ENGINEERING MATERIALS 工程材料简介(中英对照)
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c.Manganese steel which is an alloy containing 21 percent manganese and one percent carbon. This metal is used in mining, railroad, and construction equipment because of its high tensile strength.
物理性能；
力学性能；
化学性Leabharlann Baidu；
热性能；
电器及磁学性质；
光学性质；
声学特性。
1.Physical Properties
Physical properties, for this discussion, are restricted to those which describe the basic features of the material. These features are measured or observed without the use of extensive scientific experiments. The common physical properties are size, shape, density, and porosity.
(1)Carbon steel. A steel in which the main alloying element is carbon. Carbon steel are further divided into three groups.
a.Low carbon steel. This steel has a carbon content of less than 0.30 percent. It is the most common type and is often called mild steel. It is relatively inexpensive, ductile, soft, and is easily machined and forged. Mild steel cannot be heat-treated(hardened). Low carbon steel is a general purpose steel.
Pure metals are seldom used in common industrial products. Pure copper is used in electrical applications, in automotive radiators, and gaskets. Pure aluminum has application in the chemical and electrical industries. However, most metals are alloys(combinations of two or more elements). There are over 25,000 different iron-carbon alloys(steel) and over 200 standard copper alloys including a number of brasses, bronzes, and nickel silvers. Each of these alloys are identified by a code number.
（2）高合金钢。这些钢含有大量的其他要素在除碳。高合金钢有：
a.不锈钢是所产生的使用铬作为一项重大合金元素，随着镍和其他金属。结果是强硬，硬，耐腐蚀的金属。
b.工具钢这是一个特殊的群体高碳钢生产的少量，以高品质规格。工具钢是用于范围广泛的刀具和成形模具。
c.锰钢这是一种合金含有21％，锰和碳1％。这种金属是用来在采矿，铁路，和建筑设备，因为它抗拉强度高。
For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products. Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other material used in the manufacturing process which do not become part of the product.
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
TYPES OF MATERIALS
工程材料
Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials.
c.High carbon steel. This type of steel is easily heat-treated to produce a strong, tough part. The material has a carbon content above 0.80 percent. It finds wide use in hand tools, cutting tools, springs, and piano wire.
这个分组是不是很准确的。工程材料，可进一步细分为：1、金属2、聚合物3、陶瓷。第四类材料的某个时候上市，是所谓的复合。材料在这个分组的成立两个或两个以上的材料，从工程组，每组的复合材料在保持其原有的特色。例如，复合材料，包括木材，混凝土，玻璃纤维增强聚酯，聚合物和石墨等复合材料。
COMMON METALS
b.Medium carbon steel. This steel has a carbon content between 0.30 percent and 0.80. Harder and stronger than mild steel, it can be hardened by heat treating. Medium carbon steel is most commonly used for forgings, castings, and machined parts for automobiles, agricultural equipment, machines, and aircraft.
Size is the overall dimensions of the object. These dimensions, for most materials, are given as thickness, width, and length or as diameter and length.
Mechanical properties.
Chemical properties.
Thermal properties.
Electrical and Magnetic properties.
Optical properties.
Acoustical properties.
材料性能
所有的物质都有自己的属性或特征。这些属性或特征体现在各个方面，其中包括：
钢是合金铁和碳与其他元素添加到产生特定属性。各类型的钢可以分为两大类：
（1）碳素钢。在其中的主要合金元素是碳。碳钢是进一步分为三类。
a.低碳钢。钢中的碳含量小于0.30％。这是最常见的类型和常被人称作是低碳钢。这是相对便宜，韧性，软，很容易加工和伪造的。低碳钢不能热处理（硬化）。低碳钢是一个一般用途的钢。
b.Tool steel which is a special group of high carbon steels produced in small quantities to high quality specifications. Tool steel are used for a wide range of cutting tools and forming dies.
This grouping is not exact. Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: 1. Metals. 2. Polymers 3. Ceramics. A fourth type of material sometime listed is called a composite. Materials in this group are made up of two or more material from the engineering groups, Each of the materials in composite retains its original characteristics. Examples of composites include wood-, concrete-, glass-reinforced polyester, and graphite polymer advanced composites.
b.中碳结构钢。钢中碳的含量之间的0.30％和0.80。强度大，比低碳钢，可以硬化热处理。中碳结构钢是最常用的锻件，铸件，机械零件，汽车，农业设备，机器和飞机等等用钢。
c.高碳钢。这种类型的钢是很容易热处理而拥有很好的强度。该材料中的碳含量高于0.80％。它发现广泛使用加工工具，如切割工具，弹簧，和钢琴丝。
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
All material have their own properties or characteristics. These properties may be arranged into major groups which include:
Physical properties.
(2)High alloy steel. These steels contain significant amounts of other elements in addition to carbon. The common high alloy steel are:
a.Stainless steel which is produced by using chromium as a significant alloying element along with nickel and other metals.The result is a tough, hard, corrosion-resistant metal.
材料可以在几个方面进行划分。科学家往往分类材料往往由他们的状态：固体，液体，或气体。他们也将它们分为有机（一旦生活）和无机（从来没有生活）材料。
工业用途划分，材料分为工程材料和化学材料。
工程材料，是那些用在制造，并被加工成产品。化学材料是化学品，燃料，润滑剂，及其他材料的使用在制造过程中不被加工成产品。
常见的金属
纯金属是很少使用共同的工业产品。纯铜是用来在电气应用，在汽车散热器和垫圈。纯铝已应用在化工和电器行业。然而，大多数金属是合金（组合两个或两个以上的元素）。有超过25000不同的铁碳合金（钢铁）和超过200标准铜合金，包括一些黄铜，青铜，镍银。每个这些合金所确定的一编号。
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with other elements added to produce specific properties.The various type of steel can be grouped under two major heading:
物理性能；
力学性能；
化学性Leabharlann Baidu；
热性能；
电器及磁学性质；
光学性质；
声学特性。
1.Physical Properties
Physical properties, for this discussion, are restricted to those which describe the basic features of the material. These features are measured or observed without the use of extensive scientific experiments. The common physical properties are size, shape, density, and porosity.
(1)Carbon steel. A steel in which the main alloying element is carbon. Carbon steel are further divided into three groups.
a.Low carbon steel. This steel has a carbon content of less than 0.30 percent. It is the most common type and is often called mild steel. It is relatively inexpensive, ductile, soft, and is easily machined and forged. Mild steel cannot be heat-treated(hardened). Low carbon steel is a general purpose steel.
Pure metals are seldom used in common industrial products. Pure copper is used in electrical applications, in automotive radiators, and gaskets. Pure aluminum has application in the chemical and electrical industries. However, most metals are alloys(combinations of two or more elements). There are over 25,000 different iron-carbon alloys(steel) and over 200 standard copper alloys including a number of brasses, bronzes, and nickel silvers. Each of these alloys are identified by a code number.
（2）高合金钢。这些钢含有大量的其他要素在除碳。高合金钢有：
a.不锈钢是所产生的使用铬作为一项重大合金元素，随着镍和其他金属。结果是强硬，硬，耐腐蚀的金属。
b.工具钢这是一个特殊的群体高碳钢生产的少量，以高品质规格。工具钢是用于范围广泛的刀具和成形模具。
c.锰钢这是一种合金含有21％，锰和碳1％。这种金属是用来在采矿，铁路，和建筑设备，因为它抗拉强度高。
For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products. Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other material used in the manufacturing process which do not become part of the product.
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
TYPES OF MATERIALS
工程材料
Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials.
c.High carbon steel. This type of steel is easily heat-treated to produce a strong, tough part. The material has a carbon content above 0.80 percent. It finds wide use in hand tools, cutting tools, springs, and piano wire.
这个分组是不是很准确的。工程材料，可进一步细分为：1、金属2、聚合物3、陶瓷。第四类材料的某个时候上市，是所谓的复合。材料在这个分组的成立两个或两个以上的材料，从工程组，每组的复合材料在保持其原有的特色。例如，复合材料，包括木材，混凝土，玻璃纤维增强聚酯，聚合物和石墨等复合材料。
COMMON METALS
b.Medium carbon steel. This steel has a carbon content between 0.30 percent and 0.80. Harder and stronger than mild steel, it can be hardened by heat treating. Medium carbon steel is most commonly used for forgings, castings, and machined parts for automobiles, agricultural equipment, machines, and aircraft.
Size is the overall dimensions of the object. These dimensions, for most materials, are given as thickness, width, and length or as diameter and length.
Mechanical properties.
Chemical properties.
Thermal properties.
Electrical and Magnetic properties.
Optical properties.
Acoustical properties.
材料性能
所有的物质都有自己的属性或特征。这些属性或特征体现在各个方面，其中包括：
钢是合金铁和碳与其他元素添加到产生特定属性。各类型的钢可以分为两大类：
（1）碳素钢。在其中的主要合金元素是碳。碳钢是进一步分为三类。
a.低碳钢。钢中的碳含量小于0.30％。这是最常见的类型和常被人称作是低碳钢。这是相对便宜，韧性，软，很容易加工和伪造的。低碳钢不能热处理（硬化）。低碳钢是一个一般用途的钢。
b.Tool steel which is a special group of high carbon steels produced in small quantities to high quality specifications. Tool steel are used for a wide range of cutting tools and forming dies.
This grouping is not exact. Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: 1. Metals. 2. Polymers 3. Ceramics. A fourth type of material sometime listed is called a composite. Materials in this group are made up of two or more material from the engineering groups, Each of the materials in composite retains its original characteristics. Examples of composites include wood-, concrete-, glass-reinforced polyester, and graphite polymer advanced composites.
b.中碳结构钢。钢中碳的含量之间的0.30％和0.80。强度大，比低碳钢，可以硬化热处理。中碳结构钢是最常用的锻件，铸件，机械零件，汽车，农业设备，机器和飞机等等用钢。
c.高碳钢。这种类型的钢是很容易热处理而拥有很好的强度。该材料中的碳含量高于0.80％。它发现广泛使用加工工具，如切割工具，弹簧，和钢琴丝。
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
All material have their own properties or characteristics. These properties may be arranged into major groups which include:
Physical properties.
(2)High alloy steel. These steels contain significant amounts of other elements in addition to carbon. The common high alloy steel are:
a.Stainless steel which is produced by using chromium as a significant alloying element along with nickel and other metals.The result is a tough, hard, corrosion-resistant metal.
材料可以在几个方面进行划分。科学家往往分类材料往往由他们的状态：固体，液体，或气体。他们也将它们分为有机（一旦生活）和无机（从来没有生活）材料。
工业用途划分，材料分为工程材料和化学材料。
工程材料，是那些用在制造，并被加工成产品。化学材料是化学品，燃料，润滑剂，及其他材料的使用在制造过程中不被加工成产品。
常见的金属
纯金属是很少使用共同的工业产品。纯铜是用来在电气应用，在汽车散热器和垫圈。纯铝已应用在化工和电器行业。然而，大多数金属是合金（组合两个或两个以上的元素）。有超过25000不同的铁碳合金（钢铁）和超过200标准铜合金，包括一些黄铜，青铜，镍银。每个这些合金所确定的一编号。
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with other elements added to produce specific properties.The various type of steel can be grouped under two major heading: