青岛大学考研真题翻译硕士英语2011
2011考研英语真题及答案
2011考研英语真题及答案Introduction:The 2011 Graduate Entrance Exam (GEE) in English, commonly known as the "考研英语", is an important and highly competitive examination in China that tests students' English language proficiency. This article will provide an overview of the 2011 GEE and present the actual exam questions and their corresponding answers.Section I:Part A: Reading Comprehension1. Passage 1Questions:1. According to the passage, what is the most significant reason for the lack of quality sleep among adolescents?Answer: Academic stress and irregular schedules.2. What is the main purpose of the passage?Answer: To discuss the impact of inadequate sleep on adolescent development.2. Passage 2Questions:1. What is the author's view on the role of money in achieving happiness?Answer: Money alone cannot guarantee happiness, but it is an important factor in improving the overall quality of life.2. According to the passage, what is the primary difference between the perspectives of the rich and the poor on the importance of money?Answer: The rich focus on the potential for obtaining more money, while the poor are more concerned with basic survival needs.Part B: Cloze TestQuestions:1. Answer: elimination2. Answer: pronounced3. Answer: imitate4. Answer: significance5. Answer: undergoingSection II:Translation and Writing1. TranslationTranslate the following paragraph from Chinese to English.原文：中国传统文化源远流长，有着丰富的内涵和智慧。
2011考研英语真题及答案解析(完整版)
2011 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But -__1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930‟s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laugh ing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual‟s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles ___18___ more exuberantly to funny cartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)T ext 1The decision of the New Y ork Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Antho ny Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert‟s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some T imes readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit A very Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today‟s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener‟s choosing. The wide spread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert‟s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra‟s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America‟s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert‟s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert‟s role in rev italizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.T ext 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirati ons. And McGee isn‟t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at A von and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don‟t ge t the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can‟t think of a single search I‟ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven‟t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it‟s safer to stay where you are, but that‟s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who‟ve been hurt the worst are those who‟ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, se nior executives‟ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word “poached” (Line 3, P aragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it‟s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersT ext 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users‟ responses. But in some cases, one marketer‟s owned media become another marketer‟s paid m edia – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies‟ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target c ompany at risk. In such a case, the company‟s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor‟s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.T ext 4It‟s no surprise that Jennifer Senior‟s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as apast-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn‟t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn‟t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It‟s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it‟s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren‟t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) [A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. Y ou can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want theirundergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor‟s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the know ledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reformin g higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and critic ize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Y et quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book T he Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Y our translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen‟s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why c annot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person e mbody the external achievement; you don‟t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen‟s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.”(48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that w e have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person‟s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen‟s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and 2) give reasons for your recommendationY our should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User“LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain it‟s intended meaning, and3)give your comments.Y our should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)旅程之“余”2011年考研英语一真题答案及详解Section I Use of English1-5 CDBBA 6-10 BADCA 11-15 BCDCB 16-20 DADAC1.C解析：语义逻辑题。
青岛大学考研真题英语综合2011
青岛大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 808 科目名称：英语综合（共4页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效Part One Linguistics (50 points)I. Define the following terms briefly. (10 points)1. metalanguage2. competence3. phoneme4. inflection5. cohesion6. conceptual meaning7. linguistic sexism8. illocutionary actII. There are 10 statements/questions below. Indicate the right choice in each of them by writing the corresponding letter (A, B, C or D) in the given space. (10 points)1. A story by Robert Louis Stevenson contains the sentence “As the night fell, the windrose.” Could this be expressed as “As the wind rose, the night fell.”? If not, this may indicate a degree of ______ about word order.A. arbitrarinessB. dualityC. non-arbitrarinessD. recursiveness2. Which of the following sound segments in English matches the description of voicedalveolar stop? ______A. [ g ]B. [ d ]C. [n ]D.[b]3. Which of the following words is not backformed? ______A. medicareB. escalateC. enthuseD. resurrect4. Decide which one of the underlined constructions or word groups is a headed structure.______A. The man nodded patiently.B. The ladder in the shed in long enough.C. Mary seemed happy.D. They will be leaving tomorrow.5. Which of the following does not belong to the category of two-place predicates?______A. giveB. betweenC. like (verb)D. remember6. The following conversational fragment is to some degree odd, and such oddness can beexplained by reference to Grice’s theory in terms of the violation of Maxim of ______.1): Would you like some coffee?2): Mary’s a beautiful dancer.A. QuantityB. QualityC. MannerD. Relation7. Pairs of words like “friendly: unfriendly”, “honest: dishonest”, “normal: abnormal”, and“logical: illogical” belong to ______ antonymy.A. gradableB. relationalC. complementaryD. componential8. The hypothesis of Linguistic Determinism is associated with which of the followingscholars ______.A. F. SaussureB. M. A. K. HallidayC. E. SapirD. N. Chomsky9. Which of the following words should not be considered to be an instance of sexistlanguage?A. salesmanB. humanityC. forefatherD. manmade10.Which of the following is not included in the advantages of a constituent structure tree?A. It reveals the linear word order of a sentence.B. It shows the hierarchical structure of a sentence.C. It illustrates the syntactic category of each structural constituent.D. Is emphasizes the main suprasegmental features of a sentence.III. Answer one of the two essay questions below with at least 300 words. (30 points)1.Why is Ferdinand de Saussure regarded as the ‘father of modern linguistics’? Whatsignificant contributions has he made to the establishment of linguistic study as a modern field of inquiry?2.What are the stages of first language acquisition? Describe each stage with its prominentfeatures and examples.Part Two Translation (50 points)I. Translate the following into Chinese. Your translation should be an intelligibly fluent representation of the original text. （25 points）The study of ancient architecture is more than a history of old ruins. Ancient buildings are fossils that map the progress of cultures. Farming was the key factor that transformed nomadic hunter-gatherers into Neolithic（the later part of the STONE AGE）settled peoples. This revolution began in about 6000 BC in the Middle East and, by 2000 BC, had spread to Africa, Europe, and Asia. The Mesoamericans （玛雅人）began farming around 1500 BC. Permanent structures were constructed and basic building techniques developed. New specialized professions emerged, such as priests and craftsmen. Metal tools developed and building materials such as timber, mud brick, and stone were soon mastered. Over centuries, new social institutions were invented and took physical form as buildings.II. Translate the following into English. Your translation should be an intelligibly fluent representation of the original text. （25 points）学问要有根底，根底要打得平正坚实，以后永远受用。
2011年硕士研究生入学考试2011英语二真题及参考答案
2011年硕士研究生入学考试2011英语二 真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections ：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web. Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last Last month, month, month, Howard Howard Howard Schmidt, Schmidt, Schmidt, the the the nation nation ’s s cyber-czar, cyber-czar, offered the federal federal government governmenta 4 to make the Web a safer place-a“voluntary trusted identity ” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver ’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these that already have these““single sign-on ” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden ” n cyberspace, with safe“neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights ” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem ” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs ”.Still, the administration ’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive ’s license ” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem ” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1．A.sweptB.skipped B.skippedC.walkedD.ridden 2． A.for B.within C.while D.though 3．A.carelesswlessC.pointlessD.helpless 4．A.reasonB.reminderpromiseD.proposal 5．rmationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent 6．A.byB.intoC.fromD.over 7．A.linkedB.directedC.chainedpared 8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve9． A.recall B.suggestC.selectD.realize 1010．． A.relcased B.issuedC.distributedD.delivered 1111．． A.carry on B.linger onC.set inD.log in 1212．． A.In vain B.In effectC.In returnD.In contrast 1313．． A.trusted B.modernizedc.thriving peting 1414．． A.caution B.delightC.confidenceD.patience 1515．． A.on B.afterC.beyondD.across 1616．． A.divided B.disappointedC.protectedD.united 1717．． A.frequestly B.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually 1818．． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 1919．． A.manageable B.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible 2020．． A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forced S ection II Reading ComprehensionPart AD irections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs ’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism . But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman ’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. board. The The position position was was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm ’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive ’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. T he most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise ” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased increased by by nearly 20%. The likelihood likelihood of of being named in a federal federal class-action class-action lawsuit also increases, increases, and and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” L eaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.B ut the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoidinga blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a reviewof history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms whotough times may have to create incentives.through toughwant to keep their outside directors throughOtherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’ssurprise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled tothe internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubledcome of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures measures have have have proved the proved the proved the right right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers Newspapers are are becoming more balanced balanced businesses, businesses, businesses, with with with a a healthier healthier mix mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom ” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the authorindicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, counterparts, Japanese Japanese newspapers newspapers are are much more stablebecause they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more ” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies ’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies ’s sophisticatedpresentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.T he he apartments in apartments in apartments in the elegant towers the elegant towers the elegant towers Mies built Mies built Mies built on Chicago on Chicago ’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city ’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings ’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less ” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses ” commissioned commissioned from from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture Architecture magazine magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more ” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life – few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers – but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans ’ .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that meanspoliticians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt thesharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominantpowers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic［［［B］desperate［C］conceited［［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)4646．．Direction ：I n this section there is a text in English. T ranslate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)W ho would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world ’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?M any any everyday everyday everyday tasks take tasks take tasks take a a a surprising toll on surprising toll on surprising toll on the the the environment. environment. A Google search Google search can can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right ” answer. T o deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. W hile producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.H owever, owever, Google Google and other other big big tech tech providers providers providers monitor monitor monitor their their their efficiency efficiency efficiency closely closely closely and and and make make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.小作文参考答案【曲静老师版】Dear Li Ming, We are very happy to know that you have successfully passed the college entrance examination this year and have been admitted into Peking University. Allow us to give our most sincere congratulations on this exciting occasion. You have all along been working hard at your professional studies, and you are excellent in most subjects. Your success shows that only hard work can yield good results ，so I suggest that you should make a great progress in university life. We take this opportunity to express our best wishes to you. Wish you greater achievements in your college education. Yours sincerely, Zhang Wei 【马鹏老师版】Dear Ming, Congratulations! I am glad to hear that you have been admitted by MIT. Your efforts and commitment have been paid off. You are the honor of our family. Here come some my own advices of being a pre college student. First and foremost, you need to improve your communication because you will meet different people with different personalities in campus. Moreover, reading some reference books will help you to accumulate more knowledge and terms, which boost your competitiveness in campus. Once again congratulate for your achievement! Yours sincerely, Zhang Wei 大作文参考答案As is shown in the bar chart above, dramatic changes have taken place in the autos market shares within two years (from 2008 to 2009). The most obvious change was the market share of national brand, which had increased nearly by 10%, while Japan’s autos market share decreased roughly by 10%. The percentage of the US autos remained stable between 2008 and 2009. There are numerous reasons accounting for the phenomenon and I would like to explore a few of the most important ones here. Above all, as the development of technique and knowledge in native companies, a growing number of autos corporation developed many quality autos. Therefore, the national people changed the attitude to t he native brands and acknowledge them. What’ more, an overwhelming majority of people have been affected by the country patriotism ideology, partly owing to some actions of Japan triggering the emotion of people. Finally, Toyota brake error accidents signi significantly affects Japanese autos’ reputations and images. Safety concerns drove customers away ficantly affects Japanese autos’ reputations and images. Safety concerns drove customers away from Japanese products. Additionally, Fuel price drove consumers away from those American petrol digging and luxury autos. So it is not difficult to observe their steady performance. Based on what has been discussed above, we may reasonably conclude that the tendency described in graphic will continue for quite a long time. Hopefully, government could offer more friendly policies to China autos manufacturers to encourage quality improvement and technology innovation.完形填空参考答案1~5 ACBDD 6~10 BACCB 11~15 DBACA 16~20 ADACDTEXT 1 参考答案21．A。
2011年青岛大学外语学院848英汉互译与汉语写作考研真题【圣才出品】
2011年青岛大学外语学院848英汉互译与汉语写作考研真题Part I.Translate the following terms and passages into Chinese(60points).A1.setting2.plot3.point of view4.flat character5.dramatic monologue6.black humor7.tragicomedy8.expressionism9.lost generation10.stream of consciousnessBThe speciality of the novel is that the writer can talk about his characters as well as through them,or can arrange for us to listen when they talk to themselves.He has access to self-communings,and from that level he can descend even deeper and peer into the subconscious.A man does not talk to himself quite truly—not even to himself;the happiness or misery that he secretly feels proceeds from causes that he cannot quite explain,because as soon as he raises them to the levelof the explicable they lose their native quality.The novelist has a real pull here.He can show the subconscious short-circuiting straight into action(the dramatist can do this too);he can also show it in its relation to soliloquy.He commands all the secret life,and he must not be robbed of his privilege.C...There the meadows are all lawns with the lustrous green of spring even in August,and often over-shadowed by old,fruit-trees—cherry,or apple,or pear;and on Sunday after the rain there was an April glory and freshness added to the quiet of the later summer.Nowhere and never in the world can there have been a deeper peace;and the bells from the little red church down by the river seemed to be the music of it,as the song of birds is the music of spring.There one saw how beautiful the life of man can be,and how men by the innocent labors of many generations can give to the earth a beauty it has never known in its wildness.And all this peace, one knew,was threatened;and the threat came into one's mind as if it were a soundless message from over the great eastward plain;and with it the beauty seemed unsubstantial and strange,as if it were sinking away into the past,as if it were only a memory of childhood.D“His pride,”said Miss Lucas,“does not offend me so much as pride often does,because there is an excuse for it.One cannot wonder that so very fine ayoung man,with family,fortune,everything in his favor,should think highly of himself.If I may so express it,he has a right to be proud.”“That is very true,”replied Elizabeth,“and I could easily forgive his pride,if he had not mortified mine.”“Pride,”observed Mary,who piqued herself upon the solidity of her reflections,“is a very common failing I believe.By all that I have ever read,I am convinced that it is very common indeed,that human nature is particularly prone to it,and that there are very few of us who do not cherish a feeling of self-complacency on the score of some quality or other,real or imaginary.Vanity and pride are different things,though the words are often used synonymously.A person may be proud without being vain.Pride relates more to our opinion of ourselves,vanity to what we would have others think of us.”Part II.Translate the following passages into English(40points).我对于海，好像着了魔似的一天比一天迷恋起来，我爱它，甚至一天也不能离开它。
青岛大学英语翻译基础考研真题2011年、2016年
青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：_357_ 科目名称：英语翻译基础(共3 页)请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效I．Translate the following words, phrases, abbreviations or terminologies into their target language respectively. There arealtogether 20 items in this part of the test, 10 in English and 10 inChinese, with two points for each. (40 points)1.UNSC2. IRC3. SAT4. CACC5. YOG6.Non—Government Organization7. Adversity Quotient8. Word Processing System 9. Not in Education，Employment or Training10. China Aptitude Test For Translators And Interpreters11. 生命共同体12. 新常态13. 复合型人才 14. 一次性生活补贴15. 择校 16. 棚户区17. 物联网18. 加强师德教育19. 建设人力资源强国20. 人才工作机制II．Translate the following passage into Chinese.(50 points)Poetry is the universal human song, expressing the aspiration of every woman and man to apprehend the world and share this understanding with others, through the arrangement of words in rhythm and meter. There may be nothing more delicate than a poem and, yet, it expresses all of the power of the human mind, and so there is nothing more resilient.Poetry is as old as humanity itself, and as diverse – embodied in traditions, oral and written, that are as varied as are the human face, each capturing the depth of emotions, thought and aspiration that guide every woman and men.Poetry is intimate expression that open doors to others, enrichening the dialogue that catalyses all human progress, weaving cultures together and reminding all people of the destiny they hold in common. In this way, poetry is a fundamental expression of peace. In the words of Cherif Khaznadar, laureate of the UNESCO-Sharjah(沙迦) Prize for Arab Culture, “Knowledge of the other is the gateway to dialogue, and dialogue can only be established in difference and respect for difference.” Poetry is the ultimate expression of difference in dialogue, in the spirit of unity.Every poem is unique but each reflects the universal in human experience, the aspiration for creativity that crosses all boundaries and borders, of time as well as space,in the constant affirmation of humanity as a single family.......In times of uncertainty and turbulence, perhaps never before have we needed the power of poetry to bring women and men together, to craft new forms of dialogue, to nurture the creativity all societies need today. This is UNESCO’s message on World Poetry Day.III．Translate the following passage into English.(60 points)有人说，幸福就是一种感觉。
2011年考研英语真题答案及解析
2011年考研英语真题答案及解析2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析文章出自2009年4月的《科学美国人》（Scientific American）,作者Steve Ayan,原文题目为How Humor Makes You Friendlier,Sexier：幽默如何使你更加有人缘且性感。
文章主要探讨了笑的作用以及情感和肌肉反应之间的相互关系。
第一段由古希腊哲学家亚里士多德的观点引出“笑是有益于健康的身体运动”。
第二、三段承接上文，阐述了笑能放松肌肉，从而帮助减轻心理紧张的程度。
第四段以在1988年公布的一项实验为例论证了情绪是肌肉反应的结果，笑这一行为可以使心情好转。
二、试题解析1.[A]among在……之中[B]except除了[C]despite尽管[D]like像，如同【答案】[C]【考点】上下文逻辑关系+介词辨析【解析】第一段第一句意思是：古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑看作是“有益于健康的身体运动”，由连词but可知，第二句与第一句形成语义转折，即一些人提出相反的观点：笑不利于身体健康。
第二句逗号之后又提出：笑可能对身体健康几乎没有影响，这是对前两种观点的否定，由此判断第二句的句内逻辑是转折关系，[A]、[B]、[C]、[D]四个选项中只有[C]despite“尽管”表示转折，所以是正确答案。
2.[A]reflect反映[B]demand要求[C]indicate表明，预示[D]produce产生，引起【答案】[D]【考点】上下文语义衔接+动词辨析【解析】上下文语境是“笑确实能对心血管功能短期的改变”，具体说明笑对身体产生的影响。
所选动词要与后面的changes构成动宾关系，并且带有“发生……作用，产生……效果”的含义。
四个选项中[A]reflect“反映”，[B]demand“要求”，[C]indicate“表明，暗示”，[D]produce“产生”，只有[D]选项“产生、引起”符合本句语境，所以是正确答案。
青岛科技大学211翻译硕士英语2011-2012、2016-2017年考研专业课真题试卷
第 页（共7页）1青 岛 科 技 大 学二○一七年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：翻译硕士英语注意事项：1．本试卷共5道大题（共计51个小题），满分100分；2．本卷属试题卷，答题另有答题卷，答案一律写在答题卷上，写在该试题卷上或草纸上均无效。
要注意试卷清洁，不要在试卷上涂划；3．必须用蓝、黑钢笔或签字笔答题，其它均无效。
﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡ I. There are 20 sentences in this part. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. (10 points)1. She _____that position in the company, and she felt she was qualified, _____, overqualified..A. desired for, on the contraryB. aspired to, if anythingC. conspired for, in factD. aspired for, or more properly2. I agree with the resolution _____, but I think a couple of ambiguities should be eliminated.A. in essenceB. in personC. in principleD. in general3. The sign read: Don’t __________ on the grass.A. treadB. trounceC. trekD. trip4. Businesspeople are inquiring ___________ the cause of a bankruptcy.A. ontoB. afterC. intoD. for5. That shop doesn’t have brown sugar in ____________ at the moment, but they expect to have some tomorrow.A. storageB. stockC. saleD. demand6. He was ________ by a bee when he was collecting the honey.A. stungB. scratchedC. prickedD. bitten7. Gloria is too __________; she always insists she is right.A. incompetentB. dilatoryC. punctiliousD. dogmatic8. It is seldom acceptable to ______________ words in formal writing.A. omitB. explainC. inventD. abbreviate9. Some philosophers insist that one way to __________ knowledge is through an empirical approach.A. disseminateB. acquireC. learnD. classify10. Because the Appalachian Mountains were difficult to cross, Kentucky was not settled __________ 青岛科技大学考研专业课真题试卷精都考研网（专业课精编资料、一对一辅导、视频网课）。
2011年山东青岛大学英汉互译与汉语写作考研真题
2011年山东青岛大学英汉互译与汉语写作考研真题PartⅠ. Translate the following terms and passages into Chinese (60 points).A1.setting2.plot3.point of view4.flat character5.dramatic monologue6.black humor7.tragicomedy8.expressionism9.lost generation10.stream of consciousnessBThe speciality of the novel is that the writer can talk abouthis characters as well as through them, or can arrange for us to listen when they talk to themselves. He has access to self-communings, and from that level he can descend even deeper and peer into the subconscious. A man does not talk to himself quite truly－not even to himself; the happiness or misery that he secretly feels proceeds from causes that he cannot quite explain, because as soon as he raises them to the level of the explicable they lose their native quality. The novelist has a real pull here. He can show the subconscious short-circuiting straight into action (the dramatist can do this too); he can also show it in its relation to soliloquy. He commands all the secret life, and he must not be robbed of his privilege.C...There the meadows are all lawns with the lustrous green of spring even in August, and often over-shadowed by old, fruit-trees - cherry, or apple, or pear; and on Sundayafter the rain there was an April glory and freshness added to the quiet of the later summer. Nowhere and never in the world can there have been a deeper peace; and the bells from the little red church down by the river seemed to be the music of it, as the song of birds is the music of spring. There one saw how beautiful the life of man can be, and how men by the innocent labors of many generations can give to the earth a beauty it has never known in its wildness. And all this peace, one knew, was threatened; and the threat came into one's mind as if it were a soundless message from over the great eastward plain; and with it the beauty seemed unsubstantial and strange, as if it were sinking away into the past, as if it were only a memory of childhood.D“His pride,” said Miss Lucas, “does not offend me so much as pride often does, because there is an excuse for it. One cannot wonder that so very fine a young man, with family, fortune, everything in his favor, should think highly of himself. If I may so express it, he has a right to be proud.”“That is very true,” replied Elizabeth, “and I could easily forgive his pride, if he had not mortified mine.”“Pride,” observed Mary, who piqued herself upon the solidity of her reflections, “is a very common failing I believe. By all that I have ever read, I am convinced that it is very common indeed, that human nature is particularly prone to it, and that there are very few of us who do not cherish a feeling of self-complacency on the score of some quality or other, real or imaginary. Vanity and pride are different things, though the words are often used synonymously. A person may be proud without being vain. Pride relates more to our opinion of ourselves, vanity to what we would have others think of us.”Part Ⅱ . Translate the following passages into English (40 points).我对于海，好像着了魔似的一天比一天迷恋起来，我爱它，甚至一天也不能离开它。
青岛科技大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语翻译基础试题
青岛科技大学二○一一年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语翻译基础注意事项：1．本试卷共2道大题（共计32个小题），满分150分；2．本卷属试题卷，答题另有答题卷，答案一律写在答题卷上，写在该试题卷上或草纸上均无效。
要注意试卷清洁，不要在试卷上涂划；3．必须用蓝、黑钢笔或签字笔答题，其它均无效。
﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡I. Directions:Translate the following words, abbreviations or terminology into their target language respectively. There are altogether 30 items in this part of the test, 15 in English and 15 in Chinese, with one point for each. (30 scores; 30 minutes)1. APEC16. 博客2. ASEAN17. 国际货币基金组织3. CPI18. 不结盟政策4. NATO19. 注册商标5. cash on delivery20. 签证种类6. Hong Kong SAR21. 应试教育7. market access22. 第三产业8. anti-fake label23. 剪彩仪式9. health-care food24. 热带雨林气候10. traveler's check25. 按揭贷款11. traffic fatalities and injuries26. 非处方药12. press conference27. 拆迁户13. Intangible Cultural Heritage28. 名人效应14. pull-down menu29. 全球定位系统15. domestic flight30. 名片II. Directions: Translate the following two source texts into their target language respectively. (120 scores; 120 minutes)Source Text 1:The men who founded modern science had two merits which are not necessarily found together: immense patience in observation, and great boldness in framing hypothesis. The second of these merits had belonged to the earliest Greek philosophers; the first existed, to a considerable degree, in the later astronomers of antiquity. But no one among the ancients, except perhaps Aristarchus, possessed both merits, and no one in the Middle Ages possessed either. Copernicus, like his great successors, possessed both. He knew all that could be known, with the instruments existing in his day, about the apparent motions of the heavenly bodies on the celestial sphere, and he perceived that the diurnal rotation of the earth was a more economical hypothesis than the revolution of all the celestial spheres. According to modern views, which regard all motion as relative, simplicity is the only gain resulting from his hypothesis, but this was not his view or that of his contemporaries. As regards the earth's annual revolution, there was again a simplification, but not so notable a one as in the case of the diurnal rotation. Copernicus still needed epicycles, though fewer than were needed in the Ptolemaic system. It was not until Kepler discovered his laws that the new theory acquired its full simplicity.Apart from the revolutionary effect on cosmic imagination, the great merits of the new astronomy were two: first, the recognition that what had been believed since ancient times might be false; second, that the test of scientific truth is patient collection of facts, combined with bold guessing as to laws binding the facts together. Neither merit is so fully developed in Copernicus as in his successors, but both are already present in a high degree in his work. (289 words)Source Text 2:与人类社会的过去相比，当今世界是很复杂的。
2011年全国各大高校翻译硕士MTI考研真题全集(30页内容精华)
英语翻译基础(rachellin/eddyrainy)：Cancun conference 2010 UN security council 千年发展计划雷曼兄弟国家一二五计划上海合作组织美联储1.Cancun Conference 20102.G203.Confucius4.Gaza Strip5.3R economy6.Bogor Goals7.the UN Security 8.quantitative easing 9. WTO 10.Reforestation汉译英1.循环经济2.雷曼兄弟3.天人合一4.《国富论》5.千禧年发展计划6.货币战争7.上海合作组织8.国家十二五计划9.朝核危机10.2011南开大学翻译硕士汉语写作与百科知识第一部分25道百科，每题2分靖国神社钓鱼岛夏威夷《日美安保条约》二十国美联储全球金融安全网量化宽松货币政策人民币汇率政策金砖四国居民消费价格指数存款储备金率同比上证综合指数世博会亚洲运动会环保低碳生活新理念金靴奖世界足联辛亥革命国台办君主专制制度杜尚别上合组织中俄战略伙伴关系2011南开大学翻译硕士翻译基础第一部分，30个词的英汉互译CPUNGOPhDGREOEMUFOFOBUKVIPAIDSCEOAir FranceIT industryAmerica Stock ExchangeUnited Nation Peacekeeping Forces恐怖主义世界博览会自治区宏观调控公共卫生体系综合国力科学发展观商业贿赂平等互利出口退税自主创新生态环境保护西部大开发自然资源私营经济2011年山东大学翻译硕士真题回顾(sjuan2011)汉语写作与百科知识一，25个名词解释法家，解构，解蔽，五脏六腑，殷墟，和而不同，印象主义，逻辑中心主义，为艺术而艺术，狂飙突进运动，全球经济一体化，贸易条约与协定，自由，人权，产权，智慧，法理，理念，2011年浙江大学翻译硕士真题回顾(羽之殇)第一大题翻译词语共30个WTO（旅游类）FIT（旅游类）punch （新闻类）[size=-1]The New York Review of Books （新闻类）spinster（法律类）defendant（法律类）lump-sum contracteconomic giantsex worker港龙航空中国国际航空公司中国人民广播电台保税工厂进口税美食家《石头记》《阿Q正传》东汉吐鲁番市道家2011年河南大学翻译硕士真题回顾(kevinforest)百科：第一部分名词解释，20个，50分文艺复兴、启蒙运动、一战、二战、人文主义、人道主义、世界银行、国际货币基金组织、伏尔泰、马克思、世贸组织、理性、国际贸易组织、唯物主义、无神论2011四川大学翻译硕士（felicehappy31）百科新青年新文化运动胡适狂人日记欧洲文艺复兴工业革命但丁米开朗基罗存款准备金利率贸易顺差外商直接投资宏观调控世博会上海世博会知识产权民商法翻译基础解释的词有IOC CAAC CPPCC NBA UNEP FBI purchasing power parity "三农"工作伪娘大规模杀伤性武器易经京都议定书经济适用房中国达人秀 African Union Fannie Mae& Freddie Mac MDGs 亚运会可再生资源第十一届全国人民代表大会第三次会议2011年首都师范大学翻译硕士真题回顾(KevinDurant)名词翻译英汉： currency appreciation/ the book of songs/ NPC / the divine comedy/汉英：少数民族地区 / 股市指数 / 国际法主体 / 国际法准则 / 素质教育 / 公务员 /网络空间/【翻译基础】低保国家主权和领土完整农副产品加工中东和平进程科教兴国节能减排低碳经济法治社会migrant rural laborsweapons of massive destructioninternational practiceglobal warmingbrain drainGDP ASEAN山东师范大学翻译基础：第一题 15个英翻汉的短语术语记得有：demographic statistics stamp duty ozone layer war correspondent Byzantine art energy conservation international protocol job intermediary interlingual translation game theory functional equivalence15个汉翻英的短语术语记得有：领土完整养老基金国际惯例急救站反倾销原油记者招待会房地产勇于创新分期付款贸易技术壁垒英语翻译基础the Authorized Version; flesh and blood;a wet blanket; puppy love;the Analects; contact lenses;crime police; proof positive;track and field; child's play;danger money; pull sb's leg; in for a penny,in for a pound; real economy.between the devil and the deep blue sea;汉译英音译；国内生产总值；八折优惠；左上角；淡酒；老于世故的人；硬性推销；天道酬勤；隔墙有耳；三三两两；耐用消费品；招领启事；拦路虎；可持续发展；新兴市场国家Diesel oil 、 border defence 、 odd number 、 lyrical poem 、 congnitive psychology 、UNESCO 、WTO 、 A Midsummer Night‘s dream 、 Trade show 、 environmental Justice 、inverse translation 、 CIF 、Black Europe 、 Symphony orchestra 、 Armistice Day东盟、残奥会、廉租房、钓鱼岛、公务用车、不可抗力、论文答辩、再生能源、人均排放、实体经济、第三产业、包容性增长、野生动物园、（世博会）展馆、《与台湾关系法》（美国）中国海洋大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试模拟试题一、百科知识启蒙运动法国革命马赛曲1.美国独立宣言 1787年费城制宪会议美国联邦制度（6分）2.市场经济公平效率（6分）3.印欧语系日耳曼语族诺曼征服现代英语（8分）4.论语老子佛教（6分）5.社会保险新医改扩大内需（6分）6.碳排放温室效应清洁能源（6分）7.好莱坞美国电影学院奖艾美奖（6分）8.进化论达尔文社会达尔文主义（6分）2012广东外语外贸大学百科知识第一段据香港《文汇报》报道，在第61届的（1）法兰克福书展中，（2）Google 表示有意透过Goolge Books计划，将数以百万计的书籍电子化，供读者在网上阅读。
青岛科技大学英语翻译基础2011年考研真题
二○一一年注意事项：1．本试卷共2道大题（共计32个小题），满分150分；
2．本卷属试题卷，答题另有答题卷，答案一律写在答题卷上，写在该试题卷上或草纸上均无效。要注意试卷清洁，不要在试卷上涂划；
3．必须用蓝、黑钢笔或签字笔答题，其它均无效。
﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡
14.pull-down menu29.全球定位系统
15.domestic flight30.名片
II. Directions:Translate the following two source texts into their target language respectively.(120 scores; 120 minutes)
Apart from the revolutionary effect on cosmic imagination, the great merits of the newastronomy were two: first, the recognition that what had been believed since ancient timesmight be false; second, that the test of scientific truth is patient collection of facts, combinedwith bold guessing as to laws binding the facts together. Neither merit is so fully developedin Copernicus as in his successors, but both are already present in a high degree in his work.(289 words)
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案解析
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题Section I Use of? EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved2bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly3?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license10by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that alread y have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sens e of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still, the administration’s plan has16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．on on in in12．vain effect return contrast13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldma n Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directo rs are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. The y fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, thefirm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable becausethey .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Econ omic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who likeother people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means t hat less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for exam ple, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and pro portions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influen ce on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life – few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers –but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’ .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a“Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, we aker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is st uck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing forgovernments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: ., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck beca use the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government’s role in promoting publ ic health by demanding that ministers impose “fat taxes” on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to shop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food products such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain’s addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity，diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking.“Thirty years ago, it would hav e been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be,” said the leader of the UK’s children’s doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufactures of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Change Life campaign, the centerpiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how “lecturing” people was not the best way to change their behavior.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. “If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes-by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events,” he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “if children ar e taught about the impact that food had on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around schools and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: "We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new 'responsibility deal' with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this."The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between and grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and notjust by big companies.Section IV?? WritingPart A: Suppose your cousin Li Ming has been admitted to a him/her a letter to1)congratulate him/her, and2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSERE SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use "zhang wei "instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B: write an essay based on the following chart .In your writing you should1)interpret the chart ,and2)give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.(15points)2008、2009年国内轿车市场部分品牌份额示意图2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题参考答案1~5 ACBDD 6~10 BACCB 11~15 DBACA 16~20 ADACDTEXT 1参考答案21．A。
2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及参考答案
精心整理2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及答案（七绝俗手版）2011-01-1621-25CBDBAText1ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthet alkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.“Hooray!Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTo mmasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic。
2009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦·吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一直到现在，这次任命都成为古典音乐界的话题。
退一步说，从总体上看，反应还是不错的。
如冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼·托姆西尼就这样写：从长时间来看，这次委命是英明的。
,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes。
就我的观点而言，我不知道吉尔伯特是不是一位伟大的指挥家，甚至连他是不是算好的指挥家也不敢确定。
可以确信的是，虽然他演出了很多令人印象深刻的有趣的乐曲。
然而，我不需要访问AveryFisherHall（可能是纽约交响乐团所在地，即吉尔伯特表演之所），或者其他地方才能听到有趣的管弦乐。
（作者意思是，不需要听吉尔伯特，到处可以听到有趣的管弦乐。
）我所做的，只需要到我的CD棚里去，随便打开我的电脑，从ITUNES上就可下载比那（当指吉尔伯特表演的）多得多的类似的音乐。
Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingt hepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsm ustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowith therecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsar echeap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday’sliveper formances;moreover,theycanbe“consumed”atatimeandplaceofthelistener’schoosing.Thewi存危机。
2011年山东青岛大学英语综合考研真题
2011年山东青岛大学英语综合考研真题Part One Linguistics (50 points)I. Define the following terms briefly. (10 points)1. metalanguage2. competence3. phoneme4. inflection5. cohesion6. conceptual meaning7. linguistic sexism8. illocutionary actII. There are 10 statements/questions below. Indicate the right choice in each of them by writing the corresponding letter (A, B, C or D) in the given space. (10 points)1. A story by Robert Louis Stevenson contains the sentence “As the night fell, the wind rose.” Could this be expressed as “As the wind rose, the night fell.”? If not, this may indicate a degree of ______ about word order.A. arbitrarinessB. dualityC. non-arbitrarinessD. recursiveness2. Which of the following sound segments in English matches the description of voiced alveolar stop? ______A. [ g ]B. [ d ]C. [ n ]D. [ b]3. Which of the following words is not backformed? ______A. medicareB. escalateC. enthuseD. resurrect4. Decide which one of the underlined constructions or word groups is a headed structure. ______A. The man nodded patiently.B. The ladder in the shed in long enough.C. Mary seemed happy.D. They will be leaving tomorrow.5. Which of the following does not belong to the category of two-place predicates? ______A. giveB. betweenC. like (verb)D. remember6. The following conversational fragment is to some degree odd, and such oddness can be explained by reference to Grice’s theory in terms of the violation of Maxim of ______.1): Would you like some coffee?2): Mary’s a beautiful dancer.A. QuantityB. QualityC. MannerD. Relation7. Pairs of words like “friendly: unfriendly”, “honest: dishonest”, “normal: abnormal”, and “logical: illogical” belong to ______ antonymy.A. gradableB. relationalC. complementaryD. componential8. The hypothesis of Linguistic Determinism is associated with which of the following scholars ______.A. F. SaussureB. M. A. K. HallidayC. E. SapirD. N. Chomsky9. Which of the following words should not be considered to be an instance of sexist language?A. salesmanB. humanityC. forefatherD. manmade10. Which of the following is not included in the advantages of a constituent structure tree?A. It reveals the linear word order of a sentence.B. It shows the hierarchical structure of a sentence.C. It illustrates the syntactic category of each structural constituent.D. Is emphasizes the main suprasegmental features of a sentence.III. Answer one of the two essay questions below with at least 300 words. (30 points)1. Why is Ferdinand de Saussure regarded as the ‘father of modern linguistics’? What significant contributions has he made to the establishment of linguistic study as a modern field of inquiry?2. What are the stages of first language acquisition? Describe each stage with its prominent features and examples.Part Two Translation (50 points)I. Translate the following into Chinese. Your translation should be an intelligibly fluent representation of the original text. （25 points）The study of ancient architecture is more than a history of old ruins. Ancient buildings are fossils that map the progress of cultures. Farming was the key factor that transformed nomadic hunter-gatherers into Neolithic（the later part of the STONE AGE）settled peoples. This revolution began in about 6000 BC in the Middle East and, by 2000 BC, had spread to Africa, Europe, and Asia. The Mesoamericans （玛雅人）began farming around 1500 BC. Permanent structures were constructed and basic building techniques developed. New specialized professions emerged, such as priests and craftsmen. Metal tools developed andbuilding materials such as timber, mud brick, and stone were soon mastered. Over centuries, new social institutions were invented and took physical form as buildings.II. Translate the following into English. Your translation should be an intelligibly fluent representation of the original text. （25 points）学问要有根底，根底要打得平正坚实，以后永远受用。
2011年青岛大学翻译硕士MTI考研真题答案解析
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句义：她明确回绝了让她参加听证会的请求。
答案：D
考点：词义辨析
分析：
A. eloquent B. effective
雄辩的 有效的
C. emotional
分析：
A. sunk B. reduced C. forced D. declined
下沉 be reduced to doing sth 不得不做某事 be forced to do 被迫做某事 下降
12. You must insist that students give a truthful answer consistent with the reality of their world. 句义：你必须要求学生给出与现实一致的真实答案。 答案：C 考点：词义辨析
答案：B
考点：词义辨析
分析：
A. eradication B. exclusion
根除 to the exclusion of 排斥
C. extension
the extension of 延长
D. inclusion
包含物
18. She answered with an emphatic “No” to the request that she attend the public hearing.
05. My cousin likes eating very much, but he isn’t very particular about the food he eats. 句义：我表弟很喜欢吃东西，但他对吃什么并不讲究。
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青岛大学2011年翻译专业硕士研究生入学试题科目代码：211 科目名称：翻译硕士英语 (共9 页)请写明题号，将答案全部写在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效PART I GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY (20 Points)There are forty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.1. The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboringcountry, _____ by the police each time. A. had been capturedB. being always capturedC. only to be capturedD. unfortunately captured2. It is not so much the language _____ the cultural background that makes the bookdifficult to understand. A. butB. norC. likeD. as3. He’s ____ as a “bellyacher” — he’s always complaining about something. A. who is knownB. whom is knownC. what is knownD. which is known4. ______ he always tries his best to complete it on time. A. However the task is hardB. However hard the task isC. Though hard the task isD. Though hard is the task5. My cousin likes eating very much, but he isn’t very ___ about the food he eats. A. specialB. peculiarC. particularD. specific6. One third of the Chinese in the United States live in California, in the San Francisco area.A. remarkablyB. severelyC. drasticallyD. predominantly7. More often than not, it is difficult to ______ the exact meaning of a Chineseidiom in English. A. exchangeB. transferC. conveyD. convert8. The scientists have absolute freedom as to what research they think it bestto___. A. engageB. devoteC. seekD. pursue9. The local authorities realized the need to make ___for elderly people intheir housing programs. A. preparationB. requirementC. specificationD. provision10. ______I sympathize, I can’t really do very much to help them out of thedifficulties. A. As long asB. AsC. WhileD. Even11. During the famine, many people were _____ to going without food for days. A. sunkB. reducedC. forcedD. declined12. You must insist that students give a truthful answer ______ with the reality of theirworld. A. relevantB. simultaneousC. consistentD. practical13. Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat ______ by far thebiggest cereal crop. A.isB.beenC.beD.being14. Time ______, the celebration will be held as scheduled. A.permitB.permittingC.permittedD.permits15. ______ I like economics, I like sociology much better. A. As mush asB. So muchC. How muchD. Much as16. With ____ exceptions, the former president does not appear in public now. A. rareB.unusualC.extraordinaryD.unique17. He plays tennis to the ____ of all other sports. A. eradicationB. exclusionC. extensionD. inclusion18. She answered with an ____ "No" to the request that she attend thepublic hearing.A. eloquentB. effectiveC. emotionalD. emphatic19. Everyone who has visited the city agrees that it is ____ with life. A. vibrantB. violentC. energeticD. full20. ______ conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.A. I was and always will beB. I have to be and always will beC. I had been and always will beD. I have been and always will bePART II READING COMPREHENSION (50 Points)In this section there are five reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage 1A study of art history might be a good way to learn more about a culture than is possible to learn in general history classes. Most typical history courses concentrate on politics, economics, and war. But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people, but also religious beliefs, emotions, and psychology. In addition, information about the daily activities of our ancestors—or of people very different from our own—can be provided by art. In short, art expresses the essential qualities of a time and a place, and a study of it clearly offer us a deeper understanding than can be found in most history books.In history books, objective information about the political life of a country is presented; that is, facts about politics are given, but opinions are not expressed. Art, on the other hand, is subjective: it reflects emotions and opinions. The great Spanish painter Francisco Goya was perhaps the first truly “political” artist. In his well-known painting The Third of May 1808, he criticized the Spanish government for its misuse of power over people. Over a hundred years later, symbolic images were used in Pablo Picasso’s Guernica to express the horror of war. Meanwhile, on another continent, the powerful paintings of Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueiros—as wellas the works of Alfredo Ramos Martines—depicted these Mexican artists’ deep anger and sadness about social problems.In the same way, art can reflect a culture’s religious beliefs. For hundreds of years in Europe, religious art was almost the only type of art that existed. Churches and other religious buildings were filled with paintings that depicted people and stories from the Bible. Although most people couldn’t read, they could still understand biblical stories in the pictures on church walls. By contrast, one of the main characteristics of art in the Middle East was (and still is) its absence of human and animal images. This reflects the Islamic belief that statues are unholy.1. More can be learned about a culture from a study of art history than general historybecause art history______.A. show us the religious and emotions of a people in addition to political values.B. provide us with information about the daily activities of people in the past.C. give us an insight into the essential qualities of a time and a place.D. all of the above.2. Art is subjective in that__.A. a personal and emotional view of history is presented through it.B. it can easily rouse our anger or sadness about social problems.C. it will find a ready echo in our hearts.D. both B and C.3. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. Unlike Francisco Goya, Pablo and several Mexican artists expressed their politicalopinions in their paintings.B. History books often reveal the compilers’ political views.C. Religious art remained in Europe for centuries the only type of art because mostpeople regarded the Bible as the Holy Book.D. All the above mentioned.4. The passage is mainly discussing__.A. the difference between general history and art history.B. The making of art history.C. What can we learn from art.D. The influence of artists on art history.5. In may be concluded from this passage that__.A. Islamic artists have had to create architectural decorations with images of flowersor geometric forms.B. History teachers are more objective than general history.C. It is more difficult to study art history than general history.D. People and stories from the Bible were painted on churches and other buildings inorder to popularize the Bible.Passage 2Nineteenth-century writers in the United States, whether they wrote novels, short stories, poems, or plays, were powerfully drawn to the railroad in its golden years. In fact,writers responded to the railroads as soon as the first were built in the 1830’s. By the 1850’s, the railroad was a major presence in the life of the nation. Writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau saw the railroad both as a boon to democracy and as an object of suspicion. The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature; furthermore, in its manifestation of speed and noise, it might be a despoiler of human nature as well. By the 1850’s and 1860’s, there was a great distrust among writer intellectuals of the rapid industrialization of which the railroad was a leading force. Deeply philosophical historians such as Henry Adams lamented the role that the new frenzy for business was playing in eroding traditional values. A distrust of industry and business continued among writers throughout the rest of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth.For the most part, the literature in which the railroad plays an important role belongs to popular culture rather than to the realm of serious art. One thinks of melodramas, boy’s books, thrillers, romances, and the like rather than novels of the first rank. In the railroads’ prime years, between 1890 and 1920, there were a few individuals in the United States, most of them with solid railroading experience behind them, who made a profession of writhing about railroading--- works offering the ambience of stations, yards, and locomotive cabs. These writers, who can genuinely be said to have created a genre, the “railroad novel,” are now mostly forgotten, their names having faded from memory. But anyone who takes the time to consult their fertile writing will still find a treasure trove of information about the place of the railroad in the life of the United States.6. With which of the following topics is the passage mainly concerned?A. The role of the railroad in the economy of the Unite StatesB. Major nineteenth-century writersC. The conflict between expanding industry and preserving natureD. The railroad as a subject for literature7. In the first paragraph, the author implies that writers’ reactions to the development ofrailroads wereA. highly enthusiasticB. both positive and negativeC. unchangingD. disinterested8. According to the passage, the railroad played a significant role in literature in all ofthe following kinds of books EXCEPTA. thrillersB. boys’ booksC. important novelsD. romances9. The author mentions all of the following as being true about the literature of railroadsEXCEPT thatA. many of its writers had experience working on railroadsB. many of the books were set in railroad stations and yardsC. the books were well known during the railroads’ prime yearsD. quite a few of the books are still popular today10. What is the author’s attitude toward the “railroad novels” and other books aboutrailroads written between 1890 and 1920?A. They have much literary importance as the books written by Emerson, Thoreau,and Adams.B. They are good examples of the effects industry and business had on the literatureof the United States.C. They contributed to the weakening of traditional values.D. They are worth reading as sources of knowledge about the impact of railroads onlife in the United States.Passage 3The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management, the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyone’s experience in the organization.Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of getting ahead. Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management development, and now serves as a consultant to the likes of AT&T, Coca Cola, Prudential, and Merch. Coleman says that based on what he's seen at big companies, he weighs the different elements that make for long-term career success as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%; and exposure, a full 60%. Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that while doing your work well may win you pay increases, it won't secure you the big promotion. He finds that advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and how high up they are.Ridiculous beliefs? Not to many people, especially many women and members of minority races who, like Coleman, feel that the scales (障眼物) have dropped from their eyes. "Women and blacks in organizations work under false beliefs," says Kaleel Jamison, a New York based management consultant who helps corporation s deal with these issues. "They think that if you work hard, you'll get ahead--that someone in authority will reach down and give you a promotion." She adds, "Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think they've gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down (使不突出) their visibility." Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight.11. According to the passage, "things formerly judged to be best left unsaid" (Line 2,Para.1) probably refers to "__________".A. criticisms that shape everyone's experienceB. the opinions which contradict the established beliefsC. the tendencies that help the newcomers to see office matters with a fresh eyeD. the ideas which usually come up with usually come up with new ways ofmanagement in the organization12. To achieve success in your career, the most important factor, according to thepassage, is to __________.A. let your superiors know how good you areB. project a favorable image to the people around youC. work as a consultant to your superiorsD. perform well your tasks given by your superiors13. The reason why women and blacks play down their visibility is that they __________.A. know that someone in authority will reach down and give them a promotionB. want to give people the impression that they work under false beliefsC. don't want people to think that their promotions were due to sex or colorD. believe they can get promoted by reason of their sex or color14. The author is of the opinion that Coleman's beliefs are __________ .A. biasedB. popularC. insightfulD. superficial15. The best title for this passage would be __________.A. Role of Women and Minorities in ManagementB. The Importance of Being VisibleC. Job Performance and AdvancementD. Sex and Career SuccessPassage 4Early in the age of affluence (富裕) that followed World War II , an American retailing analyst named Victor Elbow proclaimed,” Our enormously productive economy...demands that we make consumption our way of life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfaction, our ego satisfaction, is consumption. ... We need things consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an ever increasing rate.”Americans have responded to Elbow’s call, and much of the world has followed. Consumption has become a central pillar of life in industrial lands and is even embedded in social values. Opinion surveys in the world's two largest economics—Japan and the United States—show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever more prevalent.Overconsumption by the world's fortunate is an environmental problem unmatched in severity by anything but perhaps population growth. Their surging exploitation of resources threatens to exhaust or unalterably spoil forests, soils, water, air and climate.Ironically, high consumption may be a mixed blessing in human terms, too. The time-honored values of integrity of character, good work, friendship, family and community have often been sacrificed in the rush to riches. Thus many in the industrial lands have a sense that their world of plenty is somehow hollow—that, misled by a consumerist culture, they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are essentially social, psychological and spiritual needs with material things.Of course, the opposite of overconsumption—poverty—is no solution to either environmental or human problems. It is infinitely worse for people and bad for the natural world too. Dispossessed (被剥夺得一无所有的) peasants slash-and burn their way into the rain forests of Latin America, and hungry nomads (游牧民族) turn their herds out onto fragile African grassland, reducing it to desert.If environmental destruction results when people have either too little or too much,we are left to wonder how much enough is. What level of consumption can the earth support? When dose having more cease to add noticeably to human satisfaction?16. The emergence of the affluent society after World War II __________.A. led to the reform of the retailing systemB. resulted in the worship of consumerismC. gave rise to the dominance of the new egoismD. gave birth to a new generation of upper class consumers17. Apart from enormous productivity, another important impetus to highconsumption is ___________.A. the people's desire for a rise in their living standardsB. the concept that one's success is measured by how much they consumeC. the imbalance that has existed between production and consumptionD. the conversion of the sale of goods into rituals18. Why does the author say high consumption is a mixed blessing?A. Because poverty still exists in an affluent society.B. Because overconsumption won't last long due to unrestricted populationgrowth.C. Because traditional rituals are often neglected in the process of modernization.D. Because moral values are sacrificed in pursuit of material satisfaction.19. According to the passage, consumerist culture___________ .A. will not alleviate poverty in wealthy countriesB. will not aggravate environmental problemsC. cannot thrive on a fragile economyD. cannot satisfy human spiritual needs20. It can be inferred from the passage that ___________.A. human spiritual needs should match material affluenceB. whether high consumption should be encouraged is still an issueC. how to keep consumption at a reasonable level remains a problemD. there is never an end to satisfying people's material needsPassage 5Opinion poll surveys show that the public see scientists in a rather unflattering light.Commonly, the scientist is also seen as being male. It is true that most scientists are male, but the picture of science as a male activity may be a major reason why fewer girls than boys opt for science, except when it comes to biology, which is seen as “female.”The image most people have of science and scientists comes from their own experience of school science, and from the mass media. Science teachers themselves see it as a problem that so many school pupils find school science an unsatisfying experience, though over the last few years more and more pupils, including girls, have opted for science subjects.In spite of excellent documentaries, and some good popular science magazines, scientific stories in the media still usually alternate between miracle and scientific threat. The popular stereotype of science is like the magic of fairy tales: it has potential forenormous good or awful harm. Popular fiction is full of “good” scientists saving the world, and “mad” scientists trying to destroy it.From all the many scientific stories which might be given media treatment, those which are chosen are usually those which can be framed in terms of the usual news angles: novelty, threat, conflict or the bizarre. The routine and often tedious work of the scientist slips from view, to be replaced with a picture of scientists forever offending public moral sensibilities (as in embryo research), threatening public health (as in weapons research), or fighting it out with each other (in giving evidence at public enquiries such as those held on the issues connected with nuclear power).The mass media also tends to over-personalize scientific work, depicting it as the product of individual genius, while neglecting the social organization which makes scientific work possible. A further effect of this is that science comes to be seen as a thing in itself: a kind of unpredictable force; a tide of scientific progress.It is no such thing, of course. Science is what scientists do; what they do is what a particular kind of society facilitates, and what is done with their work depends very much on who has the power to turn their discoveries into technology, and what their interests are.21. According to the passage, ordinary people have a poor opinion of science andscientists partly because ______.A. of the misleading of the mediaB. opinion polls are unflatteringC. scientists are shown negatively in the mediaD. science is considered to be dangerous22. Fewer girls than boys study science because ______.A. they think that science is too difficultB. they are often unsuccessful in science at schoolC. science is seen as a man’s jobD. science is considered to be tedious23. Media treatment of science tends to concentrate on _____.A. the routine, everyday work of scientistsB. discoveries that the public will understandC. the more sensational aspects of scienceD. the satisfactions of scientific work24. According to the author, over-personalization of scientific work will lead scienceA. isolation from the rest of the worldB. improvements on school systemC. association with “femaleness”D. trouble in recruiting young talent25. According to the author, what a scientist does _______.A. should be attributed to his individual geniusB. depends on the coordination of the societyC. shows his independent powerD. is unpredictablePART III WRITING (30 Points)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities.Write an essay of about 400 words, expressing your views on the topic above. In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary. You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar, diction and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.。