中学英语中主动表被动常见的六种形式

中学英语中主动表被动常见的六种形式英语动词，通常都是主动形式表主动意义、被动形式表被动意义。

但在有些情况下，却要用主动形式表被动意义。

现将这些情况总结如下：1、某些系动词+形容词常见的这类系动词有：look ,feel ,smell, sound, taste, prove, turn out（结果是，证明是）等。

例如：This coat feels very soft and smooth.What he said sounds reasonable.The medicine tastes bitter.All he said proved (to be) true.The flowers smelling sweet (= which smell sweet) in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. (04上海)We wanted to get home before dark, but i t didn’t quite turn out as planned.（04浙江）2、某些用作不及物意义的动词+副词常见的这类动词有：wash, clean, cook, eat, drink, brew, fry, bake, iron, cut , dye , dry, sell, read, write, teach, translate, record, wear, draw, drive, ride, lock, unlock, close ,shut ,open, break, smoke, play, act, wind up, make up, blow, keep, burn, light , strike(划着), fire , pull, fill, begin, start, finish, complete, run(运转), stop, end, owe, print, move, let(出租), carry, handle, kill, , milk, pack, pick, split 等。

这时：（1）句子的主语通常指物。

（2）用来表示主语的内在品质、特征、状态或性质。

(3) 通常和副词 easily, well, quickly, smoothly, badly, poorly, nicely, wonderfully, perfectly, comfortably 等连用。

例如：He paid all that was owing.The tea is brewing.Because the shop is closing down, all the T-shirts are sold at half price.（04浙江）—What are you going to do this afternoon?—I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film finishes quite early, so we are going to the bookstore after that. (05重庆)Books of this kind sell well. ( 99上海).This knife cuts easily.This kind of cloth washes well, irons easily and wears long.The paper tears easily.This article translates well and reads easily.The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly.The school opens at 7∶45 and classes begin at 8:00.The cigar smokes badly.The cakes eat deliciously.---Mummy, can I put the peaches in the cupboard?---No, dear. They don’t keep well. Put them in the fridge instead. （02北京）His voice doesn't carry well.This material does not dye well but dries quickly.The damp match won't strike.须注意：在这里动词都是当作不及物动词使用，用主动形式表被动强调的是主语本身所具有的某种内在的品质，促进、妨碍或阻止动词表示动作的实现；如果用被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响，动词表示的动作的实现与否和主语的品质无关，主要取决于动作的执行者。

试比较：This novel doesn’t sell well. 这本小说销售不畅。

（是小说本身的原因）These novels have not been sold. 这些小说没有销出去。

（由于其它原因没有卖出去，与小说本身无关）The door won’t lock．门锁不上。

（门本身有毛病）The door wasn’t locked．门没锁。

（人没把门锁上，与门本身无关）The text teaches well. 这篇课文好教。

（由于课文本身的内容才使得这课文“好教”）The text is not taught well. 这篇课文没有教好。

（与课文本身无关，问题是动作执行者没有把课文教好。

3、某些不及物动词（短语）常见的这类动词有：happen, occur, take place, belong to ,break out, last, run out ,go out(熄灭), go down(下降)，cost, spread，come(传来)，come on(开始), come out(出版), come up(出现), come into being(产生), come to one’s mind（想起）, come about（发生）, come true, give out, suit, fit, add up(to),catch fire, measure, weigh等The war broke out in 1938 and lasted eight years.The big house belongs to me.The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 18th century.The bridge measures 30 meters across.The news came that our team had won the game.A terrible accident happened last night.The price has gone down，but I doubt whether it will remain so．（99全国卷）The evening news comes on at seven o’clock and lasts only thirty minutes.（04全国卷II）4、某些介词+名词常见的介词有：under, beyond, in, on, for, out of等。

(1) “under +名词”结构, 表示某事“在进行中”。

例如：The whole matter is under discussion (=is being discussed).He is said to be under arrest for stealing.The house under repair is our classroom building.类似的结构还有：under construction (在建造中)，under treatment（在治疗中）, under question（在审讯中），under attack（在进攻中），under consideration（在考虑中），under contact（在联系中），under examination（在审查中），under investigation（在调查中），under review（在审议中），under treatment （在医治中），under trial（在受审中），under control（在被控制中）等。

(2) “beyond +名词”结构，表示“超出(胜过)……范围、限度”。

例如：The news is beyond belief（= The news can’t be believed）．类似的结构还有beyond one’s reach（鞭长莫及），beyond one’s control（无法控制），beyond one’s understanding(无法理解)，beyond one’s expectation(始料不及), beyond one’s power(力所不能及)等。

(3) “on +名词”结构, 表示“在从事……中”。

例如：Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).常见的还有：on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial（受审）等。

(4) “out of +名词”结构，表示“超出……之外”，例如：The plane was out of control (can’t be controlled)．。

常见的有：out of sight（超出视线之外），out of one’s reach(够不着), out of fashion(过时)，out of question （毫无疑问）等。

(5) “for+名词”结构，表示“适于……,有待于……”。

例如：That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).The shop is for rent.(6) “in +名词”结构，表示“在……过程中或范围内”例如：The book is not yet in print．(=is not yet printed)The house is in sight now.5、动词不定式(1) 主语+及物动词+宾语+ to do(作定语)。