上海新世纪英语高二全部课文
上海新世纪英语高二全部课文及重点词组
上海新世纪英语高二全部课文及重点词组在上海新世纪英语高二的学习中，课文内容丰富多样，涵盖了各种主题和文体，为我们提供了广阔的语言学习空间。
同时，重点词组更是如同语言大厦的基石，掌握它们对于提升英语能力至关重要。
先来说说课文部分。
高二的课文有描述自然风光的，让我们仿佛身临其境，感受大自然的美妙与神奇；有讲述历史故事的，带我们穿越时空，了解过去的风云变幻；还有探讨社会现象的，引发我们对现实问题的深入思考。
比如，有一篇关于热带雨林保护的课文。
它不仅描绘了雨林中丰富多样的生物群落，还揭示了人类活动对雨林造成的威胁。
通过这篇课文，我们不仅学到了有关生态环境的词汇和表达，还增强了环保意识。
另一篇关于古代文明的课文则带领我们走进了久远的历史长河。
从神秘的玛雅文明到辉煌的埃及文明，文中详细的描述让那些古老的文明仿佛在眼前重现。
在学习这篇课文的过程中，我们接触到了大量与历史、文化相关的词汇和句型。
还有关于科技发展的课文，介绍了最新的科技成果和其对人类生活的影响。
这让我们在学习英语的同时，也能紧跟时代的步伐，了解世界的变化。
再来讲讲重点词组。
这些词组在语言表达中起到了关键的作用，能够让我们的英语更加地道和准确。
“be exposed to” 表示“暴露于；接触”，例如：“Children should not be exposed to violence”（孩子们不应该接触暴力。
）“account for” 有“解释；说明；占比例”的意思，“The bad weather accounted for the delay of the flight”（恶劣的天气导致了航班延误。
）“in the long run” 意为“从长远来看”，“Exercising regularly is beneficial in the long run”（经常锻炼从长远来看是有益的。
）“put up with” 表示“忍受；容忍”，“I can't put up with his bad temper any longer”（我再也忍受不了他的坏脾气了。
新世纪英语高二上册课文及重点词组
上海新世纪英语高二课文上册上册课文（包括Additional Reading）及重点词组高二第一学期1.Food in the United States2.The world’s best ethnic food3.The global drink4.Coffee5.The Mexican(Adapted from The Mexican Jack London)6.Pele7.The Olympics8.Stars from the south9.Why did I quit hunting?10.Jane Goodall11.Oceans under threat12.What is forestry?13.Shopping in the States14.Henry Adam’s shoes15.What is advertising?16.Three advertisements1.Food in the United StatesMany changes are taking place in food styles in the United States.The United States is traditionally famous for its very solid and unchanging diet,chiefly made up of meat and potatoes.Now people in America have many different choices: ethnic food,health food,and fast food,in addition to the traditional home-cooked meal.Ethnic restaurants and supermarkets are common in the United States.Being a country of immigrants,the United States enjoys a wide variety of ethnic food.Most American cities and towns are filled with restaurants servinginternational cooking.Many even have ethnic sections: Chinatown,Little Italy,or Germantown.Having vast ethnic choices,Americans can enjoy food from all over the world. Besides sections of cities,there are ethnic regions,which are well-known for certain food because of the people who have settled there.For example,in southern California,there are many Mexican restaurants.Health food became popular when people began to think more seriously about their physical well-being.Health food is fresh,natural,and unprocessed food,which does not contain preservatives to make it last longer or chemicals to make it taste or look better.People who are keen on health food are usually vegetarians.They don’t eat meat,but live on beans, cheese,and eggs.Fast food restaurants are now expanding rapidly all over the country.In the United States,speed is a very important concept.People usually have a short lunch break because they just do not want to waste their time eating.Fast food restaurants are places that take care of hundreds of people in a short time.There is usually very little waiting,and the food is always cheap.Burger and pizza places are just two examples.Americans’attitude toward food is changing,too.The traditional big breakfast is no longer popular.However, coming to rediscover the social importance of food, Americans find that dinner with family and friends is a very special of enjoying time together.Like so many people in other cultures,many Americans are taking time to relax andenjoy a wider variety of tastes at dinner,even if they still rush through lunch at a hamburger stand.2.The world’s best ethnic foodHow can you travel the world without leaving your own country?Visit an ethnic restaurant!Trying foods from other countries is a great way to experience different cultures. People around the world have unique and creative ways of preparing food.The ingredients they use may surprise you.So what are the world’s best ethnic foods?Everyone has his or her own personal favourites,and so do we.The following are the world’s three best ethnic foods---other than Chinese food,of course!ITALIAN When you visit an Italian restaurant,order a pasta(意大利面食)dish.The Italians have hundreds of waysof preparing this food.Pastas usually come with flavourful tomato or cream sauces,which give the dishes a powerful, rich flavour.There are also different kinds of cheese.When ordering Italian food,you choose one main dish for yourself.You may,however,order an appetizer to share with everyone at the table.MEXICAN What’s great about Mexican food?Most of it you can pick up and eat with your hands!One major Mexican food is the tortilla(尤指墨西哥人食用的玉米薄饼).Mexican chefs mold this corn or flour-based material into round,flat shapes.The tortilla then gets filled with ingredients such as cheese,meat,sour cream,beans and other vegetables.Tortilla dishes can be fried,baked or toasted.Don’t forget to add hot sauce---Mexican food is great with a bit of spice!INDIAN India is the land of curries and strong flavours.You can smell a good Indian restaurant even before you walk through the door!The eating method of Indian food also takes a bit of getting used to.Peal off some flat fried bread and use this “spoon”to get food from a shared dish.You can finish the meal with Indian-style milk tea.While Chinese food is great,try something new and expand your horizons.After all,variety is the spice of life! 3.The global drinkTea,the global drink,is consumed around the world more than any other drink except water.Originating in China,tea has long established itself as the national drink of this country,the nation with the biggest population on earth.A century before the birth of Christ,tea was described in Chinese texts as a health drink that made one live longer.Tea is still being regarded as such.Scientific studies have suggested that drinking five cups of tea a day can be compared to having two servings of vegetables.Both green and black teas are claimed to be effective for preventing cancer,heart disease,and many other deadly disease.There is only one point people need to be aware of when they drink tea---it should not be drunk along with meals.This is because an element contained in tea can interfere with the body’s absorption of iron.Tea,a popular drink in China and many other countries, is carefully prepared according to local customs.The Chinese put loose tea in teapots,add boiling water,and serve it in teacups.The strong tea from China’s Fujian Province is drunk in tiny cups before dinner.Lighter teas with jasmine,rose or other flowers,are special to China’s Changjiang River regions. These are usually served after dinner to help digestion.In England people use teabags and mugs.Many English people,travelling away from home,feel at a loss if their favourite teabags are not available.Afternoon tea in England is still a time-honoured tradition.It’s a good opportunity for people to socialize or discuss business matters,though now more young people prefer a cola.In Japan,a tea ceremony is often held while people are drinking tea.The ceremony,usually held in a teahouse,dates back to the sixteenth century.Guests follow strict rules set up then and the tea used is a powdered green tea.Though still practised today,the tea ceremony may not be as popular as it used to be.Young Japanese tend to favour other drinks.4.CoffeeWhen coffee was first introduced in Europe in the1600s, there was a great deal of controversy about it.Many doctors said that coffee was a strong poison and should be forbidden. Others,however,insisted it was good to drink coffee.Then,“coffee houses”sprang up everywhere.Today,coffee has become a global drink and it is consumed by one third of the world’s population.Tests show that when coffee is given in large doses to animals,it can actually act as a poison.Coffee can also produce negative or even poisonous effects on small children. But for adults who drink it moderately,it is by no means a poison.Coffee contains caffeine.Most people believed that it is the caffeine that produces all the effects that coffee has on the body.Of course,the other elements in coffee have a role to play.Here are some of the things that happen when people drink coffee.The smell of coffee itself produces stimulating effects in various parts of the body.The blood vessels(血管) in the brain open wider so that the flow is improved,and this removes some of the poisonous substances from the brain.Coffee increases the pulse rate(脉搏),which means it stimulates the heart,and the muscles can thus work harder. Coffee makes the stomach work more actively,which is worthwhile for healthy people,especially when drunk after a heavy meal.Coffee actually produces different effects on the body at different times of the day!The morning coffee,for instance, helps the body get rid of waste products produced during the night.Coffee after lunch helps digestion.Afternoon coffee acts on the muscles and helps us feel less tired.And coffee taken in the evening seems to stimulate the mind and the imagination!However,there always two sides to everything.Caffeine is stimulating,so a lot of people avoid drinking coffee at night,which is the time when people want to go to bed instead of feeling stimulated.Furthermore,some people get hooked on coffee because of the caffeine,and that has always been considered negative.5.The Mexican(Adapted from The Mexican Jack London)Rivera was determined to help his people at the cost of his life.he fought against stronger and tougher boxers in the ring to make money for his people.He often lost at the beginning,but he grew more experienced.One day he was engaged in a very tough fight against a champion boxer,Danny.Rivera didn’t match Danny in height, weight,or skills.And he was not half as popular.However,“The winner takes all!”And Rivera stubbornly asked forall---all he had on his mind was making the money for his people.The fight was going on and on.The whole stadium was cheering for Danny;there were few on Rivera’s side. However,Rivera survived on blow after another;his excellent defence was frightening.Danny rushed,forcing Rivera to give him a clinch.Was it a trick?Rivera thought to himself.Yes,it was.But Rivera was smart enough to avoid it.He backed and circled away.He pretended to clinch with Danny’s next rush.Instead, at the last instant,just as their bodies should have come together,Rivera went quickly back.He had fooled him!While Rivera was dancing away,Danny kept challenging him openly.Having run after him for two rounds,Danny found the boy not even daring to come near him.He started to throw all caution to the winds.Rivera was struck again and again.He took blows by the dozen---just to avoid the deadly clinch.In the seventeenth round,Rivera,blown heavily,bent down.His hands dropped helplessly.Danny thought it was his chance---the boy was at his mercy.He decided to strike the deadly blow.But before he could do that,Rivera caught him off his guard and hit him in the mouth.Danny went down. When he rose,Rivera gave him another blow on the neck and jaw.He repeated this three times.Danny did not rise again.The audience shouted for him to stand up.But the miracle did not happen.“Count!”Rivera cried to the referee.When the count was finished,Danny,gathered up by his assistants,was carried to his corner.“Who wins?”Rivera demanded.Unwillingly,the referee caught his gloved hand and held it high up.Rivera,unattended,walked to his corner,where his assistants had not yet placed his stool.He didn’t care.All he could remember was that he had got the$5000he needed.“The winner takes all!”What mattered to him was that his people could use the money to buy guns.6.PelePele was born in Brazil in1940.Like many other Brazilian kids,Pele loved football and often played the game in the streets.He also went to school and did odd jobs to help bring in money for the family.However,what he loved best was to play football in the streets or practise kicking the ball with his father(also a great football player).Pele gained the attention of some coaches,first in the neighbourhood contests and later as he led his team to win the junior league tournament two years in a row.At the age of fourteen,Pele was playing for one of the first professional football teams in Brazil.As Pele became the most popular game everywhere in the world,except for North America. What had begun as a British sport became the favourite sportof people all around the world.Football became a truly international sport.Pele was in the Brazilian team in the World Cup matches of1958.Before1958,the Brazilian ream had failed in the finals three times in a row.Some sports writers said the Brazilians,though gifted,had no discipline.In the1958finals against Sweden,Pele kicked the winning goal,and he returned home a hero.However,he never forgot his poor fellow men.Pele owned dozens of apartment houses,in which he often allowed poor families to live without paying rent.He bought his mother the home he had promised her when he signed his first professional contract.But the most exciting moment of all was in1969,when Pele scored his thousandth goal.Asfootball fans stormed onto the field and reporters begged for a speech,all he said was,“Remember the poor children.”Today,Pele is one of the most famous athletes in the world.He retired in1975.however,soon after that,he decided to play for three years with the New York team.He could not resist the challenge of trying to make football popular in the United States,one of the few countries in the world where football had not become the national sport.In 1977,Pele retired for good at the age of thirteen-seven.7.The OlympicsThe Olympics are the most important international competition in terms of scale,skills,and number of athletes.The games are divided into two parts---the Summer Games and the Winter Games.The two parts are held in sucha way that there are two years in between but four years before one is repeated.The Olympics were first celebrated in776BC in Olympia,Greece,and were held every four years until393 AD.Then,they were brought to an end by the Roman emperor.It was not until the1890s that the world saw the modern summer games.In1896the first modern Summer Olympics were held in Greece because that was where the tradition started.After that the Olympics would move to a different city every four years.In1924,the Winter Olympics were added to the schedule.The Games were to take place in a separate,colder place.The event was cancelled during World WarⅠand World WarⅡfor reasons known to all.Examples of modern Summer Olympic events are track and field events,ball games,diving,gymnastics,swimming. Typical Winter Olympic events are skating and skiing.The Olympic records are the world ones.An Olympic gold medal carries as much weight as,or even more than,any other gold medal won at other international competitions.The skills and determination demonstrated at the Olympics have come to stand for the peak of human physical strength and will power.It was not until the late twentieth century that Chinese athletes began to amaze the world with their excellent performance at the ing out number one many times in the Olympic events,Chinese athletes have brought home one gold medal after another in swimming,diving,gymnastics,weight lifting,and a number of ball games.At the turn of the twenty-first century,the world witnesses Beijing being selected by the International Olympic Committee(IOC) as the host city for the2008Olympics.This has added a brilliant touch to the picture of modern Chinese sport history.Though once marked as“the Weaklings of East Asia”, the Chinese have always been looking forward to achieving the dream of becoming a sports giant.After continuous efforts for years the dream is gradually coming true,and it is understandable why the Chinese let out cries of joy the night Beijing’s bid to host the2008Olympics was approved!8.Stars from the southThe summer of2001saw Australians win the Cycling Tour de France,beat the world at cricket(板球)and rugby,andhave a player in the final of the Wimbledon Tennis Tournament for the eighteenth time.Many countries would be amazed at that kind of success. For Australia,it was just a typical sporting summer.At the 2000Olympics,Australia came fourth in the medals table. That does not sound so great,yet Australia has a population of only19million.There are more Olympic medal winners per head of population in Australia than in any other country.What is it that makes Australians a sporting people?This is a question that many people involved in sports have asked themselves over the years.Some of the answers are simple.Sport needs space. Australians have7.4million square kilometres of space to play sports in.many other countries are either too crowded ortoo small to encourage everybody to take part.Besides that, Australia is a warm,dry country.This encourages people to go outdoors to enjoy themselves.Furthermore,since85per cent of Australians live near the sea,they learn water sports early;and since sharks swim off the coasts of Australia,they also learn to swim very fast.However,it is not just the environment.The Australian government invests heavily in sports.Instead of just looking for the gifted people and training them,the emphasis is on trying to get everyone to join in.So Australia has a small population,but a large number of sports-loving people to choose from.Other reasons go deep into the history and culture of the country.When the British first found Australia they decidedthat it would be a great place to send criminals to.Life for the first Australians was very tough,so they had to be independent and develop a will to win just to survive.Yet they also had to be able to trust each other and be willing to help each other out.In order countries,coaches train people in mental toughness and team building.In Australia,these qualities are part of the general social environment.Being far away from Europe also meant that Australians were far away from the centres of Western arts and cultures. As a result,sport itself has become a way of cultural expression and part of the Australian nationality.An English football fan wants to see the national team do well,but really cares more about his local club.For an Australian, representing the nation is the most important thing of all.Everything else is just good practice.Being good at sports is part of what it means to be an Australian.9.Why did I quit hunting?Why did I quit hunting?Well,it isn’t a long story,but I wonder if you will really understand.I used to be crazy about the hunting season.I could hardly wait for those dry,cold mornings,that cup of hot coffee and then the walk over fresh-fallen snow,a fine rifle(步枪)in my hand.There’s a thrill in hunting,an excitement that comes over you when a deer crashes out of the bush.You are waiting for him with death.After hunting,you also feel great.There’s thebit of showing off with the boys---the fine head of the deer hung high up on the wall---sure,there’s a thrill in all of it.There’s beauty in the woods,too,especially late in the fall.Sometimes you walk among the huge trees,where the sunlight filters through.It’s quiet and big,with touches of white and green and gold.And the silence is like that of a church.It was like that the last time I was in the woods.I was alone,packing a rifle,a thermos(保温瓶)of coffee and three thick sandwiches.I went up into the hills,heading for a well-used deer trail.Sure enough there were fresh tracks in the snow.I turned over a few rocks to clear the snow and settled down behind a little bush.It was pretty cold,but I was dressed for it and didn’t mind.I sat there for about an hour.It was then that I saw him.A deer,a big beautiful deer!He was off to my left.There was no cover nearer to him than30yards.Surely I couldn’t miss!I waited for him to realize I was there.I waited for him to be shocked and run away.But he fooled me completely.He came towards me!He was curious,I suppose,or maybe he was stupid---how else can you explain it?He was not quite young,but a deer in his prime.He must have known about men and guns.But he came closer,putting one foot before the other,slowly and purposefully.His big eyes never moved from my face.Well,that deer walked right up to where I was sitting.Then he stopped and looked at me!What happened next is hard to believe,but it’s true.And it all seemed quite natural.Just as when a friendly puppycomes near you,I reached up and scratched his head,right between the horns.And he liked to be scratched.That big, wild,beautiful deer bent his head like a young horse.In fact, he practically asked for more.I scratched his head and his nose poked at my shoulder.He didn’t even tremble.I fed him my sandwich!Yes,I know what a deer eats,but that deer ate my sandwich.Well,he finally went his way,down the hill and up the deer trail.Shoot him?Not me.You wouldn’t have either,not after that.I just watched him go.There’s very little more to tell.I picked up my thermos and the wrapping for the sandwiches,and started walking back.I was about half way back when I heard two shots, followed by a dull slam a few seconds later.Those two shootsusually mean a kill.I had forgotten there were other hunters that day.Those hunters would never know they could have scratched his head…10.Jane GoodallIn1960,the twenty-six-year-old scientist Jane Goodall risked entering the thick bush.She intended to discover how chimpanzees(黑猩猩，缩写为chimp)were like human beings. She found out,instead,how much we are like them.Goodall broke new ground with her active involvement with some chimpanzees.She lived among them,ate and played with them and earned their trust by simply observing how they lived.Before Goodall,most visitors had frightened the chimps back into their rain forests.As a result,very little was actuallyknown about them.Goodall,who insisted on going into the bush alone for longer periods of time,collected more information about apes(类人猿)than all other scientists put together.Born in London to a writer and an engineer with a passion for car racing,Goodall received their daring and imagination---qualities that,along with her curiosity,would serve her well in her future occupation.She was inspired at seven by the stories of Dr Dolittle,the scientist who could talk to animals.And with her stuffed toy chimpanzee by her side, the young girl spent hours studying worms(蠕虫，蚯蚓)in the garden,hens in the henhouse,and whatever insects she could find.After she graduated from high school in1952,Goodall worked as a secretary at Oxford University.Even then she knew she wanted to go to Africa.In1957she was invited to Kenya(肯尼亚)to visit a friend,where she met the world-renowned anthropologist(人类学家)Louis S.B.Leakey.Goodall’s enthusiasm impressed him and he hired her as an assistant.Leakey later recommended her to a two-year research project studying chimpanzees in Gombe(冈贝，位于坦桑尼亚).It was a difficult decision to send a young woman,with neither a college degree nor scientific training,on such a demanding task.Leakey had trust in her,but his colleagues predicted the young woman would fail.Goodall proved them wrong.Goodall tried hard to observe the chimpanzees and tobe observed in return.Eventually,the chimps grew to regard “this white-skinned ape”as their friend.Goodall made a number of surprising discoveries.She found that chimps used tools to dig ants out of their hills for food.Goodall found that chimps experience a wide range of emotions like anger and grief as humans do.Her discovery was a significant breakthrough.Among her famous works are:My Friends:the Wild Chimpanzees(1967),and In the Shadow of Man(1971).These,along with her numerous films,TV specials and articles,made her one of the best-known scientists of the20th century.11.Oceans under threatPeople use oceans for trade,travel,tourism,and recreation.We also take food and resources from oceans.Allthese activities can have harmful effects on the oceans and the creatures that live in them.Overfishing and pollution are the most common problems.Oceans link countries all over the world;seawater circulates around the globe,so what we do in one part of the ocean can affect another.OVERFISHING In parts of the world,fishing boats with huge nets sometimes take too many of the same species of fish from a small area,causing some ocean waters to be overfished. As a result,there are not enough fish left to breed in these areas.This affects other fish in the food chain,and it affects people because there eventually may not be enough fish left to eat.In some parts of the world,limits have been set for the number of fish to be caught at one time.THREATS TO MARINE LIFE Some species of marine creatures are now rare because too many have been killed for food or sport.Tropical islands and coasts with coral reefs(珊瑚礁)also attract large numbers of tourists every year.Indeed, this helps people develop an understanding of marine life. however,coral and shellfish(水生贝壳类动物)can be destroyed by heavy boats.Divers,who stay under water just for fun or to hunt for souvenirs,are disturbing the natural cycles of marine life.POLLUTION One of the biggest threats to oceans is pollution from industry.Most pollution happens in coastal areas.In fact, many coastal cities and ports are reported to have long been polluted by chemicals and other harmful things from heavy industries.The industries dump these materials into thenearby rivers,which then wash them into the sea.Once they settle on a continental shelf,pollutants pile up.We do not know a great deal about the long-term effects of pollution. However,we do know that the North and Black Seas in Europe have been polluted so much that the marine life is poisoned and may never recover.POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS All countries of the world need to work together to share ocean resources ws are to be made and regulations are to be enforced to prevent overfishing and pollution.It is also hard to make people obey laws when our oceans are so vast and difficult to patrol. However,we should all learn to understand how important it is to manage the world’s oceans now and in the future.12.What is forestry?Anyone who travels across the US sees so many forests everywhere that he might well wonder why the Americans have to worry about protecting them.Don’t they have too many forests with so many trees right now?Actually,about a third of all the land area in the US is forestland.Yet,one of the most important things Americans can do for the future of their country is to see that these forests are properly cared for!This is being done in Britain and elsewhere.First,just imagine all the products we obtain from trees. Fruits,nuts,and sugar are only some of the foods.Buildings, tables,and boats come from trees.Also coming from trees are paper and toys---the list is almost endless.Second,forests reduce the danger of damaging floods and help control our water supplies.It is believed that the floods in China in the1990s were closely related to the illegal cutting down of trees along the banks of the rivers.Under a good forest,there is rich soil,which easily absorbs heavy rains or melting snow.And,of course,our forests provide wonderful vacation spots for millions of people.Having benefited from all that forests provide,mankind has started to take good care of forests.The care of forests is called forestry,which is considered to be one of the many new sciences of our time.In fact,forestry has been practised in some European countries for hundreds of years.In most forests,it is important to harvest trees when they are mature.Otherwise,the old trees would take up space thatcould be better used for fast-growing younger trees.A large area of mature trees,having been cleared,is replanted by hand or nature.Great care and skill are needed in harvesting and replanting trees to make sure that there will be a good new growth of the right kinds of trees.This is why forestry has now become a science.The country with the largest forest area is Russia.Brazil ranks second,Canada third and the United States fourth.Did you know that despite all the efforts to prevent them,about 200,000forest fires occur each year in the US?And in Australia forest fires break out simply because the weather is too dry.Thus there is still a lot more for us to learn about our forests and our nature.13.Shopping in the StatesI love shopping,even if it is just window-shopping. Shopping in the States is always a pleasant experience.There are different types of shops catering to your particular needs. To buy groceries,you can go to the convenience store,the supermarket or the mass merchandiser(such as Wal-Mart).To buy some clothes and big-ticket items,you can go to the mall or factory outlets.I go to two places most often,the supermarket and the mall.In almost every city or large town,you can find several big chain supermarkets,each with a good number of checkouts.They are one-stop shops since you can buy almost everything there:food,clothes,and medicine---you name it.Installed with automatic checkout lanes,some of these supermarkets have brought real convenience to the customers.。
新世纪英语高二下册全部课文
外语教育——新世纪英语高二全部课文（包括Additional Reading）及重点词组高二第二学期17. Words and their storiesEAGER BEA VER An eager beaver is a person who is always willing to do and is excited about doing what is expected of him.Suppose, for example, that a teacher tells his students they each must solve one hundred math problems before coming to school the next day. The children complain about so much homework. But one student does not protest at all. That student is an eager beaver. He loves to do math problems, and does not mind all the homework.The expression is said to have come from the name of a hard-working animal---the beaver.Beavers are strange-looking creatures. They spend a lot of time in the water, building dams to create little lakes or ponds. They use their huge teeth and work hard to cut down trees, remove branches and put them across streams. They use their tails to pack mud on the branches to make the dams solid. Few other animals work so hard.Historians say the beaver had an important part in the settlement of North America.There were hundreds of millions of beavers when European settlers first arrived. The settlers put great value on the fur of beavers. In fact, for two hundred years or more, beavers provided the most valuable fur in North America. Beaver skins often used as money.Young men looking for adventure headed west across the country to search for beavers. In their search, they explored much of the western territories. The trading posts, where they exchanged beaver skins for the goods they needed, became villages, and later towns and cities.IT’S IN THE BAG The bag---one of the simplest and most useful things in every man or woman’s life---has given the world many strange expressions that are not very simple. A number of these expressions are widely used in the United States today. Some were imported from England a long time ago.When you are sure of something, you can say, “It’s in the bag.”This phrase seemed to have arrived with the modern paper bag. Before, Americans used to say, “It’s all wrapped up.” Then, things you bought were wrapped in plain brown paper, or sometimes in old newspaper.Another widely used expressions is “to let the cat out of the bag”, meaning to reveal a well-kept secret.No one can explain how the cat got into the bag, or why it remained there. But there is an old story about it. Long ago tradesman sold things in large cloth bags. Once a woman asked for a pig. The tradesman held up his cloth bag. Inside there was supposed to be a live pig. The woman asked to see it. When the dishonest tradesman opened the bag, out jumped a squealing cat, not a pig. The tradesman’s secret was out: he was tricky, and now everybody knew it.18. English proverbsCharactersTeacher of English: Ms Smith (MS)Students: Li (LI), Mao (MA), Anne (AN), Rivera (RI)MS: Good morning, everyone. I hope you all know what we are here for. The topic of our discussion this morning is “English Proverbs”.LI: So, I’m in the right group.MA: Me, too.RI: Me, too.MS: But I was told we would have four…and yet…AN: I’m com ing. Good morning. Am I late?MS: Morning. “Speak of angels and you hear their songs.”AN: Is that a proverb referring to my coming?MS: Exactly.LI: We have a saying in Chinese, which I think is very close in meaning…MA: Speak of Cao Cao and he appears.MS: Right. Well, “first things first”. A proverb is a traditional saying which offers advice or presents a moral in a short and brief manner. A proverb normally is a sentence, into which the writer often works rhyme. For instance, “East or west, home is be st.” Sometimes it comes out in the form of a phrase.MA: I’ve seen dictionaries of proverbs.MS: Well, there are thousands of proverbs. They fall into three main categories. Those of the first type take the form of abstract statements. They express general truths. Here are two good examples: “One is never too old to learn.” and “A man who neglects his studies in youth will regret it in later years.”RI: I think there is some truth in both proverbs. To encourage a person who has had little education for some reason as a young man, we may use the former. With us, I guess the latter works.MS: So you have to keep this in mind. Never use proverbs out of context. “One man’s meat is another man’s poison.”LI: I see. Then, what is the second type?MS: The second type uses specific observations from everyday experience to make a general point.AN: “Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.” Does it fall into the second category? MS: You’re right, dear. Then the third type consists of sayings from particular areas of tra ditional customs and beliefs. “After dinner, rest a while; after supper, walk a mile.” is an example of this type. Such proverbs are often related to agriculture, the seasons, and the weather.LI: Many people hold the opinion that proverbs are going out of fashion. Is that true? MS: The fact is, as some old ones are falling into disuse, new ones are being created. The computer world has recently given us lots of them.AN: I’ve got one: “Rubbish in, rubbish out.”MA: It also goes “Garbage in, garbage out.”M S: I think it is more common to say “Garbage in, garbage out.” Well, I hope, today “You’ll have something nice out as you have had something nice in.”AN: Thank you, Ms Smith. By the way, do we have an assignment as usual?MS: Yes. You are to collect some proverbs of the first type, that is, proverbs that express general truths.LI: I’d like to collect some on studies.MS: Good! I’m so glad to have been with you. (To the four students) “Strike while the iron is hot.” See you next week.19. Tips on making a public speechIt is interesting to note that speeches are always “given” or “delivered”. They are never “said”. When giving a speech, therefore, it is useful to think of yourself as playing a part, i.e. acting. This kind of acting calls for an integration of verbal and nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication chiefly involves the speaker’s stance and gestures, the eye contact between the speaker and the audience, and a good control of the presentation speed of talking/speaking.STANCE This is important to the delivery of a good speech. Stand up straight and keep your head up. Dropping your head looks unprofessional and may prevent your audience from hearing you clearly. On the other hand, don’t stand like a guard on duty. You have to be able to move in a natural way in order to add expression to your words. Body language “says” a lot. Avoid holding your hands tightly together; this will interfere with free and natural movement. Don’t play with keys or coins in your pocket; this will distract your audience.GESTURES Gestures and facial expressions are both important aids to the spoken word when you are communicating. A dull, long speech delivered without expression, without gestures or eye contact will not be well received. The skill is in deciding how much gesturing to be employed and in making sure that your gestures are natural.In general, the larger the audience, the more expansive the gestures should be, because they will not be seen so clearly by the audience. In a small group, facial expressions will add a lot to understanding. Try telling somebody something funny with a very serious face. They will have difficulty believing what you are really saying is funny.Different gestures are supposed to be used in delivering a speech. Some people use their hands a lot when speaking. You must make sure that your gestures are not repeated too often, and they should be expressive and meaningful.EYE CONTACT To have maximum impact you need to make each member of your audience fell as if you were speaking to them personally. To do this, glance towards all sections of the audience and don’t be afraid to move your head. If you favour one direction, the other side may feel you are ignoring them and therefore lose interest in what you are saying.TIMING Accurate tim ing is essential. You should ensure that you don’t fall short of or run over the time allowed for your speech. Either way, the audience will feel unhappy and lose concentration on your speech. The best way to overcome this is through preparation. Clear thinking about what you want to say and how long your speech will last, before you start to write it, will save a lot of time. When practising, make sure that you speak at the correct speed and do time yourself.20. Keep it short for the audience’s sakeHow long should I make my speech? How long will my audience concentrate onmy speech? Hoe slowly should I speak to make myself clearly understood? In trying to answer these questions, we see how important timing is to speech.KEEP YOUR SPEECH LESS THAN 15 MINUTES Lin Yutang, the famous writer and translator, once said about the length of a speech, “the shorter, the better.” Speaking around the topic should be seriously avoided, not only in speech, but in all conversations in English. Being indirect and roundabout in your approach may be thought skillful in Chinese. But in English speech? No way. When one is making a speech in English, he should always stick to the point, and use simple, clear, and direct language.According to scientists, audiences can generally only manage to concentrate for about 13 minutes. So a 10-15-minute speech is about right.The famous Gettysburg Address, delivered by Abraham Lincoln on November 19, 1863 has about 200 words, but it still managed to express the idea that all people are born equal.150-160 WORDS PER MINUTE Speaking speed often depends on the occasion for the speech. The number of people in the audience is also an important factor to be considered.If you are speaking to hundreds or even thousands of people, especially in the open air, you should speak slowly. The idea is to let the audience catch every single word of your speech. For example, when Martin Luther King spoke, even to a small group, his usual speaking speed was only 110 to 120 words per minute.When you are speaking indoors to a small group, say, 10 or 20 people, you may speed up a bit. Speaking at a speed of around 200 words a minute, you can still retain the audience’s attention.So, we can see that the average speed is about 150 to 160 words per minute.Whether you are speaking slowly or rapidly, the important point is to pronounce every word clearly. Otherwise, no matter how wonderful you think your content is, the audience won’t be able to follow you. Use phonetic symbols to mark the places you often mess up, in advance, and practise every day before you get up on stage. PAUSE FOR DRAMATIC EFFECT If you want a particular sentence or expression to leave a deep impression on your audience, you can pause a while before uttering it. During the pause, the audience will grow curious about why you choose to pause and they will anxiously expect to hear the next sentence, which is exactly what you want to happen.But don’t pause too frequently or too long. Eye contact and a smile, with a bit of body language, will also effectively impress your audience. If you simply stop suddenly and remain silent for several seconds before you start again, they’ll probably think, “Oh, he (she) has forgotten the words!”21. Making friendsJamie was like a magnet---she always had a crowd around her. She wasn’t especially pretty, and she wasn’t particularly good at sports. But she was one of the most popular students at school. Everyone loved her!Why? What was it about Jamie that made everyone notice her? If her looks and her talents weren’t anything to show off, what did she have going for her?Here it is---short and simple---Jamie had learned the secret of how to make friends and keep them. Her secret is: Be nice to others! Jamie was kind and genuinely cared about others: people responded by wanting to be around her.Going along with this big secret of making friends are a few additional suggestions:SMILING SUGGESTS CONFIDENCE There is something fascinating about someone who smiles a lot. We are automatically drawn to someone who is happy. Wearing a smile usually implies the person behind it is approachable. An approachable person makes others feel at ease and comfortable.Smiles also convey confidence, which is really important when making friends. You don’t have to actually feel confiden t to smile, but when you do, people will think you are. Furthermore, the more you smile, the more natural your smile will be. You’ll gain confidence from smiling!LEARN TO LISTEN AND TALK Everyone wants to talk. We all have a story to tell. Each of us enjoys having someone listen to what we say. It makes us feel important when someone is truly interested in what we’re saying.When other people find out you are willing to listen, they will be talking to you! When someone is talking to you, zero in 100 per cent on that person. Don’t pretend to listen but really think about something else. That won’t work in making friends.Meanwhile, don’t put the burden of the entire conversation on someone else. You’ve got to do your part, too. It is learning when to talk that is important. Try not to talk just to hear yourself talking; no one else can get a word in.Everyone should learn to give and take in any relationship. Learn to move from being the centre of attention to focusing on the needs of others. Modesty is extremely attractive.TRY TO ADD V ALUE TO THOSE AROUND YOU People light up when you recognize something they do well and let them know. It only takes a minute to give someone a compliment or to notice what gifts a person has. It automatically adds value to how they see themselves. Try to be the kind of person who’s always seeing the positive qualities in others. Don’t tear someone down.22. What does friendship mean to westerners?What is meant by the word “friend”? The dictionary defines it as “one attached to another by affection or respect”. Americans use the word freely---that is, a friend may or may not be a person to whom one is really attached. Friends may have known each other since childhood or they may have recently met. It is difficult to give an exact definition of this word as it is used in the US, because it covers many types of relationships.It is common for Americans to have different “circles”. Terms such as office mate and tennis partner indicate different types of friends. The office mate is a friend in the office and the tennis partner is a friend on the tennis court. A person may have many good friends and one best friend. “Best friends” are usually two people of the same sex who have known each other for a long period of time. People usually have more casual friends than close or best friends.Americans move around quite often and learn to develop friendships easily andquickly. About one out of every five American families moves every year. People move to new places because they begin new jobs, attend distant colleges, get married, have children or simply want a change in their lives. Perhaps as a result of this, people form and end friendships quickly.Relationships based on a common activity may stop or end when the activity ends. Students might meet in classes and remain friends for the duration of the course and then stop seeing each other after the final examination. The same holds true for neighbours who are the closest of friends until one moves away. In these friendships, shared daily experiences form the foundation for the relationship. Long-lasting friendships develop when individuals have similar interests and a common outlook on life. the high rate of mobility in the US can explain a great deal about short-term friendships.Friendship and friendliness do not mean the same thing. Friendliness characterizes much of American daily interaction but is not always an indication of friendship. Strangers may share life histories without any wish to set up a relationship. Instant friendships are characterized by the appearance of two people becoming close but, in reality, there is no string connection between them. Two people saying hello to each other after being introduced for the first time do not always mean that they have a strong wish to d evelop a friendship. Many people frequently smile or say “Have a nice day” or “See you later”, or even give an invitation as part of a cultural pattern of politeness. Such expressions do not always suggest an offer of continued friendship.23. AdjoHow the years have rushed by! It has been a long time since I knew Marget Swenson. I was a child when I knew her, and now I myself have children. The mind loses many things as it matures, but I never lost Marget---my first love and first hurt.I met Marget Swenson when she joined our sixth-grade class.Marget, just fresh from Sweden, and I, a sixth generation American. She spoke very little English, but somehow we did manage to understand each other. We took to each other instantly.Marget lived up on the hill. That was the place where there were many large and pretty houses. I suppose it was only in passing that I knew only white people lived there.We had so much fun together. We sat for hours in my garden or hers, surrounded by grass. Her words were Swedish; mine, English. We laughed at the way each of us slid our tongues over the unfamiliar words. I learned the Swedish equivalents of hello, friend, and goodbye.However, such fun did not last long, and the disaster began at Marget’s birthday party.It was a Wednesday. I arrived at the party early. Marget and I ran around quickly, putting the finishing touches on the decorations.Some fifteen minutes later, the doorbell rang, and in came Mary, another girl in our class.But after that nobody came. No one.When it got to be after five, Mrs Swenson called Marget inside. She was therefor a long time, and when she came out, she looked very, very sad. “My mother does not think they are coming,” she said.“Why not?” Mary blurted.Marget cast a quick glance at me, but she didn’t say anything.I took Marget’s hand. “It’s me, isn’t it?” I said. Oh! I remember so painfully today how much I wanted her quick and positive “No!” to my question. But I was only aware of Marget trying to slip her hand from mine. I opened my hand and let her go.It was different between us after her birthday. Marget stopped coming to my house, and when I asked her when she would, she looked as though she would cry.One day, uninvited, I went to her house, climbed up the hill, and a restless feeling grew within me at every step.Marget almost jumped when she opened the door. She stared at me in shock. Then, quickly, in a voice I’d never heard before, she said, “My mother says you can’t come to my house any more.”I opened my mouth, and closed it without speaking. The awful thing had come; my suspicion was confirmed; Marget was white and I was not. I did know it deep within myself.Since that meeting Marget and I did not speak to each other at all.On the last day of school, getting up a strange courage, I handed my autograph book to Marget. She hesitated, then without looking up, wrote words I don’t remember now; they were quite common words, the kind everyone was writing in everyone else’s book. I waited. Slowly, she passed her book to me and in it I wro te with a slow, firm hand some of the words she had taught me. I wrote Adjo min van---Goodbye, my friend. I released her, let her go, told her not to worry, told her that I no longer needed her. Adjo.24. Ryan, his friends, and his incredible torch runWe met in a biology class. Ryan sat in the front so that his wheelchair wouldn’t get in the way. I, however, believed that he wouldn’t have gotten in the way wherever he sat. I greeted him with a “Hello!” and he replied cheerfully. Later it proved that this s imple “Hello!” was all it took for Ryan and me to become great friends.Ryan suffered from brain damage and had endured many an obstacle. Yet, he is able to go on living his life to the fullest. He knows the old saying, “When the going gets tough, the toug h get going.” to the deepest and most personal extent.The highlight of our friendship came in our junior year, when Ryan asked me to hold the flag that would mark the spot where he would begin his Olympic torch run. When he asked me, I didn’t know what to say. “Why me?” I asked. He gently responded that he would be honoured if I would accept this position. He said that the Olympic committee sent a letter saying that the person that holds the flag must be someone important to him, and I was important to him because I was the only true friend he had ever made that talked to him and not to his wheelchair. How could I refuse such a gracious compliment and request?On June fifth, I took the flag and reached Ryan’s starting point early. By then, the streets had begun to fill with students from the surrounding schools and the arearesidents. Everyone was excited. Then came the van that carried the torch runners. All of the runners got out except Ryan. They lined up outside of the van and began to chant his name. Ryan! Ryan! Then all of the people that lined the streets joined in. Ryan! Ryan! All I could do was not to cry.The lift then lowered Ryan to the ground. There he was, in all his glory. People saw him for Ryan and not for his wheelchair. It all became slow motion at the sight of the arriving torch. I gave Ryan a hug and then stepped into my spot. The runner lit Ryan’s torch and then Ryan began his journey. As he took off down the street, the chanting became louder and louder. The excitement filled the air. I could not have been any prouder of Ryan! He deserved this moment in time---a historic moment that he was a part of and allowed me to be a part of, too.That moment will last in time forever. It expressed the whole meaning of the flame: love, enthusiasm, and brotherhood. It showed us all that love is really what makes this small world go around.25. The father of modern physicsAlbert Einstein was born of Jewish parents in 1879 in Germany. He did badly in most subjects at school, but was fascinated by mathematics, which he did quite well. When he was fifteen, his family moved to Italy, and from there he went to Switzerland to attend a polytechnic school.After gaining a teaching qualification from the polytechnic, Einstein took a post as a junior clerk in an office. Einstein was happy to get such an easy job, because it gave him plenty of time to think about physics. It was the “thought experiments” that he carried out in his head that led to a new understanding of space, time and gravity(引力).In 1905, when he was twenty-six years old, Einstein began to publish his thoughts. One of his theories provided an explanation for a puzzling effect, called the photoelectric effect(光电效应), which had been noticed some years earlier. It was in 1921 that he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on the photoelectric effect.In 1914, Einstein became a professor of physics at the University of Berlin and all went well until Hitler came to power in 1933. Einstein, who was Jewish, spoke out against Nazi crimes. As a result, he had to leave Germany and spent the rest of his life teaching in the United States at Princeton University.In the long course of research, Einstein developed his theories of relativity. These theories were so different and new that most scientists could do not believe or understand them, and it took a long time for them to be accepted.Einstein’s theories also predicted that solid objects can be changed into pure energy. This did lead to the development of nuclear power(核能) and the atomic bomb(原子弹). However, Einstein himself protested against nuclear weapons, and became involved in the peace movement after the First World War.Einstein passed away in 1955 at the age of seventy-six. What he left behind is a wealth of ideas that form the foundation of modern physics today.Apart from his scientific work, Einstein found much pleasure in simple pastimes. Among his hobbies were sailing and playing the violin. Besides, he loved thecompany of children.Although he was one of the greatest scientists who ever lived, Einstein did not take himself seriously. Once, when asked to enter a newspaper competition to write an article explaining how light is bent by gravity, he joked that the competition was much too difficult for him to enter.26. The survival of the fittestFor a long time people had wondered how life had developed on earth. The Bible(圣经) stated that god had created everything in a week. Some people did not believe this. “What about fossils?” they asked. “What has happened to the strange creatures which existed so many years ago?” they asked.Charles Darwin(查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文，英国生物学家，进化论奠基人), a young man just out of university in 1831, was offered a job on a ship on a voyage of discovery around the world. Life on board was tough. Darwin was terribly seasick and was only happy when he was ashore collecting plant samples and observing animals. It was to be the most important journey in his life. It lasted for five years; he returned in October 1836.Darwin studied nature in South America and in a group of small islands in the South Pacific. On each island there were birds. They were very similar, but the shape of their beaks, and even their eating habits varied. Darwin wondered why they were different. Then he realized that, long before, they had been the same. Each island had different foods available. Only the birds that could eat available food could survive, this might depend on having the right shape of beak. He realized that the same process happened with all living things. Over millions of years, all plants and animals have gradually changed into the forms we see today. What we call “the survival of the fittest” he named “natural selection”. Darwin called this slow process of change “evolution”. It explains why many kinds of creature, whose fossil remains, are no longer alive.By 1846, he had published an article describing his voyage. He also began to think seriously about evolution and natural selection, and wrote two essays describing his ideas. He did not publish these essays because he realized his ideas proved the Bible’s theory of creation was wrong, and he was worried about the anger and troubles they would cause.Darwin spent the following years developing his theories and making them perfect. In 1859 he published them in The Origin of Species(《物种起源》). It caused a huge row because it seemed to deny what the Bible said. His The Descent of Man(《人类的由来》), 1871, pointed out that mankind had come from the same ancestor. Darwin was upset by the opposition. Other scientists agreed with his ideas and took up his cause. The Church prohibited the teaching of the Theory of Evolution(进化论) in some countries. However, today most people believe that Darwin was right.27. Miracle in the rice fieldIt is said that every scientist has a childhood dream for his or her future success. For Yuan Longpin, known as the “father of hybrid rice(杂交水稻)”, the dream is that he cultivates rice as huge as peanuts, and farmers can have a rest in the cool shadowof big rice plants.Yuan Longpin was born into a poor family in 1931. Upon graduating from the Southwestern Agricultural College(西南农业学院) in 1953, he began his teaching career at an agriculture school and has since devoted himself to agricultural education and research.He came up with the idea of hybrid rice for the first time in the 1960s. In the early 1970s, he succeeded in developing the world’s first high-yield hybrid rice. Of great importance is his pioneering work, which has established China’s position of world leadership in this area.The UN Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)(联合国粮食与农业组织) has decided to get involved in the work of spreading the coverage of Yuan’s high-yield hybrid rice, which it considers the best way to increase the world’s grain output.In the following years, increasing grain output of hybrid rice further showed the success of Yuan Longpin’s research. This made him firmly believe that China can surely feed her large population with her limited cultivated land.This breakthrough in rice cultivation has significantly contributed to solving the food problem in Ch ina and the rest of the world. Yuan’s amazing achievement has won him a great many awards and honours from the United Nations and worldwide.However, even with such a great achievement, Yuan won’t take a break. In his mind there always exist a dream, more practical than that of his youth, that popularizing the new hybrid rice with higher yields around the world can eliminate starvation on Earth. “If the new hybrid rice were grown in the world’s remaining fields, the present grain output around the world would be more than doubled. This can solve the grain shortage,” said the scientist.Some people estimate Yuan’s actual fortune might make him one of the richest people in China. But he doesn’t know for sure himself, for he seems to care for nothing more than his research.In spite of his busy research work, Yuan Longpin has managed to keep some hobbies in his spare time, including reading books and listening to music. He enjoys daily motor cycling and sometimes playing the violin.28. Newton’s three important lawsThings that move obey certain laws. Three important laws of motion were established by Isaac Newton (1642～1727) (英国物理学家、天文学家和数学家，被公认为有史以来最伟大和影响最深远的科学家).NEWTON Ⅰ: INERTIA(惯性定律)Newton’s first law of motion seems simple: Objects at rest tend to remain at rest, while moving ones continue to move at a uniform speed in a straight line---unless acted upon by an outside force. This resistance(阻力) to change is called inertia, and it explains a lot of everyday experienced no matter where you happen to live.One is that when the car or airplane you’re in begins to move, your body is pushed back against the seat. That is, it tends to remain at rest despite the forward-moving force of the vehicle transferred to you through the seat. Another aspect of this law shows that the normal courses for freely moving objects is a straight line. That explains why, when you whirl(迅速旋转) something around your head---such as a。
上海新世纪英语高二全部课文(包括Additional Reading)及重点词组
上海新世纪英语高二全部课文（包括Additional Reading）及重点词组上海新世纪英语高二全部（包括Additinal Reading）及重点词组高二第二学期17 rds and their stries18 English prverbs19 Tips n aing a publi speeh20 eep it shrt fr the audiene’s sae21 aing friends22 hat des friendship ean t esterners?23 Ad24 Ran, his friends, and his inredible trh run2 The father f dern phsis26 The survival f the fittest27 irale in the rie field28 Netn’s three iprtant las29 liver ants re (Adapted fr liver Tist harles Diens)30 En the lassis31 Is she guilt? (Adapted fr The Prine and the Pauper ar Tain)32 ar Tain高二第二学期17 rds and their striesEAGER BEA VER An eager beaver is a persn h is alas illing t d and is exited abut ding hat is expeted f hiSuppse, fr exaple, that a teaher tells his students the eah ust slve ne hundred ath prbles befre ing t shl the next da The hildren plain abut s uh her But ne student des nt prtest at all That student is an eager beaver He lves t d ath prbles, and des nt ind all the herThe expressin is said t have e fr the nae f a hard-ring anial---the beaver Beavers are strange-ling reatures The spend a lt f tie in the ater, building das t reate little laes r pnds The use their huge teeth and r hard t ut dn trees, reve branhes and put the arss streas The use their tails t pa ud n the branhes t ae the das slid Fe ther anials r s hardHistrians sa the beaver had an iprtant part in the settleent f Nrth Aeria There ere hundreds f illins f beavers hen Eurpean settlers first arrived The settlers put great value n the fur f beavers In fat, fr t hundred ears r re, beavers prvided the st valuable fur in Nrth Aeria Beaver sins ften used as neung en ling fr adventure headed est arss the untr t searh fr beavers In their searh, the explred uh f the estern territries The trading psts, here the exhanged beaver sins fr the gds the needed, beae villages, and later tnsand itiesIT’S IN THE BAG The bag---ne f the siplest and st useful things in ever an r an’s life---has given the rld an strange expressins that are nt ver siple A nuber f these expressins are idel used in the United States tda Se ere iprted fr England a lng tie aghen u are sure f sething, u an sa, “It’s in the bag”This phrase seeed t have arrived ith the dern paper bag Befre, Aerians used t sa, “It’s all rapped up” Then, things u bught er e rapped in plain brn paper, r seties in ld nespaperAnther idel used expressins is “t let the at ut f the bag”, eaning t reveal a ell-ept seretN ne an explain h the at gt int the bag, r h it reained there But there is an ld str abut it Lng ag tradesan sld things in large lth bags ne a an ased fr a pig The tradesan held up his lth bag Inside there as suppsed t be a live pig The an ased t see it hen the dishnest tradesan pened the bag, ut uped a squealing at, nt a pig The tradesan’s seret as ut: he as tri, and n everbd ne it18 English prverbsharatersTeaher f English: s Sith (S)Students: Li (LI), a (A), Anne (AN), Rivera (RI)S: Gd rning, everne I hpe u all n hat e are here fr The tpi f ur disussin thisrning is “English Prverbs”LI: S, I’in the right grupA: e, tRI: e, tS: But I as tld e uld have fur…and et…AN: I’ing Gd rning A I late?S: rning “Spea f angels and u hear their sngs”AN: Is that a prverb referring t ing?S: ExatlLI: e have a saing in hinese, hih I thin is ver lse in ea ning…A: Spea f a a and he appearsS: Right ell, “first things first” A prverb is a traditinal saing hih ffers advie r presents a ral in a shrt and brief anner A prverb nrall is a sentene, int hih the riter ften rs rhe Fr instane, “East r est, he is best” Seties it es ut in the fr f a phraseA: I’ve seen ditinaries f prverbsS: ell, there are thusands f prverbs The fall int three ain ategries Thse f the first tpe tae the fr f abstrat stateents The express general truths Here are t gd exaples: “ne is never t ld t learn” and “A an h neglets his studies in uth ill regret it in later ears”RI: I thin there is se truth in bth prverbs T enurage a persn h has had little eduatin fr se reasn as a ung an, e a use the frer ith us, I guess the latter rsS: S u hav e t eep this in ind Never use prverbs ut f ntext “ne an’s eat is anther an’s pisn”LI: I see Then, hat is the send tpe?S: The send tpe uses speifi bservatins fr everda experiene t ae a general pintAN: “Dn’t put all ur eggs in ne baset” Des it fall int the send ategr?S: u’re right, dear Then the third tpe nsists f saings fr partiular areas f traditinal usts and beliefs “After dinner, rest a hile; after supper, al a ile” is an exaple f this tpe Suh prverbs are ften related t agriulture, the seasns, and the eatherLI: an peple hld the pinin that prverbs are ging ut f fashin Is that true? S: The fat is, as se ld nes are falling int disuse, ne nes are being reated The puter rld has reentl given us lts f theAN: I’ve gt ne: “Rubbish in, rubbish ut”A: I t als ges “Garbage in, garbage ut”S: I thin it is re n t sa “Garbage in, garbage ut” ell, I hpe, tda “u’ll have sething nie ut as u have had sething nie in”AN: Than u, s Sith B the a, d e have an assignent as usual?S: es u are t llet se prverbs f the first tpe, that is, prverbs that express general truthsLI: I’d lie t llet se n studiesS: Gd! I’s glad t have been ith u (T the fur students) “Strie hile the irn isht” See u next ee19 Tips n aing a publi speehIt is interesting t nte that speehes are alas “given” r “delivered” The are never “said” hen giving a speeh, therefre, it is useful t thin f urself as plaing a part, ie ating This ind f ating alls fr an integratin f verbal and nnverbal uniatin Nnverbal uniatin hiefl invlves the speaer’s stane and gestures, the ee ntat beteen the speaer and the audiene, and a gd ntrl f the presentatin speed f taling/speaingSTANE This is iprtant t the deliver f a gd speeh Stand up straight and eep ur head up Drpping ur head ls unprfessinal and a prevent ur audiene fr hearing u learl n the ther hand, dn’t stand lie a guard n dut u have t be able t ve in a natural a in rder t add expressin t ur rds Bd language “sas” a lt Avid hlding ur hands tightl tgether; this ill interfere ith free and natural veent Dn’t pla ith es r ins in ur pet; this ill distrat ur audiene GESTURES Gestures and faial expressins are bth iprtant aids t the spen rd hen u are uniating A dull, lng speeh delivered ithut expressin, ithut gestures r ee ntat ill nt be ell reeived The sill is in deiding h uh gesturing t be epled and in aing sure that ur gestures are naturalIn general, the larger the audiene, the re expansive the gestures shuld be, beause the ill nt be seen s learl b the audiene In a sall grup, faial expressins ill add a lt t understanding Tr telling sebd sething funn ith a ver serius fae The ill have diffiult believing hat u are reall saing is funnDifferent gestures are suppsed t be used in delivering a speeh Se peple use their hands a lt hen speaing u ust ae sure that ur gestures are nt repeated t ften, and the shuld be expressive and eaningfulEE NTAT T have axiu ipat u need t ae eah eber f ur audiene fell as if u ere speaing t the persnall T d this, glane tards all setins f the audiene and dn’t be afraid t ve ur head If u favur ne diretin, the ther side a feel u are ignring the and therefre lse interest in hat u are saingTIING Aurate tiing is essential u shuld ensure that u dn’t fall shrt f r run ver the tie alled fr ur speeh Either a, the audiene ill feel unhapp and lse nentratin n ur speeh The best a t vere this is thrugh preparatin lear thining abut hat u ant t sa and h lng ur speeh ill last, befre u start t rite it, ill save a lt f tie hen pratising, ae sure that u spea at the rret speed and d tie urself20 eep it shrt fr the audiene’s saeH lng shuld I ae speeh? H lng ill audiene nentrate n speeh? He sll shuld I spea t ae self learl understd? In tring t anser these questins, e see h iprtant tiing is t speehEEP UR SPEEH LESS THAN 1 INUTES Lin utang, the faus riter and tra nslatr, ne said abut the length f a speeh, “the shrter, the better” Speaing arund the tpi shuld be seriusl avided, nt nl in speeh, but in all nversatins in English Being indiret and rundabut in ur apprah a be thught sillful in hinese But in English speeh? N a hen ne is aing a speeh in English, he shuld alas sti t the pint, and use siple, lear, and diret languageArding t sientists, audienes an generall nl anage t nentrate fr abut 13 inutes S a 10-1-inute speeh is abut rightThe faus Gettsburg Address, delivered b Abraha Linln n Nveber 19, 1863 has abut 200 rds, but it still anaged t express the idea that all peple are brn equal10-160 RDS PER INUTE Speaing speed ften depends n the asin fr the speeh The nuber f peple in the audiene is als an iprtant fatr t be nsidered If u are speaing t hundreds r even thusands f peple, espeiall in the pen air, u shuld spea sll The idea is t let the audiene ath ever single rd f ur speeh Fr exaple, hen artin Luther ing spe, even t a sall grup, his usual speaing speed as nl 110 t 120 rds per inutehen u are speaing indrs t a sall grup, sa, 10 r 20 peple, u a speed up a bit Speaing at a speed f arund 200 rds a inute, u an still retain the audiene’s attentinS, e an see that the average speed is abut 10 t 160 rds per inutehether u are speaing sll r rapidl, the iprtant pint is t prnune ever rd learl therise, n atter h nderful u thin ur ntent is, the audiene n’t be able t fll u Use phneti sbls t ar the plaes u ften ess up, in advane, and pratise ever da befre u get up n stagePAUSE FR DRAATI EFFET If u ant a partiular sentene r expressin t leave a deep ipressin n ur audiene, u an pause a hile befre uttering it During the pause, the audiene ill gr urius abut h u hse t pause and the illanxiusl expet t hear the next sentene, hih is exatl hat u ant t happenBut dn’t pause t frequentl r t lng Ee ntat and a sile, ith a bit f bd language, ill als effetivel ipress ur audiene If u sipl stp suddenl and reain silent fr several sends befre u start again, the’ll prbabl thin, “h, he (she) has frgtten the rds!”21 aing friendsaie as lie a agnet---she alas had a rd arund her She asn’t espeiall prett, and she asn’t partiularl gd at sprts But she as ne f the st ppular students at shl Everne lved her!h? hat as it abut aie that ade everne ntie her? If her ls and her talents eren’t anthing t sh ff, hat did she have ging fr her?Here it is---shrt and siple---aie had learned the seret f h t ae friends and eep the Her seret is: Be nie t thers! aie as ind and genuinel ared abut thers: peple respnded b anting t be arund herGing alng ith this big seret f aing friends are a fe additinal suggestins: SILING SUGGESTS NFIDENE There is sething fasinating abut sene h siles a lt e are autatiall dran t sene h is happ earing a sile usuall iplies the persn behind it is apprahable An apprahable persn aes thers feel at ease and frtableSiles als nve nfidene, hih is reall iprtant hen aing friends u dn’t have t atuall feel nfident t sile, but hen u d, peple ill thin u are Furtherre, the re u sile, the re natural ur sile ill be u’ll gain nfidene fr siling!LEARN T LISTEN AND TAL Everne ants t tal e all have a str t tell Eah f us ens having sene listen t hat e sa It aes us feel iprtant hen sene is trul interested in hat e’re sainghen ther peple find ut u are illing t listen, the ill be taling t u! hen sene is taling t u, zer in 100 per ent n that persn Dn’t pretend t listen but reall thin abut sething else That n’t r in aing friendseanhile, dn’t put the burden f the entire nversatin n sene else u’ve gt t d ur part, t It is learning hen t tal that is iprtant Tr nt t tal ust t hear urself taling; n ne else an get a rd inEverne shuld learn t give and tae in an relatinship Learn t ve fr being the entre f attentin t fusing n the needs f thers dest is extreel attrativeTR T ADD V ALUE T THSE ARUND U Peple light up hen u regnize sething the d ell and let the n It nl taes a inute t give sene a plient r t ntie hat gifts a persn has It autatiall adds value t h the see theselves Tr t be the ind f persn h’s alas seeing the psitive qualities in thers Dn’t tear sene dn 22 hat des friendship ean t esterners?hat is eant b the rd “friend”? The ditinar defines it as “ne attahed t anther b affetin r respet” Aerians use the rd freel---that is, a friend a r a nt be a persn t h ne is reall attahed Friends a have nn eah ther sine hildhd r the a have reentl et It is diffiult t give an exat definitin f this rd as it is used in the US, beause it vers an tpes f relatinshipsIt is n fr Aerians t have different “irles” Ters suh as ffie ate and tennispartner indiate different tpes f friends The ffie ate is a friend in the ffie and the tennis partner is a friend n the tennis urt A persn a have an gd friends and ne best friend “Best friends” are usuall t peple f the sae sex h have nn eah ther fr a lng perid f tie Peple usuall have re asual friends than lse r best friendsAerians ve arund quite ften and learn t develp friendships easil and quil Abut ne ut f ever five Aerian failies ves ever ear Peple ve t ne plaes beause the begin ne bs, attend distant lleges, get arried, have hildren r sipl ant a hange in their lives Perhaps as a result f this, peple fr and end friendships quilRelatinships based n a n ativit a stp r end hen the ativit ends Students ight eet in lasses and reain friends fr the duratin f the urse and then stp seeing eah ther after the final exainatin The sae hlds true fr neighburs h are the lsest f friends until ne ves aa In these friendships, shared dail experienes fr the fundatin fr the relatinship Lng-lasting friendships develp hen individuals have siilar interests and a n utl n life the high rate f bilit in the US an explain a great deal abut shrt-ter friendshipsFriendship and friendliness d nt ean the sae thing Friendliness haraterizes uh f Aerian dail interatin but is nt alas an indiatin f friendship Strangers a share life histries ithut an ish t set up a relatinship Instant friendships are haraterized b the appearane f t peple being lse but, in realit, there is n string nnetin beteen the T peple saing hell t eah ther after being intrduedfr the first tie d nt alas ean that the have a strng ish t develp a friendship an peple frequentl sile r sa “Have a nie da” r “See u later”, r even give an invitatin as part f a ultural pattern f pliteness Suh expressins d nt alas suggest an ffer f ntinued friendship23 AdH the ears have rushed b! It has been a lng tie sine I ne arget Sensn I as a hild hen I ne her, and n I self have hildren The ind lses an things as it atures, but I never lst arget--- first lve and first hurtI et arget Sensn hen she ined ur sixth-grade lassarget, ust fresh fr Seden, and I, a sixth generatin Aerian She spe ver little English, but seh e did anage t understand eah ther e t t eah ther instantl arget lived up n the hill That as the plae here there ere an large and prett huses I suppse it as nl in passing that I ne nl hite peple lived theree had s uh fun tgether e sat fr hurs in garden r hers, surrunded b grass Her rds ere Sedish; ine, English e laughed at the a eahf us slid ur tngues ver the unfailiar rds I learned the Sedish equivalents f hell, friend, and gdbe Hever, suh fun did nt last lng, and the disaster began at arget’s birthda partIt as a ednesda I arrived at the part earl arget and I ran arund quil, putting the finishing tuhes n the deratinsSe fifteen inutes later, the drbell rang, and in ae ar, anther girl in ur lass But after that nbd ae N nehen it gt t be after five, rs Sensn alled arget inside She as there fr a lng tie, and hen she ae ut, she led ver, ver sad “ ther des nt thin the are ing,” she said“h nt?” ar blurtedarget ast a qui glane at e, but she didn’t sa anthingI t arget’s hand “It’s e, isn’t it?” I said h! I reeber s painfull tda h uh I anted her qui and psitive “N!” t questin But I as nl aare f arget tring t slip her hand fr ine I pened hand and let her gIt as different beteen us after her birthda arget stpped ing t huse, and hen I ased her hen she uld, she led as thugh she uld rne da, uninvited, I ent t her huse, libed up the hill, and a restless feeling gre ithin e at ever steparget alst uped hen she pened the dr She stared at e in sh Then, quil, in a vie I’d never heard befre, she said, “ ther sas u an’t e t huse an re”I pened uth, and lsed it ithut speaing The aful thing had e; suspiin as nfired; arget as hite and I as nt I did n it deep ithin selfSine that eeting arget and I did nt spea t eah ther at alln the last da f shl, getting up a strange urage, I handed autgraph b t arget She hesitated, then ithut ling up, rte rds I dn’t reeber n; the ere quite n rds, the ind everne as riting in everne else’s b I aited Sll, she passed her b t e and in it I rte ith a sl, fir hand se f the rds she had taught e I rte Ad in van---Gdbe, friend I released her, let her g, tld her nt t rr, tld her that I nlnger needed her Ad24 Ran, his friends, and his inredible trh rune et in a bilg lass Ran sat in the frnt s that his heelhair uldn’t get in the a I, hever, believed that he uldn’t have gtten in the a herever he sat I greeted hi ith a “Hell!” and he replied heerfull L ater it prved that this siple “Hell!” as all it t fr Ran and e t bee great friendsRan suffered fr brain daage and had endured an an bstale et, he is able t g n living his life t the fullest He ns the ld saing, “hen the ging gets tugh, the tugh get ging” t the deepest and st persnal extentThe highlight f ur friendship ae in ur unir ear, hen Ran ased e t hld the flag that uld ar the spt here he uld begin his lpi trh run hen he ased e, I didn’t n hat t sa “h e?” I ased He gentl respnded that he uld be hnur ed if I uld aept this psitin He said that the lpi ittee sent a letter saing that the persn that hlds the flag ust be sene iprtant t hi, and I as iprtant t hi beause I as the nl true friend he had ever ade that taled t hi and nt t his heelhair H uld I refuse suh a graius plient and request?n une fifth, I t the flag and reahed Ran’s starting pint earl B then, the streets had begun t fill ith students fr the surrunding shls and the area residents Everne as exited Then ae the van that arried the trh runners All f the runners gt ut exept Ran The lined up utside f the van and began t hant his nae Ran! Ran! Then all f the peple that lined the streets ined in Ran! Ran! All I uld d as nt t rThe lift then lered Ran t the grund There he as, in all his glr Peple sa hi fr Ran and nt fr his heelhair It all beae sl tin at the sight f the arriving trh I gave Ran a hug and then stepped int spt The runner lit Ran’s trh and then Ran began his urne As he t ff dn the street, the hanting beae luder and luder The exiteent filled the air I uld nt have been an pruder f Ran! He deserved this ent in tie---a histri ent that he as a part f and alled e t be a part f, tThat ent ill last in tie frever It expressed the hle eaning f the flae: lve, enthusias, and brtherhd It shed us all that lve is reall hat aes this sall rld g arund2 The father f dern phsisAlbert Einstein as brn f eish parents in 1879 in Geran He did badl in st subets at shl, but as fasinated b atheatis, hih he did quite ell hen he as fifteen, his fail ved t Ital, and fr there he ent t Sitzerland t attend a pltehni shlAfter gaining a teahing qualifiatin fr the pltehni, Einstein t a pst as a unir ler in an ffie Einstein as happ t get suh an eas b, beause it gave hi plent f tie t thin abut phsis It as the “thught experients” that he arried ut in his head that led t a ne understanding f spae, tie and gravit(引力)In 190, hen he as tent-six ears ld, Einstein began t publish his thughts ne f his theries prvided an explanatin fr a puzzling effet, alled the phteletri effet(光电效应), hih had been ntied se ears earlier It as in 1921 that he asaarded the Nbel Prize fr Phsis fr his r n the phteletri effetIn 1914, Einstein beae a prfessr f phsis at the Universit f Berlin and all ent ell until Hitler ae t per in 1933 Einstein, h as eish, spe ut against Nazi ries As a result, he had t leave Geran and spent the rest f his life teahing in the United States at Prinetn UniversitIn the lng urse f researh, Einstein develped his theries f relativit These theries ere s different and ne that st sientists uld d nt believe r understand the, and it t a lng tie fr the t be aeptedEinstein’s theries als predited that slid bets an be hanged int pure energ This did lead t the develpent f nulear per(核能) and the ati bb(原子弹) Hever, Einstein hiself prtested against nulear eapns, and beae invlved in the peae veent after the First rld arEinstein passed aa in 19 at the age f sevent-six hat he left behind is a ealth f ideas that fr the fundatin f dern phsis tdaApart fr his sientifi r, Einstein fund uh pleasure in siple pasties Ang his hbbies ere sailing and plaing the vilin Besides, he lved the pan f hildren Althugh he as ne f the greatest sientists h ever lived, Einstein did nt tae hiself seriusl ne, hen ased t enter a nespaper petitin t rite an artile explaining h light is bent b gravit, he ed that the petitin as uh t diffiult fr hi t enter26 The survival f the fittestFr a lng tie peple had ndered h life had develped n earth The Bible(圣经)stated that gd had reated everthing in a ee Se peple did nt believe this “hat abut fssils?” the ased “hat has happened t the strange reatures hih existed s an ears ag?” the asedharles Darin(查尔斯•罗伯特•达尔，英国生物学家，进化论奠基人), a ung an ust ut f universit in 1831, as ffered a b n a ship n a vage f disver arund the rld Life n bard as tugh Darin as terribl seasi and as nl happ hen he as ashre lleting plant saples and bserving anials It as t be the st iprtant urne in his life It lasted fr five ears; he returned in tber 1836 Darin studied nature in Suth Aeria and in a grup f sall islands in the Suth Paifi n eah island there ere birds The ere ver siilar, but the shape f their beas, and even their eating habits varied Darin ndered h the ere different Then he realized that, lng befre, the had been the sae Eah island had different fds available nl the birds that uld eat available fd uld survive, this ight depend n having the right shape f bea He realized that the sae press happened ith all living things ver illins f ears, all plants and anials have graduall hanged int the frs e see tda hat e all “the survival f the fittest” he naed “natural seletin” Darin alled this sl press f hange “evlutin” It explains h an inds f reature, hse fssil reains, are n lnger aliveB 1846, he had published an artile desribing his vage He als began t thin seriusl abut evlutin and natural seletin, and rte t essas desribing his ideas He did nt publish these essas beause he realized his ideas prved the Bible’s ther f reatin as rng, and he as rried abut the anger and trubles theuld auseDarin spent the flling ears develping his theries and aing the perfet In 189 he published the in The rigin f Speies(《物种起》) It aused a huge r beause it seeed t den hat the Bible said His The Desent f an(《人类的由》), 1871, pinted ut that anind had e fr the sae anestr Darin as upset b the ppsitin ther sientists agreed ith his ideas and t up his ause The hurh prhibited the teahing f the Ther f Evlutin(进化论) in se untries Hever, tda st peple believe that Darin as right27 irale in the rie fieldIt is said that ever sientist has a hildhd drea fr his r her future suess Fr uan Lngpin, nn as the “father f hbrid rie(杂交水稻)”, the drea is that he ultivates rie as huge as peanuts, and farers an have a rest in the l shad f big rie plantsuan Lngpin as brn int a pr fail in 1931 Upn graduating fr the Suthestern Agriultural llege(西南农业学院) in 193, he began his teahing areer at an agriulture shl and has sine devted hiself t agriultural eduatin and researh He ae up ith the idea f hbrid rie fr the first tie in the 1960s In the earl 1970s, he sueeded in develping the rld’s first high-ield hbrid rie f great iprtane is his pineering r, hih has established hina’s psitin f rld leadership in this areaThe UN Fd and Agriulture rganizatin(FA)(联合国粮食与农业组织) has deided t get invlved in the r f spreading the verage f uan’s high-ield hbridrie, hih it nsiders the best a t inrease the rld’s grain utputIn the flling ears, inreasing grain utput f hbrid rie further shed the suess f uan Lngpin’s researh This ade hi firl believe that hina an surel feed her large ppulatin ith her liited ultivated landThis breathrugh in rie ultivatin has signifiantl ntributed t slving the fd prble in hina and the rest f the rld uan’s aazing ahieveent has n hi a great an aards and hnurs fr the United Natins and rldideHever, even ith suh a great ahieveent, uan n’t tae a brea In his ind there alas exist a drea, re pratial than that f his uth, that ppularizing the ne hbrid rie ith higher ields arund the rld an eliinate starvatin n Earth “If the ne hbrid rie ere grn in the rld’s reaining fields, the present grain utput arund the rld uld be re than dubled This an slve the grain shrtage,” said the sientistSe peple estiate uan’s atual frtune ight ae hi ne f the rihest peple in hina But he desn’t n fr sure hiself, fr he sees t are fr nthing re than his researh In spite f his bus researh r, uan Lngpin has anaged t eep se hbbies in his spare tie, inluding reading bs and listening t usi He ens dail tr ling and seties plaing the vilin28 Netn’s three iprtant lasThings that ve be ertain las Three iprtant las f tin ere established b Isaa Netn (1642～1727) (英国物理学家、天学家和数学家，被公认为有史以最伟大和影响最深远的科学家)NETN Ⅰ: INERTIA(惯性定律)Netn’s first la f tin sees siple: bets at rest tend t reain at rest, hile ving nes ntinue t ve at a unifr speed in a straight line---unless ated upn b an utside fre This resistane(阻力) t hange is alled inertia, and it explains a lt f everda experiened n atter here u happen t livene is that hen the ar r airplane u’re in begins t ve, ur bd is pushed ba against the seat That is, it tends t reain at rest despite the frard-ving fre f the vehile transferred t u thrugh the seat Anther aspet f this la shs that the nral urses fr freel ving bets is a straight line That explains h, hen u hirl(迅速旋转) sething arund ur head---suh as a ball n a string---and then let it g, the ball flies straight It neither eeps irling ur head nr des it ve ff in a seeping(做大幅度弧线形运动的) urve(曲线)NETN Ⅱ: F=ANetn’s send la relates the aunt f fre needed t ve an bet t the bet’s ass and tits aeleratin(加速度)Push a hild in a sing, r ride a planet arund the sun, and u’re using Netn’s send la f tin, hih states that henever u ant t hange the speed r diretin f sething, u have t appl an apprpriate fre The bigger the ass r the larger the intended aeleratin, the greater the neessar fre This la’s frula alls engineers t alulate hat’s required t launh a et fighter(喷气式战斗机) fr an airraft arrier(航空母舰), r h strng a seat belt ust be t restrain(抑制，控制), sa, a 160-pund persn hen his ar stps suddenl hile travelling at 60 phNETN Ⅲ: EQUAL AND PPSITE(作用力与反作用力)All bets, ving r at rest, be Netn’s third la f tin, hih hlds that in nature, unapanied(无陪伴的) fres d nt existu an’t tae a step ithut appling Netn’s third la, hih explains that fr ever atin there is an equal and ppsite reatin Eah tie ur ft pushes dn n the grund, the grund pushes ba ith the sae aunt f fre pinted in preisel(精确地，准确地) the ppsite diretin In fat, it’s the fre exerted(施加压力) b the grund that pushes u alng, nt the fre f ur ftThat sees dd, but it’s eas t denstrate Stand n a nearl fritinless(无摩擦力的) surfae suh as an il flr, r put n a pair f rller sates(四轮旱冰鞋) N tae a step Push as hard as u lie, but the il r sates eep that fre fr being applied t the flr, s there is n ppsite, reative fre exerted n ur ft The result: ur legs and feet a struggle t ve abut, but u dn’t ve frard29 liver ants re (Adapted fr liver Tist harles Diens)Life in the rhuse as ver severe indeed The eber f the bard f anageent had ruled that the hildren shuld r t earn their living, and that the shuld be given three eals f thin sup a da, ith an nin tie a ee and half a ae n Sundas The r, in hih the bs ere fed, as a large stne hall, ith a huge pt at ne end ut f this, the aster, assisted b ne r t en, served ut the sup at ealties Eah b had ne sall bl, and nthing re---exept n publi hlidas, hen he had a sall piee f bread as ell Never ever did the bls need ashing The bs plished the ith their spns till the shne again; and hen the had perfred this peratin, the uld sit staring。
世纪英语高二下册全部课文
上海外语教育出版社——新世纪英语高二全部课文（包括Additional Reading）及重点词组高二第二学期17. Words and their storiesEAGER BEAVER An eager beaver is a person who is always willing to do and is excited about doing what is expected of him.Suppose, for example, that a teacher tells his students they each must solve one hundred math problems before coming to school the next day. The children complain about so much homework. But one student does not protest at all. That student is an eager beaver. He loves to do math problems, and does not mind all the homework.The expression is said to have come from the name of a hard-working animal---the beaver.Beavers are strange-looking creatures. They spend a lot of time in the water, building dams to create little lakes or ponds. They use their huge teeth and work hard to cut down trees, remove branches and put them across streams. They use their tails to pack mud on the branches to make the dams solid. Few other animals work so hard.Historians say the beaver had an important part in the settlement of North America.There were hundreds of millions of beavers when European settlers first arrived. The settlers put great value on the fur of beavers. In fact, for two hundred years or more, beavers provided the most valuable fur in North America. Beaver skins often used as money.Young men looking for adventure headed west across the country to search forbeavers. In their search, they explored much of the western territories. The trading posts, where they exchanged beaver skins for the goods they needed, became villages, and later towns and cities.IT’S IN THE BAG The bag---one of the simplest and most useful things in every man or woman’s life---has given the world many strange expressions that are not very simple. A number of these expressions are widely used in the United States today. Some were imported from England a long time ago.When you are sure of something, you can say, “It’s in the bag.”This phrase seemed to have arrived with the modern paper bag. Before, Americans used to say, “It’s all wrapped up.” Then, things you bought were wrapped in plain brown paper, or sometimes in old newspaper.Another widely used expressions is “to let the cat out of the bag”, meaning to reveal a well-kept secret.No one can explain how the cat got into the bag, or why it remained there. But there is an old story about it. Long ago tradesman sold things in large cloth bags. Once a woman asked for a pig. The tradesman held up his cloth bag. Inside there was supposed to be a live pig. The woman asked to see it. When the dishonest tradesman opened the bag, out jumped a squealing cat, not a pig. The tradesman’s secret was out: he was tricky, and now everybody knew it.18. English proverbsCharactersTeacher of English: Ms Smith (MS)Students: Li (LI), Mao (MA), Anne (AN), Rivera (RI)MS: Good morning, everyone. I hope you all know what we are here for. The topic of our discussion this morning is “English Proverbs”.LI: So, I’m in the right group.MA: Me, too.RI: Me, too.MS: But I was told we would have four…and yet…AN: I’m coming. Good morning. Am I late?MS: Morning. “Speak of angels and you hear their songs.”AN: Is that a proverb referring to my coming?MS: Exactly.LI: We have a saying in Chinese, which I think is very close in meaning…MA: Speak of Cao Cao and he appears.MS: Right. Well, “first things first”. A proverb is a traditional saying which offers advice or presents a moral in a short and brief manner. A proverb normally is a sentence, into which the writer often works rhyme. For instance, “East or west, home is best.” Sometimes it comes out in the form of a phrase.MA: I’ve seen dictionaries of proverbs.MS: Well, there are thousands of proverbs. They fall into three main categories. Those of the first type take the form of abstract statements. They express general truths. Here are two good examples: “One is never too old to learn.” and “A man who neglects his studies in youth will regret it in later years.”RI: I think there is some truth in both proverbs. To encourage a person who has had little education for some reason as a young man, we may use the former. With us, I guess the latter works.MS: So you have to keep this in mind. Never use proverbs out of context. “One man’s meat is another man’s poison.”LI: I see. Then, what is the second type?MS: The second type uses specific observations from everyday experience to make a general point.AN: “Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.” Does it fall into the second category? MS: You’re right, dear. Then the third type consists of sayings from particular areas o f traditional customs and beliefs. “After dinner, rest a while; after supper, walk a mile.” is an example of this type. Such proverbs are often related to agriculture, the seasons, and the weather.LI: Many people hold the opinion that proverbs are going out of fashion. Is that true? MS: The fact is, as some old ones are falling into disuse, new ones are being created. The computer world has recently given us lots of them.AN: I’ve got one: “Rubbish in, rubbish out.”MA: It also goes “Garbage in, garbage out.”MS: I think it is more common to say “Garbage in, garbage out.” Well, I hope, today “You’ll have something nice out as you have had something nice in.”AN: Thank you, Ms Smith. By the way, do we have an assignment as usual?MS: Yes. You are to collect some proverbs of the first type, that is, proverbs that expressgeneral truths.LI: I’d like to collect some on studies.MS: Good! I’m so glad to have been with you. (To the four students) “Strike while the iron is hot.” See you next week.19. Tips on making a public speechIt is interesting to note that speeches are always “given” or “delivered”. They are never “said”. When giving a speech, therefore, it is useful to think of yourself as playing a part, i.e. acting. This kind of acting calls for an integration of verbal and nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication chiefly involves the speaker’s stance and gestures, the eye contact between the speaker and the audience, and a good control of the presentation speed of talking/speaking.STANCE This is important to the delivery of a good speech. Stand up straight and keep your head up. Dropping your head looks unprofessional and may prevent your audience from hearing you clearly. On the other hand, don’t stand like a guard on duty. You have to be able to move in a natural way in order to add expression to your words. Body language “says” a lot. Avoid holding your hands tightly together; this will interfere with free and natural movement. Don’t play with keys or coins in your pocket; this will distract your audience.GESTURES Gestures and facial expressions are both important aids to the spoken word when you are communicating. A dull, long speech delivered without expression, without gestures or eye contact will not be well received. The skill is in deciding how much gesturing to be employed and in making sure that your gestures are natural.In general, the larger the audience, the more expansive the gestures should be, because they will not be seen so clearly by the audience. In a small group, facial expressions will add a lot to understanding. Try telling somebody something funny with a very serious face. They will have difficulty believing what you are really saying is funny.Different gestures are supposed to be used in delivering a speech. Some people use their hands a lot when speaking. You must make sure that your gestures are not repeated too often, and they should be expressive and meaningful.EYE CONTACT To have maximum impact you need to make each member of your audience fell as if you were speaking to them personally. To do this, glance towards all sections of the audience and don’t be afraid to move your head. If you favour one direction, the other side may feel you are ignoring them and therefore lose interest in what you are saying.TIMING Accurat e timing is essential. You should ensure that you don’t fall short of or run over the time allowed for your speech. Either way, the audience will feel unhappy and lose concentration on your speech. The best way to overcome this is through preparation. Clear thinking about what you want to say and how long your speech will last, before you start to write it, will save a lot of time. When practising, make sure that you speak at the correct speed and do time yourself.20. Keep it short for the audience’s sakeHow long should I make my speech? How long will my audience concentrate on my speech? Hoe slowly should I speak to make myself clearly understood? In trying to answer these questions, we see how important timing is to speech.KEEP YOUR SPEECH LESS THAN 15 MINUTES Lin Yutang, the famous writer and translator, once said about the length of a speech, “the shorter, the better.” Speaking around the topic should be seriously avoided, not only in speech, but in all conversations in English. Being indirect and roundabout in your approach may be thought skillful in Chinese. But in English speech? No way. When one is making a speech in English, he should always stick to the point, and use simple, clear, and direct language.According to scientists, audiences can generally only manage to concentrate for about 13 minutes. So a 10-15-minute speech is about right.The famous Gettysburg Address, delivered by Abraham Lincoln on November 19, 1863 has about 200 words, but it still managed to express the idea that all people are born equal.150-160 WORDS PER MINUTE Speaking speed often depends on the occasion for the speech. The number of people in the audience is also an important factor to be considered.If you are speaking to hundreds or even thousands of people, especially in the open air, you should speak slowly. The idea is to let the audience catch every single word of your speech. For example, when Martin Luther King spoke, even to a small group, his usual speaking speed was only 110 to 120 words per minute.When you are speaking indoors to a small group, say, 10 or 20 people, you may speed up a bit. Speaking at a speed of around 200 words a minute, you can still retain the audience’s attention.So, we can see that the average speed is about 150 to 160 words per minute.Whether you are speaking slowly or rapidly, the important point is to pronounce every word clearly. Otherwise, no matter how wonderful you think your content is, the audience won’t be able to follow you. Use phonetic symbols to mark the places you often mess up, in advance, and practise every day before you get up on stage.PAUSE FOR DRAMATIC EFFECT If you want a particular sentence or expression to leave a deep impression on your audience, you can pause a while before uttering it. During the pause, the audience will grow curious about why you choose to pause and they will anxiously expect to hear the next sentence, which is exactly what you want to happen.But don’t pause too frequently or too long. Eye contact and a smile, with a bit of body language, will also effectively impress your audience. If you simply stop suddenly and remain silent for several seconds before you start again, they’ll probably think, “Oh, he (she) has forgotten the words!”21. Making friendsJamie was like a magnet---she always had a c rowd around her. She wasn’t especially pretty, and she wasn’t particularly good at sports. But she was one of the most popular students at school. Everyone loved her!Why? What was it about Jamie that made everyone notice her? If her looks and her talents weren’t anything to show off, what did she have going for her?Here it is---short and simple---Jamie had learned the secret of how to make friends and keep them. Her secret is: Be nice to others! Jamie was kind and genuinely cared about others: people responded by wanting to be around her.Going along with this big secret of making friends are a few additional suggestions: SMILING SUGGESTS CONFIDENCE There is something fascinating about someone who smiles a lot. We are automatically drawn to someone who is happy. Wearing a smile usually implies the person behind it is approachable. An approachable person makes others feel at ease and comfortable.Smiles also convey confidence, which is really important when making friends. You don’t have to actually feel con fident to smile, but when you do, people will think you are. Furthermore, the more you smile, the more natural your smile will be. You’ll gain confidence from smiling!LEARN TO LISTEN AND TALK Everyone wants to talk. We all have a story to tell. Each of us enjoys having someone listen to what we say. It makes us feel important when someone is truly interested in what we’re saying.When other people find out you are willing to listen, they will be talking to you! When someone is talking to you, zero in 100 per cent on that person. Don’t pretend to listen but really think about something else. That won’t work in making friends.Meanwhile, don’t put the burden of the entire conversation on someone else. You’ve got to do your part, too. It is learning when to talk that is important. Try not to talk just to hear yourself talking; no one else can get a word in.Everyone should learn to give and take in any relationship. Learn to move from being the centre of attention to focusing on the needs of others. Modesty is extremely attractive.TRY TO ADD VALUE TO THOSE AROUND YOU People light up when yourecognize something they do well and let them know. It only takes a minute to give someone a compliment or to notice what gifts a person has. It automatically adds value to how they see themselves. Try to be the kind of person who’s always seeing the positive qualities in others. Don’t tear someone down.22. What does friendship mean to westerners?What is meant by the word “friend”? The dictionary defines it as “one attached to another by affection or respect”. Americans use the word freely---that is, a friend may or may not be a person to whom one is really attached. Friends may have known each other since childhood or they may have recently met. It is difficult to give an exact definition of this word as it is used in the US, because it covers many types of relationships.It is common for Americans to have different “circles”. Terms such as office mate and tennis partner indicate different types of friends. The office mate is a friend in the office and the tennis partner is a friend on the tennis court. A person may have many good friends and one best friend. “Best friends” are usually two people of the same sex who have known each other for a long period of time. People usually have more casual friends than close or best friends.Americans move around quite often and learn to develop friendships easily and quickly. About one out of every five American families moves every year. People move to new places because they begin new jobs, attend distant colleges, get married, have children or simply want a change in their lives. Perhaps as a result of this, people form and end friendships quickly.Relationships based on a common activity may stop or end when the activity ends. Students might meet in classes and remain friends for the duration of the course and then stop seeing each other after the final examination. The same holds true for neighbours who are the closest of friends until one moves away. In these friendships, shared daily experiences form the foundation for the relationship. Long-lasting friendships develop when individuals have similar interests and a common outlook on life. the high rate of mobility in the US can explain a great deal about short-term friendships.Friendship and friendliness do not mean the same thing. Friendliness characterizes much of American daily interaction but is not always an indication of friendship. Strangers may share life histories without any wish to set up a relationship. Instant friendships are characterized by the appearance of two people becoming close but, in reality, there is no string connection between them. Two people saying hello to each other after being introduced for the first time do not always mean that they have a strong wish to develop a friendship. Many people frequently smile or say “Have a nice day” or “See you later”, or even give an invitation as part of a cultural pattern of politeness. Such expressions do not always suggest an offer of continued friendship.23. AdjoHow the years have rushed by! It has been a long time since I knew Marget Swenson. I was a child when I knew her, and now I myself have children. The mind loses many things as it matures, but I never lost Marget---my first love and first hurt.I met Marget Swenson when she joined our sixth-grade class.Marget, just fresh from Sweden, and I, a sixth generation American. She spoke very little English, but somehow we did manage to understand each other. We took to each other instantly.Marget lived up on the hill. That was the place where there were many large and pretty houses. I suppose it was only in passing that I knew only white people lived there.We had so much fun together. We sat for hours in my garden or hers, surrounded by grass. Her words were Swedish; mine, English. We laughed at the way each of us slid our tongues over the unfamiliar words. I learned the Swedish equivalents of hello, friend, and goodbye.However, such fun did not last long, and the disaster began at Marget’s birthday party.It was a Wednesday. I arrived at the party early. Marget and I ran around quickly, putting the finishing touches on the decorations.Some fifteen minutes later, the doorbell rang, and in came Mary, another girl in our class.But after that nobody came. No one.When it got to be after five, Mrs Swenson called Marget inside. She was there for a long time, and when she came out, she looked very, very sad. “My mother does not think they are coming,” she said.“Why not?” Mary blurted.Marget cast a quick glance at me, bu t she didn’t say anything.I took Marget’s hand. “It’s me, isn’t it?” I said. Oh! I remember sopainfully today how much I wanted her quick and positive “No!” to my question. But I was only aware of Marget trying to slip her hand from mine. I opened my hand and let her go.It was different between us after her birthday. Marget stopped coming to my house, and when I asked her when she would, she looked as though she would cry.One day, uninvited, I went to her house, climbed up the hill, and a restless feeling grew within me at every step.Marget almost jumped when she opened the door. She stared at me in shock. Then, quickly, in a voice I’d never heard before, she said, “My mother says you can’t come to my house any more.”I opened my mouth, and closed it without speaking. The awful thing had come; my suspicion was confirmed; Marget was white and I was not. I did know it deep within myself.Since that meeting Marget and I did not speak to each other at all.On the last day of school, getting up a strange courage, I handed my autograph book to Marget. She hesitated, then without looking up, wrote words I don’t remember now; they were quite common words, the kind everyone was writing in everyone else’s book. I waited. Slowly, she passed her book to me and in it I wrote with a slow, firm hand some of the words she had taught me. I wrote Adjo min van---Goodbye, my friend. I released her, let her go, told her not to worry, told her that I no longer needed her. Adjo.24. Ryan, his friends, and his incredible torch runWe met in a biology class. Ryan sat in the front so that his wheelchair wouldn’t get in the way. I, however, believed that he wouldn’t have gotten in the way wherever he sat. I greeted him with a “Hello!” and he replied cheerfully. Later it proved that t his simple “Hello!” was all it took for Ryan and me to become great friends.Ryan suffered from brain damage and had endured many an obstacle. Yet, he is able to go on living his life to the fullest. He knows the old saying, “When the going gets tough, the tough get going.” to the deepest and most personal extent.The highlight of our friendship came in our junior year, when Ryan asked me to hold the flag that would mark the spot where he would begin his Olympic torch run. When he asked me, I didn’t know what to say. “Why me?” I asked. He gently responded that he would be honoured if I would accept this position. He said that the Olympic committee sent a letter saying that the person that holds the flag must be someone important to him, and I was important to him because I was the only true friend he had ever made that talked to him and not to his wheelchair. How could I refuse such a gracious compliment and request?On June fifth, I took the flag and reached Ryan’s starting point early. By then, the streets had begun to fill with students from the surrounding schools and the area residents. Everyone was excited. Then came the van that carried the torch runners. All of the runners got out except Ryan. They lined up outside of the van and began to chant his name. Ryan! Ryan! Then all of the people that lined the streets joined in. Ryan! Ryan! All I could do was not to cry.The lift then lowered Ryan to the ground. There he was, in all his glory. People sawhim for Ryan and not for his wheelchair. It all became slow motion at the sight of the arriving torch. I gave Ryan a hug and then stepped into my spot. The runner lit Ryan’s torch and then Ryan began his journey. As he took off down the street, the chanting became louder and louder. The excitement filled the air. I could not have been any prouder of Ryan! He deserved this moment in time---a historic moment that he was a part of and allowed me to be a part of, too.That moment will last in time forever. It expressed the whole meaning of the flame: love, enthusiasm, and brotherhood. It showed us all that love is really what makes this small world go around.25. The father of modern physicsAlbert Einstein was born of Jewish parents in 1879 in Germany. He did badly in most subjects at school, but was fascinated by mathematics, which he did quite well. When he was fifteen, his family moved to Italy, and from there he went to Switzerland to attend a polytechnic school.After gaining a teaching qualification from the polytechnic, Einstein took a post as a junior clerk in an office. Einstein was happy to get such an easy job, because it gave him plenty of time to think about physics. It was the “thought experiments” that he carried out in his head that led to a new understanding of space, time and gravity(引力).In 1905, when he was twenty-six years old, Einstein began to publish his thoughts. One of his theories provided an explanation for a puzzling effect, called the photoelectric effect(光电效应), which had been noticed some years earlier. It was in 1921 that he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on the photoelectric effect.In 1914, Einstein became a professor of physics at the University of Berlin and all went well until Hitler came to power in 1933. Einstein, who was Jewish, spoke out against Nazi crimes. As a result, he had to leave Germany and spent the rest of his life teaching in the United States at Princeton University.In the long course of research, Einstein developed his theories of relativity. These theories were so different and new that most scientists could do not believe or understand them, and it took a long time for them to be accepted.Einstein’s theories also predicted that solid objects can be changed into pure energy. This did lead to the development of nuclear power(核能) and the atomic bomb(原子弹). However, Einstein himself protested against nuclear weapons, and became involved in the peace movement after the First World War.Einstein passed away in 1955 at the age of seventy-six. What he left behind is a wealth of ideas that form the foundation of modern physics today.Apart from his scientific work, Einstein found much pleasure in simple pastimes. Among his hobbies were sailing and playing the violin. Besides, he loved the company of children.Although he was one of the greatest scientists who ever lived, Einstein did not take himself seriously. Once, when asked to enter a newspaper competition to write an article explaining how light is bent by gravity, he joked that the competition was much too difficult for him to enter.26. The survival of the fittestFor a long time people had wondered how life had developed on earth. TheBible(圣经) stated that god had created everything in a week. Some people did not believe this. “What about fossils?” they asked. “What has happened to the strange creat ures which existed so many years ago?” they asked.Charles Darwin(查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文，英国生物学家，进化论奠基人), a young man just out of university in 1831, was offered a job on a ship on a voyage of discovery around the world. Life on board was tough. Darwin was terribly seasick and was only happy when he was ashore collecting plant samples and observing animals. It was to be the most important journey in his life. It lasted for five years; he returned in October 1836.Darwin studied nature in South America and in a group of small islands in the South Pacific. On each island there were birds. They were very similar, but the shape of their beaks, and even their eating habits varied. Darwin wondered why they were different. Then he realized that, long before, they had been the same. Each island had different foods available. Only the birds that could eat available food could survive, this might depend on having the right shape of beak. He realized that the same process happened with all living things. Over millions of years, all plants and animals have gradually changed into the forms we see today. What we call “the survival of the fittest” he named “natural selection”. Darwin called this slow process of change “evolution”. It explains why many kinds of creature, whose fossil remains, are no longer alive.By 1846, he had published an article describing his voyage. He also began to think seriously about evolution and natural selection, and wrote two essays describing his ideas.He did not publish these essays because he realized his ideas proved the Bible’s theory of creation was wrong, and he was worried about the anger and troubles they would cause.Darwin spent the following years developing his theories and making them perfect. In 1859 he published them in The Origin of Species(《物种起源》). It caused a huge row because it seemed to deny what the Bible said. His The Descent of Man(《人类的由来》), 1871, pointed out that mankind had come from the same ancestor. Darwin was upset by the opposition. Other scientists agreed with his ideas and took up his cause. The Church prohibited the teaching of the Theory of Evolution(进化论) in some countries. However, today most people believe that Darwin was right.27. Miracle in the rice fieldIt is said that every scientist has a childhood dream for his or her future success. For Yuan Longpin, known as the “father of hybrid rice(杂交水稻)”, the dream is that he cultivates rice as huge as peanuts, and farmers can have a rest in the cool shadow of big rice plants.Yuan Longpin was born into a poor family in 1931. Upon graduating from the Southwestern Agricultural College(西南农业学院) in 1953, he began his teaching career at an agriculture school and has since devoted himself to agricultural education and research.He came up with the idea of hybrid rice for the first time in the 1960s. In the early 1970s, he succeeded in developing the world’s first high-yield hybrid rice. Of great importance is his pioneering work, which has established China’s position o f world。
新世纪英语高二课文高二第一学期
新世纪英语高二第一学期1. Food in the United StatesMany changes are taking place in food styles in the United States. The United States is traditionally famous for its very solid and unchanging diet, chiefly made up of meat and potatoes. Now people in America have many different choices: ethnic food, health food, and fast food, in addition to the traditional home-cooked meal.Ethnic restaurants and supermarkets are common in the United States. Being a country of immigrants, the United States enjoys a wide variety of ethnic food. Most American cities and towns are filled with restaurants serving international cooking. Many even have ethnic sections: Chinatown, Little Italy, or Germantown. Having vast ethnic choices, Americans can enjoy food from all over the world. Besides sections of cities, there are ethnic regions, which are well-known for certain food because of the people who have settled there. For example, in southern California, there are many Mexican restaurants.Health food became popular when people began to think more seriously about their physical well-being. Health food is fresh, natural, and unprocessed food, which does not contain preservatives to make it last longer or chemicals to make it taste or look better. People who are keen on health food are usua lly vegetarians. They don‟t eat meat, but live on beans, cheese, and eggs.Fast food restaurants are now expanding rapidly all over the country. In the United States, speed is a very important concept. People usually have a short lunch break because they just do not want to waste their time eating. Fast food restaurants are places that take care of hundreds of people in a short time. There is usually very little waiting, and the food is always cheap. Burger and pizza places are just two examples.Americans‟attitude toward food is changing, too. The traditional big breakfast is no longer popular. However, coming to rediscover the social importance of food, Americans find that dinner with family and friends is a very special of enjoying time together. Like so many people in other cultures, many Americans are taking time to relax and enjoy a wider variety of tastes at dinner, even if they still rush through lunch at a hamburger stand.2. The world’s best ethnic foodHow can you travel the world without leaving your own country? Visit an ethnic restaurant! Trying foods from other countries is a great way to experience different cultures. People around the world have unique and creative ways of preparing food. The ingredients they use may surprise you.So what ar e the world‟s best ethnic foods? Everyone has his or her own personal favourites, and so do we. The following are the world‟s three best ethnic foods---other than Chinese food, of course! ITALIAN When you visit an Italian restaurant, order a pasta(意大利面食) dish. The Italians have hundreds of ways of preparing this food. Pastas usually come with flavourful tomato or cream sauces, which give the dishes a powerful, rich flavour. There are also different kinds of cheese. When ordering Italian food, you choose one main dish for yourself. You may, however, order an appetizer to share with everyone at the table.MEXICAN What‟s great about Mexican food? Most of it you can pick up and eat with your hands!One major Mexican food is the tortilla(尤指墨西哥人食用的玉米薄饼). Mexican chefs mold this corn or flour-based material into round, flat shapes. The tortilla then gets filled with ingredients such as cheese, meat, sour cream, beans and other vegetables. Tortilla dishes can be fried, baked or toasted. Don‟t forget to add ho t sauce---Mexican food is great with a bit of spice!INDIAN India is the land of curries and strong flavours. You can smell a good Indian restaurant even before you walk through the door!The eating method of Indian food also takes a bit of getting used to. Peal off some flat fried bread and use this “spoon” to get food from a shared dish. You can finish the meal with Indian-style milk tea.While Chinese food is great, try something new and expand your horizons. After all, variety is the spice of life!3. The global drinkTea, the global drink, is consumed around the world more than any other drink except water. Originating in China, tea has long established itself as the national drink of this country, the nation with the biggest population on earth.A century before the birth of Christ, tea was described in Chinese texts as a health drink that made one live longer. Tea is still being regarded as such. Scientific studies have suggested that drinking five cups of tea a day can be compared to having two servings of vegetables. Both green and black teas are claimed to be effective for preventing cancer, heart disease, and many other deadly disease. There is only one point people need to be aware of when they drink tea---it should not be drunk along with meals. This is because an element contained in tea can interfere with the body‟s absorption of iron.Tea, a popular drink in China and many other countries, is carefully prepared according to local customs. The Chinese put loose tea in teapots, add boiling water, and serve it in teacups. The strong tea from China‟s Fujian Province is drunk in tiny cups before dinner. Lighter teas with jasmine, rose or other flowers, are special to China‟s Changjiang River regions. These are usually served after dinner to help digestion.In England people use teabags and mugs. Many English people, travelling away from home, feel at a loss if their favourite teabags are not available. Afternoon tea in England is still a time-honoured tradition. It‟s a good opportunity for people to s ocialize or discuss business matters, though now more young people prefer a cola.In Japan, a tea ceremony is often held while people are drinking tea. The ceremony, usually held in a teahouse, dates back to the sixteenth century. Guests follow strict rules set up then and the tea used is a powdered green tea. Though still practised today, the tea ceremony may not be as popular as it used to be. Young Japanese tend to favour other drinks.4. CoffeeWhen coffee was first introduced in Europe in the 1600s, there was a great deal of controversy about it. Many doctors said that coffee was a strong poison and should be forbidden. Others, however, insisted it was good to drink coffee. Then, “coffee houses” sprang up everywhere. Today, coffee has become a global d rink and it is consumed by one third of the world‟s population.Tests show that when coffee is given in large doses to animals, it can actually act as a poison. Coffee can also produce negative or even poisonous effects on small children. But for adults whodrink it moderately, it is by no means a poison.Coffee contains caffeine. Most people believed that it is the caffeine that produces all the effects that coffee has on the body. Of course, the other elements in coffee have a role to play.Here are some of the things that happen when people drink coffee. The smell of coffee itself produces stimulating effects in various parts of the body. The blood vessels(血管) in the brain open wider so that the flow is improved, and this removes some of the poisonous substances from the brain. Coffee increases the pulse rate(脉搏), which means it stimulates the heart, and the muscles can thus work harder. Coffee makes the stomach work more actively, which is worthwhile for healthy people, especially when drunk after a heavy meal.Coffee actually produces different effects on the body at different times of the day! The morning coffee, for instance, helps the body get rid of waste products produced during the night. Coffee after lunch helps digestion. Afternoon coffee acts on the muscles and helps us feel less tired. And coffee taken in the evening seems to stimulate the mind and the imagination!However, there always two sides to everything. Caffeine is stimulating, so a lot of people avoid drinking coffee at night, which is the time when people want to go to bed instead of feeling stimulated. Furthermore, some people get hooked on coffee because of the caffeine, and that has always been considered negative.5. The Mexican (Adapted from The Mexican Jack London)Rivera was determined to help his people at the cost of his life. he fought against stronger and tougher boxers in the ring to make money for his people. He often lost at the beginning, but he grew more experienced.One day he was engaged in a very tough fight against a champion boxer, Danny. Rivera didn‟t match Danny in height, weight, or skills. And he was not half as popular. However, “The winner takes all!” And Rivera stubbornly asked for all---all he had on his mind was making the money for his people.The fight was going on and on. The whole stadium was cheering for Danny; there were few on Rivera‟s side. However, Rivera survived on blow after another; his excellent defence was frightening.Danny rushed, forcing Rivera to give him a clinch. Was it a trick? Rivera thought to himself. Yes, it was. But Rivera was smart enough to avoid it. He backed and circled away.He pretended to clinch with Danny‟s next rush. Instead, at the last instant, just as their bodies should have come together, Rivera went quickly back. He had fooled him!While Rivera was dancing away, Danny kept challenging him openly. Having run after him for two rounds, Danny found the boy not even daring to come near him. He started to throw all caution to the winds. Rivera was struck again and again. He took blows by the dozen---just to avoid the deadly clinch.In the seventeenth round, Rivera, blown heavily, bent down. His hands dropped helplessly. Danny thought it was his chance---the boy was at his mercy. He decided to strike the deadly blow. But before he could do that, Rivera caught him off his guard and hit him in the mouth. Danny went down. When he rose, Rivera gave him another blow on the neck and jaw. He repeated this three times.Danny did not rise again. The audience shouted for him to stand up. But the miracle did not happen.“Count!” Rivera cried to the referee. When the count was finished, Danny, gathered up by his assistants, was carried to his corner.“Who wins?” Rivera demanded.Unwillingly, the referee caught his gloved hand and held it high up.Rivera, unattended, walked to his corner, where his assistants had not yet placed his stool. He didn‟t care. All he could remember was that he had got the $5000 he needed. “The winner takes all!” What mattered to him was that his people could use the money to buy guns.6. PelePele was born in Brazil in 1940. Like many other Brazilian kids, Pele loved football and often played the game in the streets. He also went to school and did odd jobs to help bring in money for the family. However, what he loved best was to play football in the streets or practise kicking the ball with his father (also a great football player).Pele gained the attention of some coaches, first in the neighbourhood contests and later as he led his team to win the junior league tournament two years in a row. At the age of fourteen, Pele was playing for one of the first professional football teams in Brazil. As Pele became the most popular game everywhere in the world, except for North America. What had begun as a British sport became the favourite sport of people all around the world. Football became a truly international sport.Pele was in the Brazilian team in the World Cup matches of 1958. Before 1958, the Brazilian ream had failed in the finals three times in a row. Some sports writers said the Brazilians, though gifted, had no discipline. In the 1958 finals against Sweden, Pele kicked the winning goal, and he returned home a hero.However, he never forgot his poor fellow men. Pele owned dozens of apartment houses, in which he often allowed poor families to live without paying rent. He bought his mother the home he had promised her when he signed his first professional contract. But the most exciting moment of all was in 1969, when Pele scored his thousandth goal. As football fans stormed onto the field and reporters begged for a speech, all he said was, “Remember the poor children.”Today, Pele is one of the most famous athletes in the world. He retired in 1975. however, soon after that, he decided to play for three years with the New York team. He could not resist the challenge of trying to make football popular in the United States, one of the few countries in the world where football had not become the national sport. In 1977, Pele retired for good at the age of thirteen-seven.7. The OlympicsThe Olympics are the most important international competition in terms of scale, skills, and number of athletes.The games are divided into two parts---the Summer Games and the Winter Games. The two parts are held in such a way that there are two years in between but four years before one is repeated. The Olympics were first celebrated in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, and were held every four years until 393 AD. Then, they were brought to an end by the Roman emperor. It was not until the 1890s that the world saw the modern summer games. In 1896 the first modern Summer Olympics were held in Greece because that was where the tradition started. After that the Olympics would move to a different city every four years. In 1924, the Winter Olympics were added to the schedule. TheGames were to take place in a separate, colder place. The event was cancelled during World War Ⅰand World War Ⅱfor reasons known to all.Examples of modern Summer Olympic events are track and field events, ball games, diving, gymnastics, swimming. Typical Winter Olympic events are skating and skiing.The Olympic records are the world ones. An Olympic gold medal carries as much weight as, or even more than, any other gold medal won at other international competitions. The skills and determination demonstrated at the Olympics have come to stand for the peak of human physical strength and will power.It was not until the late twentieth century that Chinese athletes began to amaze the world with their excellent performance at the Olympics. Coming out number one many times in the Olympic events, Chinese athletes have brought home one gold medal after another in swimming, diving, gymnastics, weight lifting, and a number of ball games. At the turn of the twenty-first century, the world witnesses Beijing being selected by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as the host city for the 2008 Olympics. This has added a brilliant touch to the picture of modern Chinese sport history.Though once marked as “the Weaklings of East Asia”, the Chinese have always been looking forward to achieving the dream of becoming a sports giant. After continuous efforts for years the dream is gradually coming true, and it is understandable why the Chinese let out cries of joy the night Beijing‟s bid to host the 2008 Olympics was approved!8. Stars from the southThe summer of 2001 saw Australians win the Cycling Tour de France, beat the world at cricket(板球) and rugby, and have a player in the final of the Wimbledon Tennis Tournament for the eighteenth time.Many countries would be amazed at that kind of success. For Australia, it was just a typical sporting summer. At the 2000 Olympics, Australia came fourth in the medals table. That does not sound so great, yet Australia has a population of only 19 million. There are more Olympic medal winners per head of population in Australia than in any other country.What is it that makes Australians a sporting people? This is a question that many people involved in sports have asked themselves over the years.Some of the answers are simple. Sport needs space. Australians have 7.4 million square kilometres of space to play sports in. many other countries are either too crowded or too small to encourage everybody to take part. Besides that, Australia is a warm, dry country. This encourages people to go outdoors to enjoy themselves. Furthermore, since 85 per cent of Australians live near the sea, they learn water sports early; and since sharks swim off the coasts of Australia, they also learn to swim very fast.However, it is not just the environment. The Australian government invests heavily in sports. Instead of just looking for the gifted people and training them, the emphasis is on trying to get everyone to join in. So Australia has a small population, but a large number of sports-loving people to choose from.Other reasons go deep into the history and culture of the country. When the British first found Australia they decided that it would be a great place to send criminals to. Life for the first Australians was very tough, so they had to be independent and develop a will to win just to survive. Yet they also had to be able to trust each other and be willing to help each other out. Inorder countries, coaches train people in mental toughness and team building. In Australia, these qualities are part of the general social environment.Being far away from Europe also meant that Australians were far away from the centres of Western arts and cultures. As a result, sport itself has become a way of cultural expression and part of the Australian nationality. An English football fan wants to see the national team do well, but really cares more about his local club. For an Australian, representing the nation is the most important thing of all. Everything else is just good practice. Being good at sports is part of what it means to be an Australian.9. Why did I quit hunting?Why did I quit hunting?Well, it isn‟t a long story, but I wonder if you will really understand.I used to be crazy about the hunting season. I could hardly wait for those dry, cold mornings, that cup of hot coffee and then the walk over fresh-fallen snow, a fine rifle(步枪) in my hand.There‟s a thrill in hunting, an excitement that comes over you when a deer crashes out of the bush. You are waiting for him with death. After hunting, you also feel great. There‟s the bit of showing off with the boys---the fine head of the deer hung high up on the wall---sure, there‟s a thrill in all of it.There‟s beauty in the woods, too, especially late in the fall. Sometimes you walk among the huge trees, where the sunlight filters through. It‟s quiet and big, with touches of white and g reen and gold. And the silence is like that of a church.It was like that the last time I was in the woods. I was alone, packing a rifle, a thermos(保温瓶) of coffee and three thick sandwiches. I went up into the hills, heading for a well-used deer trail. Sure enough there were fresh tracks in the snow. I turned over a few rocks to clear the snow and settled down behind a little bush. It was pretty cold, but I was dressed for it and didn‟t mind.I sat there for about an hour. It was then that I saw him. A deer, a big beautiful deer! He was off to my left. There was no cover nearer to him than 30 yards. Surely I couldn‟t miss! I waited for him to realize I was there. I waited for him to be shocked and run away. But he fooled me completely. He came towards me! He was curious, I suppose, or maybe he was stupid---how else can you explain it?He was not quite young, but a deer in his prime. He must have known about men and guns. But he came closer, putting one foot before the other, slowly and purposefully. His big eyes never moved from my face. Well, that deer walked right up to where I was sitting. Then he stopped and looked at me!What happened next is hard t o believe, but it‟s true. And it all seemed quite natural. Just as when a friendly puppy comes near you, I reached up and scratched his head, right between the horns. And he liked to be scratched. That big, wild, beautiful deer bent his head like a young horse. In fact, he practically asked for more. I scratched his head and his nose poked at my shoulder. He didn‟t even tremble. I fed him my sandwich! Yes, I know what a deer eats, but that deer ate my sandwich. Well, he finally went his way, down the hill and up the deer trail. Shoot him? Not me. You wouldn‟t have either, not after that. I just watched him go.There‟s very little more to tell. I picked up my thermos and the wrapping for the sandwiches, and started walking back. I was about half way back when I heard two shots, followed by a dull slam a few seconds later. Those two shoots usually mean a kill. I had forgotten there were other huntersthat day.Those hunters would never know they could have scratched his head…10. Jane GoodallIn 1960, the twenty-six-year-old scientist Jane Goodall risked entering the thick bush. She intended to discover how chimpanzees(黑猩猩，缩写为chimp) were like human beings. She found out, instead, how much we are like them. Goodall broke new ground with her active involvement with some chimpanzees. She lived among them, ate and played with them and earned their trust by simply observing how they lived. Before Goodall, most visitors had frightened the chimps back into their rain forests. As a result, very little was actually known about them. Goodall, who insisted on going into the bush alone for longer periods of time, collected more information about apes(类人猿) than all other scientists put together.Born in London to a writer and an engineer with a passion for car racing, Goodall received their daring and imagination---qualities that, along with her curiosity, would serve her well in her future occupation. She was inspired at seven by the stories of Dr Dolittle, the scientist who could talk to animals. And with her stuffed toy chimpanzee by her side, the young girl spent hours studying worms(蠕虫，蚯蚓) in the garden, hens in the henhouse, and whatever insects she could find. After she graduated from high school in 1952, Goodall worked as a secretary at Oxford University. Even then she knew she wanted to go to Africa.In 1957 she was invited to Kenya(肯尼亚) to visit a friend, where she met the world-renowned anthropologist(人类学家) Louis S.B. Leakey. Goodall’s enthusiasm impressed him and he hired her as an assistant. Leakey later recommended her to a two-year research project studying chimpanzees in Gombe(冈贝，位于坦桑尼亚).It was a difficult decision to send a young woman, with neither a college degree nor scientific training, on such a demanding task. Leakey had trust in her, but his colleagues predicted the young woman would fail. Goodall proved them wrong. Goodall tried hard to observe the chimpanzees and to be observed in return. Eventually, the chimps grew to regard “this white-skinned ape” as their friend. Goodall made a number of surprising discoveries.She found that chimps used tools to dig ants out of their hills for food. Goodall found that chimps experience a wide range of emotions like anger and grief as humans do. Her discovery was a significant breakthrough. Among her famous works are: My Friends: the Wild Chimpanzees (1967), and In the Shadow of Man (1971). These, along with her numerous films, TV specials and articles, made her one of the best-known scientists of the 20th century.11. Oceans under threatPeople use oceans for trade, travel, tourism, and recreation. We also take food and resources from oceans. All these activities can have harmful effects on the oceans and the creatures that live in them. Overfishing and pollution are the most common problems. Oceans link countries all over the world; seawater circulates around the globe, so what we do in one part of the ocean can affect another.OVERFISHING In parts of the world, fishing boats with huge nets sometimes take too many of the same species of fish from a small area, causing some ocean waters to be overfished. As a result, there are not enough fish left to breed in these areas. This affects other fish in the food chain, and it affects people because there eventually may not be enough fish left to eat. In some parts of theworld, limits have been set for the number of fish to be caught at one time.THREATS TO MARINE LIFE Some species of marine creatures are now rare because too many have been killed for food or sport. Tropical islands and coasts with coral reefs(珊瑚礁) also attract large numbers of tourists every year. Indeed, this helps people develop an understanding of marine life. however, coral and shellfish(水生贝壳类动物) can be destroyed by heavy boats. Divers, who stay under water just for fun or to hunt for souvenirs, are disturbing the natural cycles of marine life.POLLUTION One of the biggest threats to oceans is pollution from industry. Most pollution happens in coastal areas. In fact, many coastal cities and ports are reported to have long been polluted by chemicals and other harmful things from heavy industries. The industries dump these materials into the nearby rivers, which then wash them into the sea. Once they settle on a continental shelf, pollutants pile up. We do not know a great deal about the long-term effects of pollution. However, we do know that the North and Black Seas in Europe have been polluted so much that the marine life is poisoned and may never recover.POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS All countries of the world need to work together to share ocean resources fairly. Laws are to be made and regulations are to be enforced to prevent overfishing and pollution. It is also hard to make people obey laws when our oceans are so vast and difficult to patrol. However, we should all learn to understand how importan t it is to manage the world‟s oceans now and in the future.12. What is forestry?Anyone who travels across the US sees so many forests everywhere that he might well wonder why the Americans have to worry about protecting them. Don‟t they have too many fo rests with so many trees right now?Actually, about a third of all the land area in the US is forestland. Yet, one of the most important things Americans can do for the future of their country is to see that these forests are properly cared for! This is being done in Britain and elsewhere.First, just imagine all the products we obtain from trees. Fruits, nuts, and sugar are only some of the foods. Buildings, tables, and boats come from trees. Also coming from trees are paper and toys---the list is almost endless.Second, forests reduce the danger of damaging floods and help control our water supplies. It is believed that the floods in China in the 1990s were closely related to the illegal cutting down of trees along the banks of the rivers. Under a good forest, there is rich soil, which easily absorbs heavy rains or melting snow. And, of course, our forests provide wonderful vacation spots for millions of people.Having benefited from all that forests provide, mankind has started to take good care of forests. The care of forests is called forestry, which is considered to be one of the many new sciences of our time. In fact, forestry has been practised in some European countries for hundreds of years.In most forests, it is important to harvest trees when they are mature. Otherwise, the old trees would take up space that could be better used for fast-growing younger trees. A large area of mature trees, having been cleared, is replanted by hand or nature. Great care and skill are needed in harvesting and replanting trees to make sure that there will be a good new growth of the right kinds of trees. This is why forestry has now become a science.The country with the largest forest area is Russia. Brazil ranks second, Canada third and theUnited States fourth. Did you know that despite all the efforts to prevent them, about 200,000 forest fires occur each year in the US? And in Australia forest fires break out simply because the weather is too dry. Thus there is still a lot more for us to learn about our forests and our nature.13. Shopping in the StatesI love shopping, even if it is just window-shopping. Shopping in the States is always a pleasant experience. There are different types of shops catering to your particular needs. To buy groceries, you can go to the convenience store, the supermarket or the mass merchandiser (such as Wal-Mart). To buy some clothes and big-ticket items, you can go to the mall or factory outlets. I go to two places most often, the supermarket and the mall.In almost every city or large town, you can find several big chain supermarkets, each with a good number of checkouts. They are one-stop shops since you can buy almost everything there: food, clothes, and medicine---you name it.Installed with automatic checkout lanes, some of these supermarkets have brought real convenience to the customers. Most packaged goods have barcodes and you just scan them on the scanning machine when you check out. Some items, such as vegetables and fruits, do not have barcodes on them. You need to input their label numbers, which can be found on the list glued to the scanning machine. These automatic checkout lanes help the stores reduce their labour cost and increase their efficiency. I was really thrilled the first time I used the automatic checkout lane. Shopping in the supermarket gave me other surprises as well. Once, I picked up two bags of salad at a supermarket. When I scanned them, the screen showed a different price from what was advertised. Out of curiosity, I went to the customer service counter and asked why. The lady who helped me went to the shelf to double-check the price. When she came back, she apologized to me, saying that the supermarket had not scanned the price properly. According to their policy, if the customer discovered a scanning problem, he would get the product for free as a reward for him or a penalty for the supermarket. When I left with the two bags of free salad, I couldn‟t help marveling at the honesty of the clerk.A shopping mall in the States is composed of many individual specialty shops and nationwide chain stores. What impresses me most when shopping at the mall is its return policy. No matter what you buy, shoes, pants or big-ticket items such as a TV or a washing machine, if you find some problems with them or simply do not like them any longer, you can return them within 30 days. You won‟t be challenged at the customer service counter as long as you have your receipt. Of course there are some people who might take advantage of this return policy, especially when they need something for momentary use. That‟s why you can always find a long line of people waiting to return their goods right after Christmas.The saying that “The customer is God!” rings true to me when I shop in the States. Here I feel that the customer is really taken good care of.14. Henry Adam’s shoesHenry Adams left work to go home on the bus as usual. As he walked out of his office, he heard a strange sound coming from his feet. Looking down, he saw that the sole of the right shoe had become partially separated.“I can‟t walk around like this,” he said to himself. So he turned into the Instant Shoe Service Repair Shop, where shoes are being repaired while you wait.。
新世纪英语高二下册课文及重点词组
上海新世纪英语高二全部课文<包括AdditionalReading）及重点词组高二第二学期17. Words and their stories18. English proverbs19. Tips on making a public speech20. Keep it short for the audience’s sake21. Making friends22. What does friendship mean to westerners?23. Adjo24. Ryan, his friends, and his incredible torch runb5E2RGbCAP25. The father of modern physics26. The survival of the fittest27. Miracle in the rice field28. Newton’s three important laws29. Oliver wants more (Adapted from Oliver Twist Charles Dickens>p1EanqFDPw30. Enjoy the classics31. Is she guilty? (Adapted from The Prince and the Pauper Mark Twain>DXDiTa9E3d32. Mark Twain高二第二学期17. Words and their storiesEAGER BEAVER An eager beaver is a person who is always willing to do and is excited about doing what is expected of him.RTCrpUDGiTSuppose, for example, that a teacher tells his students they each must solve one hundred math problems before coming to school the next day. The children complain about so much homework. But one student does not protest at all. That student is an eager beaver. He loves to do math problems, and does not mind all the homework.5PCzVD7HxAThe expression is said to have come from the name of a hard-working animal---the beaver.jLBHrnAILgBeavers are strange-looking creatures. They spend a lot of time in the water, building dams to create little lakes or ponds. They use their huge teeth and work hard to cut down trees, remove branches and put them across streams. They use their tails to pack mud on the branches to make the dams solid. Few other animals work so hard.xHAQX74J0XHistorians say the beaver had an important part in the settlement of North America.LDAYtRyKfEThere were hundreds of millions of beavers when European settlers first arrived. The settlers put great value on the fur of beavers. In fact, for two hundred years or more, beavers provided the most valuable fur in North America. Beaver skins often used as money.Zzz6ZB2LtkYoung men looking for adventure headed west across the country to search for beavers. In their search, they explored much of the western territories. The trading posts, where they exchanged beaver skins for the goods they needed, became villages, and later towns and cities.dvzfvkwMI1IT’S IN THE BAG The bag---one of the simplest and most useful things in every man or woman’s life---has given the world many strange expressions that are not very simple. A number of these expressions are widely used in the United States today. Some were imported fromEngland a long time ago.rqyn14ZNXIWhen you are sure of something, you can say, “It’s in the bag.”EmxvxOtOcoThis phrase seemed to have arrived with the modern paper bag. Before, Americans used to say, “It’s all wrapped up.”Then, things you bought were wrapped in plain brown paper, or sometimes in old newspaper.SixE2yXPq5Another widely used expressions is “to let the cat out of the bag”, meaning to reveal a well-kept secret.6ewMyirQFLNo one can explain how the cat got into the bag, or why it remained there. But there is an old story about it. Long ago tradesman sold things in large cloth bags. Once a woman asked for a pig. The tradesman held up his cloth bag. Inside there was supposed to be a live pig. The woman asked to see it. When the dishonest tradesman opened the bag, out jumped a squealing cat, not a pig. The tradesman’s secret was out: he was tricky, and now everybody knew it.kavU42VRUs18. English proverbsCharactersTeacher of English: Ms Smith (MS>Students: Li (LI>, Mao (MA>, Anne (AN>, Rivera (RI>y6v3ALoS89MS: Good morning, everyone. I hope you all know what we are here for. The topic of our discussion this morning is “English Proverbs”.M2ub6vSTnPLI: So, I’m in the right group.MA: Me, too.RI: Me, too.MS: But I was told we would have four…and yet…AN: I’m coming. Good morning. Am I late?MS: Morning. “Speak of angels and you hear their songs.”0YujCfmUCwAN: Is that a proverb referring to my coming?MS: Exactly.LI: We have a saying in Chinese, which I think is very close in meaning…eUts8ZQVRdMA: Speak of Cao Cao and he appears.MS: Right. Well, “first things first”. A proverb is a traditional saying which offers advice or presents a moral in a short and brief manner. A proverb normally is a sentence, into which the writer often works rhyme. For instance, “East or west, home is best.” Sometimes it comes out in the form of a phrase.sQsAEJkW5TMA: I’ve seen dictionaries of proverbs.MS: Well, there are thousands of proverbs. They fall into three main categories. Those of the first type take the form of abstract statements. They express general truths. Here are two good examples: “One is never too old to learn.”and “A man who neglects his studies in youth will regret it in later years.”GMsIasNXkARI: I think there is some truth in both proverbs. To encourage a person who has had little education for some reason as a young man, we may use the former. With us, I guess the latter works.TIrRGchYzgMS: So you have to keep this in mind. Never use proverbs out of context. “One man’s meat is another man’s poison.”7EqZcWLZNXLI: I see. Then, what is the second type?MS: The second type uses specific observations from everyday experience to make a general point.lzq7IGf02EAN: “Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.” Does it fall into the second category?zvpgeqJ1hkMS: You’re right, dear. Then the third type consists of sayings from particular areas of traditional customs andbeliefs. “After dinner, rest a while。
上海新世纪英语教材——高二全部课文(包括Additional_Reading)及重点词组
上海外语教育出版社——新世纪英语高二全部课文(包括Additional Reading）及重点词组高二第一学期1。
Food in the United StatesMany changes are taking place in food styles in the United States. The United States is traditionally famous for its very solid and unchanging diet, chiefly made up of meat and potatoes。
Now people in America have many different choices: ethnic food, health food, and fast food, in addition to the traditional home-cooked meal.Ethnic restaurants and supermarkets are common in the United States。
Being a country of immigrants, the United States enjoys a wide variety of ethnic food。
Most American cities and towns are filled with restaurants serving international cooking。
Many even have ethnic sections：Chinatown，Little Italy，or Germantown. Having vast ethnic choices, Americans can enjoy food from all over the world。
Besides sections of cities, there are ethnic regions，which are well-known for certain food because of the people who have settled there。
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Sheet 1: Rearrange Paragraphs (Shopping in the States) Rearrange the disordered paragraphs below, and tell your classmates what clues help you to find out the correct order. （underlined phrases are for your reference）
将下列打乱顺序的段落重新排序，告诉同学们你排序的依据。
(划线部分供参考)
Sheet 2: Class Activity Outline
Jigsaw Reading
(Aim: catch the logic and structure)
Loot at sheet 1, you may find the whole passage but in disorder. 2 minutes for you to rearrange these paragraphs. (You may refer to page 92 for new words and expressions) Skimming
(Aim: know something about Expository writing and Narrative writing)
Skim over the text and find out whether it is written mainly in the present tense or past tense? Is there any exception? Why?
Reading aloud & Scanning
(Aim: pay attention to pronunciation)
(Aim: search out key information: 6Ws of the story)
Read paragraph D and find out the 6 Ws (When, Where, Who, What, How, Why)
Pair Talk & Role Play
(Aim: cooperate to create dialogues according to situation in the text)
(Aim: try to use language in situation-based activity; improve performing ability)
Now work with your partner and role play the dialogue between the customer and the lady at the service counter.
You may design dialogues by yourself. 2 minutes for preparation.
Translation
(Aim: cultivate language sense, especially for vivid expressions)
You Name It!
You won’t be challenged…
Brainstorm
(Aim: expand vision in cooperative study)
Compare the advantages of E-shopping and Store shopping.
Group leader please come to the front and write down the key points from your group members.
Homework
(Aim: shift attention to locality and reinforce textual content)
(Aim: put the types of writing learned in this lesson into use)
Do some research and write an article entitled “Shopping in China”.
A combination of Expository and Narrative way of writing is suggested.
A comparison between shopping in the States and shopping in China will be welcomed.。