语言学考试整理最终版

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语言学概论(考试重点归纳)

语言学概论目录第一章语言和语言学 (3)第二章语言的物质载体——语音 (6)第三章语言的建筑材料——语汇 (10)第四章语言的结构规则——语法 (13)第五章语言的表达内容——语义 (19)第六章语言的运用特点——语用 (22)第七章语言的书写符号——文字 (25)第八章语言的发展和演变 (27)第九章语言的获得和学习 (30)第十章语言与文学写作 (32)第十一章语言与民族文化 (34)第十二章语言与科学技术 (36)第一章语言和语言学第一节认识人类的语言一、语言的性质和类型P491.只有人类才有语言P49（1）内容更多（2）用处更大：①交际功能②标志功能③记录功能④思维功能⑤认知功能（3）能够创造2.语言和民族、国家的关系P51（简答）“语言”最初是与“民族”直接相连的，至今也是最直观和最容易识别的民族标志，同时也是国家的标志，但是只有全面了解从古到今的“语言”、“民族”之间，“民族”和“国家”之间错综复杂的关系，才能对“语言、民族、国家”三者之间做出更加符合客观事实的结论。

3.语言的特点和类型P52（单选）（1）从历时的角度看：语言的谱系分，也叫“语言亲属关系分类。

根据各种语言在语音、语汇、语法等方面是否有共同的来源和相似性大小对语言进行分类，就是语言的谱系分类。

语言的谱系分类是个层级系统，从大到小：“语系、语族、语支、语言、方言、次方言。

”（2）从共时角度看：语言的形态分类也叫语言的结构类型分类。

二、语言的表现形式P541.语言和言语P54言语：说话的动作和说出来或写出来的成品。

语言：说话所使用的工具，是在背后支配着人们怎么说话和听话的规则。

言语属于个人现象语言属于社会现象，是全社会约定俗成的产物。

言语是语言的表现形式，语言是抽象的，言语是具象的。

（单选）2.本体和外围P55本体知识：语言系统内部的各要素；语音、词语、语法、语义、语用。

外围知识：语言与思维、语言与文化、语言与其它技能、语言运用等。

(完整word版)语言学考试必备(word文档良心出品)

1.classification of words(1)variable and invariable wordsvariable words may have inflective changes. Such as follow –follows-followed-following. Invariable words do not have inflective changes. Such as since, when, seldom, through, etc.(2)grammatical words and lexical wordsgrammatical words are those that mainly work for constructing group, phase, clause, clause complex, or even text. Such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns. Lexical words are mainly work for referring to substance, action, and quality.(3)Closed-class words and open-class wordsClosed-class is one whose membership is fixed or limited, such as pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions. Open-class is one whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as auxiliary verbs.(4)Word classA few more word classes have been introduced into grammar, such as particles, auxiliaries, pro-form and determiners.2.Sense relations(1)Synonymy: it is the technical name for the sameness relation. Eg. Buy and purchase, world and universe.(2)Antonymy: it is the name for oppositeness relation. Three are three types: gradable antonymy , complementary antonymy and converse antonymy.(3)Hyponymy: it is of recent creation, is a matter of class membership.3.How many types of morphemes are there in the English language?(1)Free morpheme and bound morphemeFree morphemes are those that may occur alone, which may make up words by themselves; bound morphemes are those that cannot occur alone, which must appear with at least one different morpheme.(2)Root, affix and stemA root is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning; an affix is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme; a stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes(3)4.what are the design features of human language?(1)arbitrariness (2)duality (3)creativity (4)displacement2、how do you understand the distinction?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a Diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.3、what are the major distinctions?(1) langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. (2) langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. (3)langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events.(4)langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.4、how do you understandChomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his langua ge. This internalized set of rules enables the language users to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambigous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performance may have mistakes because of social and phychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence. Which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.5、what are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; how they are produced, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication..6、how many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? There are 3 types of morphemes.(1)free morpheme and bound morpheme(2)root, affix and stem(3)inflectional affix and derivational affix7、what are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound, is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meaning of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.8、what are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constitunents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type. 9、distinguish the two possible meaning of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysisMore beautiful flowers; the IC analysis is a way to dismantle a grammatical construction.10、what are the three kinds of antonym?(1)complementary pairs are antonyms in which the presence of one quality or state signifies the absence of the other and vice versa. Single/married, not pregment/pregnant. There are no intermediate states.(2)gradable pairs are antonyms which allow for a natural, gradual transition between two poles;good/bad, hot/cold. It is possible to be a little cold or very cold, etc. (3)relational opposites are antonyms which share the same semantic features, only the focus, or direction, is reversed; tie/untie, buy/sell, give/receive, teacher/pupil, father/son.11、do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with cooperative principle.A: when is the bus coming? B: there has been an accident. Further up the road. Yes, B is cooperative. On the face of it, B’s statement is not an answer to A’s question. B doesn’t say “when”. However, A will immediately interpret the statement as meaning “ I don’t know “ or” I am not sure.” Just assume that B is being “ relevant” and “informative”. Given that B’s answer contains relevant information. Acan work out that “an accident further up the road” conventionally involves “ traffic jams”, and “traffic jam” preludes “bus coming”. Thus, B’s answer is not simply a statement of “when the bus com es”; it contains an implicature concerning “ when the bus comes”.1、arbitrariness：it refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.2、duality：it is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of element of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.3、displacement：t means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.4、linguistics：it is usually defined as the science of language or, alternatively, as the scientific study of language.5、phonetics: it is the scientific study of speech sounds. It studies how the speech sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived.6、phonology it is the study of speech sounds that the human voice capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning .7、morphology形态学It is the study of the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes.8、syntax句法It refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language or simply,the study of the formation of sentences 9semantics语义学 it is the study of the meaning of words phrases and sentences 10 pragmatics 语用学it is study of meaning in context 11Psycholinguistics 心理语言学 it investigates the interrelation of language and mind , in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition foe example.12socillinguistics 社会语言学 it is an umbrella term which covers a variety of different interests in language and society,including the social function of language and the social characteristics of its users 13language 语言系统 it is a social bond that constitutes language14parole言语 it is a storehouse filled by the members of a given community through their active use of speaking.10competence it is the ideal user|s knowledge of the rules of his language16performance it is the actual use of language in concrete situations 17phonemes it is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language 18 minimal pairs it is two words that differ in only one sound it can be used to find out which sound substitutions cause differences of meaning.19allophones it is a phenomenon of variation in the pronuciation of phonemes in different positions 20Allomorph it is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.21closed-class word it is a word whose membership is fixed or limited 22syntax it refers to rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply the study of the formation of sentences 23IC analysis immediately constituent analysis ic analysis for short,refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents-word groups ,which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own,and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience. 26concord (agreement) it is the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another ,shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category27entailment it is basically a semantic relation or logical implication 28 proposition it is the result of the abstraction of sentences, which are descriptions of states of affairs and which some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning . 29 Componential analysis 词的成分分析it define the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantics features 30reference it is what a linguistics form refers to in the real world it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.31morpheme it is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between soundingand meaning , a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning。

语言学基础期末复习提纲(整理版)

题型：填空题10，20%；选择题10，20%；判断4，20%（3句话解释原因）；简答3，18%（四句话作答）；论述1，22%（1/4页纸作答）。

导论1、中国、印度和希腊-罗马在传统语言文学的研究上都取得了辉煌的成就，是语言学的三大发源地。

2、中国传统语言研究主要抓住汉字，分析它的形体，探求它的古代读音和意义，形成了统称“小学”的文字、音韵和训诂之学，也就是中国传统的语文学。

3、历史比较语言学标志着语言学不再是其他学科的附庸，已经发展成为一门独立的学科。

4、20世纪初，瑞士语言学家索绪尔在《普通语言学教程》中提出观点，语言学从此成为一门现代学科。

5、理论语言学，也称普通语言学，是关于语言的一般规律的理论研究。

第一章语言的功能1、语言是一种社会现象，和人类社会有着紧密联系。

2、语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能。

3、如果一个病人大脑左半球发生损伤，他尽管说不出医院的名称、病房、床号，却能找得到。

相反，如果大脑右半球受损，尽管能找到医院的名称、病房、床号，却找不到，能说出家的位置却找不到，这说明语言功能存在大脑左边。

4、儿童学习语言的过程是考察语言与思维关系的一条很好途径。

5、儿童语言的习得一定具有先天生理基础，也离不开外界的社会条件。

6、儿童语言能力的开发还有时间的限制，最迟到十二三岁，如果在此之前没有机会学习语言，那么之后其语言习得和心智发展的潜能就失去了。

十二三岁是语言习得的关键时期，之一临界期的分工时间也是一致的。

第二章语言是符号系统1、符号包含形式和意义两个方面。

（能指形式，形指意义，符号构成的两个方面，语言学上通常用形式和意义来表述。

形式也叫能指，是符号的外壳，是可以被人的感觉器官感知的，因而形式具有物质性。

意义也叫所指，是符号形式所代表的内容，也就是现实现象事物。

）2、符号的形式和意义之间是没有本质上、自然属性上的必要联系，在这一点上符号和隐含某种信息的自然的征候不同。

3、语言符号的任意性和线条性，是20世纪初瑞士的语言学家家得·索绪尔作为语言符号的基本性质提出来的。

语言学理论试题及答案

语言学理论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案：B2. 下列哪项不是索绪尔提出的语言学基本概念？A. 语言符号B. 语言系统C. 语言功能D. 语言的任意性答案：C3. 乔姆斯基的生成语法理论主张语言能力是：A. 后天习得的B. 先天存在的C. 社会约定的D. 个人创造的答案：B4. 语言的“深层结构”和“表层结构”的概念是由谁提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 哈里斯答案：B5. 语言的“同义异构”现象是指：A. 同一意义的不同表达方式B. 不同意义的相同表达方式C. 同一表达方式的不同意义D. 不同表达方式的相同意义答案：A6. 语言的“语境”指的是：A. 语言的内部结构B. 语言的外部环境C. 语言的使用者D. 语言的规则答案：B7. 语言的“语域”通常指的是：A. 语言的地域分布B. 语言的交际场合C. 语言的历史发展D. 语言的语法规则答案：B8. 语言的“语用学”研究的是：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的用法D. 语言的演变答案：C9. 语言的“语料库”是指：A. 语言的数据库B. 语言的规则集C. 语言的样本集D. 语言的词汇表答案：C10. 语言的“方言”是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言的相似形式C. 同一语言的相同形式D. 不同语言的相同变体答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。

答案：语用学2. 语言的“能指”指的是语言符号的______部分，而“所指”指的是语言符号的______部分。

答案：形式；意义3. 语言的“同音词”是指发音相同但______不同的词。

答案：意义4. 语言的“词缀”是指可以附加在词根上的______或______。

答案：前缀；后缀5. 语言的“句法”研究的是词、短语和句子的______。

(完整版)语言学考试试题及其答案

一、填空１５%1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。

2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助•••交际工具。

3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。

4、英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。

5、语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理•角度分析它的表现形式（传递过程），从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。

6、是否能够独立（自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。

7、现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。

8、具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。

9、语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。

10、我国宪法（１９８２年）第１９条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。

二、单项选择题（本大题共26小题，每题1分）1、下列关于“语言”和“言语”的表述中，不正确的一项是【】A.语言是社会的，言语是个人的B.语言是主要的，言语是从属的C.语言是抽象的，言语是具体的D.语言是书面的，言语是口头的答案：D2、下列关于一般语汇总体特点的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.构词能力强B.使用范围窄C.产生历史长D. 大多很稳定答案：B 解析：根据词在语汇系统中的重要程度，可以分为基本语汇和非基本语汇（一般语汇）两大类。

ACD三项都属于基本语汇的特点。

3、区分“单纯词”和“合成词”所依据的是【】A.词的音节数量B.词的语素数量C.词的音形关系D.词的地位用途4、语法规则的“系统性”是指【】A.对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B.相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C.语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释D.语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢答案：C 解析：ABD三项分别对应的是语法规则的“抽象性”、“递归性”、“稳定性”。

5、语音的四个物理要素中，区别不同的意义起着最为重要的作用的是【】A、音高B、音强C、音长D、音色6、元音和辅音本质区别是【】A、元音的发音可以延长，辅音不可以B、元音发音响亮，辅音不响亮C、元音发音时气流不受阻，辅音一定受阻D、发元音时，发音器官的各个部分均衡紧张；辅音则不然7、[ε]的发音特征是【】A、舌面前高不圆唇B、舌面后高不圆唇C、舌面前半高不圆唇D、舌面前半低不圆唇8、下列关于语义民族性的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.词义上的民族特点并不明显B.词的多义化不受民族特点的制约C.不同的民族语言在词的理性意义上并无差异D.不同的民族语言在词的非理性意义上会有所不同答案：D解析：不同民族对客观事物的认识不同，因而语义的民族特点也不同，词的多义化也会受制约，非理性意义也会有所不同，比如汉语中“狗”字常含贬义，像“走狗”；可在英语里，“dog”常含褒义，像“a lucky dog”（幸运儿）。

完整word版语言学考试要点考试重点整理

Chapter 1 IntroductionLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. ； phonology 音位学； morphology 形态学； syntax 句法学；(2) . sociolinguistics 社会语言学； psycholinguistics 心理语言学；applied linguistics 应用语言学Some important distinction in linguistics(1) Descriptive vs. prescriptive 描述性与规定性 ① If a linguistics study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use,it is said to be descriptive;② If the linguistics study aims to lay down rules for ”correct and standard ”behaviorin using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should notsay, it is said to be prescriptive.(2) Synchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历时性① A synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, thepresent) as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.② Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.(2) Langue & parole 语言与会话① Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of aspeech community.② P arole refers to the realization of language in actual use.(4) Competence and performance 语言能力与语言运用①A language user's unconsciousknowledge about the system of rules is called hislinguistic competence.② P erformance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.(5) speech and writing 语言与文字Speech and writing are the two major media of communication.(6) traditional grammar and modern linguistic 传统语法与现代语言学Definition of language:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistics symbol and what the symbol stands.Language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.The term “ human ” in the definition is meant to specify that language is hum-asnpecific. Design features of language(1) Arbitrariness 任意性 refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationshipto their meaning. (sounds and meanings)(2) Productivity(creativity) 能产性 Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.(3) duality 双重性 The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the1. 2. What is linguistics?The scope oflinguistics:(1 ). phonetics 语音学3. 4. 5. 6.primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.(4) displacement 移位性 Human Languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at moment of communication.(5) cultural transmission 文化传承性 Functions of language(1)(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) ① Informative( 信息功能 ): to give information about facts. (ideational)② Interpersonal( 人际功能 ): to establish and maintain social status in a society.(age, sex, language, background, accent, status)③ Performative( 施为功能 ) : language is used to do things, to perform certain actions. (name, promise, apologize, sorry, declare)④ . Emotive/Expressive (情感功能 ): to express feelings and attitudes of the speaker. ⑤ Phatic communion( 寒暄交流 ) : to use small and meaningless expressions to establish a comfortable relationship or maintain social contact between people without any factual content. (health, weather)⑥ Recreational function( 娱乐 ): the use of language for sheer joy. (lyrics, poetry)⑦ Metalingual function( 元语言功能 ): to talk about language itself.Chapter 2 PhonologyPhonetics (语音学) is the study of the phonic medium of Ianguage; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world 'lasnguages. Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.Orthographic representation of speech sounds ：broad transcription (宽式标音) and narrow transcription (严式标音)A broad transcription (宽式标音) is the transcription with letter-symbols only.A narrow transcription (严式标音) is a transcription with letter symbols together with diacritics.Phonology (音位学)is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of Ianguages. The differences between phonetics and phonology (: 语音的正字表征)① Both are concerned with the same aspect of Ianguage ——the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus.② Phon etics is of gen eral n ature; it is in terested in all the sp eech sounds used in all huma n languages; it aims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ from7. referential (to convey message and information), poetic (to indulge inlanguage for its own sake), emotive (to express attitudes, feelings andemotions), conative (to persuade and influence others through commands andrequests), phatic (to establish communion with others) metalingual (toclear up intentions and meanings).8. 9. 1. 2. 3. 4.Chapter 3 Morphology1. （ 1） Variable vs. invariable words: 可变词类和不可变词类Variable words: One could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms; on the other hand, part of the word remains constant follow, follows,following, followed; mat, matsInvariable words: those words such as since, when, seldom, through, hello . They do not have inflective endings.（ 2 ） Grammatical words vs. lexical words: 语法词类和词汇词类Grammatical words: express grammatical meanings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronounsLexical words: have lexical meanings, those which refer to substance, action andquality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.（3） Closed-class words vs. open-class words:封闭词类和开放词类Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New members are not regularly added. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc.Open-class: A word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbsGrammatical---lexical words closed-class---open-class wordsMorphere （词素）： the minimal meaningful unit of language.Linguistics use the term morphology to refer the part of the grammar that is concerned withword formation and word structure.Free morpheme & bound morpheme （自由语素和黏着语素）A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme; a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.The variant forms of a morpheme are called its allomorphs.（词素变体）Inflectional affix & derivational affix （屈折词缀和派生词缀）Compound : those words that consist of more than one free morphemes, the way to join two5. 6. 7. 8. 9.10.each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc. ③ Phonologyaims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.P hone （音素），p honeme （音位），all op hone （音位变体）A phone---- a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.A phoneme ---- is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not aparticular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution and minimal pair. （音位对立，互补分布，最小对立体） Some rules of p honology （音位学规则） Sequential rules序列规则 Suprasegmental featuresClassification of words2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.sep arate words to p roduce a sin gle form. In compoun ds, the lexical morp hemes can be of differe nt word classes.Chap ter 5 SemanticsWhat is Sema ntics?Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences. 语义学是研究单词、短语和句子的意义的学科The conce ptualist view① The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form andwhat it refers to （i.e. betwee n Ian guage and the real world ）; rather, i n the interp retati on of meaning they are lin ked through the mediati on of concepts in the mind. ② This is illustrated by the classic semantic triangle or triangle of significaneesuggested by Ogde n and Richard.Symbol/formword/phrase/sentence③ The symbol or form refers to the lin guistic eleme nts （words and phrases ）;The referent refers to the object in the world of exp erie nee;Thought or reference refers to concept.The symbol or a word signifies things by virtue of the concept associated with the form of the word in the minds of the sp eaker; and the concept looked at from this point of view is the meaning of the word.8. 9. 10. Compounds can be further divided into two kin ds:the endocentric compound （向心复合词） the exocentric compound （离心复合词）En doce ntric: one eleme nt serves as the head, the relati on shi p ofself-canKljnid: ofa kind of con trol armchair: a kind of chairExocentric: there is no head, so not a relationship of “ akind of something ” eg kro ；eg 11. 1. 2. Cha pter 4 Syn taxWhat is Syn tax （句法）？Syn tax is the study of the rules gover ning the ways differe nt con stitue nts are comb ined to form sentences.句法就是研究语言的不同成分组成句子的规则Syn tactic relati ons can be an alyzed into three kin ds:relati ons of po siti on 位置关系relati ons of substitutability 替代关系relati ons of co-occurre nee 同现关系3.4.5.1. 2.3.4.5.6. The contextualismMeaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context —elements closelylinked with language behavior. Two types of contexts are recognized:Situational context: spatiotemporal situationLinguistic context: the probability of a word -occurrence 'or csocll o cation. BehaviorismBehaviorists attempted to define meaning as the situation “in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer ”.Lexical meaningSense and reference are both concerned with the study of word meaning. They are two related but different aspects of meaning.Sense --- is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is thecollection ofall the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.Reference --- w hat a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. Major sense relations（1）Synonymy 同义词①②③④⑤Dialect synonymy 方言同义词Stylistic synonymy 文体同义词Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluativemeaning Collocational synonymsSemantically different synonymsAntonym 反义词Gradable antonyms 等级反义词Complementaryantonyms 互补反义词①②③ Relational opposites 关系反义词Polysemy 一词多义Homonymy 同形异义词Hyponymy 上下义关系① Superordinate 上义词② Hyponyms 下义词7. Componential analysis 成分分析法—— a way of analyze lexical meaningIt is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.8.。

语言学考试试题及答案

语言学考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是语言学的主要分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 词汇学D. 数学2. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分？A. 语音和语义B. 语形和语义C. 语形和语用D. 能指和所指3. 在语言学中，“深层结构”和“表层结构”是由哪位学者提出的？A. 乔姆斯基B. 索绪尔C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨丕尔4. 下列哪个术语是描述语言随时间变化的现象？A. 语言变异B. 语言演化C. 语言转换D. 语言借用5. 社会语言学研究的是语言与哪种因素之间的关系？A. 社会结构B. 文化传统C. 个人心理D. 经济发展6. 哪种语言现象是指在特定情境下，说话者选择不同语言或语言变体的能力？A. 语码转换B. 语码混用C. 语用学D. 语言礼貌7. 下列哪项不是语用学的研究内容？A. 言语行为B. 隐喻理解C. 语言礼貌D. 语言的生物学基础8. 什么是“双重否定”？A. 使用两个否定词来表达否定意义B. 使用两个否定词来表达肯定意义C. 使用一个否定词来表达否定意义D. 使用一个否定词来表达肯定意义9. 在语言学中，“同音词”是指什么？A. 意义相同但拼写不同的词B. 拼写相同但意义不同的词C. 发音相同但意义不同的词D. 发音和意义都相同的词10. 下列哪项是“语言接触”的一个例子？A. 语言的地理分布B. 语言的独立发展C. 语言的借用和融合D. 语言的孤立使用二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. 语言学中的“_______”是指研究语言的结构特征，不涉及语言的社会功能。

答案：形式语言学12. 转换生成语法是由_______提出的，它强调语言的生成能力。

答案：诺姆·乔姆斯基13. “Hello”一词在不同的语境中可以有不同的功能，这属于_______的研究范畴。

答案：语用学14. 社会语言学中的“_______”是指语言随社会因素（如年龄、性别、社会阶层等）而变化的现象。

(完整word版)语言学复习试题及参考答案(word文档良心出品)

语言学复习试题及参考答案I. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1)1. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness2. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language3. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequenti al phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar4. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features5. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic7. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional8. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite9. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviourism10. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above11. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context12. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act13. Language change is ______________.A. universal, continuous and, to a large extent, regular and systematicB. continuous, regular, systematic, but not universalC. universal, continuous, but not regular and systematicD. always regular and systematic, but not universal and continuous14. In Old and Middle English, both /k/ and /n/ in the word “knight” were pronounced, but in modern English, /k/ in the sound /kn-/ clusters was not pronounced. This phenomenon is known as ________.A. sound additionB. sound lossC. sound shiftD. sound movement15. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _____.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes16. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer17. Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure and dynamics of _________.A. human brainB. human vocal cordsC. human memoryD. human18. The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called _________.A. the neuronsB. nerve pathwaysC. cerebral cortexD. sensory organs19. The development of linguistic skills involves the acquisition of ____ rules rather than the mere memorization of words and sentences.A. culturalB. grammaticalC. behaviorD. pragmatic20. According to the _______, the acquisition of a second language involves, and is dependent on, the acquisition of the culture of the target language community.A. acculturation viewB. mentalist viewC. behaviourist viewD. conceptualist view21. People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense, human language is creative.22. In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless aspirated stopsand the voiceless unaspirated stopsoccur in the same phonemic contextor environment.23. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among languages.24. Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.25. The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words.26. Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives ” and “performatives ”.27. Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India belong to thesame Indo-European language family. The language, which no longer exists, is called Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic distribution of the speakers of this language family from India to Europe.28. In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in :He don’t know nothing.He don’t like n obody.He ain’t got none.29. The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions.30.During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.III. Define Six of thefollowing ten terms, illustrate them if necessary (6 x 5).31. allomorph32. bound morpheme33. semantics34. reference35. synonymy,36. predication analysis,37. critical period hypothesis38. linguistic competence39. bilingualism40.psycholinguisticsIV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary ( 4x10 ):1. How do you understand that language is arbitrary?2. How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other?3. Draw a tree diagram for the following statements:1 ) The people live a peaceful life in the countryside.2) He knows that I will come the day after tomorrow.4. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.参考答案及评分标准I. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1) 每题一分1.D2.C3.D4.C5.D6. C7. A8. C9. B 10.C11D 12.C 13.A 14.B 15. C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.AII. True or False (10x1) 每题一分21.T 22.F 23.T 24.F 25.F 26.F 27.T 28.T 29.T 30.TIII. Define the following terms, illustrate them if necessary (5x6). 每题五分，能够举例不举例说明的扣二分。

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus 角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change theletter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user'sk of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of eachstatement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in differentregional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or AmericanEnglish.()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speechsituations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples forillustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

语言学-期末复习资料-整理版

语言学-期末复习资料-整理版Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言language$Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性￥Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophisticationand it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send."⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal u ser’s knowledge of the rules of his langu age.。

语言学概论复习指导整理版

语言学概论知识要点1.语言学的功用4-51)学习语言文字是掌握科学技术，提高文化水平的基础。

2)我国幅员辽阔，民族众多，各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由。

3)新兴技术的出现扩大了语言学的应用范围。

2.儿童学习语言的过程14-16儿童学习语言的过程是考察语言与思维的关系的一条很好的途径，学话的过程实际上也就是认识世界的过程，思维发展的过程。

关键两步：独词句的出现——从独词句到双词句独词句体现了词和事物的联系，特别是词指称整类事物的概括性。

双词句体现了造句的基本原理，（词与词之间的关系）就是选择需要的词，按照学会的格式把它们组合在一起。

——实词句——虚词3.语言的符号性质，为什么说语言是一种符号系统？25-30人们用来交际的不是实在的事物，而是代表事物的符号。

词就是一种符号，它能使听话者意识到它所代表的事物或现象。

整个语言就是由这种符号组成的一个系统。

词这样的符号是声音和意义相结合的统一体。

声音是语言符号的物质形式。

征候是事物本身的特征，它代表着事物，可以让我们通过它来推知事物。

符号和自己所代表的事物是两回事，相互之间没有必然的联系。

——语言符号的本质：约定俗成。

符号包含形式和意义。

意义是人们对一类现实现象的概括反映。

音义结合的统一体构成符号，成为现实现象的代表。

音和现实现象没有直接联系。

意义是联系现实现象和音之间的桥梁。

符号能够在使用中重复出现，人们才能根据交际的需要将有限的符号排列组合，说出无限的话来。

所有符号中，语言符号最重要、最复杂。

音位不是符号，因为没有和某种意义相结合。

语言中最小的符号是语素，语素是语言中音义结合的最小单位，词是语言中能够独立使用的符号，句子是符号和符号组装的成品，是符号的序列。

语言符号的最大特点：音义结合的任意性（约定俗成，音与义之间无必然联系，此为形成人类语言多样性的一个重要原因），然而符号的任意性只是就创制符号时的情形而言，一旦进入交际，便对社会成员有强制性。

语言方面考试题及答案

语言方面考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪个选项是“语言”的英文翻译？A. LanguageB. LiteratureC. CommunicationD. Expression答案：A2. “语言学”是一门研究语言的科学，它的英文是：A. LinguisticsB. PhilologyC. PhoneticsD. Lexicography答案：A3. 在语言学中，“音素”是指：A. 语音的最小单位B. 语言的最小单位C. 语义的最小单位D. 语法的最小单位答案：A4. 以下哪个词不是动词？A. 走B. 跳C. 跑D. 书5. “语法”是研究语言中词的：A. 意义B. 结构C. 使用D. 发展答案：B6. 下列哪个选项是“同义词”的正确定义？A. 意义相反的词B. 意义相近的词C. 形式相同的词D. 来源相同的词答案：B7. “词汇”在语言学中通常指的是：A. 语言的规则B. 语言的发音C. 语言的词汇量D. 语言的书写答案：C8. “语义学”是研究语言的：A. 声音B. 意义C. 形式D. 语法答案：B9. “句法”是研究句子的：B. 结构C. 发音D. 词汇答案：B10. “修辞学”主要研究的是：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的书写C. 语言的表达方式D. 语言的规则答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。

答案：词汇学2. 语言的三个基本功能是表达、______和交际。

答案：描述3. 在语言学中，“语用学”是研究语言在特定语境中的______。

答案：使用4. “方言”是指一个语言内部的______。

答案：变体5. “双语”是指一个人能够流利地使用______种语言。

答案：两6. “翻译”是指将一种语言的文本转换为______语言的文本。

答案：另一种7. “语音学”是语言学的一个分支，它研究的是语言的______。

语言学纲要(原始答案修改整合最终版)

导言一、填空1、语言学的三大发源地是中国、印度和希腊——罗马。

2、语言学是19世纪成为独立学科的，其标志是历史比较语言学。

3、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》。

4、语言交际过程可分为编码—发送—传递—接受—解码五个阶段。

5、印度最早的经典所使用的语言是梵文。

6、音韵学、文字学、训诂学是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。

二、判断正误1、语言学主要是研究古代的口语和数和书面语。

（错误）2、语言有自身结构的独立性，与系统之外的社会环境没有关系。

（错误）3、理论语言学是研究语言一般规律的，不受具体语言研究影响。

（错误）4、语言形式和内容的关系是语言研究的根本问题。

（正确）第一章语言的功能一、填空1、语言的功能包括社会功能和思维功能。

2、语言的社会功能包括信息传递功能和人际互动功能。

3、在各种信息传递形式中，语言是第一性的、最基本的手段。

4、人的大脑分左右两个半球，语言功能及计数、推理能力等由左半球掌管，音乐感知、立体图形识别等能力由右半球制约。

5、儿童语言习得一般经过独词句阶段和双词句阶段，这是儿童学话的关键两步。

二、判断正误（对）1、文字是建立在语言基础之上的再编码形式。

（错）2、当说话者陈述一个客观事实时，话语中不具有主观性。

（错）3、书刊上的话语不具有人际互动功能。

（对）4、抽象思维要以语言为形式依托。

（错）5、布洛卡区在大脑的右半球前部。

（错）6、聋哑人不会说话，所以不具有抽象思维的能力。

（对）7、不同语言结构的差异体现出思维方式的不同。

（错）8、汉语名词没有数的变化，所以汉语没有区别单数和多数的概念三、思考题1.为什么说思维离不开语言？思维需要语言：思维必须在语言材料的基础上进行，语言是人类思维的工具，思维功能是语言功能的另一方面。

同时语言是思维活动的动因和载体，是思维结果的贮存所。

所以语言帮助传递思维成果。

思维的成果靠语言才能表达出来，使听读者了解。

并且语言可帮助思维逐步深化，条理化。

语言学考试总结(1).

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.The design feature of language: arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement.注意arbitrariness, duality这两个。

Arbitrariness means the forms of linguistic signs bears no natural relationship to their meaning. For instance, we cannot explain why a book is called a /buk/ and a pen a /pen/. 还有三个特点，看一下。

Main branches of linguistics: Phonetics(语音学)，Phonology(音系学)，Morphology(形态学)，Syntax（句法学），Semantics（语义学），Pragmatics（语用学）Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words.Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences.Macrolinguistics(宏观语言学)---Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）注意定义(investigates the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition forexample)，Sociolinguistics（社会语言学），Anthropological linguistics(人类语言学)，Computational linguistics(计算机语言学).Important distinctions in linguistics: (理解)Descriptive vs. Prescriptive(描写式/规定式): the distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. Synchronic vs. Diachronic: (共时/历时): synchronic description takes a fixed instant as its point of observation; diachronic linguistics is study of a language through the course of its history.Langue vs. Parole（language/ speaking语言/言语）: the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistic.Competence vs. Performance(语言能力/语言运用): a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence, and performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situation.Phonetics（语音学）studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived.The three branches of Phonetics：Articulatory Phonetics(发音语音学)发展最成熟，Acoustic Phonetics（声学语音学），Auditory Phonetics（听觉语音学）Phonology（音系学）studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of the syllables.IPA---International Phonetic AlphabetConsonants(辅音)：the Manner of Articulation(发音方式) 、the Place of Articulation（发音部位）（这部分理解，各考一个）看课本35页到37页辅音和元音的发音规则表发音方式：（八种）Stop/Plosive (塞音/爆破音)：Complete closure of thearticulators(发音器官) is involved so that the airstreamcannot escape through the mouth. /p, b, t, d, k, g/Nasal (鼻音nasal stop) ：The air i s stopped in the oral cavity(口腔) but the soft palate （软腭）is down so that it can go out through the nasal cavity（鼻腔）/m, n, n/.Fricative（摩擦音）：A fricative is produced when there is close approximation of two articulators so that the airstream is partially obstructed(阻碍) and turbulent(不稳定的) airflow is produced. /f, v,Approximant (近音)：This is an articulation in which one articulatoris close to another, but without the vocal tract（声道）being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced./w, r, j/Lateral (边音)：The obstruction of the airstream is at a point along the center of the oral tract, with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth. /l/Trill (颤音)A trill is produced when an articulator is set vibrating by the airstream. /r/Tap/Flap (触音/闪音): When the tongue makes a single tap against the alveolar ridge（齿龈）to produce only one vibration, the sound is called a tap. The flap is pronounced with the tip of the tongue curled up（卷着）and back in a retroflex(卷舌) gesture and then striking the roof of the mouth in the post-alveolar（后齿龈）region as it returns to its position behind the lower front teeth.Affricate(塞擦音/破擦音): Affricates involve more than one of these manners of articulation in that they consist of a stop followed immediately afterwards by a fricative(摩擦音) at the same place of articulation.发音部位：（十一个）Bilabial（双唇音）：Made with the two lips. /p, b, m/ /w/(we) Labiodental (唇齿音)：Made with the lower lip and the upper frontteeth. /f, v/Dental(齿音): Made by the tongue tip or blade（舌叶）and the upper front teeth.Alveolar(齿龈音): Made with the tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge.Post-alveolar(后齿龈音): Made with the tongue tip and the back of the alveolar ridge.Retroflex（卷舌音）：Made with the tongue tip or blade curled back （卷曲）so that the underside of the tongue tip or blade forms a stricture with the back of the alveolar ridge or the hard palate(硬腭). Palatal（硬腭音）：Made with the front of the tongue and the hard palate.Velar（软腭音）：Made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate.Uvular（小舌音）：Made with the back of the tongue and the uvula, the short projection of soft tissue（软组织）and muscle at the posterior end of the velum(软腭).Pharyngeal(咽音)：Made with the root of the tongue and the wall of the pharynx(咽).Glottal(声门音/喉音)：Made with the two pieces of vocal folds(声带) pushed towards each other.Vowels---cardinal vowels(基本元音), pure/monophthong vowels（单元音）, vowel glides（滑元音）, diphthongs（双元音/ai/）, triphthongs （三合元音/aie/）Broad transcription(宽式标音) ：Use simple and common symbols for the unusual symbols.Narrow transcription(严式标音）: Use more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail.Phoneme（音素）Minimal pairs(最小对立体)---针对元音音素/i:/---/i/(beat/bit) /ei/---/ai/(tale/tile)Allophones(音位变体)：(T he variation in the pronunciation of phoneme in different positions is called allophony or allophonic variation .) a phonetic variant of phoneme. e.g. /p/--- peak, speak.Assimilation (同化): a process that one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. ---nasalization（鼻音化/kait/---/kain/），dentalization（齿音化/tent/--/ten），velarization （软腭化），regressive assimilation(逆同化)，progressive assimilation（顺同化）Dissimilation（异化）Morpheme(词素)is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or dramatically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. Morphology（形态学/词形学）studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Types of morphemes: Free morpheme(自由词素dog, close，nation), bound morpheme（粘着词素dis-, -ed）, root(词根international---nation; friendships---friend), affix(词缀), stem（词干friendships---friendship）, inflectional affix (曲折词素friendships---s)，derivational affix（派生词素recite---recitation---recital）Affix is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem), so affix is naturally bound.Prefix(前缀): para-, mini-, un- 举例如unconscious，minibus等Suffix（后缀）: -ise, -tion, -ismInfix（中缀）: abso-blooming-lutelyLexical Change Proper: Invention(发明法), Blending（混成发）, Abbreviation（缩写法advertisement---ad）, Acronym（缩略法WTO---World Trade Organization）, Back-formation（逆构词法）, Analogical creation（类推构词）, Borrowing（借词法）。

语言学概论考试内容总结

语言学概论考试内容填空题1. 导言中国、印度和希腊-罗马在传统语文学的研究上都取得了辉煌的成就，是语言学的三大发源地。

中国传统的语文学主要是抓住汉字，分析它的形体，探求它的古代读音和意义，形成了统称“小学”的文字、音韵、训诂之学。

19世纪，语言的历史研究取得了辉煌的成就，语言自身独自具有的发展规律被越来越多地认识到，形成了历史比较语言学，这标志着语言学不再是其他学科的附庸，已经成为一门独立的学科。

20世纪初，瑞士语言学家索绪尔(F . de Saussure)的《普通语言学教程》明确了语言学研究对象，极大地促进了语言研究的深入和发展，为形成系统的现代语言学理论体系奠定了基础。

语言学从此成为一门现代科学。

语言研究可以分别描写语言的语音、语法、语汇每个子系统在某一个特定时期的状态和不同子系统之间的关联，这是共时语言学的研究角度；也可以研究语言每个子系统在不同时期所发生的变化及其变化中不同子系统之间的关联，这是历史语言学的研究角度。

语言研究可以具体地研究某一个语言，探求其语音、语法、语汇的结构及发展规律；也可以通过多语言的比较探求所有人类语言的语音、语法、语汇在共时结构上的共性，探求所有人类语言在历史发展中的共同规律。

前者所形成的学科叫做具体语言学，后者叫做普通语言学。

如果借用信息论的术语，运用语言进行交际的过程大体上可以分为五个阶段，即“编码--发送--传递--接收--解码”。

2. 语言的功能语言的功能是多方面的，如果从宽泛的意义上讲，大致都可归入语言的社会功能和思维功能两个方面。

语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能。

语言是人类社会信息传递第一性的、最基本的手段。

语言的社会功能的另一个重要方面是建立或保持某种社会关联，这可称为语言的人际互动功能。

人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动。

3. 语言是符号系统符号包含形式和意义两个方面，形式是人们的感官可以感知的。

依据所作用的感官的不同，符号可以分为视觉符号、听觉符号和触觉符号。

语言学概论考试内容总结

语言学概论考试内容填空题1. 导言中国、印度和希腊-罗马在传统语文学的研究上都取得了辉煌的成就，是语言学的三大发源地。

中国传统的语文学主要是抓住汉字，分析它的形体，探求它的古代读音和意义，形成了统称“小学”的文字、音韵、训诂之学。

语言学从此成为一门现代科学。

前者所形成的学科叫做具体语言学，后者叫做普通语言学。

如果借用信息论的术语，运用语言进行交际的过程大体上可以分为五个阶段，即“编码--发送--传递--接收--解码”。

2. 语言的功能语言的功能是多方面的，如果从宽泛的意义上讲，大致都可归入语言的社会功能和思维功能两个方面。

语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能。

语言是人类社会信息传递第一性的、最基本的手段。

语言的社会功能的另一个重要方面是建立或保持某种社会关联，这可称为语言的人际互动功能。

人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动。

3. 语言是符号系统符号包含形式和意义两个方面，形式是人们的感官可以感知的。

依据所作用的感官的不同，符号可以分为视觉符号、听觉符号和触觉符号。

语言学考试整理最终版

语言学概论(考试重点归纳)

(完整word版)语言学考试必备(word文档良心出品)

语言学基础期末复习提纲(整理版)

语言学理论试题及答案

(完整版)语言学考试试题及其答案

完整word版语言学考试要点考试重点整理

语言学考试试题及答案

(完整word版)语言学复习试题及参考答案(word文档良心出品)

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

语言学-期末复习资料-整理版

语言学概论复习指导 整理版

语言方面考试题及答案

语言学纲要(原始答案修改整合最终版)

语言学考试总结(1).

语言学概论考试内容总结

语言学概论考试内容总结

语言学概论复习指导整理版