混凝土工程中英文
建筑专业土木工程词汇及术语 中英文对照
建筑专业笔记整理大全-结构工程常用词汇-土木工程常用英语术语结构工程常用词汇混凝土：concrete钢筋：reinforcing steel bar钢筋混凝土：reinforced concrete（RC)钢筋混凝土结构：reinforced concrete structure板式楼梯：cranked slab stairs刚度：rigidity徐变：creep水泥：cement钢筋保护层:cover to reinforcement梁:beam柱：column板：slab剪力墙:shear wall基础：foundation剪力:shear剪切变形:shear deformation剪切模量：shear modulus拉力：tension压力：pressure延伸率：percentage of elongation位移：displacement应力：stress应变：strain应力集中：concentration of stresses应力松弛：stress relaxation应力图：stress diagram应力应变曲线：stress—strain curve应力状态：state of stress钢丝:steel wire箍筋：hoop reinforcement箍筋间距：stirrup spacing加载:loading抗压强度：compressive strength抗弯强度：bending strength抗扭强度:torsional strength抗拉强度：tensile strength裂缝：crack屈服：yield屈服点:yield point屈服荷载：yield load屈服极限:limit of yielding屈服强度：yield strength屈服强度下限：lower limit of yield荷载：load横截面：cross section承载力:bearing capacity承重结构：bearing structure弹性模量：elastic modulus预应力钢筋混凝土：prestressed reinforced concrete预应力钢筋：prestressed reinforcement预应力损失：loss of prestress预制板:precast slab现浇钢筋混凝土结构：cast—in—place reinforced concrete 双向配筋：two—way reinforcement主梁：main beam次梁：secondary beam弯矩：moment悬臂梁：cantilever beam延性：ductileity受弯构件:member in bending受拉区：tensile region受压区：compressive region塑性：plasticity轴向压力：axial pressure轴向拉力：axial tension吊车梁:crane beam可靠性：reliability粘结力：cohesive force外力:external force弯起钢筋：bent-up bar弯曲破坏：bending failure屋架：roof truss素混凝土：non-reinforced concrete无梁楼盖：flat slab配筋率：reinforcement ratio配箍率：stirrup ratio泊松比：Poisson’s ratio偏心受拉：eccentric tension偏心受压:eccentric compression偏心距：eccentric distance疲劳强度：fatigue strength偏心荷载：eccentric load跨度:span跨高比：span—to-depth ratio跨中荷载：midspan load框架结构:frame structure集中荷载:concentrated load分布荷载：distribution load分布钢筋：distribution steel挠度：deflection设计荷载：design load设计强度：design strength构造:construction简支梁：simple beam截面面积：area of section浇注：pouring浇注混凝土：concreting钢筋搭接：bar splicing刚架：rigid frame脆性：brittleness脆性破坏：brittle failure土木工程常用英语术语第一节一般术语1. 工程结构building and civil engineering structures房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、构筑物及其相关组成部分的总称。
建筑施工名词中英文对照
建筑施工名词中英文对照建筑施工是一个复杂而细致的过程，其中涉及大量的专业名词。
对于从事建筑施工行业的人士来说，掌握这些名词的中英文对照是非常重要的。
本文将介绍一些常用的建筑施工名词的中英对照，帮助读者更好地理解和运用这些术语。
1. Foundation - 基础基础是建筑物最底部的结构，通常是混凝土的平面，用来支撑整个建筑物的重量。
2. Reinforced concrete - 钢筋混凝土钢筋混凝土是一种由混凝土和钢筋组成的材料，具有高强度和耐久性，广泛应用于建筑施工中。
3. Masonry - 砌体结构砌体结构是一种由砖块或石块按照一定的方式砌筑而成的结构，常用于建筑物的墙体和隔墙。
4. Column - 柱子柱子是一种纵向的结构元素，通常用于支撑建筑物的荷载，并传递到基础。
5. Beam - 梁梁是一种横向的结构元素，通常用于支撑楼板和屋顶，并将荷载传递到柱子上。
6. Slab - 板板是建筑物的水平支撑结构，通常用于构成楼板、屋顶和平台等。
7. Wall - 墙体墙体是建筑物的竖向结构，通常用于分隔空间并承受水平荷载。
8. Roof - 屋顶屋顶是建筑物的最顶部覆盖结构，用于保护建筑物免受自然环境的影响。
9. Foundation pit - 基坑基坑是在施工过程中挖掘的一个具有一定深度和形状的空间，用于建筑物的基础施工。
10. Excavation - 开挖开挖是指移除地表土壤或岩石以形成基坑或其它结构的过程。
11. Pile - 桩基桩基是在土壤或岩石中打入的长桩，用于增加地基的稳定性和承载能力。
12. Formwork - 模板模板是一种用于在混凝土浇筑过程中支撑和成型的结构，通常由木材或金属构造而成。
13. Rebar - 钢筋钢筋是一种用于增加混凝土结构强度的金属材料，通常以长条形式使用。
14. Concrete mixer - 混凝土搅拌机混凝土搅拌机是一种用于将水泥、沙子、石子和水混合制成混凝土的设备。
混凝土相关词语中英文对照
混凝土相关词语中英文对照Al AbramsAbrams cone—Abrams圆筒(坍落度筒)Abrams law—Abrams定则l Admixture—外加剂→化学外加剂l Aggregate—骨料Absorption of water—吸水率Alkali-carbonate reaction—碱-碳酸盐反应Chloride—氯化物Clay—黏土combination of—结合criteria of acceptance—接受准则frost resistance—抗冻性grading—级配Los Angeles test—洛杉矶实验Maximum size and water requirement—最大粒径和需水量Mechanical properties—力学性能Moisture—含水率organic substance—有机杂质porosity—孔隙率sieve analysis—筛分分析S.S.D.—饱和面干sulphate—硫酸盐water requirement—需水量l Aggressive CO2—侵蚀介质CO2l Alite—阿利特l Ammonium salts—铵盐l Amorphous silica—无定形二氧化硅l ASR Alkali-silica-reaction in aggregate—骨料中的碱-硅反应: Bl Belite—贝利特l Blast furnace cement—矿渣水泥l Bleeding—泌水concrete in floor—地板混凝土grout—水泥浆influence of steel bond—钢筋粘结的影响influence of transition zone—过渡区的影响mortar—砂浆l BolomeyCl Capillary porosity—毛细管孔隙率l Capillary pressure—毛细管压力l Carbonation—碳化l Characteristic strength—特征强度l Chemical admixtures一化学外加剂Air entraining agents(AEA)—引气剂use in shotcrete—在喷射混凝土中的应用ASR inhibitor—碱-硅反应抑制剂Corrosion inhibitors—防腐剂Classification—分类Hardening accelerators—促硬剂Hydrophobic admixtures—防水剂High-range water reducers superplasticizers—高效减水剂(超塑化剂)Retarders—缓凝剂Setting accelerators—促凝剂Use in shotcrete—用于喷射混凝土中Silanes—硅烷Shrinkage-reducing admixtures—减缩剂SRA→Shrinkage-reducing admixturesSuperplasticizers—高效减水剂（超塑化剂）Mechanism of action of—作用机理Slump loss/retention—坍落度损失/保持Multifunctional—多功能的Use in shotcrete—用于喷射混凝土中Use to increase strength/durability—用于提高强度/耐久性Use to reduce cement—用于减少水泥Use to increase workability—用于提高工作性Viscosity modifying agents—黏度调节剂VMA→Viscosity modifying agentsWater-reducers—减水剂l Cement—水泥Norms—标准Set regulator—调凝剂Setting—凝结Strength—强度l Chloride—氯化物Diffusion—扩散l Compactability—密实性l Compacting factor—密实系数l Composite cement—复合水泥l Composite Portland cement—复合硅酸盐水泥l Concrete—混凝土Deterioration—劣化Manufacture—生产Placing—浇筑Prestressed—预应力Reinforced—增强l Corrosion of reinforcement—钢筋的腐蚀Promoted by carbonation—碳化引起Promoted by chloride—氯化物引起l Cracking—开裂l Creep—徐变Basic—基本Drying—干燥Influence of creep on drying shrinkage—徐变对干缩的影响Prediction of creep in concrete structures—混凝土结构的徐变预测l Cored concrete—混凝土芯样l Curing—养护Influence of curing on durability—养护对耐久性的影响Influence of curing on concrete strength—养护对混凝土强度的影响Membrane—薄膜Wet curing—湿养l C3A—铝酸三钙l C4AF—铁铝酸四钙l C3S—硅酸三钙l C2S—硅酸二钙l C-S-H—水化硅酸钙Dl Damage→deterioration—损伤→劣化l DEF—延迟钙矾石形成l Degree of compaction—密实度In shotcrete—喷射混凝土l Degree of consolidation—密实度l Degree of hydration—水化程度l Depassivation—去钝化l Deterioration—劣化l Drying shrinkage→shrinkage—干缩→收缩l DSP一致密小颗粒混凝土l Durability—耐久性Capillary porosity—毛细管孔隙率Concrete cover—混凝土保护层Exposure classes—暴露等级Long term durability—长期耐久性El Entrained air一引气Influence on freezing—对抗冻性的影响Influence on strength—对强度的影响l Entrapped air—夹杂气体l Ettringite—钙矾石Primary—一次Secondary—二次l Expansive agents→Shrinkage compensating concrete—膨胀剂→收缩补偿混凝土Fl Fibre-inforced concrete ( FRC )—纤维增强混凝土Application of FRC一纤维增强混凝土的应用Crack-free concrete一无裂缝混凝土Toughness of concrete—混凝土的韧性Impact strength—冲击强度In shotcrete—喷射混凝土Metallic fibre—金属纤维Polymer mini-fibre—聚合物微纤维Polymer macro-fibre—聚合物大纤维Polymer structure PVA fibres—聚合物结构聚乙烯醇纤维l Fictitious thickness一虚拟厚度l Fire endurance of concrete一混凝土的耐火性Behavior of concrete during fire一混凝土在火中的行为Behavior of high-strength concrete during fire—高强混凝土在火中的行为Influence of the aggregate—骨料的影响Influence of the concrete cover—混凝土保护层的影响Influence of the metallic fibres一金属纤维的影响Influence of the loading in service一服役荷载的影响Influence of the polymeric fibres—聚合物纤维的影响l Fly ash—粉煤灰Beneficiation—选矿l Freezing and thawing一冻融l Füllerl Füller&Thompson→FüllerGl GGBFS→slag—磨细粒化高炉矿渣→矿渣l Gluconate—葡萄糖酸盐l Glucose—葡萄糖l Grout—浆体l Gypsum—石膏Hl Heat—热Cracking due to thermal gradients—温度梯度诱发开裂Of hydration—水化热l Hydration—水化Of aluminates—铝酸盐的水化Of silicates—硅酸盐的水化l High-Performance Concrete—高性能混凝土l High Strength Concrete—高强混凝土l Hooke law—Hooke定律Kl Kiln一烧窑Ll Leaching—析浆l Lightweight concrete—轻混凝土Glassification—分类Expanded clay—陶粒Lightweight aggregate—轻骨料In the Rome Pantheon—罗马万神殿Natural lightweight aggregate(pumice)—天然轻骨料(浮石) Shrinkage—收缩Structural—结构的Precast L. C—预制轻混凝土SCC L. C—自密实轻混凝土Structural L. C for ready-mixed concrete—预拌结构轻混凝土l Lignosulphonate—木素磺酸盐l Lime—石灰l Limestone—石灰石Blended cement一混合水泥l Lyse rule—Lyse准则Ml Magnesium salts—镁盐l Mass concrete—大体积混凝土l Mix design—配合比设计l Modulus—模数Of elasticity—弹性模量Of fineness一细度模数l Mill一磨机l Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator一市政固体废物焚烧炉Pl Passivation—钝化l Permeability—渗透性l Pop-out一凸起l Porosity—孔隙率Capillary—毛细管孔隙Capillary porosity and strength—毛细管孔隙率与强度Capillary porosity and elastic modulus—毛细管孔隙率与弹性模量Capillary porosity and permeability—毛细管孔隙率与渗透性Capillary porosity and durability—毛细管孔隙率与耐久性Gel—凝胶Macroporosity—大孔孔隙率l Portland cement—硅酸盐水泥Blended cements一混合水泥European norm—欧洲标准Ferric一铁相Manufacture—生产White—白色l Powers—能源l Pozzolan一火山灰Activity—活性Industrial—工业的l Pozzolanic cement一火山灰水泥l Precast concrete—预制混凝土Steam curing—蒸养l Prescriptions on concrete structures—混凝土结构的质量要求Concrete composition prescriptions—混凝土组成的质量要求Concrete performance prescriptions—混凝土性能的质量要求Contractor prescriptions一对承包商的要求Rl Reactive Powder Concrete一活性粉末混凝土l Recycled concrete一再生混凝土Process of manufacturing recycled aggregate (RA)一再生骨料的加工工艺Properties of RA一再生骨料的性能Contaminant products—污染物Density of RA一再生骨料的密度Water absorption—吸水率Properties of concrete with RA—含有再生骨料混凝土的性能l Relaxation—松弛l Retempering—重拌合Sl Segregation—离析l SCC→Self-Compacting Concrete—自密实混凝土l Self-Compacting Concrete—自密实混凝土Architectural一装饰High strength—高强Mass concrete—大体积混凝土Lightweight concrete—轻混凝土Shrinkage-compensating—收缩补偿l Setting—凝结l Shrinkage—收缩Drying shrinkage—干缩Influence of aggregate on drying shrinkage一骨料对干缩的影响Influence of high range water reducers on drying shrinkage—高效减水剂对干缩的影响Influence of workability on drying shrinkage一工作性对干缩的影响Prediction of drying shrinkage in concrete structures—混凝土结构干缩的预测Plastic shrinkage—塑性收缩Standard shrinkage—标准收缩l Shrinkage-compensating concrete—收缩补偿混凝土Expansive agents—膨胀剂Combined use of SRA and expansive agents—减缩剂和膨胀剂的结合应用Lime-based expansive agents—石灰基膨胀剂Sulphoaluminate-based expansive agents—硫铝酸盐基膨胀剂Application of shrinkage compensating concrete—补偿收缩混凝土的应用Joint-free architectural buildings—无缝装饰建筑Joint-free industrial floor一无缝工业地板Repair of damaged concrete structures—损坏混凝土结构的修补Expansion of specimen vs. that of structure—试件的膨胀与结构的膨胀Restrained expansion—约束膨胀SCC shrinkage-compensating concrete—自密实收缩补偿混凝土l Shotcrete—喷射混凝土ACI recommendations—ACI建议Bond of shotcrete. to substrate—喷射混凝土与基层的粘结Chemical admixtures in—喷射混凝土的化学外加剂Alkali-free accelerators—无碱促进剂Sodium silicate accelerators—硅酸钠促进剂Composition of一喷射混凝土组成Fibres in—喷射混凝土的纤维High performance—高性能喷射混凝土Influence of steel bars on—配筋的影响Mineral additions in—矿物掺合料Nozzelman喷枪操作工Rebound—回弹l Sieve analysis—筛分l Silica fume—硅灰Silica fume in high strength concrete—高强混凝土中的硅灰l Slag—矿渣Cement—矿渣水泥l Slump—坍落度Slump loss—坍落度损失l SRA→Shrinkage Reducing Admixture in Chemical Admixtures-一化学外加剂中的减缩剂l Standard deviation一标准差l Steam curing—蒸养l Steel-concrete bond—钢筋-混凝土的粘结l Strength—强度Characteristic一特征强度Class of cement—水泥的强度等级Class of concrete一混凝土的强度等级Compressive—抗压强度DSP concrete—细颗粒密实混凝土Flexural—抗折强度High-strength concrete—高强混凝土Influence of compaction on一密实性对强度的影响Influence of cement on concrete一水泥对混凝土强度的影响Influence of temperature on concrete—温度对混凝土强度的影响Influence of transition zone on—过渡区对强度的影响Of cement paste—水泥浆的强度Of cored samples一芯样的强度Of specimens—试件的强度Standard deviation—标准差Tensile—抗拉强度l Stress—应力Compressive—压应力Flexural—弯曲应力Tensile一拉应力l Sulphate attack—硫酸盐侵蚀l Superplsticizer→Chemical. admixtures—超塑化剂(高效减水剂)→化学外加剂Tl Temperature—温度Influence of temperature on concrete strength—温度对强度的影响Influence of temperature on site organization—温度对现场浇筑的影响Placing in summer time一夏季浇筑Placing in winter time一冬季浇筑l Thaumasite—硅灰石膏l Thermal gradients—温度梯度l Transition zone—过渡区Vl Vebe—维勃l Vibration—振动Wl Water—水And workability—水与工作性And strength.一水与强度Addition on job site一水的现场添加l Water-cement ratio—水灰比l Workability—工作性And consolidation—工作性与密实性。
建筑专业土木工程词汇及术语 中英文对照
工程英语结构工程常用词汇土木工程常用英语术语目录结构工程常用词汇1土木工程常用英语术语2第一节一般术语2第二节房屋建筑结构术语5第三节公路路线和铁路线路术语6第四节桥、涵洞和隧道术语7第五节水工期建筑物术语9第六节结构构件和部件术语11第七节地基和基础术语15第八节结构可靠性和设计方法术语15第九节结构上的作用、作用代表值和作用效应术语17第十节材料性能、构件承载能力和材料性能代表值术语21第十一节几何参数和常用量程术语23第十二节工程结构设计常用的物理学、数理统计、25结构工程常用词汇混凝土：concrete钢筋：reinforcing steel bar钢筋混凝土：reinforced concrete（RC）钢筋混凝土结构：reinforced concrete structure板式楼梯：cranked slab stairs刚度:rigidity徐变：creep水泥：cement钢筋保护层：cover to reinforcement 梁：beam柱：column板：slab剪力墙：shear wall基础：foundation剪力:shear剪切变形：shear deformation剪切模量：shear modulus拉力:tension压力：pressure延伸率：percentage of elongation位移：displacement应力：stress应变:strain应力集中：concentration of stresses应力松弛：stress relaxation应力图：stress diagram应力应变曲线：stress-strain curve应力状态：state of stress钢丝：steel wire箍筋：hoop reinforcement箍筋间距：stirrup spacing加载:loading抗压强度：compressive strength抗弯强度：bending strength抗扭强度：torsional strength抗拉强度:tensile strength裂缝:crack屈服：yield屈服点:yield point 屈服荷载：yield load屈服极限：limit of yielding屈服强度：yield strength屈服强度下限：lower limit of yield荷载：load横截面:cross section承载力：bearing capacity承重结构：bearing structure弹性模量：elastic modulus预应力钢筋混凝土：prestressed reinforced concrete预应力钢筋：prestressed reinforcement预应力损失:loss of prestress预制板：precast slab现浇钢筋混凝土结构：cast-in—place reinforced concrete双向配筋：two—way reinforcement主梁：main beam次梁：secondary beam弯矩：moment悬臂梁:cantilever beam延性：ductileity受弯构件:member in bending受拉区：tensile region受压区：compressive region塑性：plasticity轴向压力：axial pressure轴向拉力：axial tension吊车梁：crane beam可靠性：reliability粘结力：cohesive force外力:external force弯起钢筋：bent-up bar弯曲破坏:bending failure屋架：roof truss素混凝土:non—reinforced concrete无梁楼盖:flat slab配筋率:reinforcement ratio配箍率：stirrup ratio泊松比：Poisson’s ratio偏心受拉：eccentric tension偏心受压：eccentric compression 偏心距：eccentric distance疲劳强度：fatigue strength偏心荷载:eccentric load跨度：span跨高比：span-to-depth ratio跨中荷载：midspan load框架结构：frame structure集中荷载：concentrated load分布荷载：distribution load分布钢筋:distribution steel 挠度：deflection设计荷载：design load设计强度：design strength 构造：construction简支梁：simple beam截面面积：area of section 浇注：pouring浇注混凝土:concreting钢筋搭接：bar splicing刚架:rigid frame脆性:brittleness脆性破坏：brittle failure土木工程常用英语术语第一节一般术语1。
钢筋混凝土结构中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Reinforced ConcreteConcrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete compared to other forms of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships.Reinforced concrete structures may be cast-in-place concrete, constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concreteproduced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete structures may be severe and functional in design, or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatility and scope.Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. In a plain concrete beam, the moments about the neutral axis due to applied loads are resisted by an internal tension-compression couple involving tension in the concrete. Such a beam fails very suddenly and completely when the first crack forms. In a reinforced concrete beam, steel bars are embedded in the concrete in such a way that the tension forces needed for moment equilibrium after the concrete cracks can be developed in the bars.The construction of a reinforced concrete member involves building a from of mold in the shape of the member being built. The form must be strong enough to support both the weight and hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete, and any forces applied to it by workers, concrete buggies, wind, and so on. The reinforcement is placed in this form and held in place during the concreting operation. After the concrete has hardened, the forms are removed. As the forms are removed, props of shores are installed to support the weight of the concrete until it has reached sufficient strength to support the loads by itself.The designer must proportion a concrete member for adequate strength to resist the loads and adequate stiffness to prevent excessive deflections. In beam must be proportioned so that it can be constructed. For example, the reinforcement must be detailed so that it can be assembled in the field, and since the concrete is placed in the form after the reinforcement is in place, the concrete must be able to flow around, between, and past the reinforcement to fill all parts of the form completely.The choice of whether a structure should be built of concrete, steel, masonry, or timber depends on the availability of materials and on a number of value decisions. The choice of structural system is made by the architect of engineer early in the design, based on the following considerations:1. Economy. Frequently, the foremost consideration is the overall const of the structure. This is, of course, a function of the costs of the materials and the labor necessary to erect them. Frequently, however, the overall cost is affected as much or more by the overall construction time since the contractor and owner must borrow or otherwise allocate money to carry out the construction and will not receive a return on this investment until the building is ready for occupancy. In a typical large apartment of commercial project, the cost of construction financing will be a significant fraction of the total cost. As a result, financial savings due to rapid construction may more than offset increased material costs. For this reason, any measures the designer can take to standardize the design and forming will generally pay off in reduced overall costs.In many cases the long-term economy of the structure may be more important than the first cost. As a result, maintenance and durability are important consideration.2. Suitability of material for architectural and structural function.A reinforced concrete system frequently allows the designer to combine the architectural and structural functions. Concrete has the advantage that it is placed in a plastic condition and is given the desired shape and texture by means of the forms and the finishing techniques. This allows such elements ad flat plates or other types of slabs to serve as load-bearing elements while providing the finished floor and / or ceiling surfaces. Similarly, reinforced concrete walls can provide architecturally attractive surfaces in addition to having the ability to resist gravity, wind, or seismic loads. Finally, the choice of size of shape is governed by the designer and not by the availability of standard manufactured members.3. Fire resistance. The structure in a building must withstand the effects of a fire and remain standing while the building is evacuated and the fire is extinguished. A concrete building inherently has a 1- to 3-hour fire rating without special fireproofing or other details. Structural steel or timber buildings must be fireproofed to attain similar fire ratings.4. Low maintenance.Concrete members inherently require less maintenance than do structural steel or timber members. This is particularly true if dense, air-entrained concrete has been used forsurfaces exposed to the atmosphere, and if care has been taken in the design to provide adequate drainage off and away from the structure. Special precautions must be taken for concrete exposed to salts such as deicing chemicals.5. Availability of materials. Sand, gravel, cement, and concrete mixing facilities are very widely available, and reinforcing steel can be transported to most job sites more easily than can structural steel. As a result, reinforced concrete is frequently used in remote areas.On the other hand, there are a number of factors that may cause one to select a material other than reinforced concrete. These include:1. Low tensile strength.The tensile strength concrete is much lower than its compressive strength ( about 1/10 ), and hence concrete is subject to cracking. In structural uses this is overcome by using reinforcement to carry tensile forces and limit crack widths to within acceptable values. Unless care is taken in design and construction, however, these cracks may be unsightly or may allow penetration of water. When this occurs, water or chemicals such as road deicing salts may cause deterioration or staining of the concrete. Special design details are required in such cases. In the case of water-retaining structures, special details and / of prestressing are required to prevent leakage.2. Forms and shoring. The construction of a cast-in-place structure involves three steps not encountered in the construction of steel or timber structures. These are ( a ) the construction of the forms, ( b ) the removal of these forms, and (c) propping or shoring the new concrete to support its weight until its strength is adequate. Each of these steps involves labor and / or materials, which are not necessary with other forms of construction.3. Relatively low strength per unit of weight for volume.The compressive strength of concrete is roughly 5 to 10% that of steel, while its unit density is roughly 30% that of steel. As a result, a concrete structure requires a larger volume and a greater weight of material than does a comparable steel structure. As a result, long-span structures are often built from steel.4. Time-dependent volume changes. Both concrete and steel undergo-approximately the same amount of thermal expansion and contraction. Because there is less mass of steel to be heated or cooled,and because steel is a better concrete, a steel structure is generally affected by temperature changes to a greater extent than is a concrete structure. On the other hand, concrete undergoes frying shrinkage, which, if restrained, may cause deflections or cracking. Furthermore, deflections will tend to increase with time, possibly doubling, due to creep of the concrete under sustained loads.In almost every branch of civil engineering and architecture extensive use is made of reinforced concrete for structures and foundations. Engineers and architects requires basic knowledge of reinforced concrete design throughout their professional careers. Much of this text is directly concerned with the behavior and proportioning of components that make up typical reinforced concrete structures-beams, columns, and slabs. Once the behavior of these individual elements is understood, the designer will have the background to analyze and design a wide range of complex structures, such as foundations, buildings, and bridges, composed of these elements.Since reinforced concrete is a no homogeneous material that creeps, shrinks, and cracks, its stresses cannot be accurately predicted by the traditional equations derived in a course in strength of materials for homogeneous elastic materials. Much of reinforced concrete design in therefore empirical, i.e., design equations and design methods are based on experimental and time-proved results instead of being derived exclusively from theoretical formulations.A thorough understanding of the behavior of reinforced concrete will allow the designer to convert an otherwise brittle material into tough ductile structural elements and thereby take advantage of concrete’s desirable characteristics, its high compressive strength, its fire resistance, and its durability.Concrete, a stone like material, is made by mixing cement, water, fine aggregate ( often sand ), coarse aggregate, and frequently other additives ( that modify properties ) into a workable mixture. In its unhardened or plastic state, concrete can be placed in forms to produce a large variety of structural elements. Although the hardened concrete by itself, i.e., without any reinforcement, is strong in compression, it lacks tensile strength and therefore cracks easily. Because unreinforced concrete is brittle, it cannot undergo large deformations under load and failssuddenly-without warning. The addition fo steel reinforcement to the concrete reduces the negative effects of its two principal inherent weaknesses, its susceptibility to cracking and its brittleness. When the reinforcement is strongly bonded to the concrete, a strong, stiff, and ductile construction material is produced. This material, called reinforced concrete, is used extensively to construct foundations, structural frames, storage takes, shell roofs, highways, walls, dams, canals, and innumerable other structures and building products. Two other characteristics of concrete that are present even when concrete is reinforced are shrinkage and creep, but the negative effects of these properties can be mitigated by careful design.A code is a set technical specifications and standards that control important details of design and construction. The purpose of codes it produce structures so that the public will be protected from poor of inadequate and construction.Two types f coeds exist. One type, called a structural code, is originated and controlled by specialists who are concerned with the proper use of a specific material or who are involved with the safe design of a particular class of structures.The second type of code, called a building code, is established to cover construction in a given region, often a city or a state. The objective of a building code is also to protect the public by accounting for the influence of the local environmental conditions on construction. For example, local authorities may specify additional provisions to account for such regional conditions as earthquake, heavy snow, or tornados. National structural codes genrally are incorporated into local building codes.The American Concrete Institute ( ACI ) Building Code covering the design of reinforced concrete buildings. It contains provisions covering all aspects of reinforced concrete manufacture, design, and construction. It includes specifications on quality of materials, details on mixing and placing concrete, design assumptions for the analysis of continuous structures, and equations for proportioning members for design forces.All structures must be proportioned so they will not fail or deform excessively under any possible condition of service. Therefore it is important that an engineer use great care in anticipating all the probableloads to which a structure will be subjected during its lifetime.Although the design of most members is controlled typically by dead and live load acting simultaneously, consideration must also be given to the forces produced by wind, impact, shrinkage, temperature change, creep and support settlements, earthquake, and so forth.The load associated with the weight of the structure itself and its permanent components is called the dead load. The dead load of concrete members, which is substantial, should never be neglected in design computations. The exact magnitude of the dead load is not known accurately until members have been sized. Since some figure for the dead load must be used in computations to size the members, its magnitude must be estimated at first. After a structure has been analyzed, the members sized, and architectural details completed, the dead load can be computed more accurately. If the computed dead load is approximately equal to the initial estimate of its value ( or slightly less ), the design is complete, but if a significant difference exists between the computed and estimated values of dead weight, the computations should be revised using an improved value of dead load. An accurate estimate of dead load is particularly important when spans are long, say over 75 ft ( 22.9 m ), because dead load constitutes a major portion of the design load.Live loads associated with building use are specific items of equipment and occupants in a certain area of a building, building codes specify values of uniform live for which members are to be designed.After the structure has been sized for vertical load, it is checked for wind in combination with dead and live load as specified in the code. Wind loads do not usually control the size of members in building less than 16 to 18 stories, but for tall buildings wind loads become significant and cause large forces to develop in the structures. Under these conditions economy can be achieved only by selecting a structural system that is able to transfer horizontal loads into the ground efficiently.钢筋混凝土在每一个国家，混凝土及钢筋混凝土都被用来作为建筑材料。
建筑工程英标规范(混凝土)中英文
SECTION: 2 第2章混凝土PART 1 GENERAL 第1节总则1 DESCRIPTION 说明All concrete work is governed by this Section. 所有混凝土工程受本章的管理。
Work Included: Provide all cast-in-place concrete, complete and in place, as required by the Work, specified herein on the drawings and specifications. 包括的工作：按照图纸上规定的工作和相关标准要求，完整而到位地提供所有现浇混凝。
RELATED WORK: 有关工作1 General Requirements 一般要求2 Material 材料3 Concrete Mix 混凝土配合比4 Construction Requests 施工要求1.1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS:一般要求1.1.1. Concrete shall be batched only with approved materials, approved mix designs, and atapproved facilities. 只能使用批准的材料、批准的配合比设计和在批准的设施内对混凝土进行配料。
1.1.2. The Contractor shall define the method of design of the mix, by reference to a recognisedpublished design method. 承包商应通过参考认可的设计方法确定配合比设计。
1.1.3. Plant trials shall be carried out for each grade and type of concrete in the contract, 你unless approved otherwise by the Engineer. 除非监理工程师另有批准，应对每种标号和种类的混凝土进行工厂试验。
土木工程专业外语混凝土含翻译
4 Where fresh concrete is placed on hardened concrete, a good bond must be developed.5 The temperature of fresh concrete must be controlled from the time of mixing through final placement, and protected after placement.。
to avoid segregation.Selection of the most appropriate technique for economy depends on jobsite conditions, especially project size, equipment, and the contractor’s experience.In building construction，power-operated buggies; drop bottom buckets with a inclined chutes; flexible and rigid pipe by pumping;which either dry materials and water are sprayed separately or mixed concrete is shot against the forms; and for underwater placing, tremie chutes (closed flexible tubes).side-dump cars on narrow-gageFor pavement, concrete may be placed by bucket from the swinging boom of a paving mixer, directly by dump truck or mixer truck, or7 Even within the specified limits on slump and water-cementitious materials ratio, excess water must be avoided.In this context, excess water is presented for the conditions of placing if evidence of water rise (vertical segregation) or water flow (horizontal segregation) occurs.Excess water also tends to aggravate surface defects by increasedleakage through form openings. The result may be honeycomb, variations in color, or soft spots at the surface.8 In vertical formwork, water rise causes weak planes between each layer deposited. In addition to the deleterious structural effect, such planes, when hardened, contain voids which water may pass through.9 In horizontal elements, such as floor slabs, excess water rises and strength, low high and generallypoor quality.10 The purpose of consolidation is to eliminate voids of air and to ensure intimate complete contact of the concrete with the surfaces of the forms and the reinforcement.Intense vibration, however, may also reduce the volume of desirable entrained air; but this reduction can be compensated by adjustment of the mix proportions11 Powered internal vibrators are usually used to achieve consolidation. For thin slabs, however, high-quality, low-slump concrete can be effectively consolidated, without excess water, by mechanical surface vibrators.For precast elements in rigid external vibration is highly effective. External vibration is also effective with in-place forms, but should not be used unless the formwork is for theimpact of the vibrator.12 Except in certain paving operations, vibration of the reinforcement should be it is effective, thevertical rebars passing into partly set concrete below may be harmful.Note, however, that re-vibration of concrete before the final set, under controlled conditions, can improve concrete strength markedly and reduce surface voids.This technique is too difficult to control for general use on field-cast vertical elements, but it is very effective in finishing slabs with powered vibrating equipment.13 The interior of columns is usually congested; it contains a large volume of reinforcing steel compared with the volume of concrete, and has a large height compared with its cross-sectional dimensions.Therefore, though columns should be continuously cast, the concrete should be placed in 2-to 4-ft-deep increments and consolidated with internal vibrators. These should be lifted after each increment has been vibrated.If delay occurs in concrete supply before a beenWhen the remainder of the column isportion slightly.14 In all columns and reinforced narrow walls, concrete placing should begin with 2 to 4 inches of grout. Otherwise, loose stone will collect at the bottom, resulting in the formation of honeycomb. This grout should be proportioned for about the same slump as the concrete or slightly more, but at the same or lower water-cementitious material ratio.the same proportions of butWhen concrete is placed for walls,the only practicable means to avoid segregation is to place no more than a 24-in layer in one pass. Each layer should be vibrated separately and kept nearly level.15 For walls deeper than 4 ft, concrete should be placed through vertical. The concrete should not fall free more than 4 ft or segregation will occur, with the coarse aggregate ricocheting off thelayers after the initial layer should be penetrated by.can be beneficial (re-vibration), but control under variable jobsite conditions is too uncertain for recommendation of this practice for general use.16 The results of poor placement in walls are frequently observed:slope layer lines; honeycombs, leaking, if water is present; and, if cores are taken at successive heights, up to a 50% reduction in strength from bottom to top. Some precautions necessary to avoid these ill effects are:17 Do not move concrete laterally with vibrators18 For deep, long walls, reduce the slump for upper layers 2 to 3 in below the slump for the starting layer.19 On any placing of layers, vibrate the concrete20 Concrete should be inspected for the owner before, during, and after casting. Before concrete is placed, the formwork must be free of ice and debris and properly coated with bond-breaker oil.The rebars must be in place, properly supported to bear any traffic they will receive during concrete placing.inserts, and other items to be embedded must be inConstruction personnel should be available, usually carpenters, bar placers and other trades, if piping or electrical conduit is to be embedded, to act as form watchers and to reset any rebars, conduit, or piping displaced.21 As concrete is cast, the slump of the concrete must be observed and regulated within prescribed limits, or the specified strengths based on the expected slump may be reduced.An inspector of placing who is also responsible for sampling and making cylinders, should test slump, temperatures, and unit weights, during concreting and should control any field adjustmentThe inspector should also that handling, placing, and finishing procedures that agreed on in advance are properly followed, to avoid segregated concrete.should ensure that any construction joints made necessary by stoppage of concrete supply, rain, or other delays are properly located and made in accordancewith procedures specified or approved by the engineer.22 Inspection is complete only when concrete is cast, finished, protected for curing, and attains full strength.1混凝土适当放置的原则是：2在混合器和放置点之间的所有操作（包括最终固结和精整）期间必须避免分离。
国外土建工作必备英语词汇总结
国外土建工作必备英语词汇总结在国外进行土建工作时，了解并掌握相关的英语词汇是非常重要的。
以下是一些必备的土建工作英语词汇总结：1. 基础 Foundation2. 桩 Pile3. 混凝土 Concrete4. 钢筋 Reinforcement Steel5. 模板 Formwork6. 土方开挖 Earthwork Excavation7. 回填 Backfill8. 混凝土浇筑 Concrete Pouring9. 钢筋加工 Reinforcement Steel Fabrication10. 混凝土养护 Concrete Curing11. 混凝土试块 Concrete Sample Block12. 混凝土强度 Concrete Strength13. 钢筋连接 Steel Connection14. 混凝土表面处理 Concrete Surface Treatment15. 排水系统 Drainage System16. 砌筑 Masonry17. 抹灰 Plastering18. 石膏石膏 Plaster of Paris19. 瓷砖 Tile20. 油漆 Paint21. 木工 Carpentry22. 水电安装 Plumbing and Electrical Installation23. 通风系统 Ventilation System24. 消防系统 Fire Protection System25. 安全设施 Safety Facilities26. 验收 Acceptance Check27. 保修 Warranty28. 工程记录 Project Records29. 施工计划 Construction Plan30. 工程量清单 Bill of Quantities31. 工程预算 Project Budget32. 工程结算 Project Settlement33. 工程变更 Engineering Change Order (ECO)34. 工程延期 Extension of Time (EOT)35. 索赔 Claims36. 分包 Subcontracting37. 材料 Material38. 供应商 Supplier39. 施工机械 Construction Equipment40. 工作许可证 Work Permit41. 环境影响评估 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)42. 安全培训 Safety Training43. 安全演习 Safety Drill44. 施工图纸 Construction Drawings45. 技术规格 Technical Specifications (TS)46. 工程管理 Project Management (PM)47. 项目管理软件 Project Management Software (PMS)48. 工程进度监控 Project Progress Monitoring (PPM)49. 工程质量管理 Project Quality Management (PQM)50. 工程安全管理 Project Safety Management (PSM)51. 合同管理 Contract Administration (CA)52. 成本估算 Cost Estimation (CE)53. 工程变更指令 Engineering Change Directive (ECD)54. 工期延误索赔 Extension of Time Claim (ETC)55. 工程保险 Project Insurance (PI)56. 验收测试和演示 Acceptance Test and Demonstration (ATD)57. 项目后评估 Post-project Evaluation (PPE)58. 项目总结 Project Summary (PS)59. 项目移交 Project Handover (PH)60. 项目审计 Project Audit (PA)61. 项目团队 Project Team (PT)62. 项目经理 Project Manager (PM)63. 工料测量师 Quantity Surveyor (QS)64. 总承包商 General Contractor (GC)65. 分包商 Subcontractor (SC)66. 设计顾问 Design Consultant (DC)67. 承包商 Contractor (C)68. 发包人 Employer (E)69. 工料合同 Labour and Materials Contract (L&M)。
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混凝土工程 concrete works 一、材料袋装水泥 bagged cement散装水泥 bulk cement砂 sand骨料 aggregate商品混凝土 commercial concrete现浇混凝土 concrete-in-situ预制混凝土 precast concrete预埋件 embedment（fit 安装）外加剂 admixtures抗渗混凝土 waterproofing concrete 石场 aggregate quarry垫块 spacer二、施工机械及工具搅拌机 mixer振动器vibrator电动振动器 electrical vibrator振动棒vibrator bar抹子（steel wood） trowel磨光机 glasser混凝土泵送机 concrete pump橡胶圈 rubber ring夹子 clip混凝土运输车 mixer truck自动搅拌站 auto-batching plant输送机 conveyor塔吊 tower crane汽车式吊车 motor crane铲子 shovel水枪 jetting water橡胶轮胎 rubber tires布袋 cloth-bags塑料水管 plastic tubes喷水雾 spray water fog三、构件及其他专业名称截面尺寸 section size（section dimension）混凝土梁 concrete girder简支梁 simple supported beam挑梁 cantilever beam悬挑板 cantilevered slab檐板eaves board封口梁 joint girder翻梁 upstand beam楼板floor slab空调板 AC board飘窗 bay window（suspending window）振捣 vibration串筒 a chain of funnels混凝土施工缝 concrete joint水灰比ratio of water and cement砂率 sand ratio大体积混凝土 large quantity of pouring混凝土配合比 concrete mixture rate混凝土硬化 hardening of concrete(in a hardening process 硬化中)规定时间 regulated period质保文件 quality assurance program设计强度 design strength永久工程 permanent works临时工程 temporary works四、质量控制及检测不符合规格的 non-standard有机物 organic matters粘土 clay含水率 moisture content（water content）中心线 central line安定性 soundness （good soundness 优良的安定性）坍落度 slump (the concrete with 18mm±20mm slump)混凝土养护 concrete curing标养混凝土试件 standard curing concrete test sample同条件混凝土试件 field-cure specimen收缩 shrinkage初凝时间 initial setting time终凝时间 final setting time成品保护 finished product protection混凝土试件 concrete cube偏心受压 eccentric pressing保护层 concrete cover孔洞 hole裂缝 crack蜂窝 honeycomb五、句子1，Usually we control the cement within 2% 我们将水泥的误差控制在2%2，Are there any pipe clogging happened during the concreting?浇筑混凝土中有堵管现象吗？3，Will the pipe be worn out very fast？管道磨损很快吗？4，This embedment is fixed at 1500mm from the floor and 350mm from the left edge of the column. Would you measure the dimension by this meter?预埋件的位置在地面上1500mm，离柱边350mm。
我再量一下实际尺寸5，If the pouring depth is more than 2m，what measure will you adopt to avoid concrete collapsing or air holes inside？如果浇筑的深度超过2m，你将采用什么办法来避免混凝土离析？6，Firstly we pour a layer of cement mortar around 50-100mm thick on the bottom and then the concreting starts through the silo chain. The vibration will be done thoroughly layer and layer.首先我们在底部浇筑一层厚度为50-100mm厚的水泥砂浆，然后开始用串筒一次次地浇筑和振捣混凝土。
7，Can you continue the concrete pouring after three hours suspension?混凝土在暂停3小时之后，你可以接着浇筑吗？8，The concrete surface will be chilled and cleaned by the compressed air or jetting water, and also water and cement mortar are sprayed, then the new concrete can be poured. The rebar should not be touched during vibration.混凝土表面要凿毛，并用空压机水枪的方法进行清洗，喷过水和水泥浆之后，可以开始新一轮的混凝土浇筑了。
振捣中不能碰触钢筋。
9，The construction joint in column should be horizontally made on top of foundationor under beams or slab, and in walls should be vertically made.柱的施工缝应水平设置，在基础顶部或梁板下部，而墙的施工缝应垂直留置10，The vibrators should be inserted vertically in the last layer of concrete around 50mm deep without touching formwork and rebar. The distance between each moving of vibrator should be of the vibrator affected radiation振动棒应垂直放在混凝土的最后一层，这层大概50mm厚，振动棒不得接触模板和钢筋，其每次振捣的距离应该是其影响半径的倍11，We use the plastic sheets to cover and seal 我们用塑料薄膜覆盖剂封闭12，Brush some curing liquid on it 刷一些养护液上去13，The curing should last at least 7days 养护必须持续7天以上14，Hence to ascertain concrete strengths of structure is very important. This article states that the concrete strengths of structure body, specimens cured under standard condition and the same condition as structure are different each other，although they are made of the same concrete mix.本文概述了混凝土标养试块强度、同条件养护试块强度与结构实体中的混凝土强度差异，指出标养混凝土试块强度和同条件混凝土试块强度并不能完全代表结构实体的混凝土强度15，This paper introduces the glassing technique for the building’s cement floor with the glasser and expounds the requirement of this technique for the concrete performance, the construction machinery and principals, the technical standard of construction, and the quality detection in the course of construction, etc. and shows the social and economic benefit of this technique by using the actual example.文章介绍了磨光机进行混凝土楼面磨光的工艺及其对混凝土性能的要求、使用的施工机械及原理、施工技术标准、施工过程质量控制，通过实例说明了取得的社会金和经济效益。