专业英语课件
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《专业英语》课件(7)-Steady_State
（5）It must be admitted that… 必须承认，……
（6）It appears (seems) that… 看来……，似乎…… （7）It is stated (said, reported, estimated, calculated, suggested, guessed, supposed) that…据说（报道，统 计，推算，建议，猜测，推测）……，一般认
steady-state error final value theorem distinguish type number integer integrator ramp n. n. n. v. 稳态误差 终值定理 区分，辨别 型数 整数 积分环节，积分器 斜坡
acceleration
n.
加速度
扰动误差
disturbance error
superposition
identical
n.
a.
叠加
相同的，一样的
eliminate
ahead of
v.
消除
在前面
entry
accompany
n.
v.
入口
伴随
难句解释：
[1] The designer should be fully aware, however, of the
的稳态误差可写作下式：
esቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ lime(t ) limsEr (s)
t s0
(2-2B-1)
对开环传递函数G(s)，设有如下的通用式子： K a k s k a1 s 1 G( s) n (2-2B-4) s bl s l b1 s 1 在这个式子中： 1) K 已知，使分子分母多项式的常数项单位化，即传递函 数G的增益。它和下一节介绍的根轨迹增益不同，后者的最高 次幂项的系数是单位值1。 2) G的型数是整数n。分母中s因子代表着积分，型数就是G 中积分环节的数目n。 3) 增益，根据n的不同取值，通常的惯例，把下列名字和 注解与K相联系。 n = 0: Kp = position error constant 位置误差常数 n = 1: Kv = velocity error constant 速度误差常数 n = 2: Ka = acceleration error constant 加速度误差常数
机电专业英语PPT课件
他的价值观念似乎陈旧了。 • immense [i mens] adj.极大的，巨大的
例句：They made an immense improvement in English.
在E英nd语方面他们取得了巨大的进步To。pic Above Next
centrifugal [sen‘trifjugəl] adj.离心的
mass-produced大(批)量生产的
Section II Text
Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ev er since the beginning of the Industrial Revo lution at the end of the 18th century.（自从 18世纪末工业革命开始，工业机械化进 程一直在不断地发展，并且变得越来越 复杂。） The current developments of auto matic processes are, however, different from the old ones.（但目前的工业自动化过程 较以前的工业自动化过程有很大的不同）
）
Now people often talk about “feedback” as b
eing an essential factor of the new industrial t
echniques, upon which is based an automatic
self-regulating system and by virtue of which
And in many, though not all, instances th e element of control is so great that me chanization displaces muscle, “automat ion” displaces brain as well.（尽管不 是所有的情况，但在大多数情况下， 控制元件依然发挥着强大的力量， 机械化已经代替了手工劳动，而自 动化代替了脑力劳动。
例句：They made an immense improvement in English.
在E英nd语方面他们取得了巨大的进步To。pic Above Next
centrifugal [sen‘trifjugəl] adj.离心的
mass-produced大(批)量生产的
Section II Text
Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ev er since the beginning of the Industrial Revo lution at the end of the 18th century.（自从 18世纪末工业革命开始，工业机械化进 程一直在不断地发展，并且变得越来越 复杂。） The current developments of auto matic processes are, however, different from the old ones.（但目前的工业自动化过程 较以前的工业自动化过程有很大的不同）
）
Now people often talk about “feedback” as b
eing an essential factor of the new industrial t
echniques, upon which is based an automatic
self-regulating system and by virtue of which
And in many, though not all, instances th e element of control is so great that me chanization displaces muscle, “automat ion” displaces brain as well.（尽管不 是所有的情况，但在大多数情况下， 控制元件依然发挥着强大的力量， 机械化已经代替了手工劳动，而自 动化代替了脑力劳动。
大学英语专业英语写作课件
appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.
整理课件
Sample 1
The Good Habit Nowadays, more and more young people think that it is better that using
整理课件
Instructions
Write a composition of about 200 words. You are to write in three parts. In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is. In the second part, support your opinion with appropriate
details. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural
conclusion or a summary. You should supply an appropriate title for your composition. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and
整理课件
5-6分。结构基本符合，但语言过于简单，语法错误多，内 容模糊不清，题目不正确，字数少于170。
举例不可信。举例应该真实可信，比如亲身经 历、朋友体验或者名人轶事等。 文章结尾太简单。
整理课件
Sample 3：Saving Money is a Good Habit
整理课件
Sample 1
The Good Habit Nowadays, more and more young people think that it is better that using
整理课件
Instructions
Write a composition of about 200 words. You are to write in three parts. In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is. In the second part, support your opinion with appropriate
details. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural
conclusion or a summary. You should supply an appropriate title for your composition. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and
整理课件
5-6分。结构基本符合，但语言过于简单，语法错误多，内 容模糊不清，题目不正确，字数少于170。
举例不可信。举例应该真实可信，比如亲身经 历、朋友体验或者名人轶事等。 文章结尾太简单。
整理课件
Sample 3：Saving Money is a Good Habit
英语专业综英6 unit 14 where I lived, and what I lived for课件
Skim v. To remove fat, cream, etc. from the surface of a liquid
11
Paragraph 4
Occupant n. A person who lives in a particular house, room, building, etc. Lichen n. A very small grey and yellow plant that spreads over the surface of rocks, walls and trees and does not have any flowers
3
By immersing himself in nature, Thoreau hoped to gain a more objective understanding of society through personal introspection. Simple living and self-sufficiency were Thoreau's other goals, and the whole project was inspired by transcendentalist philosophy, a central theme of the American Romantic Period. As Thoreau made clear in his book, his cabin was not in wilderness but at the edge of town, about two miles (3 km) from his family home.
Perchance adv. (old use) perhaps
11
Paragraph 4
Occupant n. A person who lives in a particular house, room, building, etc. Lichen n. A very small grey and yellow plant that spreads over the surface of rocks, walls and trees and does not have any flowers
3
By immersing himself in nature, Thoreau hoped to gain a more objective understanding of society through personal introspection. Simple living and self-sufficiency were Thoreau's other goals, and the whole project was inspired by transcendentalist philosophy, a central theme of the American Romantic Period. As Thoreau made clear in his book, his cabin was not in wilderness but at the edge of town, about two miles (3 km) from his family home.
Perchance adv. (old use) perhaps
工程类本科优秀课件《专业英语》presentation
8
3. Seven-step process of preparing and delivering extemporaneous presentations
9
Step 1：Plan and organize the presentation
• Introduction
• Gain the attention of the audience • Not before decision makers • Thesis enough
Outside the organization
Occasions for selling
5
Typical presentations in the org.
Results of engineering evaluations Status report on affirmative action program Budget proposal Forecast projection Systems demonstration for upper management Briefings for vendors Briefings for senior executives on community issues Orientation for new employee
12
Step 4:Memorize the beginning and the end of the presentation
6
2.Five propositions about presentations
7
1.Presentations are made before small audiences, which are often composed of decision makers.
3. Seven-step process of preparing and delivering extemporaneous presentations
9
Step 1：Plan and organize the presentation
• Introduction
• Gain the attention of the audience • Not before decision makers • Thesis enough
Outside the organization
Occasions for selling
5
Typical presentations in the org.
Results of engineering evaluations Status report on affirmative action program Budget proposal Forecast projection Systems demonstration for upper management Briefings for vendors Briefings for senior executives on community issues Orientation for new employee
12
Step 4:Memorize the beginning and the end of the presentation
6
2.Five propositions about presentations
7
1.Presentations are made before small audiences, which are often composed of decision makers.
研究生专业英语课(1)PPT教学课件
---- T. Clifford Allbutt
2020/12/10
7
Scientific Paper Writing and Publish
Length of the Title
The good title is the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents of the paper.
2020/12/10
6
Scientific Paper Writing and Publish
How to Prepare the Title
First impressions are strong impressions; a title ought therefore to be well studied, and to give, so far as its limits permit, a definite and concise indication of what is to come.
2020/12/10
8
Scientific Paper Writing and Publish
Length of the Title
Example 1: Studies on Brucella
2020/12/10
9
Scientific Paper Writing and Publish
Length of the Title
Scientific Paper Writing and Publish
Lectured by
JUAN LI
2020/12/10
1
Scientific Paper Writing and Publish
2020/12/10
7
Scientific Paper Writing and Publish
Length of the Title
The good title is the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents of the paper.
2020/12/10
6
Scientific Paper Writing and Publish
How to Prepare the Title
First impressions are strong impressions; a title ought therefore to be well studied, and to give, so far as its limits permit, a definite and concise indication of what is to come.
2020/12/10
8
Scientific Paper Writing and Publish
Length of the Title
Example 1: Studies on Brucella
2020/12/10
9
Scientific Paper Writing and Publish
Length of the Title
Scientific Paper Writing and Publish
Lectured by
JUAN LI
2020/12/10
1
Scientific Paper Writing and Publish
《专业英语》课件(1)-Electrical_Network
charge increment； time increment 电荷增量；时间增量 in proportion to； proportional control 与…成比例；比例控制 resistance；inductance；capacitance 电阻；电感；电容 proportionality constant 比例常数
Translation Technique
有关专业英语的 翻译、词汇和理解
翻译大师林语堂说：翻译的艺术所 依赖的，第一是译者对于原文文字及内 容上透彻的了解；第二是译者有相当的 国文程度，能写清顺畅通的中文；第三 是译事上的训练，译者对于翻译标准及 技术问题有正当的见解。此三者之外， 绝对没有什么纪律可为译者的规范，像 英文文法之于英文作文。
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Basics
P1U1 Electrical Networks
Dictation-1(5 minutes)
From Chinese to English
From English to Chinese
闭环控制 反馈元件 过电压 带宽 总线
electricity: (n.)noun form 电 electrician: (n.) expert in setting up, repairing and operating electrical apparatus 电气技师，电气技术员 electron: (n.) subatomic particle of matter 电子, having a negative electric charge
Questions
What elements does an electrical
英语专业介绍 PPT课件
7
外国语学院的毕业生以其扎实的外语基础、较强的综 合应用能力及敬业精神深受用人单位的欢迎。很多用 人单位与我院签订了用人合作协议，毕业生的实际就 业率连年居学校首位。就业主要分布在江苏、福建、 广东、深圳及山东等沿海地区的外资企业、事业、学 校等单位。
8
9
毕业生就业前景良好，就业范围广泛。 主要就要去想为国家机关外交外事部门、 外经贸部门、新闻出版单位、高校等。 还有想当一部分学生选择继续学习深造， 深造方向包括英语语言文学专业的硕士 研究生，以及相关专业硕士研究生，如 国际经济、法律、新闻、历史、中文等 专业。
言学习理论和教育学、心理学。 4.课程研究 善于发现和掌握教育教学规律，善于反思性总
结，增加创新能力。 5.具备英语教学技术能力 重新设计课程，制作课件，开发教学技能，使16
用网络资源和远程教育手段等
外企翻译员
发展方向：
第一方面是考英语专业 或者跨专业考研
另一方面，考国外大学 的研究生，预备在国外 读研究生初步定为国外 留学的目标是欧洲或者 澳大利亚
17
外企英语翻译员必须具备的素质
Ⅰ．基本技能 ：一个英文翻译员最基本的还是能牢固的把
方面的良好的技巧训练，掌握一定的科研方法，
具有从事翻译、研究、教学、管理工作的业务
水平及较好的素质和较强能力
4
知识技能~
1．了解我国有关的方针、政策、法规； 2．掌握语言学、文学及相关人文和科技方面的
基础知识； 3．具有扎实的英语语言基础和较熟练的听、说、
读、写、译的能力； 4．了解我国国情和英语国家的社会和文化； 5．具有第二外国语的一定的实际应用能力； 6．掌握文献检索、资料查询的基本方法，具有
10
主要就业方向
外国语学院的毕业生以其扎实的外语基础、较强的综 合应用能力及敬业精神深受用人单位的欢迎。很多用 人单位与我院签订了用人合作协议，毕业生的实际就 业率连年居学校首位。就业主要分布在江苏、福建、 广东、深圳及山东等沿海地区的外资企业、事业、学 校等单位。
8
9
毕业生就业前景良好，就业范围广泛。 主要就要去想为国家机关外交外事部门、 外经贸部门、新闻出版单位、高校等。 还有想当一部分学生选择继续学习深造， 深造方向包括英语语言文学专业的硕士 研究生，以及相关专业硕士研究生，如 国际经济、法律、新闻、历史、中文等 专业。
言学习理论和教育学、心理学。 4.课程研究 善于发现和掌握教育教学规律，善于反思性总
结，增加创新能力。 5.具备英语教学技术能力 重新设计课程，制作课件，开发教学技能，使16
用网络资源和远程教育手段等
外企翻译员
发展方向：
第一方面是考英语专业 或者跨专业考研
另一方面，考国外大学 的研究生，预备在国外 读研究生初步定为国外 留学的目标是欧洲或者 澳大利亚
17
外企英语翻译员必须具备的素质
Ⅰ．基本技能 ：一个英文翻译员最基本的还是能牢固的把
方面的良好的技巧训练，掌握一定的科研方法，
具有从事翻译、研究、教学、管理工作的业务
水平及较好的素质和较强能力
4
知识技能~
1．了解我国有关的方针、政策、法规； 2．掌握语言学、文学及相关人文和科技方面的
基础知识； 3．具有扎实的英语语言基础和较熟练的听、说、
读、写、译的能力； 4．了解我国国情和英语国家的社会和文化； 5．具有第二外国语的一定的实际应用能力； 6．掌握文献检索、资料查询的基本方法，具有
10
主要就业方向
道桥专业英语一ppt课件
In the initial stages of road design it is usual for several alternative route proposals to be considered but only outline details of road center lines and estimates of speeds and flows are available.
第一讲 绪论
一.专业英语是什么（what）？ 2、特点 2.2 语法特点
祈使语句和公式化表达方式
在理论分析和公式推导中常采用Assume that…，Suppose that…，Let…等祈使语气表达 方式。
So, next let us look at how to use SYNCHRO to do signal timing and simulation work.
第一讲 绪论
一.专业英语是什么（what）？ 2、特点 2.2 语法特点
非人称的语气和客观的态度，常用It…结构
It is important, though, to design freeways, urban and rural, that provide a consistent roadway for drivers.
The most appropriate location, alignment, and shape of a highway are selected during the design stage. Highway design involves the consideration of three major factors (human, vehicular, and roadway) and how these factors interact to provide a safe highway. Human factors include reaction time for braking and steering, visual acuity for traffic signs and signals, and car-following behavior.
第一讲 绪论
一.专业英语是什么（what）？ 2、特点 2.2 语法特点
祈使语句和公式化表达方式
在理论分析和公式推导中常采用Assume that…，Suppose that…，Let…等祈使语气表达 方式。
So, next let us look at how to use SYNCHRO to do signal timing and simulation work.
第一讲 绪论
一.专业英语是什么（what）？ 2、特点 2.2 语法特点
非人称的语气和客观的态度，常用It…结构
It is important, though, to design freeways, urban and rural, that provide a consistent roadway for drivers.
The most appropriate location, alignment, and shape of a highway are selected during the design stage. Highway design involves the consideration of three major factors (human, vehicular, and roadway) and how these factors interact to provide a safe highway. Human factors include reaction time for braking and steering, visual acuity for traffic signs and signals, and car-following behavior.
计算机专业英语教程课件-Unit 11 (Operating System)
Later machines came with libraries of software, which would be linked to a user's program to assist in operations such as input and output and generating computer code from human-readable
symbolic code.
后来，机器附带的软件，将是链接到用
户的方案，以协助在产生的操作，如输 入和输出，从人类可读的符号代码生成 计算机代码操作。
This was the genesis of the modern-day operating system. However, machines still
the most widely used version of the Windows family is Windows XP, released
on October 25, 2001.
servers.
几乎在所有的计算机设备上都能找到操作系统， 其中包含从手机和视频游戏机到超级计算机和 Web服务器
In the early 1950s, a computer could execute only one program at a time.
在50年代初，计算机一次只能执行一 个程序。
Each user had sole use of the computer and would arrive at a scheduled time with program and data on punched paper cards and tape.
每个用户有单独使用的电脑，并会到达 一个预定程序和数据在穿孔纸卡片和磁 带。
专业英语PPT课件
2.4 压缩法（shortening）
只取词头字母 TOEFL： Test of English as a Foreign Language 非英语国家英语水平考试 ppm: parts per million 百万分之一
将单词删去一些字母： lab： laboratory 实验室 Kilo：kilogram 千克、公斤 flu: influenza 流行性感冒
被动语态
后置定语多
复杂长句多
科技文章要求叙述准确，推理严谨。 为了表达请楚，科技英语句子往往较长， 需认真分析方能明确句子中各成分之间 的关系。译成汉语时，必须按照汉语习 惯翻译成若干简句，才能条理清楚，避 免欧化句。
科技英语翻译标准
翻译过程
专业英语和科技英语的联系与区别
区别： 专业英语是结合各自专业的科技英语；
专业英语 Specialized English
——科技英语翻译方法
第一章 概 论
English for Science and Technology 简称EST 是一种用英语阐述科学技术中的理伦、技术、实验和现 象等的英语体系，它在词汇、语法和文体诸方面都有自 己的特点，从而形成一门专门学科。
文章特点： 结构严谨 逻辑严密 文体多样
联系： 各个专业文章的语法现象基本相同，它们 都遵循科技英语的语法体系及翻译技巧。
第二章 科技英语构词法
所谓构词法即词的构成方法．即词在结构上的规律． 科技英语构词特点
1）外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）； 2）构词方怯多．
除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及 合成法外，还普遍采用压缩法、混成法．符号法和宇 母象形法． 3）有大量半科技英语词汇（semi-scientific words）
英语专业写作课件ppt
Variety in presence length and structure
Use short, medium, and long senses to create interest and momentum in your writing
Introduction, body, and conclusion
02
Plot
Setting : Describe the setting vividly, painting a mental picture for the reader
01
Poetry writing
02
Meter : Use rhyme, rhyme, and meter effectively
CHAPTER
02
Advanced English Writing
01
02
03
Results
Presents the findings and analysis
Conclusion
Wraps up the paper, summarizing the main points and implications
CHAPTER
01
Fundamentals of English Writing
Correct usage of articles
Distinguish between "a," "an," and "the" and use them appropriately in your writing
+Reorganize attention: Ensure attention flow logically and are not jumbled or out of order
Unit 1 机电专业英语 图文课件
Text & Translation
Mechanical design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the system and then make sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of engineering rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design. On the other hand, any calculations made must be done with the utmost cle, if a decimal point is misplaced, an otherwise acceptable design may not function.
Text & Translation
People who perform the various functions of mechanical design are typically called designers, or design engineers. Mechanical design is basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design engineer must also have a solid background in the areas of mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials engineering, strength of materials and manufacturing processes.
英语专业语言学课件
Gradable antonyms---there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair, e.g. old-young, hot-cold, tall-short, …
Complementary antonyms
Note
Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations; on the other hand, there are also occasions, when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense, e.g. the morning star and the evening star, rising sun in the morning and the sunset at dusk.
Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, contex—elements closely linked with language behavior. Two types of contexts are recognized: Situational context: spatiotemporal situation Linguistic context: the probability of a word’s cooccurrence or collocation.
Chapter 5 Semantics
What is semantics
Complementary antonyms
Note
Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations; on the other hand, there are also occasions, when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense, e.g. the morning star and the evening star, rising sun in the morning and the sunset at dusk.
Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, contex—elements closely linked with language behavior. Two types of contexts are recognized: Situational context: spatiotemporal situation Linguistic context: the probability of a word’s cooccurrence or collocation.
Chapter 5 Semantics
What is semantics
《研究生专业英语》PPT课件
2、阐明论文写作目的
The purpose of this study is to explore a new method…
The paper attempts to analyze … in terms of …
The study is aimed at finding out the similarities …
I have read and have abided by the statement of ethical standards for manuscripts submitted to Neuroscience.
kind regards. Your sincerely, 通讯作者
h
20
（2） Dear Dr. 主编name: We submit our manuscript entitled " 文章title" to 杂志名for publication. 接着简单介绍你文章的主要创新点和意义，不易 过多，但要突出新意和关键点。 All authors have seen the manuscript and approved to submit to your journal. Thank you very much for your attention and consideration.
Title Author name and affiliation Abstract Key words Text body Acknowledgements (可省） References Appendix (根据需要） Reshume (视刊物而定） 3
论文正文构成
1. 引言/概述 2. 背景分析 3. 材料和实验 4. 实验结果 5. 讨论 6. 结论/总结
大学英语专业英语写作课件(英文版)
3. Society is trying many different ways to discourage people from smoking.
CONTROLLING IDEA: different ways of discouraging smoking
OUTLINE: 1) No smoking in public places 2) To reduce the production of cigarettes 3) To tell the people the danger of smoking
controlling idea?
• Students have different ideas about the best atmosphere for studying. Some students prefer one kind of lighting, one kind of table or desk, and one kind of chair. Other students prefer a different kind of lighting and furniture. Some students listen to music or study in groups. Other students need to be alone in a quiet room. In other words, there is not one best atmosphere for studying: There is a “best” atmosphere for each individual student.
Example:
TOPIC SENTENCE: There are several reasons why I decided to come to college. CONTROLLING IDEA: several reasons OUTLINE: 1. To get a college degree 2. To make friends of my age
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The Lewis concept of acids and bases
强调 电子 对 物种
概念
emphasizes the shared electron pair rather than the
proton . A Lewis acid is any species that accept an electron pair , and a Lewis base is any species that
金属
and a metal hydroxide produces water and a salt .
最早对酸碱的定之一是由阿列纽斯提出的。一种阿列 纽斯算指的是那些溶解在水中之后，增加氢离子浓度的物 质。在描述酸碱反应中为了记录方便，化学家们常常用H+ 来代表氢离子，但是自由氢核质子不能单独存在于水中， 它将以水合氢离子的形式存在在水中。一种阿列纽斯碱是 指那些溶解于水之后能够能加氢氧根浓度的离子氢氧化合 物，其中最常见的有氢氧化钠，氢氧化钾和氢氧化钙。因 为水中存在着平衡的关系，当其中一个离子（氢离子）的 浓度上升，另外一种离子（氢氧根离子）的浓度将会下降 。 当其中一种酸和一种碱混合在一起，酸碱中和反应就 发生了。一般来说，一个酸碱中和反应就是一种酸和一种 碱生成盐的反应。
不同的酸能够电离出来的氢离子的数量是不一样的，像盐酸和硝酸这样的就被称为 一元酸。多元酸能够产生出2个或者2个以上的氢离子，就像硫酸这样。根据布朗斯特的 酸碱理论，一种酸如果能够容易的释放出氢离子，那这种酸的酸性就比较强。而它的共 轭碱的碱性就比较差。强酸能够完全电离出氢离子作为水合氢离子存在于水中。实际上 ，是水的电离能力被限制了。术语上的电离能力影响就是指溶剂的电离能力会被溶解在 它之中的强酸或者强碱所制约。强碱将会限制溶剂的酸性，而弱碱则将溶剂分化为酸。
记录 指代
Note that chemists often write H+(aq) and refer to the
hydrogen ion when describing acid-base reactions
自由 质子 水合氢 阿列纽斯 碱
氢
核 存在
but the free hydrogen nucleus , a proton , does not exist alone in water ,it exists
definitions of acids and bases , and the most
阿列纽斯酸碱理论 路易斯酸碱理论 酸碱质子理论
common ones are Arrhenius , bronsted-Lowry and Lewis definitions .
One of the first definitions of acids and bases was
3.Water is an amphoteric substance ， one that can function as both a a BronstedLowry acid and a base., depending on the substance with which reacts .
水是一种可以同时作为一种布朗斯特酸或者布朗斯特碱作用的两性物质，至于水 在反应中是作为一种酸还是一种碱，就要由与其反应的物质而决定了。
（由于段落过长，所以在这里不采用逐字逐句的分析，只是列出一些重点内容） 1.The bronsted-Lowry concept emphasizes the transfer of a proton (H+) from an acid to a base . 酸碱质子理论强调的是酸和碱之间质子的传递 2.A Bronsted-Lowry acid is a substance that can donate a proton , a bronstedLowry base is a substance that can accept a proton . 一种布朗斯特酸是指可以给出氢质子的物质，而一种布朗斯特碱是指可以接收氢 离子的物质
阿列纽斯酸
suggested by Arrhenius . And Arrhenius acids is a
物质 浓度 溶解
substance that increases the concentration of the hydrogen ion , H+（aq）， when dissolved in water .
4.The removal of a proton from a Bronsted-Lowry acid produces its conjugate base , which is the acid with a hydrogen ion removed , and the reception of a proton by a Bronsted-Lowry base produces its conjugate acid , which is the base with a hydrogen ion added . Together , an acid and its conjugate base are called a conjugate acid-base pair . 一个布朗斯特酸去除一个质子将会变成它的共轭碱，也就是一个失去一个氢离子的 酸。一个布朗斯特碱接收一个质子将会变成它的共轭酸，也就是一个得到一个氢离子的 碱。总的来说，一个酸与它的共轭碱就被合称为一个共轭酸碱对。 5.Water itself dissociates into ions , H+(aq) and OH-(aq),very slightly in an equilibrium process known as autoionization . The extent of this autoionization is expressed by the ion-product constant for water : Kw=[H+][OH-]=1.0x10-14 水本身处在一个电离平衡之中，它会电离出少量的游离氢离子和氢氧根离子。水电 离的程度用水的电离常数来描述。在25十摄氏度下计算公式为： Kw=[H+][OH-]=1.0x10-14 6.The acidity or basicity of something , therefore , can be measured by its hydrogen ion concentration . PH is a logarithmic measure of the acidity of an aqueous solution . PH= - log[H+] 物质的酸度和碱度可以用它的氢离子浓度来测量，PH就是一个用于测量水溶液中酸 度的对数。 PH= - log[H+]
The Lewis concept is more general than the Bronste d-Lowry concept because it greatly expands the
classes of acids . Many species that do not contain
分子ds can ionize to form different numbers of H+ (aq) ions . Acids like HCl and HNO3 are called monoprotic acids which yield one H+(aq) Polyprotic acids yield two or more H+(aq) , such as H2SO4 . According to the Bronsted-Lowry concept ，the acid which is easy to donate proton is called a strong acid while its conjugate base is weak. Strong acids dissociate completely to yield H30+ in water ; in effect , water equalizes (Levels) their strengths . The term leveling effect refers to a solvent’s ability to level the effect of a strong acid or base dissolved in it . Strong bases are leveling solvents for acids , weak bases are differentiating solvents for acids.
奉献
donates an electron pair . The product of any Lewis
加合物
acid-base reaction is called an adduct , a single
共价键
species that contains a new covalent bond .
H in their reactions . Molecules with polar double bonds act as Lewis acids , as do those with
缺电子 原子
electron-deficient atoms . Metal ions act as Lewis acids when they dissolve in water , which acts as a
When a solution of an acid and that of a base are
中和 发生
mixed ， a neutralization reaction occurs ， In general ， a neutralization reaction between an acid