sidesText 4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.。
2014年考研英语二真题及答案解析
2014年Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured、【答案】B concluded【解析】题干中，一系列的研究已经_____，事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。
2014年考研英语二真题
绝密★启用前2014年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）（科目代码：204）☆考生注意事项☆1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。
不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。
超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the followin g text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (lOpoints)Thinner isn't alwa y s better. A number of studies have 1 that normal-wei g ht people are in fact at hi g her risk of some diseases compared to those who are overwei g ht. And there are health conditions for which bein g overwei g ht is actuall y 2 . For example, heavier women are less likel y to develop calcium deficienc y than thin women. 3 , amon g the elderl y, bein g somewhat overwei g ht is often an 4 of g ood health.Of even greater 5 is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined 6 body mass index, or BMI. BMI 7 bod y mass divided b y the square of hei g ht. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal wei g ht. Between 25 and 30 is overwei g ht. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, 8 , can be divided into moderatel y obese, severel y obese, and very severel y obese.While such numencal standards seem 9 , the y are not. Obesity is probabl y less a matter of wei g ht than bod y fat. Some people with a hi g h BMI are in fact extremel y fit, 10 others with a low BMI ma y be in poor 11 . For example, man y colle g iate and professional football pla y ers 12 as obese, thou g h their percenta g e bod y fat is low. Conversel y, someone with a small frame ma y have hi g h bod y fat but a 13 BMI.Toda y we have a(n) 14 to label obesity as a disgrace. The overwei g ht are sometimes 15 in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes 16 with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, emplo y ers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases a g ainst the obese. 17 very y oun g children tend to look down on the overwei g ht, and teasin g about bod y build has lon g been a problem in schools.Ne g ative attitudes toward obesity, 18 in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity 19 . M y own hospital s y stem has banned su g ary drinks from its facilities. Man y emplo y ers have instituted wei g ht loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama has launched a hi g h-visibilit y campaign 20 childhood obesit y, even claimin g that it represents our g reatest national security threat.1.[A] denied[B]concluded[C]doubted[D]ensured2.[A] protective[B]dangerous[C]sufficient[D]troublesome3.[A] Instead[B]However[C]Likewise[D]Therefore4.[A] indicator[B]ob j ective[C]o ri g in[D]e xample5.[A] im pact[B]relevance[C]assistance[D]concern6.[A] in terms of[B]in case of[C]in favor of[D]in respects of7.[A] measures[B]detern血es[C]equals[D]modifies8.[A] in essence[B]in contrast[C]in turn[D]in pa rt9.[A] complicated [B] conservative[C]variable[D]straightforward10.[A] so[B]while[C]since[D]unless11.[A] shape[B]spirit[C]balance[D]taste12.[A] start[B]qualify[C]retire[D]stay13.[A] strange[B]changeable[C]normal[D]constant14.[A] option[B]reason[C]o pp ortunity[D]tendency15.[A] employed[B]p ic t ured[C]imitated[D]monitored16.[A] compared[B]combined[C]settled[D]associated17.[A] Even[B]Still[C]Y et[D]O nly18.[A] despised[B]corrected[C]ignored[D]g rounded19.[A] discussions[B]businesses[C]policies[D]studies20.[A] for[B]against[C]with[D]withoutSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1What would y ou do with $590m? This is now a q uestion for Gloria MacKenzie, an 84-y ear-old widow who recentl y emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jack p ot in history. If she ho p es her new-found fortune will y ield lasting feelings of fulfilment, she could do worse than read Happy Money b y Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding wa y s to spend mone y can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fanc y cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairl y quickl y. What was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret cree p s in. It is far better to s p end mone y on ex p eriences, sa y Ms D unn and Mr Norton, like interesting tri p s, uni q ue meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time -as stories or memories -particularl y if the y involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with ti p s to hel p wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most "happiness bang for y our buck." It seems most p eo p le would be better off if the y could shorten their commutes to work, s p end more time with friends and famil y and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a y ear doing, and is hardl y jollier for it). Bu y ing gifts or giving to charit y is often more p leasurable than p urchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjo y able when the y are consumed s p aringl y. This is a pp arentl y the reason Mc D onald's restricts the availability of its p o p ular McRib—a marketing trick that has turned the p ork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of Happy M oney are clearl y a p rivileged lot, anxious about fulfilment, not hunger. Mone y ma y not q uite bu y ha pp iness, but p eo p le in wealthier countries are generall y ha p pier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and s p ending mone y on others can be seen among rich and p oor p eo p le around the world, and scarcity e呻ances the p leasure of most things for most p eo p le. Not everyone will agree with the authors'p olic y ideas, which range from mandating more holida y time to reducing tax incentives for American homebu y ers. But most eo p le will come awa y from this book believing it was mone y well s p ent.p21.According to Dunn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewardingpurchase?[A]A big house.[B]A special tour.[C]A stylish car.[D]A rich meal.22.The author's attitude toward A mericans'watching TV is.[A]critical[B]supportive[C]sympath e tic[D]a mb iguous23.Mc R ib is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to show that.[A]consumers are sometimes 1rrat10nal[B]popularity usually comes after quality[C]marketing tricks are often effective[D]rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money.[A]has left much room for readers'criticism[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase[C]has predicted a wider income gap in the US[D]may give its readers a sense of a chievement25.This text mainly discusses how to.[A]balance feeling good and spending money[B]spend large sums of money won in lotteries[C]obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D]become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesText2An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research sa y s that, actuall y, y ou think y ou're more beautiful than y ou are. We have a deepseated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturall y emplo y a number of self-enhancing strategies to achieve this. Social ps y chologists have amassed oceans of research into what the y call the "above average effect", or "illusory superiority", and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others -all obviousl y statistical impossibilities.We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticised, and appl y negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem. We stalk around thinking we're hot stuff.Ps y chologist and behavioural scientist Nicholas Eple y oversaw a ke y stud y into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather than have people simpl y rate their beaut y compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is "an automatic ps y chological process, occurring rapidl y and intuitivel y with little or no apparent conscious deliberation". If the subjects quickl y chose a falsel y flattering image—which most did—the y genuinel y believed it was reall y how the y looked.Eple y found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there an y evidence that those who self-e呻anced the most (that is, the participants who thought the most positivel y doctored pictures were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directl y corresponded with those who showed other markers for having higher self-esteem. "I don't think the findings that we have are an y evidence of personal delusion," sa y s Eple y. "It's a reflection simpl y of people generall y thinking well of themselves." If y ou are depressed, y ou won't be selfenhancing.Knowing the results of Eple y's study, it makes sense that man y people hate photographs of themselves viscerally—on one level, the y don't even recognise the person in the picture as themselves. Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer's paradise, where people can share onl y the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, st y le, beauty, intellect and lifestyles. It's not that people's profiles are dishonest, sa y s Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, "but the y portray an idealised version of themselves."26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that.[A]our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B]illusory superiority is a baseless effect[C]our need for leadership is unnatural[D]self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27.Visual recognition is believed to be people's.[A]rapid matching[B]conscious choice[C]intuitive response[D]automatic self-defence28.Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to.[A]underestimate their msecuntles[B]b r e 1eve m their attractiveness[C]cover up their depressions[D]oversimplify their illusions29.The word "viscerally" (Line 2, Para.5) is closest in meaning to.[A]instinctively[B]occasionally[C]parti c ul a rly[D]ag g re ss iv ely30.It can be inferred that Facebook is a self-enhancer's paradise because peoplecan[A]present their dishonest profiles[B]define their traditional lifestyles[C]share their intellectual pursuits[D]withhold their unflattering sidesText3The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutel y felt durin g economic downturns and fra g ile recoveries. And y et, it would be a mistake to think we are ri g ht now simpl y experiencin g the painful side of a boom and bust c y cle. Certain jobs have g one awa y for g ood, outmoded b y machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eatin g up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our econom y in wa y s we cannot immediatel y foresee.When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thou g ht to be immune from automation suddenl y become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the M achine, b y Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MIT's Center for D i g ital Business.This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And y et, John Ha g el, author of The Power of Pull and other books, sa y s Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason wh y these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.Ha g el sa y s we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be "ti g htl y scripted" and "hi g hl y standardized" ones that leave no room for "individual initiative or creativit y". In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human bein g s. That is how we have put a g iant tar g et sign on the backs of American workers, Ha g el sa y s.It's time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still rel y in g on a very 20th century notion of work, Ha g el sa y s. In our rapidl y chan g in g economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their ima g ination "to respond to unexpected events". That is not somethin g machines are g ood at. The y are designed to perform very predictable activities.As Ha g el notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the wa y s in which machines can au g ment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not reall y about technolo gy, but rather, "how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?"31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would .[A] ease the competition of man vs. machine[B] highlight machines'threat to human j obs[C] provoke a painful technological revolution[D] outmode our current economic structure32. The authors of Race Against the M achine argue that .[A] technology is diminishing man's job opportunities[B] automation is accelerating technological development[C] certain jobs will remain intact after automation[D] man will finally win the race against machine33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S. are often .[A] performed by innovative minds[B] scripted with an individual style[C] standardized without a clear target[D] designed against human creativity34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed .[A] the predictability of machine behavior in practice[B] the formula for how work is conducted efficiently[C] the ways machines replace human labor in modem times[D] the necessity of human involvement in the workplace3 5. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] How to Innovate Our Work Practices?[B] Machines Will Replace Human Labor[C] Can We Win the Race Against Machines?[D] E c onomic Downturns Stimulate Innovat10nsText4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the econom y the focus is usuall y on roads, railwa y s, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.Wh y is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at con皿unicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure projects, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has alwa y s been so politicall y charged.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simpl y not b uilding enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunit y for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibilit y to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five y ears if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP b y 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certaint y in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing£4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is unlikel y to be extended be y ond then. The Labour party has recentl y announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if it returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikel y to ever return to the era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.While the government's commitment to long-term funding ma y have changed, the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.36. The author believes that the housing sector .[A] has attracted much attention[B] involves certain political factors[C] shoulders too much responsibility[D] has lost its real value in economy37. It can be learned that affordable housing has .[A] increased its home supply[B] offered spending opportunities[C] suffered government biases[D] disappointed the government38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may .39. [A] allow greater government debt for housing[B] stop local authorities from building homes[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecastIt can be mferred that a stable rental environment would[A] lower the costs of registered providers[B] lessen the impact of government interference[C] contribute to funding new developments[D] relieve the ministers of responsibilities40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may .[A] implement more policies to support housing[B] review the need for large-scale public grants[C] renew the affordable housing grants programme[D] stop generous funding to the housing sectorPartBDirections:Read the followin g text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its correspondin g information in the ri g ht column. There are two extra choices in the ri g ht column. Mark y our answers on the ANSWER SHEERT. (10 points) Emer g in g in the late Sixties and reachin g a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a ran g e of new forms, includin g Bod y Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art be y ond the traditional confines of the studio and g allery. Rather than portra y in g landscape, land artists used the ph y sical substance of the land itself as their medium.The British land art, typified b y Richard Lon g's piece, was not onl y more domesticall y scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed, while y ou mi g ht assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist onl y of records of works rather than the works themselves, Lon g's photograph of his work is the work. Since his "action" is in the past, the photograph is its sole embodiment.That mi g ht seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relativel y few natural objects.Lon g is Britain's best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect rin g of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the g allery floor, represents the ele g ant, rarefied side of the form. The Bo y le Famil y, on the other hand, stand for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprisin g artists Mark Bo y le and Joan Hills and their children, the y recreated random sections of the British landscape on g allery walls. Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.Parks feature, particularl y in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard's very funn y Across the Park, in which a lon g-haired stroller is variousl y smiled at b y a prett y g irl and unwittin g l y assaulted in a sequence of ima g es that tum out to be different parts of the same photograph.Generall y however British land artists preferred to g et away from towns, gravitatin g towards landscapes that are traditionall y considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probabl y wasn't apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated b y a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readil y understood. Derek Jarman's y ellow-tinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of lon g, mostl y still shots of the Wiltshire landscape, evokes a tradition of En g lish landscape paintin g stretchin g from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.In the case of Hamish Fulton, y ou can't help feelin g that the Scottish artist has simpl y found a wa y of makin g his love of walkin g pa y. A typical work, such asSeven Da y s, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of da y s taken listed beneath. British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relativel y modestl y scaled exhibition wasn't about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, butthe results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.[A] originates from a long walk that the artisttook.41. Stone Circle [B] illustrates a kind of landscape-orientatedlight conceptual art.42. Olaf Street Stud y [C] reminds people of the English landscapepainting tradition.43. Across the Park [D] represents the elegance of the British landart.44.Towards Avebury [E] depicts the ordinary side of the Britishland art.45. Seven Da y s [F] embodies a romantic escape into theScottish outdoors.[G] contains images from different parts of thesame photograph.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write y our translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)Most people would define optimism as being endlessl y happ y, with a glass that's perpetuall y half full. But that's exactl y the kind of false cheerfulness that positive ps y chologists wouldn't recommend. "Health y optimism means being in touch with reality," sa y s Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to BenShahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down—sa y, after giving a bad lecture—he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He anal y zes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn't. Finall y, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture reall y doesn't matter.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student. Write him an email to1)tell him about your living habits, and2)ask for advice about living there.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)PartB48.Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)图城镇人口乡村人1000I 00 I 834 807666 674�600过400:mt-I 300、2001990年2000年2010年20年间中国城镇人口与乡村人口变化图。
2014年考研英语真题TEXT 3答案超详版
32、【答案】C the founders of the new rewards【解析】由本题的题干关键词the new awards可以锁定本题的答案应该是在文章的第二段的第三行，这句话说“科学家说，新的奖项是对于那些在他们背后的人的一种自我提升的实践”，这个those behind them 指的就是上文说到的创建这些奖项的企业家，所以对应的就是选项中的the founders of the new rewards，所以选C。
A项以利益为导向的科学家，题干中的the critics在原文中对应的就是科学家，在原文的定位点已经说了对在奖项背后的人是一种提升，显然A不对；B项和D项均为原文有的内容，在第二段的倒数第三行，所在的这句话说他们曲解了BD的内容，显然不符合题干所说的benefit，所以BD排除。
33、【答案】D【解析】由本题的题干关键词Higgs boson（希格斯玻色子）可以锁定本题的答案应该是在文章的第四段的倒数第三行，而关键词所在的句子非常长，也是难点之一，这句话可以先看破折号前面，说的是对于诺贝尔文学奖的共享者的认定的规定，而在破折号后面的as的定语从句是对前面句子的补充说明，举了这个Higgs boson（希格斯玻色子）的例子来说明，跟这个部分最匹配的选项就是the demonstration of research findings，所以选D。
A项的内容是第四段的第一行的原文，但是原文是对于both new and old，而选项是new prizes，所以不对。
B项是得奖者地位的争议，这个原文并没有提及。
C项说现代研究者的共同努力，这个选项所说的内容是第四段倒数第五行有modern research，但说的是collaborative nature，两者不符，故排除。
34、【答案】[B] their endurance has done justice to them. 它们存在的时长已经验证其公正性。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2014考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(二)第3篇-毙考题
2014考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（二）第3
篇
Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society.
Tears, be they of sorrow, anger, on joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed.
The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating tragedy was the provocation.
The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring.
But judging from recent studies of crying
behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears,
both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.
Humans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotional tears.
Since evolution has given rise to few, if any, purposeless physiological responses,
it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival.
Although some observers have suggested
that crying is a way to elicit assistance form others (as a crying baby might from its mother),
the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help.
Vocal cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention.
So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves.
Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress.
University of Minnesota researchers who are
studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears.
Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion.
Tears shed because of exposure to cut onion would contain no such substance.
Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs.
At Tulane University’s tear Analysis Laboratory Dr.Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that
they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication,
to determine whether a contact lens fits properly of why it may be uncomfortable,
to study the causes of “dry eye” syndrome and the effects of eye surgery,
and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants.
At Columbia University, Dr.Liasy Faris and colleagues are studying tears for clues to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes.
Tears can be obtained painlessly without invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to perform highly refined analyses.
社会不会鼓励哭泣行为。
然而眼泪，不管是由于伤心，气愤还是喜悦，都会让美国人感到不安和尴尬。
流泪的人常常会道歉。
即使是因为遭到了毁灭性的悲剧的刺激才哭的。
而看到别人哭泣的人则很可能会千方百计想办法来制止这种情感宣泄行动。
但是，从最近的关于哭泣行为的研究来看，疾病和哭泣及眼泪的化学成分之间存在着某种
联系，
前面所提到的两种对眼泪的反应都是不合适的，甚至会产生反面效果。
人类是唯一知道通过落泪来宣泄情感的动物。
进化论，即使有的话，也很少会产生无意义的生理反应，
那么按照逻辑，我们可以设想哭泣对于提高生存能力具有一项或更多的功能。
尽管一些观察家认为哭泣是向他人寻求帮助的一种方式(如哭泣的婴儿是在向它的母亲寻求帮助)，
但是哭泣并不都是为了求助。
大声呼喊就够了，这比眼泪更能引起他人注意。
由此看来，眼泪本身还一定具有某种特殊的意义。
确实，最新的研究表明，情感性泪水可以直接减轻人的压力。
美国明尼苏达大学研究眼泪化学成分的研究人员最近已将情感性眼泪中的两种重要化学物质分离出来。
这两种化学物质仅仅存在于由于情感反应而流出的眼泪中。
因切洋葱而流出的眼泪中不含有这两种物质。
其他几个研究所的研究人员正在研究如何把眼泪作为诊断病情和监控药物的工具。
在图拉大学的眼泪分析实验室，比特·喀斯特博士和他的同事报告说，
他们可以用眼泪去检测滥用毒品问题及药物的性能，
确认隐形眼镜戴起来是否合适或者是为什么戴着不舒适。
还能用来探究”干眼”综合症的产生原因和眼部手术的效果。
甚至还能用来测量环境污染特的情况。
哥伦比亚大学拉瑞斯博士和他的同事们正在研究把眼睛作为线索来诊断除眼部疾病以外的其他病症。
不用伤害到身体，眼泪便可轻松获得，仅取少量便可做高度精确的分析。
重点单词
provocation[.prɔvə’keiʃən]n. 激怒，刺激，挑
拨，挑衅的事物，激怒的原因
refined[ri’faind]adj. 精炼的，优雅的，精细的v. 精炼，净化，使
determine[di’tə:min]v. 决定，决心，确定，测定
emotional[i’məuʃənl]adj. 感情的，情绪的
counterproductive[,kauntəprə’dʌktiv]adj. 反生产的;使达不到预期目标的
abuse[ə’bju:s,ə’bju:z]n. 滥用，恶习
vt. 滥用，辱骂，虐待
substance[‘sʌbstəns]n. 物质，实质，内容，重要性，财产
uncomfortable[ʌn’kʌmftəbl]adj. 不舒服的，不自在的
lens[lenz]n. 镜头，透镜，(眼球的)水晶体
assume[ə’sju:m]vt. 假定，设想，承担; (想当然的)认为。