化合物英文命名规则
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Common substituents(常见取代基): alkyl(烷基), alkenyl(烯基), alkynyl(炔基) groups: Alkyl — omit(省略) the suffix “ane” and add “yl” to the end of the name 烷基—省略后缀“ane” ,将“yl” 加在名称之后 methyl(甲基) – nonadecyl(十九基 )– icosyl(二十 基)
cuprum
symbol
Au Fe Ag Na Sn
English Latin
gold iron Silver aurum ferrum arrgentum
autimony stibium lead mercury Plumbum hydrargyrum
Sodium Natrium tin stannum
CsClO2
CsClO3
+5
+5
Cesium chlorite
Cesium chlorate
CsClO4
+7
Cesium perchlorate
I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
In
inorganic acid, “-ous”, “-ic” are used to denote the lower and higher oxidation state. 在无机酸中, “-ous”表示用于低价态, “-ic”表 示用于高价态
trivial name: ethylene(乙烯) propylene (丙烯) butylene(丁烯) acetylene (ethyne)(乙炔) ~ Icosyne(二十炔) ---yne (give position of C=C) Methane(甲烷) ethane(乙烷) propane (丙 烷) butane(丁烷) pentane(戊烷) hexane (己烷) heptane(庚烷) octane(辛烷) nonane(壬烷) decane(癸烷) undecane(十 一烷) dodecane(十二烷) tridecane(十三烷) Tetradecane(十四烷) pentadecane (十五烷) hexadecane(十六烷) heptadecane(十七烷) octadecane(十八烷) nonadecane(十九烷 ) icosane(二十烷) (C1-C20 alkanes)
SnCl2 stannous chloride HNO3 nitric acid
I.
symbol
Cu Sb Pb Hg K
Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
The element symbols not from English
English
copper
Latin
potassium kalium
I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
4. A class of compounds in which such prefixes are seldom used is that in which the metal atom usually exhibits(展现) only one oxidation state. 当化合物中的金属元素仅有一种价态,通常很少 加前缀 ZnBr2 zinc bromide CaH2 calcium hydride Na2O sodium oxide Al2S3 aluminum sulfide
I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
5. Three elements present, such compounds are named by combining the suffix “-ate” with the name of the less electronegative of the two nonmetallic elements. And “-ite”, “-ate” are used to denote the lower and higher oxidation state of the same electronegative element. 含三种元素的化合物是通过在两种非金属元素中电负性较弱的一 种之后加后缀“-ate” 来命名的。对于电负性相同的元素,用 “-ite”表示低价元素,用“-ate” 表示高价元素 NaNO3 sodium nitrate NaNO2 sodium nitrite
I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
And
“-ous”, “-ic” were also used to denote (表示) the lower and higher metallic state. 用“-ous”表示低价化合物,用“-ic” 表示高价 化合物
I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
Formula Oxidation state of less electronegative atom
+3 +5
Name of salt
Formula and name of corresponding acid
KNO2 KNO3
I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
When there are more than two oxidation states of the electronegative element, prefix used. The prefix “hypo-” meaning “below”, is used in the name of the lowest oxidation state. The prefix “per-” meaning “hபைடு நூலகம்ghest”, is used when it is in the highest oxidation state. 当电负性较低的元素有超过两种价态时,就使用前缀。 前缀“hypo-” 表示“低于”,用于低价态之前;前 缀“per-” 表示“高于”,用于高价态之前
IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
The
names of linear alkanes, alkenes and alkynes(线型烷烃、烯烃、炔烃的命名): Suffix Methane(甲烷) ~ Icosane(二十烷) (C1 ~ C20 alkanes) ---ane ethene (乙烯)~ Icosene(二十烯) (give position of C=C)---ene
I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
2. If there are only two elements in the compounds(化合物), it is customary (习惯上) to name the more metallic(金属性) element first and the less metallic, or more electronegative(电负性) element second, with the suffix(后缀) “ide”. 若化合物中仅有两种元素,习惯上先命名金属性强的元素,后命名金属性弱的 元素,再加上ide作为后缀 K potassium Na sodium Ca calcium Ba barium S sulfur H hydrogen Cl chlorine Br bromine O oxygen I iodine
I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds (无机化合物构词法)
1. Trivial name (俗名)
H2O water CaO quicklime (生石灰) NH3 ammonia (复)ammonium(单) K2CO3 potash(草木灰) CaCO3 limestone (石灰石) Hg2Cl2 Calomel (甘汞)
II. Nomenclature of organic compounds (有机化合物的命
名)
Nonfunctional Compounds (非功能性化合物)
A.
1. Alkane(烷烃) Alkene (olefin)(烯 烃) Alkyne (炔烃)
IUPAC names (systematic names) trivial names (popular names)
Potassium nitrite Potassium nitrate
H NO2 Nitrous acid H NO3 Nitric acid
RbSO3 RbSO4
CsClO CsClO2 CsClO3 CsClO4
+4 +6
+1 +5 +5 +7
Rubidium sulfite Rubidium sulfate
Cesium hypochlorite Cesium chlorite Cesium chlorate Cesium perchlorate
H2 SO3 Sulfurous acid H2 SO4 Sulfuric acid
HClO Hypochlorous acid HClO2 chlorous acid HClO3 chloric acid HClO4 perchloric acid
KCl potassium chloride NaBr sodium bromide BaS barium sulfide CaO calcium oxide HI hydrogen iodide
I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
3. For compounds containing still only two elements but more than two atoms(原子), the prefixes (前缀)“mono-”, “di-”, “tri-”, etc. become necessary. 对于仅含两种元素、但多于两个原子的化合物,加 “mono-”, “di-”, “tri-”等前缀很有必要 (1)mono-, (2)di-, (3)tri-, (4)tetra-, (5)penta-, (6)hex-, (7)hept-, (8)octaCl2O di-chlorine monoxide ClO chlorine monoxide ClO2 chlorine dioxide ClO3 chlorine trioxide Cl2O7 di-chlorine heptoxide ClO4 chlorine tetroxide
I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
CuI cuprous iodide FeBr2 ferrous bromide
CuI2 cupric iodide FeBr3 ferric bromide SnCl4 stannic chloride HNO2 nitrous acid
I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
Formula
KNO2 KNO3 RbSO3 RbSO4 CsClO
Oxidation state of less electronegative atom
+3 +5 +4 +6 +1
Name of salt
Potassium nitrite Potassium nitrate Rubidium sulfite Rubidium sulfate Cesium hypochlorite
Supplementary Information of Specialty English(专业英语补充 信息)
——Nomenclature of compounds(化合物 构词法)
Zhang Baohua College of Environmental & Chemical Engineering zhangbh@shu.edu.cn