《药学英语》PPT教学课件-unit 3
《药学专业英语》PPT课件
Michael Phelps
In China he’s known as"the Flying Fish”; in America they call him ’the Baltimore（巴尔的摩）Bullet'.
Whatever you call him, American swimmer Michael Phelps loo ks destined to become a household name across the world after b reaking the Olympic record for most gold medals in a single Game s.
Jack: Listen, Rose. You're going to get out of here. You're going to go on. You're going to make lots of babies, and you're going to watch the m grow. You' re going to die and old, an old lady in her warm bed, not here, not this night, not like this. Do you understand me? 《Forrest Gump 》：
Michael Phelps dominated the field in seven of his races and s et an amazing seven world records in the process.
Life is like a box of chocolate, you never know what you’re gonna get.
《药学英语》PowerPoint 演示文稿
（一）教学内容
药物英语 常用词汇
药物说明书 仪器说明书
……
开药、售药 服务用语
外国药典 文献资料
……
专 业
内容Ⅲ
英
语
内容Ⅱ
运 内容Ⅰ 用
能 词汇、语法
阅读、翻译
服务用语
力 •掌握常用药学英语词汇 •看懂英文药品说明书 •售药服务用语
的 •掌握简单、常用的医学 •看懂外国药典
•实用询问病情会话
学生 评价
能切实的学到专业英语的相关知识和技能，具备一 定阅读、翻译和口头运用专业英语的能力。
28
29
Talking about the patient’s illness-Cold
任务安排-准备对话、查阅资料翻译材料
二、课 程 设 计
课程 定位
岗位 分析
课程设计依据
培养 目标
评估 要求
二、课 程 设 计
6 课程建设
5 师资队伍
1 教学目标
课程设计 总体思路
4 评价方案
2 教学内容
3 教学方法
主要内
Pharmaceutical English
容
一、课程定位 二、课程设计 三、教学内容与方法 四、教学条件 五、教学效果评价 六、课程特色 七、典型课例
（一）课程教学目标 总体目标：培养学生职业能力
职业素质 专业素质 心理素质
方法能力 专业能力 社会能力
基础：知识+技能
（一）课程教学目标
素质 目标
职业 职业道德、诚实守信、爱岗敬业
心里 沟通表达、团结协作、社会交往 专业 文字表达、严谨求实、分析判断
技能 目标
阅读 看懂基本的专业相关英文资料
药学专业英语PPTPPT课件
taking notes on important points and technical terms to aid in comprehension and review.
Classification and characteristics of pharmaceutical English literature
Writing
Writing skills for pharmaceutical English papers
Use appropriate language
Pharmaceutical English is a formal language, so it is important to use appropriate vocabulary and sentence structure. Avoid colloquial language or jargon that may be misinterpreted.
committing to a regular schedule of reading to improve your comprehension and familiarity with pharmaceutical English.
Active review
actively reviewing and summarizing the content you have read to ensure comprehension and retention.
Organize information logically
The structure of the paper should be clear and logical, with a well-defined introduction, methods, results, and conclusion. Each section should flow naturally and build upon the previous one.
高一英语no-drugs课件3
药学英语Unit three
• 非处方药只占所有抗生素药品很少的比重
• It has been pretty well established that the increase in strains of bacteria resistant to an antibiotic correlates directly with the duration and extent of use of that antibiotic in a given location.
• In comparison, the inadequacies and potential dangers of these remarkable drugs are much less widely known.
• 相比之下，这些药物的丌足和潜在危险却很少为人所知。
• Over-the-counter products, however, account for only a small percentage of total antibiotics production.
Unit 3：Microbiology
• microbiolog• • •
virus 病毒 bacteria 细菌 parasite 寄生虫 fungi 真菌（单） fungus 真菌（复数） yeast 酵母菌
• • • •
antibiotic 抗生素 common cold 普通感冒 influenza 流感 hepatitis 肝炎
• Antibiotics have eliminated or controlled so many infectious diseases that virtually everyone has benefited from their use at one time or another.
Pharmacology 药学英语ppt课件
Typically a drug target is a key molecule involved in a particular metabolic or signaling pathway that is specific to a disease condition or pathology, or to the infectivity or survival of a microbial pathogen.
5
2. Important figures in the development of pharmacology Friedrich Wohler Synthesis of urea(尿素): organic compounds can be synthesized from inorganic materials Oswald Schmiedeberg His work primarily dealt with finding the correlation between the chemical structure of substances and their effectiveness. a thesis on the measurement of chloroform（氯仿） in blood studied the pharmacology of chloroform and chloral hydrate（水合氯醛 ） publication of Outline of Pharmacology trained a number of preeminent scientists
7
Definitions
Pharmacology has been defined as an experimental science that studies changes brought about in vivo and in vitro by chemically acting substances, whether used for therapeutic purpose or not. In the broadest sense, pharmacology is the science of studying the effect of drugs on living organisms. It attempts to describe the biological response produced by drugs and to define the underlying mechanisms by which the responses are generated.
《药学英语》PPT教学课件-unit 1
中国制药行业的外资情况
尽管存在着文化、种族和法规的差异， 越来越多的外国公司开始在中国进行多个 实验中心的三期临床实验。
The basic means of China's absorption of foreign investments
1. Sino-foreign joint ventures 2. Cooperative businesses 3. Exclusively foreign-owned enterprises 4. Joint exploitation 5. Foreign-funded share-holding companies 6. New types of foreign investment
中国制药行业的外资情况
追溯到1980年，日本大冢制药有限公司在 中国创立了第一个中外合资制药企业：中国大 冢制药有限公司。紧接着，1982年，瑞典法玛 西亚制药公司在中国建立了第一个欧洲合资企 业：无锡中国瑞典制药公司。到1995年，根据 PJB出版的1997年中国制药市场指南统计：在 中国已经有1500家中外合资制药企业注册。
Eighteen of the top 20 global pharmaceutical giants have entered into these arrangements. Germany's Bayer has nine joint ventures in China, with a total investment of US $160 million investment. Switzerland Roche has seven, and a US $130 million investment.
【药学专业英语】PPT课件
body to certain substances.
There is a lot of fat here, suggesting one risk factor for atherosclerosis. 大量脂肪是动脉粥样硬化的危险因素。
.
15
antibiotics
biotic [ bai'ɔtik ] .a. 生命的(生物的)
How do microbes beat antibiotics? 微生物如何战胜抗生素？
我们首先给予血管扩张药物例如硝普钠或钙离子拮抗剂如维拉帕米皮层的皮质的cortex皮层促肾上腺皮质激素adj皮质甾类的皮质类固醇的类固醇甾体类hormoneproducedadrenalcortexsaikl?ufsfmaidphospho表示磷的含磷的之义spore孢子saikl?usp?
Part 1 Special Terms for Pharmacology
Antianginal drug
Consequently, stand or fall of patient angina symptom. 因而，病人心绞痛症状时好时坏。
Angina pectoris: It is acid that the banana has a kind of natural making to a healthy function of easing pain. 心绞痛：香蕉对身体有一种天然的制酸性，有镇痛作 用。
高一英语no-drugs课件3
高一英语no-drugs课件3
光绪三十四年戊申夏月利日。 千年古刹历经沧桑，留给人类的是斑驳岁月。可以肯定的是，高阳观首建于隋末唐初，后被毁坏。清光绪七年复建，到光绪二十七年又被自然灾害毁坏复修，后来历代修补，呈现在眼前颓废的观宇 跌宕起伏，见证了历史的兴衰。hg3088官方注册 当年高阳寨的空前盛华从遗留在碑志上的诗词可见一斑。只可惜由于年岁的过往，有的被毁，有的字迹模糊辨认不清，在这里记录可以采集的原本以飨读者。 咏高阳寨 偶步名山古寺巅，岩悬万丈接遥天。 钟声响作云天外，梵刹荫连野渡边。 龙游凤洞甚藴籍，凤有天窝任盘旋。 果然气象仙人地，不让蓬莱共远传。 ——光绪文生张德高 咏高阳寨 春阳有脚任遨游，定入云山不肯收。 四壁画屏牢锁钥，一声冷岩颤梧楸。 云生绝涧幽僧住，月到空庭为客留。 试问此间高名士，古今来往几浮邱。 ——清廪生张文琳 悬岩赞徹神仙。 ——清咸丰廪生张钦仕 咏高阳寨 拔地危峰峭壁周，四围于绕水溪流。 北城把守灵官显，南路崎岖险境留。
药学英语 ppt课件
often said to be the oldest and most valuable work in the
history of pharmacology. Pharmacology as a scientific
discipline did not further advance until the mid-19 the
27. polymorphonuclear leukocyte 多形核白细胞
28. randomized a. 随机的
29. recruitment n. 征募新兵，募集，募集现象
30. renal
a. 肾脏的
31. renal failure 肾衰
32. stringent
a. 严格的
33. surrogate
vi. 起源于
steroid
n. 甾族化合物，类固醇
synergistic a. 协同的
thrombus
n. 血栓
tolerability n. 耐受性
upregulation n. 增量调节
urea
n. 尿素
PPT课件
8
Unit One Pharmacology
The word “pharmacology” derives from the Greek
PPT课件
10
Prehistoric people undoubtedly recognized the
beneficial or toxic effects of many plants and animal
material. The earliest written records from China and from
药学专业英语Pharmacology English 课件
homework
• Every three students make a team. Form
your own team and hand in the name lists next class.
• In the future, group work will be done by
group members and scores are given accordingly.
• 三期临床
•
为新药上市前扩大的临床试验，其用药方法 类似常规药物治疗学的方法，以进一步确定新药 的安全性和有效性。该期要求完成试验药品的病 例数在300例以上，通常视具体研究的药物而定， 而对照病例数则无具体规定。在国外，三期临床 是上市前研究，即申报新药生产所必须呈报的临 床试验资料。而在我国，在二期临床试验后即可 申请新药生产，在批准试生产期间，再进行三期 临床试验。
• Read and translate common package
insert.
• Master some basic knowledge about
pharmacology.
Scores are given according to
• 1 Performance in class 15% • 2 Group work after class 15%--20% • 3 Final exam 65%--70%
用治疗量的药物后所出现的治疗目的以外的药理作用。药 物正作用是主要的.一种药物常有多方面的作用，既有治 疗目的的作用也并存有非治疗目的的作用。如抗胆碱药阿 托品，其作用涉及许多器官和系统，当应用于解除消化道 痉挛时，除了可缓解胃肠疼痛外，常可抑制腺体分泌，出 现口干、视力模糊、心悸、尿潴留等反应。后面这些作用 是属于治疗目的以外的，且可引起一定的不适或痛苦，因 此称为副作用。副作用和治疗作用在一定条件下是可以转 化的，治疗目的的不同，也导致副作用的概念上的转变。 如在手术前为了抑制腺体分泌和排尿，阿托品的上述副作 用又转化为治疗作用了。副作用常为一过性的，随治疗作 用的消失而消失。但是有时候也可引起后遗症。
药学英语第五版第三单元
Biochemistry Seeks to Explain Life in Chemical TermsThe molecules of which living organisms are composed conform to all the familiar laws of chemistry, but they alsointeract with each other in accordance with another set of principles, which we shall refer to collectively as the molecularlogic of life. These principles do not involve new or yet undiscovered physical laws or forces. Instead, they are a set ofrelationships characterizing the nature, function, and interactions of biomolecules.If living organisms are composed of molecules that are intrinsically inanimate, how do these molecules confer theremarkable combination of characteristics we call life? How is it that a living organism appears to be more than the sum ofits inanimate parts? Philosophers once answered that living organisms are endowed with a mysterious and divine life force,but this doctrine (vitalism) has been firmly rejected by modern science. The basic goal of the science of biochemistry is todetermine how the collections of inanimate molecules that constitute living organisms interact with each other to maintainand perpetuate life. Although biochemistry yields important insights and practical applications in medicine, agriculture,nutrition, and industry, it is ultimately concerned with the wonder of life itself.All Macromolecules Are Constructed from a Few Simple CompoundsMost of the molecular constituents of living systems are composed of carbon atoms covalently joined with other carbonatoms and with hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. The special bonding properties of carbon permit the formation of a greatvariety of molecules. Organic compounds of molecular weight less than about 500, such as amino acids, nucleotidase, andmonosaccharide, serve as monomeric subunits of proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides,respectively. A single proteinmolecule may have 1,000 or more amino acids, and deoxyribonucleic acid has millions of nucleotides.Each cell of the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) contains more than 6,000 different kinds of organic compounds,including about 3,000 different proteins and a similar number of different nucleic acid molecules. In humans there may betens of thousands of different kinds of proteins, as well as many types of polysaccharides (chains of simple sugars), avariety of lipids, and many other compounds of lower molecular weight.To purify and to characterize thoroughly all of these molecules would be an insuperable task, it were not for the factthat each class of macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides) is composed of a small, common set of monomericsubunits. These monomeric subunits can be covalently linked in a virtually limitless variety of sequences, just as the 26letters of the English alphabet can be arranged into a limitless number of words, sentiments, or books.Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) are constructed from only four different kinds of simple monomeric subunits, thedeoxyribonucleotides, and ribonucleic acids (RNA) are composed of just four types of ribonucleotides. Proteins are composedof 20 different kinds of amino acids. The eight kinds of nucleotides from which all nucleic acids are built and the 20different kinds of amino acids from which all proteins are built are identical in all living organisms.Most of the monomeric subunits from which all macromolecules are constructed serve more than one function in livingcells. The nucleotides serve not only as subunits of nucleic acids, but also as energy-carrying molecules. The amino acidsare subunits of protein molecules, and also precursors of hormones, neurotransmitters, pigments, and many other kinds ofbiomolecules.From these considerations we can now set out some of the principles in the molecular logic of life: All living organismshave the same kinds of monomeric subunits. There are underlying patterns in the structure of biological macromolecules. Theidentity of each organism is preserved by its possession of distinctive sets of nucleic acids and of proteins.ATP Is the Universal Carrier of Metabolic Energy, Linking Catabolism and AnabolismCells capture, store, and transport free energy in a chemical form. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) functions as the majorcarrier of chemical energy in all cells. ATP carries energy among metabolic pathways by serving as the shared intermediatethat couples endergonic reactions to exergonic ones. The terminal phosphate group of ATP is transferred to a variety ofacceptor molecules, which are thereby activated for further chemical transformation. The adenosine diphosphate (ADP) thatremains after the phosphate transfer is recycled to become ATP, at the expense of either chemical energy (during oxidativephosphorylation) or solar energy in photosynthetic cells (by the process of photophosphorylation). ATP is the majorconnecting link (the shared intermediate) between the catabolic and anabolic networks of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in thecell. These linked networks of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are virtually identical in all living organisms.Genetic Continuity Is Vested in DNA MoleculesPerhaps the most remarkable of all the properties of living cells and organisms is their ability to reproduce themselveswith nearly perfect fidelity for countless generations. This continuity of inherited traits implies constancy, over thousandsor millions of years, in the structure of the molecules that contain the genetic information. Very few historical records ofcivilization, even those etched in copper or carved in stone, have survived for a thousand years. But there is good evidencethat the genetic instructions in living organisms have remained nearly unchanged over much longer periods; many bacteria havenearly the same size, shape, and internal structure and contain the same kinds of precursor molecules and enzymes as thosethat lived a billion years ago.Hereditary information is preserved in DNA, a long, thin organic polymer so fragile that it will fragment from the shearforces arising in a solution that is stirred or pipetted. A human sperm or egg, carrying the accumulated hereditaryinformation of millions of years of evolution, transmits these instructions in the form of DNA molecules, in which the linearsequence of covalently linked nucleotide subunits encodes the genetic message. Genetic information is encoded in the linearsequence of four kinds of subunits of DNA. The double-helical DNA molecule has an internal template for its own replicationand repair.The Structure of DNA Allows for Its Repair and Replication with Near-Perfect FidelityThe capacity of living cells to preserve their genetic material and to duplicate it for the next generation results fromthe structural complementarity between the two halves of the DNA molecule. The basic unit of DNA is a linear polymer of fourdifferent monomeric subunits, deoxyribonucleotides, arranged in a precise linear sequence. It is this linear sequence thatencodes the genetic information. Two of these polymeric strands are twisted about each other to form the DNA double helix,in which each monomeric subunit in one strand pairs specifically with the complementary subunit in the opposite strand. Inthe enzymatic replication or repair of DNA, one of the two strands serves as a template for the assembly of another,structurally complementary DNA strand. Before a cell divides, the two DNA strands separate and each serves as a template forthe synthesis of a complementary strand, generating two identical double-helical molecules, one for each daughter cell. Ifone strand is damaged, continuity of information is assured by the information present on the other strand.The Linear Sequence in DNA Encodes Proteins with Three-Dimensional StructuresThe information in DNA is encoded as a linear (one-dimensional) sequence of the nucleotide units of DNA, but theexpression of this information results in a three-dimensional cell. This change from one to three dimensions occurs in twophases. A linear sequence of deoxyribonucleotides in DNA codes (through the intermediary, RNA) for the production of aprotein with a corresponding linear sequence of amino acids. The protein folds itself into a particular three-dimensionalshape, dictated by its amino acid sequence. The precise three-dimensional structure (native conformation) is crucial to theprotein’s function as either catalyst or structural element. This principle emerges:The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein leads to the acquisition of a unique three-dimensional structure by aself-assembly procession.Once a protein has folded into its native conformation, it may associate noncovalently with other proteins, or withnucleic acids or lipids, to form supramolecular complexes such as chromosomes, ribosomes, and membranes. These complexes arein many cases self-assembling. The individual molecules of these complexes have specific, high-affinity binding sites foreach other, and within the cell they spontaneously form functional complexes.Individual macromolecules with specific affinity for other macromolecules self-assemble into supramolecular complexes.Noncovalent Interactions Stabilize Three-Dimensional StructuresThe forces that provide stability and specificity to the three-dimensional structures of macromolecules andsupramolecular complexes are mostly noncovalent interactions. These interactions, individually weak but collectively strong,include hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions among charged groups, van der Waals interactions, and hydrophobic interactionsamong nonpolar groups. These weak interactions are transient; individually they form and break in small fractions of a second.The transient nature of noncovalent interactions confers a flexibility on macromolecules that is critical to their function.Furthermore, the large numbers of noncovalent interactions in a single macromolecule makes it unlikely that at any givenmoment all the interactions will be broken; thus macromolecular structures are stable over time.Three-dimensional biological structures combine the properties of flexibility and stability.The flexibility and stability of the double-helical structure of DNA are due to the complementarity of its two strandsand many weak interactions between them. The flexibility of these interactions allows strand separation during DNAreplication; the complementarity of the double helix is essential to genetic continuity.Noncovalent interactions are also central to the specificity and catalytic efficiency of enzymes. Enzymes bindtransition-state intermediates through numerous weak but precisely oriented interactions. Because the weak interactions areflexible, the complex survives the structural distortions as the reactant is converted into product.The formation of noncovalent interactions provides the energy for self-assembly of macromolecules by stabilizing nativeconformations relative to unfolded, random forms. The native conformation of a protein is that in which the energeticadvantages of forming weak interactions counterbalance the tendency of the protein chain to assume random forms. Given aspecific linear sequence of amino acids and a specific set of conditions (temperature, ionic conditions, pH), a protein willassume its native conformation spontaneously, without a template or scaffold to direct the folding.The Physical Roots of the Biochemical WorldWe can now summarize the various principles of the molecular logic of life:A living cell is a self-contained, self-assembling, self-adjusting, self-perpetuating isothermal system of molecules thatextracts free energy and raw materials from its environment.The cell carries out many consecutive reactions promoted by specific catalysts, called enzymes, which it produces itself.The cell maintains itself in a dynamic steady state, far from equilibrium with its surroundings. There is great economyof parts and processes, achieved by regulation of the catalytic activity of key enzymes.Self-replication through many generations is ensured by the self-repairing, linear information-coding system. Geneticinformation encoded as sequences of nucleotide subunits in DNA and RNA specifies the sequence of amine acids in each distinctprotein, which ultimately determines the three-dimensional structure and function of each protein.Many weak (noncovalent) interactions, acting cooperatively, stabilize the three-dimensional structures of biomoleculesand supramolecular complexes.。
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lever
plasma
concentration
❖ Group 8： infection 感染
injection 注射剂： ampoule / vial
❖ Group 9： toxi--- 毒 （词缀记忆法）
toxin ： ? ---xin
toxicology：? --- ology
biology
pharmacology
❖ 在压片过程中，所有的成分需要干燥，粉碎，大小颗粒尽 可能一样，这是很重要的。由于机器操作不断振动，最终 使制成的药片大小不一致而易于散裂。而且当系统的一点 潮湿都会影响片剂的压制过程。
❖ Some substances may be tableted as pure substances, but this is usually not the case. Normally, an inactive ingredient termed a binder is added to help hold the tablet together and give it strength. A wide variety of binders may be used, some common ones including lactose powder, sucrose powder, tapioca starch (cassava flour) and microcrystalline cellulose.
❖ LD50： lethal dosage 50% 半数致死量 ❖ EEG： electro encephalon graph 脑电图 ❖ ECG： electro cardiac graph 心电图 ❖ BBB： blood brain barrel 血脑屏障
❖ HISUN Pharmaceutical CO.,LTD
化学常见基团的中英文词缀
Micro-- 微
Pharma-- 药
Acetyl-- 乙酰基
Amino-- 氨基
phen--- 苯
--ose
糖
Lact--
乳
Cyano- 氰基
Chloride 氯化物
Sulfate 硫酸盐
Nitro--
硝基
--ester
Lipo-- 脂
Immuno-- 免疫
EpiEndoNeo-Inter-UreaOPM-
外 内 新 相互 脲 对 间 邻
---gen 原
Cardio- 新
De- (DNA) 去
Hydro- 氢
-side
苷
Poly
聚
Multiple 多
-lysis
分析
§3 Pharmacological
Actions
toxicity： ? --- ity activity
❖ Group 10： micro--- 微小的 Microsoft： ? microbe： ? microbiology： ?（subject） microscope： ?
telescope： ? television TV： tele--- 宏观的 vision 视野、视觉 ❖ Group 11： （1）treat / cure
❖ When Tylenol (paracetamol/acetaminophen) capsules were laced with cyanide (an incident referred to as the Tylenol scare), many people stopped buying capsules because they are easy to contaminate, in favor of tablets, which are not. Some makers of OTC (over-the-counter) drugs responded by starting to make what they termed "caplets"，which were actually just tablets made in the shape of a capsule.
（2）reach / arrive（3）lead to / result in
❖ Group 12： 表示否定的词缀： 词缀记忆法
dis--- in--- im--- ab--- un--- contra-----less
❖ 作业：举例写出由上述词缀构成பைடு நூலகம்单词
二、常见的英文医学缩写
❖ CNS： central nervous system 中枢神经 系统
Coated tablet: Sugar coated tablet; Film coated tablet
Delayed released tablet ---- Sustained release tablet -----
Controlled released tablet
❖ Other forms:
❖ 当泰诺（扑热息痛/对乙酰氨基酚）胶囊与氰化物联 系到一起时，(即“泰诺恐慌”事件)很多人因为胶囊剂 易于被污染而停止购买，转而青睐于不易被污染的片 剂。一些OTC（非处方药）的生产商开始生产术语中 所谓的“胶囊片”，其实就是把片剂做成胶囊的形状。
❖ In the tablet-pressing process, it is important that all ingredients be dry, powdered, and of uniform grain size as much as possible. Mixed grain sizes tend to separate out due to operational vibrations, resulting in inconsistent tableting, while any moisture in the system will tend to clog the tableting pathways.
一、words：
❖ group 1：
Absorb absorption
Metabolize distribute distribution
excrete excretion
Question：the process of metabolism ?
❖ group 2：给药, 服药的表示方法：
take administration give eat（error）
酯
-one
酮
-oxide
氧化物
Toxi--
毒
---ol
醇
hyper Hypo---ate --ase Biohemo----tis Anti--
高 低 酸或酯 酶 生物 血 炎 抗
Vitro-- 体外
Vivo--
体内
-lactone 内酯
--mycin 霉素
---cillin 西林
cepha-- 头孢
Thank You !
Famous pharmaceutical factories or companies in the world
1. Johnson & Johnson (US)
2.SHCK (US)
❖ 3 Glaxo (UK) Glaxo-SHCK ❖ 4 Merck (US) ❖ 5 Lilly (US) ❖ 6 Bristol- myer Squibb (US) ❖ 7 Pfizer (US) ❖ 8 Bayer (German) ❖ 9 Roche (Switzerland) ❖ 10 Otsuka (Japan) ❖ 药谷： new jersey in US
Kidney ------ renal
Intestine ------ intestinal tract G--I tract
❖ Group 6： half life
In vivo experiment ---vo
In vitro experiment ----tro
❖ Group 7： blood： serum
构词法：---ance clear-----clearance appear----appearance
句型：①It is important that---- ②It is importance of--❖ Group5： hepatic ------ liver ----- hepatitis
---tis 炎症 Cholic ------ cholic acid
❖ 有些物质可以制成直接粉末片， 但是一般情况下这 是不可能的，通常，术语称之为“粘合剂”的一些无活 性的物质能够帮助片剂结合在一起，并且具有一定的强 度。有很多种类可以被作为粘合剂使用，最常见的有： 乳糖粉末、蔗糖粉末、木薯淀粉（即木薯粉末）以及微 晶纤维素。
❖ Often, an ingredient is also needed to act as an disintegrant. This is an ingredient that dissolves readily in water to help the tablet disperse once swallowed. Some binders, such as starch, are also excellent disintegrants.
capsule; granule; power; suppository;
pill;
dragee; cream; ointment
❖ liquid preparation
injection: ampoule； vial other forms: aerosol; drops；liniment；oral solution；
药片是将药物或者其他有活性的物质和粘合剂 混合，然后压制成片状的固体制剂 。