8.monopoly
经济学专业英语教程(精编版)(第二版)课件：Monopoly
(4) What kinds of policies can be taken by the government to deal with the monopolistic behaviors?
The antitrust laws give the government various ways to promote competition. They allow the government to prevent mergers.
Antitrust laws have costs as well as benefits. Sometimes companies merge not to reduce competition but to lower costs through more efficient joint production. These benefits from mergers are sometimes called synergies.
Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential cause of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason. Actual economies are large, and resources are owned by many people. Indeed, because many goods are traded internationally, the natural scope of their markets is often worldwide. There are, therefore, few examples of firms that own a resource for which there are no close substitutes.
商务英语词汇汇总(共522个)
TYPES OF COMPANY AND BUSINESS1.banking 银行业2.construction 建筑业3.correspondence 通信cation 教育5.electronics 电学也6.entertainment 娱乐7.finance 金融8.health 保健9.import 进口10.export 出口11.manufacture 制造业12.press 新闻界13.printing 印刷业14.producing 生产业15.programming 编程16.publishing 出版17.science 科学18.telecommunications 通讯19.trade union 工会20.transporting 运输DIVISIONS AND DEPARTMENTS1.accounts 会计部2.administration 行政管理处3.advertising 广告部4.assembly line 装配线5.canteen 餐厅，小卖部6.clinic 诊所7.customer service 客户服务8.distribution 分销部9.financial services 财务服务10.forwarding company 运输公司11.head office 总部12.headquarters 总部13.human resources 人力资源部14.maintenance 维修部15.management 管理不16.marketing 营销部17.personnel 人事部18.packaging 包装部19.production 生产部20.public relations 公关部21.purchasing 采购部22.quality control 质量管理部23.research and development 调研部24.sales 销售部25.training 培训部26.wages and salaries 工资部OFFICE EQUIPMENT AND STATIONERY1.ashtray 烟灰缸2.biro 圆珠笔3.blinds 窗帘，百叶窗4.bookcase 书架，书箱5.bulb 灯泡6.calculator 计算器7.cassette player 卡式录音机puter 电脑9.diary 日志10.documents 文件11.envelope 信封12.fax machine 传真机13.filing cabinet 文件柜14.floppy disk 软盘15.furnished 备有家具的16.hard disk 硬盘17.keyboard 键盘18.lectern 讲演者放讲稿的小台架19.microphone 麦克风20.mobile telephone 移动电话21.mouse 鼠标器22.notepad 便签23.overhead projector 投影仪24.paper clip 纸夹25.pencil sharpener 转笔刀26.penknife铅笔刀27.photocopier 复印机28.pin 大头针29.plug 插头30.printer 打印机31.recorder 录音机32.scissors 剪刀33.screen 屏幕34.sheet （一）张，片35.shelf 书架36.socket 电源插座37.software软件38.staple 订书钉39.stapler 订书器40.switch 开关41.telegram 电报42.telegraph 电报机43.transparencies 幻灯片44.typewriter 打字机45.video camera 摄像机46.video player 录像机47.video tapes 录像带48.word processor 文字处理机FORMS AND BOOKS1.account bill 帐单2.advertisement 广告3.air mail 航空邮件4.announcement 通告5.attached document 附（文）件6.application 申请表7.balance sheet 资金平衡表8.balance of trade 贸易平衡表9.blank note 空白支票10.bond 债券11.booklet 小册子12.brand 商标13.briefing 简要说明，报告14.brochure 广告手册15.bulletin 公告16.business card 名片17.calendar 日历18.cardboard 硬纸板19.cash book 现金簿20.catalogue 目录21.chart 图表22.cheque = check 支票23.confidential information 机密资料24.consignment agreement 托运协定25.contract 合同26.copy 副本，一份（文件）27.credit card 信用卡28.curriculum 课程表29.description 说明书30.design 设计31.diagram 图表32.directories 名录，指南33.dispatch 急件，公文34.draft 汇票35.drawing 图纸36.driving license 驾驶执照37.duplicate 副本38.electronic-mail 电子邮件39.fax 传真40.file 档案41.financial statement 财务报表42.flip chart 可翻记录册43.flow chart 流程表44.graph 曲线图45.guarantee 保证rm 通知47.invoice 发货清蛋，发票bel 标签49.leaflet 广告传单50.manual 手册，指南51.memorandum 备忘录52.minutes 会议记录53.newsletter 业务通讯54.numerical data 数据55.order form定货单anization chart 组织结构图57.original 原件，原始的58.postage stamp 邮票59.pamphlet 小册子60.passport护照61.pattern 式样62.penalty clause惩罚条款63.permit 允许，许可证64.photograph 照片65.poster 标语66.price list 价格表67.program 计划，程序68.quotation 报价单69.receipt 发票70.record 记录71.reference book 参考书72.refund order 退款单73.registered letter 挂号信74.report on progress 进展报告75.shortlist 决选名单76.telex 电传77.track record 过去的记录BUSINESS TRIP1.a seat in economy 经济舱座位2.airline 航空公司3.baggage 行李4.boarding card 登机卡5.business travel 商务旅行6.climate 气候7.custom 习俗8.Customs 海关9.declare 申报10.delay 延误11.departure 出发，起程12.destination 目的地13.enter 进入14.entertain 招待15.estimate 预算，估计16.exit 出口17.expenditure 支出18.expense 费用19.fare 车（船，飞机）费20.forecast 预报，预测21.in advance 提前22.invalid 失效23.journey 旅行24.length of stay 停留时间25.load 装载，载重26.luggage 行李27.method of transport 交通方式28.out of date 过期的29.parcel 小包30.passenger 乘客31.pilot 飞行员32.platform 站台33.punctual 准时的34.purpose of trip 出行目的35.register 登记36.registration 登记37.sail 航行38.stopover 中途停留（转机）39.terminal （飞机，汽车）终点站40.to check in 登记（住宿），登机手续41.go abroad 出国42.to issue the visa 办签证43.to take off 起飞44.tourist 旅行者45.travel agency 旅行社46.traveler’s cheque 旅行支票47.valid 有效的48.waiting room 候车室49.voyage 航海TELEPHONING1.dial 拨电话2.interrupt 打断谈话3.extension number 分机号码 网络5.standard phrases 标准用语6.switchboard operator 接线员7.telephone directory 电话簿8.telephone message 电话记录9.to accept the offer 接受请求10.to apologize for 道歉11.to be engaged 占线12.to call back 回电话13.to connect somebody 接通某人14.to give advice 提建议15.to hang up 挂断16.to hold on 别挂断17.to inquire about 咨询18.to make a phone call 打电话19.to make an offer 提供帮助20.to make requests 请求21.to phone back 回电话22.to put through 接通电话23.to refuse the offer 拒绝请求24.to ring back 回电话25.to ring up 打电话ARRANGEMENTS AND PLANS1.accommodation 住宿2.affair 事务3.agenda 议事日程4.arrangement 安排5.budget 预算6.contact 联系7.correction 修改8.plan 计划9.program 计划10.proposal 提议11.propose 提议（v）12.rearrange 重新安排13.schedule 时间安排表14.settle 解决15.tight 紧的16.timetable 时刻表17.to attend the meeting 出席会议18.to be absent 缺席19.to be present 出席20.to book a flight ticket 预定机票21.to cancel the reservation 取消预定22.to confirm the flight 确认飞机23.to fix a time 定时间24.to give the permission 允许25.to make an appointment 预约26.to reserve the hotel 预定旅馆COMPANY, PRODUCTS & SERVICES1.airline 航空公司2.a two-year guarantee 两年保修期3.accessory 附件4.actual reduction 实际减员5.adjust 调节6.administrative cost 行政管理费7.advantage 优势8.annual profit 年利润9.assembly line装配线10.assembly plant装配厂11.authority 权利，当局12.available 可用的，可得到的13.average interest rate 平均利率14.bargain 讨价还价15.balance of trade 贸易平衡16.branch 分支机构17.benefit 好处18.brand 品牌19.business activities 商务活动20.cargo 货物21.cash 现金22.cash flow 现金流动23.charge 索价petition 竞争ponent零部件26.consumer 消费者27.convenient 方便的28.corporation 公司29.costing 成本预算30.current assets 流动资产31.current liabilities 短期负债32.customer 客户33.cut 缩减34.debt 债务35.deficit 逆差，赤字36.delivery time 送货时间37.demonstration 展示38.deposit 存，储39.describe 描述40.disadvantage 劣势41.display 展示42.distribution costs 运输成本43.dividend 红利，股息44.domestic market 国内市场45.duty 税46.economical 经济的47.efficient 高效率的48.electronic products电子产品49.equipment设备，仪器50.expenditure 支出51.expensive 昂贵的52.field 领域53.fixed assets 固定资产54.foreign currency 外币55.free of charge 免费56.full instructions 详细说明57.gross profits 总利润58.hardwares 硬件，五金59.headquarters 总部60.heavy industry 重工业61.height 高度62.high quality product 高质量产品63.holding company 控股公司64.incorporated 股份有限的65.individual enterprise 个人企业66.industry工业67.install安装68.insurance 保险69.international payments国际支付70.investment 投资71.joint venture 合资企业unch 推出新产品73.length 长度74.limited liability company 股份有限公司75.loan贷款76.local trade 当地贸易77.location 位置78.low cost低成本的79.mail order邮购80.main strength 主要实力81.manage 管理82.manufacturer生产商83.margin 定金，盈余84.market leader 市场领先者85.market share 市场份额86.mass produce 批量生产87.merger 合并88.methods of payment 付款方式89.mobile capital 流动资本90.monopoly 垄断91.multiply 多样化的92.mortgage loan 抵押贷款93.multinational company 跨国公司94.negotiate 谈判 income纯收入96.new accounts 新帐户97.output 产量98.overdraft 透支99.overheads 管理费100.overseas investment 海外投资101.parent company 母公司102.payment 支付款项103.pensions 抚恤金，养老金104.portable 轻便的105.price list 价格表106.private income 私人收入107.product presentation 产品介绍108.profit after tax 税后利润109.profitable 核算的110.property 财产111.public spending 公共消费112.qualify 使。
英语六级常考词汇短语整理
英语六级词汇笔记1.四六级中3个代表"娱乐，休闲"的词:recreation entertainment amusement2。
三个遵守法律法规：adhere to comply with conform to3。
三个引起，激发：provoke,elicite.ignite4。
四个引诱，吸引：attract（被美的，善良的东西所吸引）,lure（中性词）induce（引诱别人做坏事）和tempt（被坏事引诱）5。
二个"解决问题的方法，至于疾病的方法"：remedy,therapy6。
三个名声，声望：reputation,fame,prestige7。
at random=by accident=randomly（随意的）deliberately（故意的，存心的）8。
collide with（两个运动物体的相撞，两国冲突），bump against/on（运动物体撞静止物体）9。
三个崩溃：crash,crumple,collapse10。
appr开头的3个重点单词：appropriate,approximate,appreciation11。
评估，评价的2个重点单词：evaluation（对于抽象意义的评估评价），essessment12。
二组"三剑客"单词：spontaneously,simultaneously,homogeneously和transmission,transaction,transition13。
（不）足够，充分：inadequate,deficient,sufficient14。
表示为他人着想的2个单词：considerate,thoughtful15。
二个修改纠正：rectify（改正纠正错误行为），modify（修改文章文件）16。
表示迷惑，困惑的词：confuse,perplex,bewilder（confuse和perplex是绝对意义同意词，同时出现不能选）17。
谈及市场时经常用的英语单词
谈及市场时经常用的英语单词市场起源于古时人类对于固定时段或地点进展交易的场所的称呼，而此交易场所乃为消费者为了减少搜寻本钱所形成。
市场到了今天意义已经广泛很多。
下面，盘点了一些谈及市场时，经常谈及的，希望对大家有所帮助。
1).market n.市场，集市;v.销售，推销We must take measures to open up new markets for our products我们必须采取措施为我们的产品开辟新市场。
2).monopoly n.垄断Monopoly can hold back market petition to some extent 垄断在一定程度上阻止了市场竞争的开展。
3).oligopoly n.垄断组织Can you te¨me the names.t some famous oligopolies ?你能告诉我一些有名的垄断组织的名字吗?4).cartelize v.组成卡特尔，组成企业联盟They attempted to make the market cartelize.他们试图使市特尔化。
5).exploit v.剥削，榨取The rich aumulated their wealth by exploiting the poor in the feudal society.在封建社会，富人靠剥削穷人积累财富。
6).merger n.(公司或企业间的)合并Do you think that the merger of the two panies ls a good thing你认为这两个公司的合并是一件好事吗?7).inflation n.通货膨胀We must take measures to curb inflation我们必须采取措施遏制通货膨胀。
8).deflation n.通货紧缩In this situation we should adopt[ the policy of deflation在这种情况下我们应该采取通货紧缩政策。
八年级英语游戏种类单选题50题
八年级英语游戏种类单选题50题1. Which of the following is a board game?A. FootballB. ChessC. SwimmingD. Basketball答案：B。
Chess（国际象棋）是一种棋盘游戏。
A 选项Football 足球）是球类运动；C 选项Swimming（ 游泳）是水上运动；D 选项Basketball 篮球）是球类运动。
2. Which game is usually played online?A. Hide-and-seekB. SolitaireC. HopscotchD. Tag答案：B。
Solitaire（纸牌游戏）通常可以在线玩。
A 选项Hide-and-seek（ 捉迷藏）、C 选项Hopscotch（ 跳房子）和D 选项Tag（ 捉人游戏）一般是线下的户外游戏。
3. Which is NOT a video game?A. Mario KartB. MonopolyC. Call of DutyD. Grand Theft Auto答案：B。
Monopoly（ 大富翁）是一种桌面游戏，不是电子游戏。
A 选项Mario Kart（ 马里奥赛车）、C 选项Call of Duty（ 使命召唤）和D 选项Grand Theft Auto 侠盗猎车手）都是视频游戏。
4. Which game involves strategy and planning?A. Tic-tac-toeB. Snake and LadderC. ChessD. Pinball答案：C。
Chess（国际象棋）涉及策略和规划。
A 选项Tic-tac-toe（井字棋）相对简单；B 选项Snake and Ladder（蛇梯棋）更多是靠运气；D 选项Pinball 弹球游戏）主要是操作技巧。
5. Which is a card game?A. PokerB. BadmintonC. V olleyballD. Hockey答案：A。
在考雅思听力机经section4高频词汇
Exercise 11.0.1cm 0.1公分2.10,000 B.C. 公元前10,000年3.1860s4. 3 pairs 3双5. 4 decades 四十年6.9 liters 九升7. a land bridge 陆桥8. a standard way 一种标准的方法9.academic essay 学术文章10.accident 意外事件11.accountable 应负责的; 可解释的12.administration office 行政办公室13.advertise 做广告14.advertisement 宣传, 广告15.advisor 顾问16.agricultural 农业的17.air conditioning 空气调节装置18.air pollution 空气污染19.air pump 气泵, 抽气机20.alarm 警报21.alter attitude 改变态度22.alternative energy 可替代能源23.analysis 分析; 解析24.angle 角度25.animals’ behavior动物的行为26.approval 赞成27.arrow 箭头 亚洲29.attachment 附属; 附加的文件30.attack 攻击31.average ability 一般的才能32.award 奖, 奖品33.back wheel 后轮34.background 背景35.bacteria 细菌36.balcony 阳台, 露台37.bar code 计算机条码38.beer consumption 啤酒消费39.behavior 行为, 举止40.big toe 大脚趾41.biological 生物学的42.black velvet 黑色天鹅绒43.blood 血液Exercise 2 1.brain 头脑2.breathe 呼吸; 吸气3.breed 孵; 养育4.building material 建筑材料5.bus stop 公共汽车站6.butterflies 蝴蝶7.camel 骆驼8.camp 露营; 宿营9.candle 蜡烛10.car tires (tyres) 汽车轮胎11.carbon dioxide 二氧化碳12.case study 个案研究13.cattle 牛14.central part 中心部分15.central power source 中央动力源16.chain 连锁17.challenge 挑战18.cheap 便宜的19.cheap housing 廉价房20.check grade 检查等级21.chemical 化学的22.chewing gum 口香糖23.children and adults 儿童和成人24.cigar 雪茄25.clay 泥土, 粘土26.cliff 悬崖; 绝壁27.climate change 气候28.clothing 衣服29.cloud 云30.clubroom 俱乐部聚会堂31.coastal cities 沿海城市32.coconut 椰子33.collection of material 收集的材料bination 结合mercial 商业的mittee 委员会mon residence 普通住宅munication skills 交流技巧munication technology 通信技术munity 社区muter 通勤者parision 比较pete 比赛; 竞争Exercise 3petition 竞争; 竞赛plex designs 复杂的设计prehension of texts 文章理解/puter program 计算机程序puter teaching method计算机教学方法6.concentrated 集中的7.confidence 信心8.connected 有关连的9.conservation 保存10.contaminate 弄脏; 毒害; 污11.control of traffic 交通管制12.conversation 会话, 交谈13.cooperation 合作14.corn 小麦; 玉米15.corporate loan 企业贷款16.corrupt 使腐烂; 使恶化; 贪污17.cost effective 有成本效益的18.cost of oil 石油成本19.creation 创造; 创立20.crime 罪犯21.critical 批评的22.crocodile 鳄鱼23.cross passages 穿过通道24.cut and cover 随挖随填25.danger 危险26.dark and light 黑暗与光明27.dark blue veils 深蓝色的面纱28.decision making 决策29.decline 下降; 衰退30.decoration 装饰, 装潢31.definition 定义32.delicate fossil 精致的化石33.demonstration 示范; 实证34.density 密度35.department building 系大楼36.depression 沮丧, 消沉37.description 描写; 形容38.desert 沙漠39.desert habitat 沙漠栖息地40.design and manufacture 设计与制造41.develop diseases 疾病发展42.digest 消化43.digital system 数字系统Exercise 41.diploma in Nursing 护理文凭2.direct 直接的, 坦白的3.disadvantage 缺点, 坏处4.disappear 消失; 不见5.display 陈列; 显示6.distribution 分配; 配给物7.do exercise 做运动8.dome 圆屋顶, 穹窿9.domestic 家庭的, 驯服的, 国内的10.downhill 下坡11.dried 枯燥的12.earth 地球, 世界, 泥土13.eating pattern 饮食方式14.economical 节俭的, 合算的cation program 教育计划16.efficient 生效的; 能干的17.elastic 有弹性的18.email 电子邮件19.emotional 情绪的; 情感的20.energy 精力; 活力21.engine 引擎22.enjoy communication 享受沟23.entertainment 娱乐表演; 娱乐24.enthusiasm 狂热; 积极性25.entire city 全城26.environment 环境27.establishing rules 建立规则28.establishment of country 建立国家29.estimate 估计, 判断30.evidence of aging 老化的证据31.evolution 进化, 进展32.exhibition 表现; 展览品33.expected duration 预期持续时34.exploration 探索; 探35.exploring new facts 探索新的事实36.extra resources 额外的资源37.facilities 设备38.family relationships 亲属关系39.farming 耕作; 农事40.farming product 农业产品41.fear 恐怖; 担心42.feeding 给食; 饲养43.feeling of shame 羞愧感Exercise 51.fell 下降;减(fall过去式)2.fence 围墙, 剑术, 栅栏3.fertilizer 肥料4.filter 过滤器5.finance 财政, 财务6.financial 财政的; 金融的7.fire management 消防管理8.firewood 木柴; 柴火9.first in history 历史上首次10.fixed camera 固定摄像机11.flexible 柔软的, 灵活12.flooding 泛滥, 溢流13.flourish 茂盛; 华饰; 兴旺14.fold 折叠; 褶层15.food intake 进食16.food price 食品价格17.footprint 脚印; 足迹18.forest 森林, 林木19.freedom 自由, 特权20.fresh meat 鲜肉21.frog 蛙, 青蛙22.fruit growing 果树栽培23.funding 资金24.fur trade 毛皮贸易25.further training 深造; 进修26.future medicine 未来医学27.gender 性别28.General English Practice 一般性的英语学习29.genetic 遗传的30.genetically 从基因方面31.germ 细菌32.Germany 德国33.gift 赠品; 天赋34.give false data 提供虚假数据35.glass 玻璃36.global 球形的; 全世界的37.goat skin 山羊皮38.good eyesight 正常的视力ernment 政府ernment election 政府选举ernment policy 政府政策42.grain 谷物; 谷粒43.grass 草Exercise 61.gravity 地心引力; 重力2.great relationship 良好的人际关系3.Green Tax 环保税4.ground 土地5.group discussion 小组讨论6.group meeting 小组会议7.guard 守卫8.hard to recall 很难记得9.harvest 收获; 收成10.health department 卫生厅11.healthy 健康的12.hearing 听力13.heat 热, 高潮14.herbivorous 食草的15.herd 兽群, 牧人16.high absence rate 高缺勤率17.high car tax 高汽车税18.high temperature 高温19.higher sea levels 高海平面20.honey 蜂蜜21.hospital 医院22.hot house 温室23.huge increase 大幅增加24.humor 幽默25.hunting 狩猎26.identify animals 识别动物27.immigrant移民28.in a group 在一组29.in full 全部地30.income 收入; 所得31.income tax 所得税32.increased 增加的; 增强的33.India and Canada 印度和加拿大34.industrial 工业的, 产业的35.influence 影响rmal 非正式的rmation sector 信息内容产业38.injury 伤害39.ink 墨水40.innovation 革新, 创新41.insect 昆虫42.interaction 交互作用; 交感43.intermediate stage 中级阶段Exercise 71.internal clock 生物钟2.Internet 国际互联网络3.interview 面谈, 接见, 访问4.interview parents 采访家长5.introductory seminar 入门研讨会6.invader 入侵者7.investigation 调查; 研究8.irrigation 灌溉9.jaw 颚; 下巴10.killer whales 肉食鲸11.king 国王, 君主12.knife handle 刀柄13.knowledge 知识; 认识bel of product 产品标签boratory 实验室ck of space 缺乏空间ndmark 里程碑; 界标ne 小路; 车道rge-scale housing 大规模的住房ser printing 激光打印机wyer 律师22.leader 领袖, 指挥者23.leak 漏洞, 裂缝24.learning difficulty 学习障碍25.level of voice 声音水平26.lid of container 容器盖子27.life cycle 生命周期28.lifespan 寿命29.lifestyle 生活方式30.literature 文学; 著作31.local tribe 当地部落32.local TV station 当地电视台33.location 位置34.lock 锁35.long-term preservation 长久保存36.loud noises 大声喧哗37.low impact低强度, 不造成大损害的38.low nutrition 低营养39.lung 肺40.machinery 机器, 结构41.mammal 哺乳动物42.management skills 管理能力43.man-made 人造的Exercise 81.market research 市场研究2.marketing 营销学3.marriage 婚姻4.marsh 沼泽, 湿地5.Master’s Degree硕士学位6.material 材料; 物资7.mathematics 数学8.maturity 成熟9.maximum 最大量10.media 媒体11.medical services 医疗服务12.medicine 医学13.meet demands 满足要求14.memories 记忆; 回忆15.mental ability 心智能力16.microscope 显微镜17.migration patterns 迁移模式18.mineral 矿物19.mission statement 使命宣言20.model 模型21.money lender 放债人22.monitor 班长; 监视器23.monopoly 垄断24.mood 心情, 情绪25.moral 道义上的26.morality 道德, 品行27.more costly 更昂贵28.more flexible approach 更灵活的方法29.mould模子30.mud 泥31.national part 国家公园32.native 本地人33.natural subject 自然主题34.negative affect 负面影响35.negative thinking 负面思想work 网状系统37.no change 无变化38.non-active 非活跃39.North Africa 北非40.nursery 托儿所41.nut 坚果42.ocean conditions 海洋状况43.olive oil 橄榄油Exercise 91.on a regularly basis 定期2.one or two 一两个; 很少的3.one third 三分之一4.online games 在线游戏5.online service 线上服务6.other planets 其它行星7.outcome 结果; 后果8.oven 炉，烤箱9.own energy 自己的能量10.oxygen 氧11.package 包裹, 包12.paper jams 夹纸,堵纸,卡纸13.parental teaching 家长的教育14.participation 分享, 参与15.passenger’s weight乘客的体重16.passive 消极的, 被动的17.paying attention 注意18.performance 演出, 表演19.perfume 香料; 香水20.personal matter 私事21.personality 个性22.pest 有害的动物, 害虫23.philosopher 哲学家, 哲人24.photograph 照片25.physical activity 体力活动26.planet science 地球科学27.plastic 塑胶制品28.polished 擦亮的29.politics 政治30.polluted 受污染的31.population rise 人口的增长32.portable 可携带的33.postal survey 邮政调查34.precious stone 宝石35.private property 私有财产36.problem solving skills解决问题的能力37.problems and needs 问题和需要38.procedure 程序, 手续39.processing 处理, 加工40.professional 专业的41.profit 利润, 利益42.protection 保护43.public awareness 公众意识Exercise 101.public transport 公共交通2.qualification 资格3.quarter 四分之一4.rabbit 兔5.radar 雷达6.radio communication 无线电通信7.railway line 铁路线8.railway track 铁路轨道9.rain water 雨水10.rainfall 降雨11.random organization 随机组织12.rate of speed 速率13.reading difficulty 阅读困难14.recorder 记录者15.recreation therapy 娱乐治疗16.regulation 规章; 条例17.reinforce 加强; 加固18.reliable 可靠的, 可信赖的19.religion 宗教20.reproduce 繁殖, 生殖21.research 研究22.research assistant 助理研究员23.research method 研究方法24.resistant 抵抗的,阻止的25.responsibility 责任, 负担26.rice cultivation 水稻种植27.risk 冒险28.rival 竞争者, 敌手29.roads and bridges 道路桥梁30.rocket 飞弹, 火箭31.Roman 罗马人32.rose 上升; 上涨(rise的过去式)33.round 圆的, 圆形的34.royal commission 皇家委员会35.rubber blanket 橡胶垫36.rubbish 垃圾; 废话37.running shuttle 穿梭运行的飞机(或火车, 汽车)38.rural 乡下的39.safe and reliable 安全可靠40.safety office 安全办公室41.salary 薪资, 薪水42.sales 销售额; 营业收入43.salt 盐Exercise 111.sand glass 砂玻璃2.satisfactory 令人满意的3.scarce 缺乏的; 稀有的4.scent 气味, 香味5.score 得分, 比数6.Scotland 苏格兰7.sea level 海平面8.sea otters 海獭9.seasonal 季节的, 周期性的10.seed 种子, 籽11.selection 选择; 被挑选出的人12.selection of teams 选择球队13.self-centered 自我中心的14.self-defence 自卫15.self-evaluation 自我评价16.sensible exercise 合理运动17.shark skin 鲨鱼皮18.sheep and cattle 绵羊和牛19.sheet of paper 纸张20.shells 贝壳21.shipbuilding 造船22.shipping 海运, 航行23.shopping mall 购物中心24.silver setting 银色背景设置25.skills and experience 技能和经验26.slaves 奴隶27.sleeping sickness 昏睡症28.smaller areas 较小的区域29.smooth 平滑部分; 使光滑30.sociable 好交际的31.social isolation 社会隔离32.social matters 社会事务33.social skills 社交技能34.social worker 社会福利工作者35.solar power 太阳能36.South Africa 南非37.Southeast Asian 东南亚38.Spanish 西班牙人, 西班牙语39.spear 矛; 持矛的人40.special offers 特价优惠41.specialized software 专用软件42.speed 迅速, 速率43.spider 蜘蛛Exercise 121.spring 春天2.stem 茎, 柄, 干3.stimulation 激励; 刺激4.sting 刺痛; 刺, 叮5.stomach and heart 胃和心脏6.stone hammer 石锤7.stop joining 停止加盟8.storm 暴风雨9.straight 直接地, 不断地10.strategy 策略, 军略11.street children 街头游童12.strength 力气, 力量13.strict control 严格控制14.students feel confused 学生感到困惑15.subcommittee 小组委员会16.subsidize students’ income资助学生的收入17.sufficient details 足够的详细资料18.suggestion 提议, 暗示19.sun’s position太阳的位置20.sunlight 日光, 日照21.surface 表面; 外观22.survey 调查23.sustainable 可持续的24.symbol of progress 进步的象征25.teamwork 联合作业, 协力26.technical 技术上的27.teenager 十几岁的青少年28.telephone survey 电话调查29.temple walls 神庙的墙壁30.tent 帐篷, 帐棚31.textile factory 纺织厂32.therapy 治疗, 疗法33.tide 潮, 潮汐34.time management skill 时间管理技巧35.tiny camera 微型摄像头36.to be useless 无用37.tone 音调, 语调38.tongue 舌头39.tool 工具, 用具40.toothache 牙痛41.tower 塔, 堡垒42.trace fossil 足迹化石43.trader 商人Exercise 131.traditional 传统的2.traffic flow 交通流量3.training 训练, 练习4.translate 翻译5.translation 翻译6.transport museum 交通博物馆7.trash 无价值之物, 垃圾8.trend 趋势, 方位, 倾向9.triangle 三角10.tutorial 个别指导11.tutorial system 导师制度12.uncomfortable 不舒服的13.unhealthy diet 不健康的饮食14.unhealthy lifestyle 不健康的生活方式15.unsocial hours 没有社交时间16.urban 都市的e of land 土地利用18.vary 改变, 使多样化19.version 版本20.vertical 垂直线, 竖向21.video camera 摄像机22.visual aids 视觉教具23.vitamin A 维生素A24.volcanic dust 火山尘25.volcano 火山26.vote right 选举权27.warning 警告28.waste disposal 废物处置29.water pipes 水管30.water tank 水箱; 水槽31.wealthy people 有钱的人32.weed 野草, 杂草33.well-organized 良好组织性的34.west European 西欧35.wetland 湿地36.wheel 轮子37.wind blowing 风在吹38.window glass 窗玻璃39.workload 工作量40.worm 虫, 蚯蚓41.write a summary 写总结42.written questions 书面问题43.young graduates 年轻的大学毕业生。
市场营销英语试题及答案
市场营销英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. Which of the following is NOT a function of marketing?A. Product developmentB. PromotionC. DistributionD. Human resources management2. The 4Ps of marketing mix refer to:A. Product, Price, Place, PromotionB. Product, Price, Position, PromotionC. Product, Price, Positioning, PromotionD. Product, Place, Position, Promotion3. What is the primary goal of market segmentation?A. To increase the number of productsB. To target specific customer groupsC. To reduce advertising costsD. To expand the market share4. Which of the following is an example of a push strategy?A. AdvertisingB. Personal sellingC. Sales promotionsD. Public relations5. The concept of "Customer Lifetime Value" (CLV) is used to measure:A. The value of a customer's first purchaseB. The value of a customer's total purchases over timeC. The value of a customer's most recent purchaseD. The value of a customer's future purchases6. What is the term used to describe the process of identifying, anticipating, and satisfying customer requirements efficiently and effectively?A. Market researchB. Customer relationship managementC. MarketingD. Product management7. A marketing campaign that focuses on the benefits of the product to the customer is known as:A. Feature-based marketingB. Benefit-based marketingC. Need-based marketingD. Value-based marketing8. Which of the following is a type of market structure?A. MonopolyB. OligopolyC. Perfect competitionD. All of the above9. In marketing, the term "brand equity" refers to:A. The value of the brand's assetsB. The brand's market shareC. The brand's advertising budgetD. The brand's customer base10. Which of the following is a key element of the marketing mix for services?A. Service qualityB. Service priceC. Service promotionD. All of the above二、填空题（每题1分，共5分）11. The SWOT analysis is a tool used to identify a company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and ________.12. The marketing concept is based on the idea that the key to achieving organizational goals is to determine the needs and wants of ________ and society.13. A ________ is a marketing strategy that involves creatinga unique image or identity in the minds of consumers.14. The term "market penetration" refers to increasing sales of existing products to existing customers without ________.15. The marketing mix for tangible goods is often referred to as the "4Ps," while for services it is sometimes called the "7Ps," which includes the additional elements of people, process, and ________.三、简答题（每题5分，共10分）16. Briefly explain the concept of market orientation and its importance in business.17. Describe the steps involved in the marketing research process.四、案例分析题（15分）18. (a) Assume you are a marketing manager for a new smartphone brand. Discuss the factors you would consider when setting the price for your product.(b) How would you use the concept of market segmentation to target different consumer groups?五、论述题（20分）19. Discuss the role of technology in modern marketing and how it has changed the way companies interact with their customers.答案：一、选择题1. D2. A3. B4. B5. B6. C7. B8. D9. A10. D二、填空题11. threats12. target customers13. brand positioning14. targeting new markets15. physical evidence三、简答题16. Market orientation is a business philosophy that emphasizes the importance of understanding and meeting customer needs in order to achieve long-term success. It involves a customer-centric approach where the company's actions are driven by the needs and wants of the market. This concept is important because it helps companies to be more competitive by focusing on customer satisfaction, which can lead to increased loyalty and profitability.17. The marketing research process typically involves the following steps: defining the research problem, designing the research, collecting data, analyzing data, and reporting findings. Each step is crucial for gaining insights into the market and making informed decisions.四、案例分析题18. (a) When setting the price for a new smartphone, factors to consider include production costs, competitor pricing, perceived value, target market's willingness to pay, and the desired profit margin. (b) Market segmentation can be used to identify different consumer groups based on demographics, psychographics, or behavioral factors. Tailoring。
Monopoly课件讲义
more efficient than a large number of producers.
Monopoly Resources
Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential source of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason.
Costs and Revenue
Price during patent life
Price after patent expires
0
Marginal revenue
Monopoly quantity
Competitive quantity
Marginal cost Demand
Quantity
The Welfare Cost of Monopoly
Value to
buyers
Cost to monopolist
Cost to monopolist
0
Efficient quantity
Value to buyers
Demand (value to buyers)
Quantity
Value to buyers is greater Value to buyers is less
A natural monopoly arises when there are economies of scale over the relevant range of output.
考研5500词中8字母单词(638个)
225 anywhere ad.无论哪里；(用于否定、疑问等)任何地方
232 apparent a.表面上的,貌似真实的；显然的,明明白白的
236 appendix n.附录，附属物；阑尾，盲肠
237 appetite n.食欲，胃口；欲望，性欲；爱好，趣味
32 accident n.意外遭遇,事故；意外(因素)
46 accuracy n.准确（性）；精确；准确度
47 accurate a.正确无误的；准确的，精确的
54 acquaint vt.(with)使认识，使了解，使熟悉
63 activate vt.启动，激活；驱动，驱使；使开始起作用
334 audience n.听众，观众，读者；见面，会见
348 autonomy n.自治，自治权；
356 aviation n.航空，航空学；飞机制造业
369 bachelor n.单身汉;(亦作B-)学士(学位)
372 backward a.向后的,倒行的;迟钝的 ad.向后,朝反方向
396 bankrupt a.破产的；彻底缺乏的 vt.使破产n.破产者
400 barbecue n.烤肉；烤肉用的台架 vt.炙烤(肉等)
411 baseball n.棒球
412 basement n.建筑物的底部,地下室,地窖
422 bathroom n.浴室;盥洗室,卫生间
450 behavior n.(behaviour)行为,举止；(机器等)运转情况
1000 conflict n.战斗,斗争;抵触,冲突 v.(with)抵触,冲突
泛读教程第二册标准答案
Unit 1 GenerationSection AWord Pretest1. C2. C3. B4. C5. B6. C7. C8. AReading Comprehension1. D2. C3. C4. A5. B6. C7. A8. BVocabulary BuildingWord search1. lull2. associate3. client4. utterly5. certificate6. rags7. jerk8. foreman9. demanding 10. sentimental Semantic variations1. C2. C3. B4. A5. B6. CStems1.transmit: to send from one person, thing, or place to another; to convey2.deduce: to reach (a conclusion) by reasoning3.eject: to throw out forcefully; to expelpel: to force, drive, or constrain5.project: to thrust outward or forward6.conduct: to lead or guideAntonyms1. hopeless2. disobedient3. weighty4. agree5. clearClozeactive girls skirts move raised force show fly hesitated plane Sections B1. B2. C3. C4. B5. C6. C7. C8. C9. A10.C 11. C12. C13. A14. C15. CSection C1. F2. T3. T4. T5. F6. F7. T8. F9. T10. TUnit 2 MusicSection AWord Pretest1. B2. C3. B4. C5. B6. BReading comprehension1. T2. F3. T4. T5. T6. T7. T8. FV ocabulary BuildingWord search1. folk2. capacity3. sensuous4. qualified5. abuse6. stuff7. mood8. clarity9. striveSemantic variations1. B2. B3. B4. B5. A6.BStemspose: to make up the constituent parts of; to constitute or form2.contract: to reduce in size by drawing together, to shrink3.dispose of: to get rid of, to throw out4.impose: to obtrude or force( oneself, for example) on another or others5.subtract: to make away, to deduct6.deposit: to put (money) in a bank or financial accountSynonyms1. discriminating2. widespread3. compatibility4. clearness5. associationClozemusic form south danceinterest instruments voice rootsSection B1. F2. T3. F4. F5. F6.T 7 T 8. F 9 F 10. F11. F 12. T 13. T 14. F 15 TSection C1. D2. A3. D4. D5.D6. D7. D8. AUnit 3 ClimateSection AWord Pretest1.D2.A3.A4.B5.A6.C7.A8.B9.D 10. CReading Comprehension1.B2.B3.B4.B5.C6.A7.BVocabulary BuildingWord Search1. slanting2. equator3. amplifier4. vapor5. desert6. latitude7. atlitude8. monsoon9. drain 10. precautionSemantic Variations1.A2.B3.C4.A5.C6.AStems1.division: one of the parts, sections or groups into which something is divided2.evident: easily see or understood; obvious3.individual: a single human being considered apart from a society or community4.sustain: to support from below; to keep from falling or sinking; to prop5.visible: possible to see; perceptible to the eye6.obtain: to succeed in gaining possession of as the result of planning or endeavor; toacquireSynonyms1. mixture2. eternal3.impact4.humidity5.remoteClozeradio incorrect predict misunderstandingunexplained happen up rightSection B1.B2.C3.A4.F5.T6.F7.F8.F9.T 10.C11.C 12.B 13.T 14.F 15.TSection C1.T2.T3.F4.T5.F6.T7.F8.T9.T 10.TUnit 5 The African-AmericansSection AWord Pretest1. C2. A3. C4. A5. B6. A7. C8. CReading Comprehension1. F2T3T4F5T6F7T8TVocabulary BuildingWord Search1. destined2. relief3. segregation4. boycott5. sit-in6. legacy7. chronicle8. assault9. plight 10. vigilance Semantic Variations1C 2A 3C 4A 5B 6CStems1. evolution:the theory that groups of organisms change with passage of time, mainly as a result of natural selection, so that descendants differ morphologically and physiologically from their ancestors2. ascend:to go or move upward3. devolve:to pass on or delegate to another4. migrate:to change location periodically, especially by moving seasonally from one region to another5. export:to send or transport (a commodity, for example) abroad, especially for trade or sale6. condescend:to descend to the level of one considered inferior; to lower oneself Antonyms1. observe2. admit3. dismiss4. eulogize5. advanceClozeNominated raised immigrated earned rose Assignment position army autobiography speakerSection B1T2T3F4C5B6D7D8D9T10F11F12F13T14TSection C1A2D3D4C5C6B7D8CUnit 7 Attitude Towards LifeSection AWord Pretest: BACBA BCAReading Comprehension: CABBC BBBVocabulary BuildingWord matchastonishing surprisingconsiderate thoughtful of other persons’ wishes, needs or feelingspreach to advise or urge others to accept (sth. one believes in)strenuous taking or needing great effort or strengtharena an enclosed area for sports, public entertainments, etc.adversity bad fortune, troublebatter to damage, break, or cause to lose shapereverse the opposite, the other way roundpenetrate to see into or throughself-esteem one’s good opinion of one’s own worthdoom to cause to suffer sth unavoidable and terribleemerge to come out or appear from inside or from being hiddenblessing a gift from God or anything that brings happiness and good fortune mess up to get into disorder; to spoil, etc.devastating completely destructivecommon denominator a quality or belief shared by all the members of a groupodds the probabilities that sth will or will not happenstack to arrange dishonestly so as to give oneself an unfair advantagemotive to provide with a strong reason for doing sth.falter lose strength or effectiveness; weakenSemantic Variations: CBBACBStems1 prescribe to advise the use of a medicine2 description an account of a person in words3 terrain a stretch of land, with regard to its natural features4 subscribe to pay regularly in order to receive a magazine, newspaper, etc.5 territorial of a country’s territory6 extraterrestrial of or from outside the earth or its atmosphereAntonymsappear ready hide s skillful carelessClozeintelligent activities workout attitudeoff reducing seem asideSection BCCCCC TFTFT TTFFTSection CFTFTF TFTTTUnit 8 First AidSection AWord Pretest1.B.2.A.3.C4.B.5.B.6.B.7.B.8.A.9.C.10.B Reading comprehension1.B.2. C.3. D.4. B/D/A/C.5.C.6.C.7.A.8.C/A/B/D Vocabulary BuildingWord Search1.ambulance2.urgent3.emergency4.massage5.yell6.vein7.artery8.fracture9.blister 10.tetanusUse of English1.The government has come in for a lot of criticism.2. It’s hard to come to terms with the government’s defense policy.3. After retiring in 1980 he has decided to make a comeback to the political scene.4. The situation has come to the boil now that the government has to face a vote of confidence.5. The tax cuts announced in the Budget do not come into effect until next year.6. The miners came out on strike against the government’s privatization plans.Stems1.solo: a composition or passage for an individual voice or instrument, with orwithout accompaniment2.series: a number of objects or events arranged or coming one after the other insuccession3.isolate: to set apart or cut off from others4.desert: to withdraw from, especially in spite of a responsibility or duty; to forsake5.peninsula: a piece of land that projects into a body of water and is connected with themainland by an isthmus6.exert: to put to use or effect; to put forth7.insulate: to prevent the passage of heat, electricity or sound into or out of somewhere,especially by surrounding with a non-conducting materials8.insert: to put or set into, between or amongSynonyms1.give2. stop3. antiseptic4. block5. penetrateClozePedestrians adults declining avoid signals case impaired fatalities Section B1.C2.B3.B4.D5.A6.C7.B8.A9.T10.F11.F12.F13.T14.TSection C1.F2.T3.F4.T5.F6.F7.F8.F9.F10.TUnit 9 CreativitySection A Word Pretest1-5: B, A, A, B, A 6-8: B, A, AReading Comprehension 1-6: A, C, A, A, C，CVocabulary Building ---Word Matchglow to give out heat or lightinstinctive (of ideas, behaviors) natural, not based on learning or thinkingexemplify to serve as examplefunnel a wide-mouthed tube used for pouring liquids into a narrow-necked container prelude a short piece of music that introduces a large musical workapplaud to praise by clapping one’s handsflash to shine suddenly and brightlyattend to to direct one’s interest and effort topotential the ability to develop, achieve or succeedimpulse a sudden wish to do somethingdoze to sleep lightlyevaluate to judge the value or degree ofresurgence a return to power, life and activitystuck unable to gosketch to describe roughlyUse of English1.The Austrians made peace with Napoleon.2.They couldn’t make out what the enemy were trying to say.3.Seeing the enemy’s guns facing him made hi hair stand on end.4.The onset of winter made things worse for the troops.5.While they were on leave the sailors made the most of their freedom.6.I make no secret of my loathing for war.Stems1.accordance: agreement; conformity2.disclose: to make known (something heretofore kept secret); to reveal3.inclusive: including the specified extremes or limits as well as the area between them4.core: the hard or fibrous central part of certain fruits, such as the apple or the pear, containingthe seeds5.enclose: to surround on all sides; to close in6.conclude: to bring about a final agreement or settlement7.encouragement: the act or words of encouraging8.close: a cabinet or enclosed recess for storing linens, household supplies, or clothing Antonyms 1. lose 2. horizontal 3. sterile 4. old 5. identicalClozename managed worked after feelparents computers playing to spend tradeSection B 1-5: C, C, C, C, C 6-10: C, C, C, F, F 11-13: T, C, BSection C 1-5: F, F, T, T, F 6: TUnit 10 TravelSection AWord Pretest1.A2.A3.C4.B5.B6.B7.A8.AReading Comprehension1.B2.B3.A4.C5.A6.A7.C8.BVocabulary BuildingWord Search1.halve2.purchase3.consulate4.fare5.discount6.resort7.monopoly8.principal9.carnival 10.boredomUse of English1.They are putting on a version of “Cinderella” on ice.2.The opening of his one-man show has been put off until he recovers from his illness.3.I can’t put my finger on what it was that I disliked about the performance.4.Put your previous failures behind you and think of what your next venture might be.5. A plan has been put forward to prevent valuable paintings being sold to collectors andgalleries abroad.6.They tried to put pressure on the Arts Council to supports the newly-formed orchestraStems1.dictation:the act of saying or reading aloud to be recorded or written by another2.fraction: a small part; a bit3.indication:serving as a sign, symptom, or token of; something that is signified4.predict:to state, tell about, or make known in advance, especially on the basis of special knowledge5.contradiction: being contrary to; being inconsistent with6.fragments:small parts broken off or detachedSynonyms1. chief2. examine3. fame4. local5. soleClozefound trade famous spread discoveryidea support offered valued saltSection B1.B2.C3.C4.C5.B6.C7.B8.T9.T10.T 11.C12.C13.BSection C1.F2.T3.F4.F5.T6.T7.F8.T9.F10.FUnit 11 ExaminationsSection AWord Protest1. A2. C3. A4. B5. C6. A7. B8. BReading Comprehension1. B2. C3. C4. A5. C6. BVocabulary BuildingWord Search1. assimilate2. presentation3. deduct4. reinforce5. statistics6. offender7. thwart8. impunity9. plagiarize 10. reprimand 11. crib 12. divisive Semantic Variations1. B2. B3. A4. C5. C6. BStems1.occupation: an activity that serves as one’s regular source of livelihood; a vocation2.broadcast: to transmit (a radio or television program) for public or general use3.captive: taken and held prisoner, as in war4.capture: to hold; to occupy5.abroad: out of one’s own country6.perceive: to become aware of directly through any of the sense, especially sight orhearing7.conceive: to form or hold an idea8.broaden: to make or become broaderSynonyms1. thwart2. huge3. break4. obvious5. accomplishClozeadvantage meaningful disadvantages subject expressingreading unsatisfactory giving arise pictureSection B1. C2. D3. B4. B5.C6.T7.T8. F 9.F 10. T 11. T 12.B 13. A 14. BSection C1. F2. F3. T4. T5. T6. T7.T8. T9. T 10. TUnit 12 Intellectual PropertySection AWord Pretest1. B2. A3. B4. A5. A6. B7. C8. BReading Comprehension1. B2. C3. C4. B5. C6. B7. AVocabulary BuildingWord Search1. procedure2. variety3. multiple4. application5. promote6. diligent7. novelty8. judicial9. disclosure 10. stimulusUse of English1.This cloudy weather is getting me down.2.I would like to get this meeting over with as quickly as possible.3.You won’t be able to get through to her what she has to do.4.His refusal to commit himself gets on my nerves.5.Thomas and David get along very well.6.One of these days I must get round to replying to all this correspondence.Stems1. densely: the quality of being packed or crowded together2. defense: the act of defending against attack, danger, or injury3. credit: an arrangement for deferred payment of a loan or purchase4. condense: to make (a liquid) thicker by removing some of the water5. incredible: too strange to be believed; unbelievable6. dense: difficult to see throughSynonyms1. rival2. final3. variety4. personal5. barClozebasis revised minimum addition works participated adopted concepts Section B1. T2. F3. F4. A5. A6. C7. F8. T9. F 10. F11. T 12. T 13. C 14. B 15. CSection C1. B2. A3. B4. A5. B6. D7. A8. AUnit 13 WarSection AWord Pretest1.A2.A3.A4.B5.B6.C7.C8.A Reading Comprehension1.C2.C3.C4.A5.A6.AVocabulary BuildingWord Search1.raid2.ordeal3.wailmuter5.smash6.neutral7.devastate8.armistice9.disarm10.grievance11.puppet12.appeasement Semantic Variations1.B2.A3.B4.A5.C6.BStems1.spectator:an observer of an event2.inspect:to examine carefully and critically, especially for flaws3.inspire:to affect, guide, or arouse by divine influence4.respectively:each separately in the order mentioned5.suspicious:arousing or apt to arouse suspicon; questionable6.expire:to come to an end; to terminate7.prospect:something expected; a possiblity8.perspective: a mental view or outlook9.spectacle:something that can be seen or viewed, especially something of aremarkable or impressive nature10.circumspect:looking round on all sides watchfully; prudentSynonyms1.huge2.ultimate3.conquer4.deadly5.disturbance Closebase undetected took bombed fleetheart sunk lost declared troops Section B1.B2.A3.B4.T5.T6.F7.T8.T9.T10.T11.B12.C13.C14.F15.T16.F Section C1.F2.F3.T4.T5.F6.T7.F8.T9.F10.TUnit 15 DramaWord Pretest1. B2. B3. B4. A5. B6. A7. A8. BVocabulary BuildingWord Matchsparse thinly spread or distributedbequeath to leave something, especially property, to another by willprecisely exactlyethics moral principlesproposition proposal, suggestiondisloyalty behavior of being not loyalfidget to move one’s body about restlesslywrangle to quarrel angrily and noisily, arguepresume to supposeturn down to refuseconversant familiarfurnish to put furniture, carpets, curtains, and other things into a roomdiscreditable shamefulsolicitor lawyerhire-purchase a way of buying goods gradually; installmnet planSemantic Variations1. C2. A3. C4. B5. A6. AStems1. chronometer a very exact clock for measuring time2. encyclopedia a book or set of books containing information on every branch of knowledge,or on one particular branch, subjects or on numerous aspects of a particularfield, usually arranged alphabetically3. autograph a person’s own signature or handwriting4. chronic lasting for a long period of time or marked by frequent recurrence, as ofcertain diseases5. diagram a plan, sketch, drawing, or outline designed to explain how something works6. pedestrian a person who is walking esp. in an area where vehicles go7. calligraphy the art of fine handwritingl handwriting8. recycle to use againSynonyms1. show2. contradict3. exact4. refuse5. withdrawClozetypes difference focuses struggle decidesinvolves society human reformation Opposingprevail symbolizes。
Monopoly课件讲义
0
Quantity of
Output
Output
A Monopoly’s Revenue
Total Revenue
P x Q = TR
Average Revenue
TR/Q = AR = P
Marginal Revenue
DTR/DQ = MR
A Monopoly’s Total, Average, and Marginal Revenue
Average Revenue (AR=TR/Q)
$10.00 $9.00 $8.00 $7.00 $6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00
Marginal Revenue (MR= DTR / DQ )
$10.00 $8.00 $6.00 $4.00 $2.00 $0.00 -$2.00 -$4.00
Government-Created Monopolies
Patent and copyright laws are two important examples of how government creates a monopoly to serve the public interest.
Natural Monopolies
A Monopoly’s Marginal Revenue
A monopolist’s marginal revenue is always less than the price of its good.
The demand curve is downward sloping. When a monopoly drops the price to sell one
Competition versus Monopoly
微观经济学 双语课件 第8章 完全垄断市场 CH8 Monopoly
Conditions:
Single seller
No close substitutes The firm is a “price maker”
High Barriers
8.1.2 How Monopoly Arises
Nature monopoly
Economies of scale
One larger firm can meet the entire market demand at a lower
Ed=1，MR=0——Maximum total revenue
8.2.3 Output and Price Decision
Short-Run Equilibrium
Condition: MR = MC Price Decision: Using the demand curve and finding the highest price at which it can sell the profit-maximizing output
A monopoly is a market with a single supplier of a good or
service that has no close substitutes and in which natural or
legal barriers to entry prevent competition
3.20
3.00
Guangzhou 2.53 Shanghai 2.50
8.3.2 Discriminating Among Units of a Good
Charge the same prices to all customers but offers a
英语高级听力教程Lesson1-8词汇和短语汇总(附音标和词义)
英语高级听力教程何勇斌主编Lesson OneSection One Special ProgramWordsunify /ˈjuːnɪfaɪ/ v. 统一，使成一体amendment /əˈmendmənt/ n. 修改；改正constitution /ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃn/ n. 宪法clergyman /ˈklɜːdʒimən/ n. 牧师；教士activism /ˈæktɪvɪzəm/ n. 激进的理论、行动或实践appoint /əˈpɔɪnt/ vi. 任命；委派property /ˈprɒpəti/ n. 财产；所有物Phraseon the high sea 在公海上Section Two BBC NewsWordsscrap /skræp/ vt. 废弃；丢弃jeopardize /ˈdʒepədaɪz/ vt. 危害judiciary /dʒuˈdɪʃəri/ n. 政府的司法部门safeguard /ˈseɪfɡɑːd/ v. 保护；保证....的安全consensus /kənˈsensəs/ n. 一致同意perverse /pəˈvɜːs/ adj. 任性的；故意作对的landmark /ˈlændmɑːk/ adj. 有重大意义或影响的dismantle /dɪsˈmæntl/ vt. 拆除；取消；解散；拆开机器；卸开设备sanction /ˈsæŋkʃn/ vt. 制裁，处罚hail /heɪl/ vt. 欢迎sinner /ˈsɪnə(r)/ n. 罪人divert /daɪˈvɜːt/ vi. 转移stake /steɪk/ n. 危险expansive /ɪkˈspænsɪv/ adj. 胸襟开阔的，豪爽的Phrasesrepent /rɪˈpent/ over sth 对某事后悔plot /plɒt/ against sth 密谋反对某事warts /wɔːts/ and all 不隐瞒缺点的pop in 做短暂的访问come into conflict with 和...冲突tighten (one’s) belt 开始实施勤俭节约on the cheap 廉价地；便宜地Section Three VOA NewsWordsindex /ˈɪndeks/ n. 指数equity /ˈekwəti/ n. （无固定利息的股票），证券contain /kənˈteɪn/ vt. 遏制poultry /ˈpoʊltri/ n. 家禽consecutive /kənˈsekjətɪv/ adj. 连续的heavyweight /ˈheviweɪt/ n. 极有影响力的人或物downgrade /ˌdaʊnˈɡreɪd/ n. 向下的趋势或转向vulnerable /ˈvʌlnərəbl/ adj. 易受攻击的proximity /prɑːkˈsɪməti/ n. 接近prevalent /ˈprevələnt/ adj. 普遍的cull /kʌl/ v. 剔除，淘汰concerted /kənˈsɜːrtɪd/ adj. 一致的；商定的Phrasesin the meantime 在此期间；同时show up 出现in proximity to 接近；靠近....go to great lengths 不遗余力Lesson TwoSection One Special ProgramWordshonoree /ˌɒnəˈriː/ n.受誉者soul /səʊl/ n.灵乐rhythm /ˈrɪðəm/ and blues n.节奏与布鲁斯funk /fʌŋk/ n.（乡土）爵士乐rap /ræp/ n.（在乐器伴奏下）以固定的节奏念出歌词的音乐，说唱hip-hop /ˈhɪp hɒp/ n.希荷普音乐；街舞；嬉蹦舞曲；嘻哈gospel /ˈɡɒspl/ n.福音音乐honky /ˈhɑːŋki/ n.白鬼子（用作对白人的蔑称）tonk /tɔŋk/ n.酒吧(a slang term for a bar)polio /ˈpəʊliəʊ/ n.脊髓灰质炎crutch /krʌtʃ/ n.拐杖Section Two BBC NewsWordsreferendum /ˌrefəˈrendəm/ n. 公民投票Cypriot /ˈsɪpriət/ adj.塞浦路斯的collapse /kəˈlæps/ v.倒塌，崩溃blueprint /ˈbluːprɪnt/ n.蓝图，计划allegedly /əˈledʒɪdli/ adv.被说成是swerve /swɜːv/ v.改变路线bloodshot /ˈblʌdʃɒt/ adj.发红的，充满血丝的air /eə(r)/ v.播送，播放profile /ˈprəʊfaɪl/ n.引人注目high profile trial /ˈtraɪəl/ 非常引人注目的审判correspondent /ˌkɒrəˈspɒndənt/ n. 记者monopoly /məˈnɒpəli/ v.垄断，独占controversy /ˈkɒntrəvɜːsi/ n.争论；论战undermine /ˌʌndəˈmaɪn/ v.破坏Phrasescommit /kəˈmɪt/ oneself to sth 承诺某事walk out 退席plead /pliːd/ with sb. 向某人诚恳地请求draw up 起草；拟订Section Three VOA NewsWordsvalidity /vəˈlɪdəti/ n.有效性probe /proʊb/ n.探索；查究justified /ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪd/ adj. 合理的，正当的conspiracy /kənˈspɪrəsi/ n. 阴谋exonerate /ɪɡˈzɑːnəreɪt/ v. 免除，证明无罪prosecute /ˈprɑːsɪkjuːt/ v. 从事，实行stockpile /ˈstɑːkpaɪl/ n. 贮备；贮存dictator /ˈdɪkteɪtər/ n. 独裁者topple /ˈtɑːpl/ v. 颠覆，推翻omission /əˈmɪʃn/ n. 省略；忽略oust /aʊst/ v. 驱逐，罢黜panel /ˈpænl/ n. 小组manipulate /məˈnɪpjuleɪt/ v. 操纵furious /ˈfjʊriəs/ adj. 狂怒的shape /ʃeɪp/ v. 策划；设计Phrasessweep /swiːp/ sth. aside 拒不理会；无视be opposed /əˈpoʊzd/ to 反对regardless /rɪˈɡɑːrdləs/ of 不管；不顾with respect to 关于，（至于）谈到Lesson ThreeSection One Special ProgramWordsphilanthropy /fɪˈlænθrəpi/ n.慈善charity /ˈtʃærəti/ n.慈善团体donation /dəʊˈneɪʃn/ n.捐款congregation /ˌkɒŋɡrɪˈɡeɪʃn/ n.一个只进行简单宣誓而没有严肃宣誓的宗教组织；圣会auction /ˈɔːkʃn; ˈɒkʃn/ n.拍卖dime /daɪm/ n.一角银币Phrasesdeal with sth 处理某事appeal for 呼吁；恳求Section Two BBC NewsWordsrecruitment /rɪˈkruːtmənt/ n.招募新兵，补充queue /kjuː/ v.排队，排队等候ward /wɔːd/ n.病房flash burn 闪光灼伤refrigerate /rɪˈfrɪdʒəreɪt/ v.使冷冻，使冷却blood stained /steɪnd/ 血渍的apocalyptic /əˌpɒkəˈlɪptɪk/ adj.预示未来灾难的primaries /'praɪ,mɛriz/ n.初选，预选resounding /rɪˈzaʊndɪŋ/ adj.极大的endorsement /ɪnˈdɔːsmənt/ n.支持heiress /eəˈres; ˈeərəs/ n.女继承人grueling /ˈɡruːəlɪŋ/ adj.极度紧张的stark /stɑːk/ adj. 十足的disown /dɪsˈəʊn/ v.拒绝承认或接受boost /buːst/ v.增加cap /kæp/ v.给….定一个上限restraint /rɪˈstreɪnt/ v.抑制，制止obesity /əʊˈbiːsəti/ n. 肥胖paediatrics /ˌpiːdiˈætrɪks/ n.儿科学stroke /strəʊk/ n.中风diabetes /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz/ n.糖尿病Phrasesgo off 爆炸pull out of sth 撤退；退出drop out of sth 撤退；退出limber /ˈlɪmbə(r)/ up 做准备活动throw up 产生；带来Section Three VOA NewsWordsmetro /ˈmetroʊ/ n.地铁，地下铁道suicide /ˈsuːɪsaɪd/ v.自杀，自毁rescue /ˈreskjuː/ v.援救，营救evacuate /ɪˈvækjueɪt/ v.疏散，撤出inhalation /ˌɪnhəˈleɪʃn/ n.吸入dispatch /dɪˈspætʃ/ v.分派，派遣stranded /ˈstrændɪd/ adj.一筹莫展的multiply /ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/ v.繁殖；增大hallmark /ˈhɔːlmɑːrk/ n.标记；特点guerrilla /ɡəˈrɪlə/ n.游击队员infect /ɪnˈfekt/ v.传染，使感染fore runner /ˈfɔːrʌnər/ n.预兆influenza /ˌɪnfluˈenzə/ n. 流行性感冒epidemic /ˌepɪˈdemɪk/ n.流行病avian /ˈeɪviən/ adj.鸟类的genetic /dʒəˈnetɪk/ adj.遗传的mutate /ˈmjuːteɪt/ v.变异recomposition /,rikɑmpə'zɪʃən/ n.重组de vastate /ˈdevəsteɪt/ v.毁坏stem /stem/ v.阻止pandemic /pænˈdemɪk/ n.大范围的流行病swap /swɑːp/ v.交换nasal /ˈneɪzl/ adj.鼻的swab /swɑːb/ n.用药签取药检验rigorous /ˈrɪɡərəs/ adj.严格的Phraseson alert /əˈlɜːrt/ 警惕play down 贬低Lesson FourSection One Special ProgramWordsidentity /aɪˈdentəti/ n.一致性bonesetter /'bəʊn,setə/ n.接骨师，正骨大夫non-fiction /ˌnɒn ˈfɪkʃn/ n. 写实文学reject /rɪˈdʒekt/ vt. 拒绝，抵制critic /ˈkrɪtɪk/ n. 批评家，评论家community /kəˈmjuːnəti/ n. 团体，社会Phrasesleave behind 留下，遗留get along with 与......相处Section Two BBC NewsWordseavesdrop /ˈiːvzdrɒp/ v. 偷听enthusiast /ɪnˈθjuːziæst/ n. 热心者wreak /riːk/ vt. 使...发生havoc /ˈhævək/ n. 大破坏；浩劫concede /kənˈsiːd/ vt. 承认sophisticated /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/ adj. 富有经验的；老练的perpetual /pəˈpetʃuəl/ adj. 永久的bye-law /ˈbaɪlɔː/ n. 内部规则reveal /rɪˈviːl/ vt. 显示；透露overhaul /əʊvə'hɔːl/ n. 检查sponsorship /ˈspɒnsəʃɪp/ n. 赞助者的地位，任务等tax break 税额优惠deploy /dɪˈplɔɪ/ vi. 部署detain /dɪˈteɪn/ vt. 留住；阻止sting /stɪŋ/ n. 精心设置的圈套convert /kənˈvɜːt/ n. 皈依者equivalent /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/ n. 等价物，相等物corporal /ˈkɔːpərəl/ n. 下士Phrasesaccess to 进入bring down 使落下，使倒下be consistent with 与......一致lose out 经受损失Section Three VOA NewsWordsshellfish /ˈʃelfɪʃ/ n. 贝，甲壳类动物treacherous /ˈtretʃərəs/ adj. 变化莫测的perish /ˈperɪʃ/ vi. 死亡cockle /ˈkɑːkl/ n. 鸟蛤notorious /noʊˈtɔːriəs/ adj. 声名狼藉的superintendent /ˌsuːpərɪnˈtendənt/ n. 督导；督办appall /əˈpɔːl/ vt. 使胆寒；使惊骇criminality /ˌkrɪmɪˈnæləti/ n. 犯罪行为murky /ˈmɜːrki/ adj. 可耻的；不名誉的scourge /skɜːrdʒ/ n. 灾祸ratio /ˈreɪʃioʊ/ n. 比，比例exacerbate /ɪɡˈzæsərbeɪt/ vt. 加剧，恶化incentive /ɪnˈsentɪv/ n. 动机；刺激；诱因multilateral /ˌmʌltiˈlætərəl/ adj. 多边的，多国的bilateral /ˌbaɪˈlætərəl/ adj. 双边的，有两面的Phrasesa stretch /stretʃ/ of 一片Lesson FiveSection One Special ProgramWordsguarantee /ˌɡærənˈtiː/ vt. 保证；担保census /ˈsensəs/ n. 人口普查humanitarian /hjuːˌmænɪˈteəriən/ adj. 人道主义的budget /ˈbʌdʒɪt/ n. 预算prescription /prɪˈskrɪpʃn/ n. 药方；处方Section Two BBC NewsWordsconfidential /ˌkɒnfɪˈdenʃl/ adj. 机密的，秘密的frustration /frʌˈstreɪʃn/ n. 挫折，受挫representative /ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv/ n. 代表boycott /ˈbɔɪkɒt/ v. 拒绝出席；拒绝参加exclusively /ɪkˈskluːsɪvli/ adv. 独有地，排他地acknowledgement /əkˈnɒlɪdʒmənt/ n. 承认；确认domain /dəʊˈmeɪn/ n. 领域；范围expressly /ɪkˈspresli/ adv. 清楚地，明白地infiltrate /ˈɪnfɪltreɪt/ vt. 渗入，渗进integration /ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃn/ n. 综合overwhelmingly /ˌəʊvəˈwelmɪŋli/ adv. 压倒性地；不可抵抗地veto /ˈviːtəʊ/ n. 否决Phraseslion’s share 最大的一份comment on 评论；注释in the run up to 前期deal with 对付；应付allied /ə'laɪd/ to 相关的drag along 拖；拉；拽Section Three VOA NewsWordscontingent /kənˈtɪndʒənt/ n.分遣队；小分队controversial /ˌkɑːntrəˈvɜːrʃl/ adj. 争议的deployment /dɪˈplɔɪmənt/ n.部署convoy /ˈkɑːnvɔɪ/ n.护卫armored /ˈɑːrmərd/ adj.装甲的non-combat /nɔn'kɔmbæt/ adj.非战斗的coalition /ˌkoʊəˈlɪʃn/ n.联合liability /ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/ n.责任pacifist /ˈpæsɪfɪst/ adj.反战主义的unilaterally /ˌjuːnɪˈlætrəli/ adv.单方面地，单边地maintain /meɪnˈteɪn/ v.主张；为.....辩护militant /ˈmɪlɪtənt/ n.好战者petition /pəˈtɪʃn/ n.请愿；恳求Lesson SixSection One Special ProgramWordsstatus /ˈsteɪtəs/ n. 雕像enlighten /ɪnˈlaɪtn/ vt. 启迪，开导；给予精神或智力上的洞察力reddish /ˈredɪʃ/ adj. 微红的；混有或染有红色的，有点红色的pedestal /ˈpedɪstl/ n. 基座plaster /ˈplɑːstə(r)/ n. 灰泥Section Two BBC NewsWordsailment /ˈeɪlmənt/ n. 失调，精神不安，身体或精神不适earache /ˈɪəreɪk/ n. 耳痛depression /dɪˈpreʃn/ n. 沮丧trauma /ˈtrɔːmə/ n. 外伤；身体的严重损伤或刺激heroin /ˈherəʊɪn/ n. 海洛因overdose /ˈəʊvədəʊs/ n. 过量用药bloated /ˈbləʊtɪd/ adj. 膨胀的；比期望的要过于胀大的syringe /sɪˈrɪndʒ/ n. （皮下）注射器coroner /ˈkɒrənə(r)/ n. 验尸官verdict /ˈvɜːdɪkt/ n. 定论monotonous /məˈnɒtənəs/ adj. 单调重复的academic /ˌækəˈdemɪk/ n. 学术界人士；有学术观点或学术背景的人reign /reɪn/ n. 在位期；盛行期toad /təʊd/ n. 蟾蜍Section Three VOA NewsWordsassertion /əˈsɜːrʃn/ n. 断言；肯定的宣称或陈述henchman /ˈhentʃmən/ n. 亲信nomination /ˌnɑːmɪˈneɪʃn/ n. 提名poll /poʊl/ n. 投票；在选举中投票或登记选票front runner 赛跑中跑在第一的人，一路领先的人downplay /ˌdaʊnˈpleɪ/ v. 对……轻描淡写；低估，贬低airwave /'ɛr,wev/ n. 电波；波段caucus /ˈkɔːkəs/ n. 政党会议quest /kwest/ vi. 追求；寻找sizeable /ˈsaɪzəbl/ adj. 很大的，相当大的chunk /tʃʌŋk/ n. 厚块或大片daunt /dɔːnt/ vt. 使气馁，吓倒；威吓momentum /moʊˈmentəm/ n. 势头；非物质发展的动力upbeat /ˈʌpbiːt/ adj. 乐观的，积极向上的nominee /ˌnɑːmɪˈniː/ n. 被提名者Phrasesprior /ˈpraɪər/ to 先于，在....以前Lesson SevenSection One Special ProgramWordspunk /pʌŋk/ adj. 庞克风格的jail /dʒeɪl/ n. 监狱；依法律上的拘留而监禁人的地方grunge /ɡrʌndʒ/ n. 肮脏；污秽riot /ˈraɪət/ n. 暴乱；由数量众多的人引起的狂野或骚动的混乱局面Section Two BBC NewsWordspropel /prəˈpel/ vt. 推进；使向前移动或继续移动grenade /ɡrəˈneɪd/ n. 手榴弹assault /əˈsɔːlt/ vt. 进行攻击；袭击coherent /kəʊˈhɪərənt/ adj. 条理分明的，符合逻辑的，前后一致的regime /reɪˈʒiːm/ n. 政体mortar /ˈmɔːtə(r)/ n. 迫击炮revenge /rɪˈvendʒ/ vt. 报复，复仇bully /ˈbʊli/ n. 恶棍，暴徒immune /ɪˈmjuːn/ adj. 不受影响的；没有反应的rot /rɒt/ v. 腐烂，尤指器官的分解；腐坏gruesome /ˈɡruːsəm/ adj. 可憎的，令人厌恶的impact /ˈɪmpækt/ n. 影响whilst /waɪlst/ conj. 当……的时候tactic /ˈtæktɪk/ n. 策略；战术schizophrenia /ˌskɪtsəˈfriːniə/ n. [内科] 精神分裂症toxin /ˈtɒksɪn/ n. 毒素Section Three VOA NewsWordssubmit /səbˈmɪt/ vt. 使屈服；使（自己）服从于别人的意志或权威mediator /ˈmiːdieɪtər/ n. 调停者，调解人rift /rɪft/ n. 不和faction /ˈfækʃn/ n. 纪实referenda /ˌrefəˈrendə/ n. 普通投票entity /ˈentəti/ n. 实体；实际并独立存在的事物combat /ˈkɑːmbæt/ v. 跟……战斗advocate /ˈædvəkeɪt/ v. 倡导backfire /ˌbækˈfaɪər/ n. 回火incite /ɪnˈsaɪt/ vt. 激励；刺激denounce /dɪˈnaʊns/ vt. 公开指责autocratic /ˌɔːtəˈkrætɪk/ adj. 专制的；独裁的illegitimate /ˌɪləˈdʒɪtəmət/ adj. 不法的，违反法律的；非法的stifle /ˈstaɪfl/ vt. 阻止或抑制；压制incumbent /ɪnˈkʌmbənt/ adj. 有义务的；强加责任或任务的outspoken /aʊtˈspoʊkən/ adj. 坦率的，坦白的transparency /trænsˈpærənsi/ n. 透明的性质或状态illiteracy /ɪˈlɪtərəsi/ n. 文盲；不会读写hotbed /ˈhɑːtbed/ n. 犯罪的温床；（尤指）有利于令人憎恶的事物迅速滋生或发展的环境predate /ˌpriːˈdeɪt/ vt. 倒填.....的日期；注明或指明一个早于实际日期的日期Phrasesprop /prɑːp/ up 支持Lesson EightSection One Special ProgramWordslegislature /ˈledʒɪslətʃə(r)/ n. 立法机关；立法机构confederate /kənˈfedərət/ n. 同盟国，同盟者；同盟的成员orchestra /ˈɔːkɪstrə/ n. 管弦乐团symphony /ˈsɪmfəni/ n. 交响乐fiery /ˈfaɪəri/ adj. 熊熊燃烧的，发白热光的Phrasessplit apart 分裂Section Two BBC NewsWordsconcrete /ˈkɒŋkriːt/ n. 混泥土dome /dəʊm/ n. 圆屋顶或拱顶rubble /ˈrʌbl/ n. 碎石costume /ˈkɒstjuːm/ n. 服装，装束；戏装，剧装Celsius /ˈselsiəs/ adj. 摄氏的toll /təʊl/ n. 死亡人数atheism /ˈeɪθiɪzəm/ n. 无神论missionary /ˈmɪʃənri/ n. 倡导者；传教士propaganda /ˌprɒpəˈɡændə/ n. 宣传活动overdue /ˌəʊvəˈdjuː/ adj. 过期的；到期未付的stalk /stɔːk/ n. 跟踪猎物；追踪捕食或猎捕venison /ˈvenɪsn; ˈvenɪzn/ n. 鹿肉；用作食物的鹿肉think-tank /ˈθɪŋk tæŋk/ 智囊团trunks /trʌŋks/ n. 男用运动裤Phrasescave in 下陷；坍塌up to 多至.....Section Three VOA NewsWordsupcoming /ˈʌpkʌmɪŋ/ adj. 即将来临的；很快会出现的trans-Atlantic adj. 横跨或穿越大西洋的credible /ˈkredəbl/ adj. 值得信任的；可信赖的Attorney-General /əˌtɜːrni ˈdʒenrəl/ n. 检查总长；司法部长；总检察长；首席检察官resurface /ˌriːˈsɜːrfɪs/ vi. 重新覆盖disclosure /dɪsˈkloʊʒər/ n. 被揭发出来的事实；暴露pledge /pledʒ/ n. 诺言，誓言obedience /əˈbiːdiəns/ n. 顺从；服从centrifuge /ˈsentrɪfjuːdʒ/ n. 离心机uranium /juˈreɪniəm/ n. [化学] 铀halt /hɔːlt/ n. 停止enrichment /ɪnˈrɪtʃmənt/ n. 丰富；肥沃；发财致富Phrasesbe bound for 开往.....，以....为目的地strike an agreement 达成（协议）。
史上最全商务英语词汇表
30. negotiate v.谈判；疏通
31. altogether ad.完全；总共
35.ambitionn.志向，抱负；野心
36. manipulate v.操纵，摆布
37. organize v.组织起来
38. net a.网
39. amuse v.逗乐
40. mansion n.大厦
1. agency n.代理处，代办处
2. beach n.海滩，湖滨
3. mild a.温和，温柔的
4.patentn.&a.专利(权)，专利的
5. aid n.援助；辅助
6. beginning n.开端，开始
7. mill n.磨坊；工厂
8. patron n.保护人；赞助人
9. alloy n.合金
43. mobile a.灵活多变的，机动的
44. perfect a.完美的；完全的
45. appendix n.附录；附庸；盲肠
46. broker n.经马人，掮客
47. model n.模型
48. performance n.演出；性能
49. appoint v.任命，指定
50.brushv.&n.刷子；画笔
11. object n.物，物体；目标；客体
12. mop v.擦，洗，抹
15.objectivea.&n.客观的；目标
16.mortgagen.&v.抵押
17. accomplish v.完成
19.obligev.迫使
22.lodgingn.寄宿，住宿
23. observe v.观察
24.motiven.&a.动机；发动的
英语泛读教程2答案
Unit 9 First AidSection AWord Pretest1.B.2.A.3.C4.B.5.B.6.B.7.B.8.A.9.C. 10.BReading comprehension1.B.2. C.3. D.4. B/D/A/C.5.C.6.C.7.A.8.C/A/B/D Vocabulary BuildingWord Search1.ambulance2.urgent3.emergency4.massage5.yell6.vein7.artery8.fracture9.blister 10.tetanusUse of English1.The government has come in for a lot of criticism.2. It’s hard to come to terms with the government’s defense policy.3. After retiring in 1980 he has decided to make a comeback to the political scene.4. The situation has come to the boil now that the government has to face a vote of confidence.5. The tax cuts announced in the Budget do not come into effect until next year.6. The miners came out on strike against the government’sprivatization plans.Stems1. solo: a composition or passage for an individual voice orinstrument, with or without accompaniment2. series: a number of objects or events arranged or comingone after the other in succession3. isolate: to set apart or cut off from others4. desert: to withdraw from, especially in spite of aresponsibility or duty; to forsake5. peninsula: a piece of land that projects into a body ofwater and is connected with the mainland by an isthmus6. exert: to put to use or effect; to put forth7. insulate: to prevent the passage of heat, electricity orsound into or out of somewhere, especially by surrounding with a non-conducting materials8. insert: to put or set into, between or amongSynonyms9. give 2. stop 3. antiseptic 4. block 5. penetrateClozePedestrians adults declining avoid signals case impaired fatalitiesSection B1.C2.B3.B4.D5.A6.C7.B8.A 9.T 10.F 11.F 12.F 13.T 14.TSection C1.F2.T3.F4.T5.F6.F7.F8.F9.F 10.TKeys to Reading Course 2Unit 10 MarriageSection AWord Pretest1.C2.C3.C4.C5.A6.A7.A8.CReading Comprehension1.A2.B3.C4.C5. B6.C7.A8.AVocabulary BuildingWord matchquotation a sentence or passage taken from a bookartificial not naturalanguish very great pain or suffering, esp. of the mind anniversary a day which is an exact year or number of years after something has happenedsuperstition a belief based on association of ideas instead of reason or factbouquet a bunch of flowersheed to give attention toescort to accompanyconfetti small pieces of colored paper thrown on weddings conceal to hideconsent agreementasunder apartvow a solemn promise or declaration of intentionrites forms of behavior with a fixed pattern for a religious purposesermon to talk usually based on a sentence from the Bible and given as part of a church serviceUse of English10. Will you please keep me company for a while?11. I couldn’t keep a straight face when he told me of hisplan.12. The staff are going to be kept in the dark about the firm’splans for the future.13. I’ll keep an open mind until we’ve dis cussed it.14. I’ll keep away from her until she’s feeling moreoptimistic.15. Try to keep your head even if you don’t know what’sgoing to happen.Stems16. briefly: for a short time; in as few words as possible17. astronaut: a person trained to pilot, navigate, orotherwise participate in the flight of aspacecraft18. abridge: to reduce the length of (a written text); tocondense19. fuse: to blend thoroughly by or as if by melting together20. astronomy: the scientific study of matter in outer space,especially the positions, dimensions, distribution, motion, composition, energy and evolution of celestial bodes and phenomena21. confusing: unclear or difficult to understand22. abbreviate: to reduce (a word or phrase) to a shorterform intended to represent the full formSynonyms1. naughty2. divine3.break4.give5.seizeClozewrong dislike midnight standard homelife convinced meantime capitalSection B1.T2.F3.T4.F5.B6.C7.C8.D9.C 10.D11.F 12.T 13.F 14.A 15.C 16. BSection C1.T2.F3.T4.T5.F6.F7.T8.F9.F 10.TUnit 11 CreativitySection A Word Pretest1-5: B, A, A, B, A 6-8: B, A, AReading Comprehension1-6: A, C, A, A, C，CVocabulary Building ---Word Matchglow to give out heat or lightinstinctive (of ideas, behaviors) natural, not based on learning or thinkingexemplify to serve as examplefunnel a wide-mouthed tube used for pouring liquids into a narrow-necked containerprelude a short piece of music that introduces a large musical workapplaud to praise by clapping one’s handsflash to shine suddenly and brightlyattend to to direct one’s interest and effort topotential the ability to develop, achieve or succeedimpulse a sudden wish to do somethingdoze to sleep lightlyevaluate to judge the value or degree ofa return to power, life and activityresurgencestuck unable to gosketch to describe roughlyUse of English23. The Austrians made peace with Napoleon.24. They couldn’t make out what the enemy were trying tosay.25. Seeing the enemy’s guns facing him made hi hair standon end.26. The onset of winter made things worse for the troops.27. While they were on leave the sailors made the most oftheir freedom.28. I make no secret of my loathing for war.Stems29. accordance: agreement; conformity30. disclose: to make known (something heretofore keptsecret); to reveal31. inclusive: including the specified extremes or limits aswell as the area between them32. core: the hard or fibrous central part of certain fruits,such as the apple or the pear, containing the seeds33. enclose: to surround on all sides; to close in34. conclude: to bring about a final agreement or settlement35. encouragement: the act or words of encouraging36. close: a cabinet or enclosed recess for storing linens,household supplies, or clothingAntonyms1. lose 2. horizontal 3. sterile 4. old 5. identical Clozename managed worked after feel parents computers playing to spend trade Section B1-5: C, C, C, C, C 6-10: C, C, C, F, F 11-13: T, C, B Section C1-5: F, F, T, T, F 6: TUnit 12 TravelSection AWord Pretest1.A2.A3.C4.B5.B6.B7.A8.AReading Comprehension1.B2.B3.A4.C5.A6.A7.C8.BVocabulary BuildingWord Search1.halve2.purchase3.consulate4.fare5.discount6.resort7.monopoly8.principal9.carnival 10.boredomUse of English37. They are putting on a version of “Cinderella” on ice.38. The opening of his one-man show has been put off untilhe recovers from his illness.39. I can’t put my finger on what it was that I disliked aboutthe performance.40. Put your previous failures behind you and think of whatyour next venture might be.41. A plan has been put forward to prevent valuablepaintings being sold to collectors and galleries abroad.42. They tried to put pressure on the Arts Council tosupports the newly-formed orchestraStems1.dictation: the act of saying or reading aloud to be recorded or written by another2.fraction: a small part; a bit3.indication: serving as a sign, symptom, or token of;something that is signified4.predict: to state, tell about, or make known in advance, especially on the basis of special knowledge5.contradiction: being contrary to; being inconsistent with6.fragments: small parts broken off or detachedSynonyms1. chief2. examine3. fame4. local5. soleClozefound trade famous spread discoveryidea support offered valued saltSection B1.B2.C3.C4.C5.B6.C7.B8.T9.T 10.T11.C 12.C 13.BSection C1.F2.T3.F4.F5.T6.T7.F8.T9.F 10.FUnit 13 ExaminationsSection AWord Protest1. A2. C3. A4. B5. C6. A7. B8. BReading Comprehension1. B2. C3. C4. A5. C6. BVocabulary BuildingWord Search1. assimilate2. presentation3. deduct4. reinforce5. statistics6. offender7. thwart 8. impunity 9. plagiarize 10. reprimand 11. crib 12. divisiveSemantic Variations1. B2. B3. A4. C5. C6. BStems43. occupation: an activity that serves as one’s regularsource of livelihood; a vocation44. broadcast: to transmit (a radio or television program) forpublic or general use45. captive: taken and held prisoner, as in war46. capture: to hold; to occupy47. abroad: out of one’s own country48. perceive: to become aware of directly through any of thesense, especially sight or hearing49. conceive: to form or hold an idea50. broaden: to make or become broaderSynonyms1. thwart2. huge3. break4. obvious5. accomplishClozeadvantage meaningful disadvantages subject expressing reading unsatisfactory giving arise pictureSection B1. C2. D3. B4. B5.C6.T7.T8. F 9.F 10. T 11. T 12.B 13. A 14. BSection C1. F2. F3. T4. T5. T6. T7.T8. T9. T 10. TUnit 14 Intellectual PropertySection AWord Pretest1. B2. A3. B4. A5. A6. B7. C8. BReading Comprehension1. B2. C3. C4. B5. C6. B7. AVocabulary BuildingWord Search1. procedure2. variety3. multiple4. application5. promote6. diligent7. novelty8. judicial9. disclosure 10. stimulusUse of English51. This cloudy weather is getting me down.52. I would like to get this meeting over with as quickly aspossible.53. You won’t be able to get through to her what she has todo.54. His refusal to commit himself gets on my nerves.55. Thomas and David get along very well.56. One of these days I must get round to replying to all thiscorrespondence.Stems1. densely: the quality of being packed or crowded together2. defense: the act of defending against attack, danger, or injury3. credit: an arrangement for deferred payment of a loan or purchase4. condense: to make (a liquid) thicker by removing some of the water5. incredible: too strange to be believed; unbelievable6. dense: difficult to see throughSynonyms1. rival2. final3. variety4. personal5. barClozebasis revised minimum addition works participated adopted conceptsSection B1. T2. F3. F4. A5. A6. C7. F8. T9. F 10. F11. T 12. T 13. C 14. B 15. CSection C1. B2. A3. B4. A5. B6. D7. A8. AUnit 15 LawSection AWord pretest1. C2. A3. B4. B5. C6. B7.C8.CReading Comprehension1.T2. T3. F4. T5. F6. F7. F8. T9. T 10. TVocabulary BuildingWord Search57. espionage 2. anonymity 3. extortion 4. prosecutor 5. sue6. accuse7. indict8. plead9. testimony 10. verdict 11. probation 12 reverseSemantic Variations1. C 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. BStems58. corruption: the act of being venal; dishonesty59. pendulum: a body suspended from a fixed support sothat it swings freely back and forth under the influence ofgravity, commonly used to regulate various devices, especially clocks60. erupt: to become violently active61. bankruptcy: the state of being unable to pay one’s debts62. dependable: reliable, trustworthy63. interrupt: to break the continuity or uniformity of64. independence: the state or quality of being independent65. suspend: to cause to stop for a period: to interrupt Antonyms1. frequently2. prohibition3. agreement4. disapprove5. fairnessClozeadmitted survey caught relatives vehicles admission threatened increase professional unskilledSection B1. D2. A3. C4. A5. B6. C7. B8. T9. T 10. T11. T 12. T 13. FSection C1. D2. C3. C4. B5. B6. D7. B8. DUnit 16 World War IISection AWord Pretest66. A67. A68. A69. B70. B71. C72. C73. AReading Comprehension74. C75. C76. C77. A78. A79. AVocabulary Building Word Search80. raid81. ordeal82. wail83. commuter84. smash85. neutral86. devastate87. armistice88. disarm89. grievance90. puppet91. appeasementSemantic Variations92. B93. A94. B95. A96. C97. BStems98. spectator: an observer of an event99. inspect: to examine carefully and critically,especially for flaws100. inspire: to affect, guide, or arouse by divineinfluenceeach separately in the order mentioned 101. respectively:102. suspicious: arousing or apt to arouse suspicon;questionable103. expire: to come to an end; to terminate104. prospect: something expected; a possiblitya mental view or outlook105. perspective:106. spectacle: something that can be seen or viewed,especially something of a remarkable orimpressive nature107. circumspec t: looking round on all sides watchfully; prudentSynonyms108. huge109. ultimate110. conquer111. deadly112. disturbanceClosebase undetected took bombed fleetheart sunk lost declared troops Section B113. B114. A115. B116. T117. T118. F119. T120. T121. T122. T123. B124. C125. C126. F127. T128. FSection C129.130.131.132.133.134.135.136.137.138.Unit 17 HousingSection AWord Pretest1.B2. B3.B4.C5.C6.B7.B8.DReading Comprehension1. T2.F3.T4.F5.T6.T7.T8.TVocabulary BuildingWord Search1. sociologist2. spontaneously3. hassle4. sneak5. fee6. jack7. spacious8. cozy9. crawl 10. customarySemantic Variations1. C2. A3. A4. B5. B6. AStems1. sensible: reasonable2. structural: of, relating to, having, or characterized by structure3. sensitive: feeling readily, acutely, or painfully4. consent: to give assent, as to the proposal of another; to agree5. destructive: causing destruction; ruinous6. construction: the act or process of constructingAntonyms1. attached2. helpful3. fixed4. limited5. displeasureClozeplentiful fire inexpensively room spread disastrous difficult uncomfortableSection B1. C2. D3. B4. D5. F6. T7. T8. F9. C 10. B11. F 12. T 13. T 14. C 15. ASection C1. A2. B3. D4. B5. D6. C7. C8. A9. C 10. AUnit 18 DramaWord Pretest1. B2. B3. B4. A5. B6. A7. A8. BVocabulary BuildingWord Matchsparse thinly spread or distributedbequeath to leave something, especially property, to another by willprecisely exactlyethics moral principlesproposition proposal, suggestiondisloyalty behavior of being not loyalfidget to move one’s body about restlesslywrangle to quarrel angrily and noisily, arguepresume to supposeturn down to refuseconversant familiarfurnish to put furniture, carpets, curtains, and other things into a roomdiscreditable shamefulsolicitor lawyerhire-purchase a way of buying goods gradually; installmnet planSemantic Variations1. C2. A3. C4. B5. A6. AStems1. chronometer a very exact clock for measuring time2. encyclopedia a book or set of books containing information on every branch of knowledge, or on one particular branch, subjects or on numerous aspects of a particular field, usually arranged alphabetically3. autograph a person’s own signature or handwriting4. chronic lasting for a long period of time or marked by frequent recurrence, as of certain diseases5. diagram a plan, sketch, drawing, or outline designed to explain how something works6. pedestrian a person who is walking esp. in an area where vehicles go7. calligraphy the art of fine handwritingl handwriting8. recycle to use againSynonyms1. show2. contradict3. exact4. refuse5. withdrawClozetypes difference focuses struggle decides involves society human reformation Opposing prevail symbolizes。
TOEIC英语托业词汇
1. 办公室Office matte（1）1. appointment [əˈpɔɪntmənt] 约会、约定3. cabinet [ˈkæbənɪt] 橱柜5. clerk [klɜ:rk] 办事员、书记7. duplicate [ˈdu:plɪkeɪt] 复制、副本9. in-tray ['ɪntreɪ] 待处理文件盒11. out-tray ['aʊttreɪ] 已处理文件盒13. postage [ˈpoʊstɪdʒ] 邮费15. schedule [ˈskedʒu:l] 时间表、计划表17. staff [stæf] 全体职员19. task [tæsk] 工作任务2. 办公室1. assignment [əˈsaɪnmənt] 分配、分派3. calculator [ˈkælkjəˌletə] 计算器5. colleague [ˈkali:g] 同事7. extension [ɪkˈstɛnʃən] 分机；延期9. memo [ˈmemoʊ] 便条、备忘录11. overtime [ˈoʊvərtaɪm] 加班、加班时间13. printed matter [p'rɪntɪd] 印刷品15. secretary [ˈsekrəteri] 秘书17. stapler [ˈsteplə] 订书机19. typist [ˈtaɪpɪst] 打字员3. 人事及管理1. allocate [ˈæləˌket] 拨出、分配、配置3. authorize [ˈɔθəˌraɪz] 授权、委托5. capability [ˌkeɪpə'bɪləti] 能力、才干7. consultation [ˌka:nslˈteɪʃn] 咨询、商议9. eligible [ˈɛlɪdʒəbəl] 合格的、合适的11. executive [ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv] 行政；管理人员13. lay off [le ɔf] (暂时)解雇15. part time [part taɪm] 兼任的、兼职的17. promote [prəˈmoʊt] 升迁；促销19. resume [rɪ'zju:m] 简历、履历表4. 人事及管理1. amateur [ˈæmətər] 业余的、外行人、非专家3. benefit [ˈbɛnəfɪt] 有益于、受益；利益、津贴5. certificate [sərˈtɪfɪkət] 凭证、证书7. coordinate [ko'ɔrdəˈnet] 协调；调整9. employee [ɪmˈplɔɪi:] 雇员、职工11. expertise [ˌekspɜ:rˈti:z] 专门技术或知识2. attendance [əˈtɛndəns] 出席数、出席4. calendar [ˈkæləndə] 日历、行事历6. directory [dɪˈrɛktəri] 人名住址簿8. filing [ˈfaɪlɪŋ]归档、备案10. monitor ['mɒnɪtə] 检测、监视、显示器12. partition [pa:rˈtɪʃn] 分隔、分隔物14. punctual [ˈpʌŋktʃuəl] 准时、守时16. shift [ʃɪft] 换班、轮班、值班18. strike [straɪk] 罢工20. work force [wək fɔrs] 工作人员Office matte（2）2. bulletin [ˈbʊlɪtn] 公报、告示、定期报告4. carbon copy [ˈkarbən ˈkapi] 复印副本6. document [ˈda:kjumənt] 文件、证件8. intercom [ˈɪntərka:m] 对讲机10. operator [ˈa:pəreɪtə] 接线生12. portfolio [pɔ:rtˈfoʊlioʊ] 作品夹、公文包14. receptionist [rɪˈsɛpʃənɪst] 接待员16. shorthand [ˈʃɔ:rthænd] 速记、速记法18. tardy [ˈta:rdi] 迟缓、迟到的、延迟的20. xerox [ˈzɪra:ks] 影印、复印Personner & management（1）2. applicant [ˈæplɪkənt] 申请人、求职人4. bonus [ˈboʊnəs] 红利、额外津贴、奖金6. collaboration [kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn] 合作；通敌8. curriculum vitae [kəˌrɪkjələm ˈvi:taɪ] 简历10. employer [ɪmˈplɔɪər] 雇主12. income [ˈɪnˌkʌm] 收入、所得14. occupation [ˌa:kjuˈpeɪʃn] 职业16. permanent [ˈpɜ:rmənənt] 不变的、永久的18. recruit [rɪˈkrut] 吸收；征募；招聘20. salary [ˈsæləri] 薪水Personner & management（2）2. appoint [əˈpɔɪnt] 任命、指定4. candidate [ˈkændɪˌdit] 候选人6. competent [ˈka:mpɪtənt] 有能力的、胜任的8. deadline [ˈdɛdˌlaɪn] 截止期限、最后期限10. evaluation [ɪˌvæljʊˈeʃən] 评价；估价12. interview [ˈɪntərvju:] 会面、面谈、面试13. novice [ˈna:vɪs] 生手、新手、初学者14. overtime [ˈoʊvərtaɪm] 超时15. pension [ˈpɛnʃən] 养老金、退休金17. recommendation [ˌrɛkəmɛnˈdeʃən] 推荐、劝告19. retire [rɪˈtaɪr] 退休；后退；收回5. 业务拓展1. accrue [əˈkru] 产生；增加3. amplify [ˈæmpləˌfaɪ] 放大；加强；扩展5. buyout [ˈbaɪˌaʊt] 买进全部产权；收购全部7. cutback [ˈkʌtˌbæk] 减少；取消9. equity [ˈɛkwɪti] 公平、公正；股票的、股市的11. franchise [ˈfrænˌtʃaɪz] 经销权；加盟权13. monopoly [məˈna:pəli] 垄断；独占；专卖15. profile [ˈproʊfaɪl] 侧面像；略转17. prospectus [prəˈspɛktəs] 计划书、说明书19. subsidiary [səbˈsɪdieri] 子公司；附属品6. 业务拓展1. acquire [əˈkwaɪr] 获得3. assess [əˈsɛs] 评估(财产价值)、评定5. carry out [ˈkæri aʊt] 执行、贯彻；完成7. embezzle [ɛmˈbɛzəl] 盗用、挪用、侵占(公款等) 9. expand [ɪkˈspænd] 扩张、扩大11. integrate [ˈɪntɪˌgret] 统合、整合13. pending [ˈpɛndɪŋ] 未决定的、待决定的15. propose [prəˈpoʊz] 提议、建议17. prosperity [pra:ˈsperəti] 繁荣、兴隆；成功19. thrive [θraɪv] 茂盛、兴旺、繁荣7. 财务及投资1. account [əˈkaʊnt] 账目、账单、账户3. bond [ba:nd] 债券5. credit [ˈkrɛdɪt] 信任、信誉；功劳；融资；赊销7. deficit [ˈdɛfɪsɪt] 赤子、亏损额9. devaluation [ˌdi:ˌvæljʊ'eɪʃn] 贬值11. exempt [ɪgˈzɛmpt] 被免除的、豁免的13. fluctuation [ˌflʌktʃʊˈeʃən] 波动；起伏；涨落15. inflation [ɪnˈfleʃən] 物价飞涨；通货膨胀17. profit [ˈpra:fɪt] 利润、收益；营利19. stock [sta:k] 公债；证券；股票8. 财务及投资1. accountant [əˈkaʊntənt] 会计师、会计员3. capital [ˈkæpɪtl] 资金、资本5. currency [ˈkɜ:rənsi] 货币；流通；通用16. personnel [ˌpɜ:rsəˈnel] 全体人员；人事部门18. resign [rɪ'zaɪn] 辞职，放弃20. substitute [ˈsʌbstɪtu:t] 代理人、代用品Business Development（1）2. acquisition [ˌækwɪˈzɪʃən] 获得、习得4. asset [ˈæsˌɛt] 有用的东西；优点、长处6. corporation [ˌkɔ:rpəˈreɪʃn] 法人；公司8. enterprise [ˈentərpraɪz] 企业10. financier [ˌfɪnənˈsɪr] 财政家；金融业者；12. launch [lɔntʃ] 开办；展开；发起；开始14. phase [fez] 阶段；周期；相16. proposition [ˌpra:pəˈzɪʃn] 提案；建议；计划18. rival ['raɪvl] 竞争者、对手；匹敌者20. track record [træk rɪˈkəd] 过去的记录Business Development（2）2. affiliate [əˈfɪliˌeɪt] 支部、分会；子公司4. benchmark [ˈbentʃma:rk] 基准、标准；水准点6. cut down [kʌt daʊn] 消减；缩短8. entrepreneur [ˌa:ntrəprəˈnɜ:(r)] 企业家10. firm [fɜ:rm] 公司12. merger [ˈmɜ:rdʒə(r)] 合并、吞并14. preliminary [prɪˈlɪmɪneri] 初步的、开始的16. prospect [ˈpra:spekt] 期望、展望18. scheme [skim] 计划、设计；图谋20. undervalue [ˌʌndərˈvælju:] 低估价值、看轻Finance & Investment（1）2. balance [ˈbæləns] 余额、差额4. chamber of commerce [ˈtʃembəˈkaməs] 商会6. debt [dɛt] 债、债务8. depreciation [dɪˌpriʃiˈeʃən] 跌价、贬值10. endorse [ɪnˈdɔ:rs] 赞同、支持；签名；背书12. expense [ɪkˈspɛns] 消耗；消费14. gross [groʊs] 总共的、全部的16. overdraft [ˈoʊvərdræft] 透支、透支额18. revenue [ˈrevənu:] 收益；岁入；税收20. withdraw [wɪðˈdrɔ] 收回、取回、撤回；提款Finance & Investment（2）2. bankrupt [ˈbæŋkˌrʌpt] 破产的、倒闭的4. convert [kənˈvɜ:rt] 转换；改变6. deduction [dɪˈdʌkʃən] 扣除、扣除额7. deposit [dɪˈpa:zɪt] 付押金；付保证金9. discrepancy [dɪˈskrɛpənsi] 差异、不一致11. expenditure [ɪkˈspɛndətʃə] 消费；开销13. fund [fʌnd] 基金；专款15. ledger [ˈlɛdʒə] 总帐；分类帐17. remuneration [rɪˌmjunəˈreʃən] 报酬、酬劳19. stockbroker [ˈsta:kbroʊkə(r)] 证券股票经纪人9. 贸易1. bid [bɪd] 出价；投标；喊价3. competitor [kəmˈpɛtɪtə] 竞争者；对手5. contract [ˈka:ntrækt] 契约；合同7. credible [ˈkrɛdəbəl] 可信的、可靠的9. earnings [ˈɜ:rnɪŋz] 薪水、工资、收益11. haggle [ˈhægəl] 讨价还价13. invoice [ˈɪnˌvɔɪs] 发票；发货清单15. stock [sta:k] 现货；存货17. quote [kwoʊt] 报价19. tariff [ˈtærɪf] 关税10. 贸易1. bill of lading [bɪl ʌv ˈledɪŋ] 提货单3. consignee [ˌkɒnsaɪ'ni:] 收件人；受托人5. contractor [ˈkanˌtræktə] 立契约人；承包商7. dealer [ˈdilə] 商人；业者9. endorse [ɪnˈdɔ:rs] 背书；支持；赞同11. headquarters [ˈhedkwɔ:rtərz] 总公司、总部13. letter of credit [ˈkrɛdɪt] 信用状15. patent [ˈpætnt] 专利；取得…的专利17. shipment [ˈʃɪpmənt] 一批货19. trademark [ˈtreɪdma:rk] 注册商标11. 商务会议及谈判1. adjourn [əˈdʒɜ:rn] 休会；延期；暂时3. amendment [əˈmɛndmənt] 修正5. attentive [əˈtɛntɪv] 注意的；留心的；细心的7. brainstorm [ˈbreɪnstɔ:rm] 头脑风暴、集思广益9. conference [ˈka:nfərəns] 会议；协商；讨论会11. convince [kənˈvɪns] 说服、使信服13. delegate [ˈdɛlɪˌget] 代表15. dispute [dɪˈspjut] 争端、争执；纠纷；17. persuade [pərˈsweɪd] 说服；劝服19. reconcile [ˈrɛkənˌsaɪl] 调和；调解8. depression [dɪˈprɛʃən] 不景气；忧伤；消沉10. estimate [ˈɛstəˌmet] 估计；估价12. fiscal [ˈfɪskəl] 财政的；会计的14. holding [ˈhoʊldɪŋ] 土地；财产（常用复数）16. overdue [ˌoʊvərˈdu:] 过期未付的18. shareholder [ˈʃerhoʊldə(r)] 股东20. yield [jild] 生产量；收益；生产Commerce（1）2. commercial [kəˈmɜ:rʃl] 商业化、商用的4. consolidate [kənˈsa:lɪdeɪt] 结合、合并；强化6. corporate [ˈkɔ:rpərət] 全体的；公司的；法人的8. debit [ˈdɛbɪt] 借方、借项10. export [ˈekspɔ:rt] 输出；出口12. import [ˈɪmpɔ:rt] 输入；进口14. long range [lɔŋ rendʒ] 长期的；远程的16. payment [ˈpemənt] 支付、付款18. supply [səˈplaɪ]20. voucher [ˈvaʊtʃə] 保证人；凭证；凭单；Commerce（2）2. commodity [kəˈma:dəti] 商品；农产品4. consumer [kənˈsu:mə(r)] 消费者；顾客6. cost-effective [ˌkɔstɪˈfɛktɪv] 符合成本效益的8. due [du:] 应付的；到期的；该发生的10. forward [ˈfɔ:rwərd] 送到，转号12. inventory [ˈɪnvəntɔ:ri] 详细目录；清单；存货14. order [ˈɔ:rdə(r)] 汇单；订货；订单；汇票16. quota [ˈkwoʊtə] 定量；定额；配额18. surplus [ˈsɜ:rpləs] 过剩的、剩余的；盈余20. warehouse [ˈwerhaʊs] 仓库；货价；大商店Business Meeting & Negotiation（1）2. agreement [əˈgrimənt] 同意；协定4. approval [əˈpruvəl] 赞成；同意6. board [bɔ:rd] 理事会；委员会；董事会8. concede [kənˈsid] 容忍、容许；承认10. convention [kənˈvɛnʃən] 惯例；习俗；会议12. cross reference [krɔs ˈrɛfərəns] 前后参照14. demand [dɪˈmænd] 要求；强求；需求16. negotiation [nɪˌgoʊʃiˈeɪʃn] 协商；谈判18. postpone [poʊˈspoʊn] 延迟、延期20. settlement [ˈsɛtlmənt] 协议；支付12. 商务会议及谈判1. agenda [əˈdʒɛndə] 议程3. announce [əˈnaʊns] 通告、宣布、宣告5. attorney [əˈtɜ:rni] 律师7. compromise [ˈka:mprəmaɪz] 妥协；和解9. consensus [kənˈsɛnsəs] 一致的意见、共识11. criterion [kraɪˈtɪriən] 规范；标准13. demonstration [ˌdɛmənˈstreʃən] 示范；示威15. dissuade [dɪˈswed] 劝阻17. petition [pəˈtɪʃən] 请愿（书）；请愿19. seminar [ˈsɛməˌnar] 研讨会、讨论课、讲习会13. 科技及设备1. advance [ədˈvæns] 前进；进展3. component [kəmˈpoʊnənt] 要素；成分；零件5. engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪr] 工程师7. fuel [ˈfjuəl] 燃料9. innovative [ˈɪnəˌvetɪv] 创新；革新的11. leading edge [ˈlidɪŋ ɛdʒ] 居领先优势的、前沿13. mode [moʊd] 样式；模式；方式；风尚；时尚15. outlet [ˈaʊtˌlɛt] 出口；排水口；销售店17. raw material [rɔ məˈtɪriəl] 原料、原材料19. specification [ˌspɛsəfɪˈkeʃən] 说明；规范14. 科技及设备1. automaton [ɔ:ˈta:mətən] 自动设备；机器人3. consecutive [kənˈsɛkjətɪv] 连续的、连贯的5. equipment [ɪˈkwɪpmənt] 装备；设备7. gadget [ˈgædʒɪt] 小工具；小玩意9. inspect [ɪnˈspɛkt] 检查；审查；视察11. maintenance [ˈmentənəns] 维护；保养13. network [ˈnetwɜ:rk] 网络系统；广播、电视网15. petroleum [pəˈtroʊliəm] 石油17. reverse [rɪˈvɜ:rs] 相反的；颠倒的19. static [ˈstætɪk] 静电干扰；静止的、静态的15. 电脑1. access [ˈæksɛs] 进入；接近；使用；取得3. cable [ˈkebəl] 缆线、电缆5. cutting edge [ˈkʌtɪŋ ɛdʒ] 尖刻；尖锐；切削刃7. digital [ˈdɪdʒɪtl] 数字的；数字显示的9. hacker [ˈhækə] 黑客；计算机迷11. Internet [ˈɪntərnet] 国际互联网13. multimedia [ˌmʌltiˈmidiə] 多媒体Business Meeting & Negotiation（2）2. alternative [ɔ:lˈtɜ:rnətɪv] 可供选择的事物4. articulate [a:rˈtɪkjuleɪt] 善于表达的6. breakthrough [ˈbrekˌθru] 突破；重大进展8. conclusive [kənˈklusɪv] 决定性的；勿庸置疑的10. converse [kənˈvɜ:rs] 谈话；交谈12. decline [dɪˈklaɪn] 衰落；衰退；下降14. diplomacy [dɪˈploʊməsi] 外交手腕；交际手段16. on behalf of [an bɪˈhæf ʌv] 代表18. premise [ˈprɛmɪs] 前提20. statement [ˈstetmənt] 声明；陈述Technology & Equipment（1）2. capacity [kəˈpæsɪti] 容量；才能；能力4. device [dɪˈvaɪs] 装置；设备；图案；设计6. facilitate [fəˈsɪlɪˌtet] 促进；使容易8. generator [ˈdʒɛnəˌretə] 发电机；产生器10. inventor [ɪnˈventə(r)] 发明家12. malfunction [mælˈfʌŋkʃən] 故障；失灵14. operate [ˈa:pəreɪt] 操作；运转；经营16. portable [ˈpɔ:rtəbl] 便携的；轻便的18. satellite [ˈsætlˌaɪt] 卫星Technology & Equipment（2）2. cell phone [sɛl fon] 移动电话；手机4. devise [dɪˈvaɪz] 设计；发明；策划6. facility [fəˈsɪləti] 便利的设施；设备8. hands-on [ˈhændzˈan] 实地操作；亲身体验10. laboratory [ˈlæbrətɔ:ri] 实验室12. manual [ˈmænjuəl] 使用手册；手工的14. outage [ˈaʊtɪdʒ] 停电16. procedure [prəˈsidʒə] 程序；手续18. solar [ˈsoʊlə(r)] 太阳的；依太阳而运行的20. turn down [tən daʊn] 关小（声）Computer（1）2. automatically [ˌɔtəˈmætɪkl:ɪ] 自动；无意识的4. compliance [kəmˈplaɪəns] 顺从、服从；附和6. delete [diˈlit] 删除8. download [ˌdaʊnˈloʊd] 下载10. input [ˈɪnˌpʊt] 输入；输入电脑12. laptop [ˈlæpta:p] 笔记本电脑14. retrieval [rɪˈtrivəl] 取回；恢复；检索15. search engine [sətʃˈɛndʒɪn] 搜索引擎17. state-of-the-art [stet] [a:rt] 使用最先进技术的19. troubleshooting ['trʌblʃu:tɪŋ] 故障排除16. 电脑1. activate ['æktə'vet] 使活动；触发；激活3. command [kəˈmænd] 指令；命令；掌握5. database [ˈdeɪtəbeɪs] 数据库7. downgrade [ˈdaʊnˌgred] 降级；使降职9. hyperlink [ˈhaɪpərlɪŋk] 超链接11. know-how [ˈnoˌhaʊ] 技能；专业知识；窍门13. omit [oˈmɪt] 省略、忽略；删除；疏忽15. server [ˈsɜ:rvə(r)] 服务器17. switch [swɪtʃ] 开关；骤变19. upgrade [ˈʌpˌgred] 升级；提升17. 商业书信及广告1. advertisement [ˌædvərˈtaɪzmənt] 广告3. attach [əˈtætʃ] 贴上；附上、附加5. cohesive [koʊˈhi:sɪv] 有结合力的；有凝聚力的7. correspondence [ˌkɔ:rəˈspa:ndəns] 通信9. elaborate [ɪˈlæbəret] 详尽说明；精心制作11. inquire [ɪnˈkwaɪr] 调查；询问13. leaflet [ˈliflɪt] 传单15. promote [prəˈmoʊt] 发扬；晋升；促进17. response [rɪˈspa:ns] 回应；响应19. slogan [ˈsloʊgən] 口号；标语18. 商业书信及广告1. affirm [əˈfɜ:rm] 坚称；声明；断言；确认3. banner [ˈbænə] 标语；旗帜5. composition [ˌka:mpəˈzɪʃn] 作品；作文；作曲7. courier [ˈkʊriə] 信使；邮物快递公司9. enclose [ɪnˈkloʊz] 随函附上；装入封套11. issue [ˈɪʃu] 问题；流出；发行；发布13. legible [ˈlɛdʒəbəl] (字迹)清晰的；易读的15. proofread ['pru:fri:d] 校正、校对17. restate [riˈstet] 重申；重新叙述19. stationery [ˈsteɪʃəneri] 文具；信纸19. 旅游1. accommodation [əˌkɑ:məˈdeɪʃn] 住宿；适应3. brochure [broʊˈʃʊr] 小册子5. confirmation [ˌka:nfərˈmeɪʃn] 确认16. shut down [ʃʌt daʊn] 使关闭；使停业18. terminology [ˌtɜ:rməˈna:lədʒi] 专业术语20. up-to-date 最近的、最新的Computer（2）2. browse [braʊz] 浏览；随便翻阅4. configuration [kənˌfɪgjəˈreɪʃn] 结构；配置6. desktop [ˈdeskta:p] 桌面；桌上型的8. disk [dɪsk] 磁盘、软盘10. install [ɪnˈstɔl] 安装；安置12. modem [ˈmoʊdem] 调制解调器14. scanner [ˈskænə] 扫描仪16. spreadsheet [ˈsprɛdˌʃit] 电子表格18. transmission [trænsˈmɪʃən] 传输、传送20. virus [ˈvaɪrəs] 电脑病毒Business Correspondence（1）2. appendix [əˈpɛndɪks] 附录4. campaign [kæmˈpen] 战役；竞选活动；宣传6. confidential [ˌka:nfɪˈdenʃl] 秘密的、机密的8. dictate [ˈdɪkteɪt] 口述；支配；命令10. forward [ˈfɔ:rwərd] 转寄；发送12. jot down [dʒat daʊn] 略记下；匆匆记下14. notify [ˈnoʊtɪfaɪ] 通知；告知16. publicity [pʌˈblɪsɪti] 公开；宣传；尽人皆知18. revise [rɪˈvaɪz] 修订、修改；校订20. urgent [ˈɜ:rdʒənt] 紧急的、急迫的Business Correspondence（2）2. ASAP=as soon possible 越快越好4. circular [ˈsɜ:rkjələ(r)] 广告；传单；通告6. convene [kənˈvin] 集合；聚集；开会8. draft [dræft] 草稿；汇票10. inform [ɪnˈfɔ:rm] 通知、告知12. layout [ˈleˌaʊt] 布局；规划；设计；编排14. postage [ˈpoʊstɪdʒ] 邮费16. regarding [rɪˈga:rdɪŋ] 关于、有关18. signature [ˈsɪgnətʃə] 签字、签名20. write up 详细写出Travel（1）2. boarding pass 登机牌4. checkout [ˈtʃɛkˌaʊt] 办理退房；结账离开6. customs [ˈkʌstəmz] 海关、关税；习惯7. departure [dɪˈpa:rtʃə(r)] 离开；出发9. expedition [ˌɛkspɪˈdɪʃən] 探险队；远征队11. itinerary [aɪˈtɪnəreri] 行程表；旅程13. luxurious [lʌgˈʒʊriəs] 奢华的；豪华的15. packing [ˈpækɪŋ] 包装；打包17. reservation [ˌrezərˈveɪʃn] 预约；预订；保留19. suite [swit] (旅馆的)套房20. 旅游1. baggage claim [ˈbægɪdʒ klem] 行李提领处3. carry-on登机行李；手提行李5. cruise [kruz] 乘船游览7. destination [ˌdɛstəˈneʃən] 目的地9. fasten [ˈfæsn] 系紧；拴住；扣住11. jet lag [dʒɛt læg] 时差13. metal detector [ˈmɛtl dɪˈtɛktə] 金属探测器15. passenger [ˈpæsəndʒə] 乘客；旅客17. round-trip [ˈraʊndˈtrɪp] 来回的；双程的；往返19. vacant [ˈvekənt] 空闲的21. 交通运输1. accelerate [ækˈsɛləˌret] 加速；促进；前进3. arrival [əˈraɪvəl] 到达、抵达5. cargo [ˈka:rgoʊ] 货物7. crash landing [kræʃˈlændɪŋ] 迫降9. forbid [fərˈbɪd] 禁止11. jaywalk ['dʒeɪwɔ:k] 乱穿马路13. navigate [ˈnævɪˌget] 导航；航行；驾驶15. route [rut] 路径；路线17. subway [ˈsʌbˌwe] 地铁19. transit [ˈtrænsɪt] 交通；运输；通过22. 交通运输1. acrophobia [ˌækrəˈfobiə] 恐高症3. aviation [ˌeviˈeʃən] 飞行；航空学5. commuter [kəˈmjutə] 通勤者7. crossroads [ˈkrɔ:sroʊdz] 十字路口9. freight [fret] 货运11. jeopardy [ˈdʒepərdi] 风险；危险；危难13. pedestrian [pəˈdɛstriən] 行人15. runway [ˈrʌnˌwe] 飞机跑道17. take off [tek ɔf] 起飞19. transport [ˈtrænspɔ:rt] 运输；交通工具8. en route [ɛn rut] 在途中10. flight [flaɪt] 飞行；航班；航程12. lodge [la:dʒ] 小屋；旅馆14. motel [moʊˈtel] 汽车旅馆16. peak season [pik ˈsizən] 旺季18. sightseeing [ˈsaɪtˌsiɪŋ] 观光；游览20. valid [ˈvælɪd] 依法有效的；有效的Travel（2）2. breathtaking [ˈbrɛθˌtekɪŋ] 惊人的；惊艳的4. concierge [kɔ:nˈsjerz] 管理员；门房6. deluxe [dɪ'lʌks] 豪华的；高级的8. exotic [ɪgˈza:tɪk] 异国风情的；异国的10. flight attendant空中服务员12. luggage [ˈlʌgɪdʒ] 行李14. overseas [ˌoʊvərˈsi:z] 海外的；国外的16. porter [ˈpɔ:rtə(r)] 搬运工人18. stopover [ˈsta:poʊvə(r)] 中途停留20. voyage [ˈvɔɪɪdʒ] 旅行；航行Transportation（1）2. aircraft [ˈerkræft] 飞机；飞行器；航空器4. buckle up ['bʌkl] [ʌp] 系好(安全带)6. convertible [kənˈvɜ:rtəbl] 敞篷车8. delay [dɪˈle] 担搁；延迟10. ground crew [graʊnd kru] 地勤人员12. launch [lantʃ] 发射；开始14. pilot [ˈpaɪlət] 飞行员16. seat belt [sit bɛlt] 座椅安全带18. taxicab [ˈtæksiˌkæb] 出租车20. vehicle [ˈvi:hɪkl] 车辆Transportation（2）2. airliner [ˈerlaɪnə(r)] 大型客机4. cabin [ˈkæbɪn] 小屋；客舱；机舱6. conveyance [kənˈveəns] 运输；交通工具8. ferry [ˈfɛri] 渡轮10. intersection [ˌɪntərˈsekʃn] 交叉12. life vest [laɪf] [vest] 救生衣14. restriction [rɪˈstrɪkʃən] 限制；约束16. shortcut [ˈʃɔrtˌkʌt] 近路；捷径18. timetable [ˈtaɪmˌtebəl] 时间表；时刻表20. via [ˈvaɪə] 经由；借由23. 购物1. affordable [əˈfɔrdəbəl] 负担的起的3. client [ˈklaɪənt] 顾客；委托人5. discount [ˈdɪsˌkaʊnt] 折扣7. expiration [ˌɛkspəˈreʃən]终结；期满9. latest [ˈletɪst]最新的11. pickpocket [ˈpɪkˌpɑkɪt] 扒手13. receipt [rɪˈsit] 收据15. request [rɪˈkwɛst]请求；要求17. solicit [səˈlɪsɪt] 请求；恳求；祈求19. VIP=very important person 贵宾24. 购物1. bargain [ˈbɑrɡɪn] 便宜货，廉价品；讨价还价3. coupon [ˈkuˌpɑn] 折价券；优惠券5. display [dɪˈsple] 陈列，展示品；显示7. flea market [fli ˈmɑrkɪt] 跳蚤市场9. modify [ˈmɑdəˌfaɪ] 修改；变更11. purchase ['pɜ:tʃəs] 购买；采购13. refund [ˈriːfʌnd] 退款；退还；赔偿15. retailer [ˈritelə] 零售商17. thrift [θrɪft] 节俭；节约19. warranty [ˈwɔrənti] 保证；保证书25. 在外就餐1. alcohol [ˈælkəˌhɔl] 酒精3. artificial [ˌɑrtəˈfɪʃəl] 人造的；仿真的5. chef [ʃɛf] 主厨；大厨7. delicacy [ˈdɛlɪkəsi] 美味佳肴9. fragrant [ˈfreɡrənt] 有香味的；芳香的11. liquor [ˈlɪkə] 烈酒（如威士忌）13. palatable [ˈpælətəbəl] 美味的；顺耳的；怡人15. portion [ˈpɔrʃən] 部分；一份17. refreshment [rɪˈfrɛʃmənt] 茶点19. specialty [ˈspɛʃəlti] 专攻；专业；专长；特制品26. 在外就餐1. aperitif [əˌperəˈtiːf] 饭前酒3. beverage [ˈbɛvərɪdʒ] 饮料5. chopsticks [ˈtʃɑpˌstɪks] 筷子7. dessert [dɪˈzət] 餐后甜点9. hors d'oeuvre 开胃小菜11. menu [ˈmenju] 菜单13. parched [pɑ:rtʃt] 焦干的；极渴的Shopping（1）2. bazaar [bəˈzɑr] 市场；集市4. customer [ˈkʌstəmə] 顾客；客户6. distributor [dɪˈstrɪbjətə] 供应商；经销商8. itemize [ˈaɪtəˌmaɪz] 详细列举；分条列举10. neon sign [ˈniˌɑn saɪn] 霓虹灯招牌12. pushcart [ˈpʊʃˌkɑrt] 手推车14. reimburse [ˌriɪmˈbə:s] 偿还；补偿16. sample [ˈsæmpəl] 样品；样本18. trendy [ˈtrɛndi] 时髦的；流行的20. wholesale [ˈholˌsel] 批发的；批发地Shopping（2）2. cash register [kæʃˈrɛdʒɪstə] 收银机4. defective [dɪˈfɛktɪv] 有缺陷的；有问题的6. drugstore [ˈdrʌɡˌstɔr] 兼卖杂货的药房8. label [ˈlebəl] 标签；标记10. patron [ˈpetrən] 顾客；赞助人12. quantity [ˈkwɑntɪti] 量；数量14. replacement [rɪˈplesmənt] 代替；替换16. shopping mall大型购物中心18. vender [ˈvɛndə] 小贩20. workmanship [ˈwə:kmənˌʃɪp] 技巧；手艺Dinning（1）2. appetite [ˈæpɪˌtaɪt] 胃口，食欲4. bland [blænd] 淡而无味的；温和的6. crave [krev] 渴望，热望；恳求8. digest [di'dʒest] 消化；吸收10. ingredient [ɪnˈɡridiənt] 成分；配料；配方12. munch [mʌntʃ] 用力嚼；大声咀嚼14. pass up 放过；错过16. ravenous [ˈrævənəs] 饥饿的；贪婪的18. silverware [ˈsɪlvəˌwɛr] 银器；镀银餐具20. starve [stɑrv] 饿死；挨饿Dinning（2）2. appetizer [ˈæpɪˌtaɪzə] 开胃菜4. buffet [bəˈfe] 自助餐6. cuisine [kwɪˈzin] 烹调8. entree [ˈɑntre] 主菜10. leftovers [ˈlɛftovə] 剩饭剩菜12. napkin [ˈnæpkɪn] 餐巾14. pastry [ˈpestri] 油酥小甜点15. preservative [prɪˈzə:vətɪv] 防腐剂17. seasoning [ˈsizənɪŋ] 调味品；佐料19. spice [spaɪs] 香料；调味品27. 社交1. acceptance [ækˈsɛptəns] 接受；赞同3. anniversary [ˌænəˈvɚsəri] 周年纪念日5. banquet [ˈbæŋkwɪt] 酒席；正式的宴会7. courtesy[ˈkətɪsi] 礼貌；礼仪；好意；殷勤9. embrace [ɛmˈbres] 拥抱；围绕；包括11. farewell [fɛrˈwɛl] 一路平安；再见；告别13. greeting[ˈɡritɪŋ] 致敬；问候15. lavish [ˈlævɪʃ]过分大方的；浪费的；丰富的17. offensive [əˈfɛnsɪv] 令人不快的；冒犯的19. regards [rɪˈɡɑrdz] 问候；致意28. 社交1. acknowledge [ækˈnɑlɪdʒ] 承认3. apologize [əˈpɑləˌdʒaɪz] 道歉5. barrier[ˈbæriə] 障碍；障碍物；隔阂7. criticize [ˈkrɪtɪˌsaɪz] 批评；评论9. encounter [ɛnˈkaʊntə] 相遇；遭遇；面临11. favorable [ˈfevərəbəl] 令人满意的；有帮助的13. hilarious [hɪˈlɛriəs] 狂欢的；令人捧腹的15. modest [ˈmɑdɪst] 谦逊的；适度的；朴实的17. prompt [prɑmpt] 准时的；按时的19. run into 偶遇；碰上29. 娱乐及大众传播媒体1. amuse [əˈmjuz] 使欢乐；使愉快；使发笑3. ballet [bæˈle]芭蕾舞5. celebrity [səˈlɛbrɪti] 名人；名声7. composer [kəmˈpozə] 作曲家9. cue [kju] 暗示；提示11. fare [fɛr] 车费；票价13. newscast [ˈnuzˌkæst] 新闻广播15. premiere [prɪˈmɪr] 首次公演；首映17. scenario [sɪˈnɛriˌo] 戏剧的情节19. symphony [ˈsɪmfəni] 交响曲30. 娱乐及大众传播媒体1. applaud [əˈplɔd] 鼓掌3. broadcast [ˈbrɔdˌkæst]广播；宣传5. choreography [ˌkɔriˈɑɡrəfi] 舞蹈设计；编舞16. recipe [ˈrɛsəˌpi] 食谱；烹饪法；秘诀18. snack [snæk] 小吃；点心；吃点心20. vegetarian [ˌvɛdʒɪˈtɛriən] 素食者Social Contact（1）2. acquaintance [əˈkwentəns] 相识但熟的人4. associate [əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt] 同事，伙伴；联想6. commitment [kəˈmɪtmənt] 承诺；许诺8. distinguished [dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt] 卓越的；杰出的10. etiquette [ˈɛtɪˌkɛt] 礼节；规范12. get-together（非正式的社交）聚会14. hug [hʌɡ] 拥抱；紧抱16. nosy[ˈnozi] 好管闲事的；爱打听的18. protocol[ˈprotəˌkɔl] 外交礼仪；草约20. salute [səˈlut] 向……打招呼/行军礼/表示敬意Social Contact（2）2. aggressive [əˈɡrɛsɪv] 挑衅的；积极的4. attractive [əˈtræktɪv] 引人入胜；迷人的6. compliment [ˈkɑmpləmənt] 赞扬；恭维8. eloquent [ˈɛləkwənt] 口才好的；雄辩的10. extend [ɪkˈstɛnd] 延伸；扩大；给予；提供12. gossip [ˈɡɑsəp]闲话；流言14. intrude [ɪnˈtrud] 闯入；侵入；把……强加16. nuisance [ˈnusəns] 讨厌之人、事、物18. quarrel [ˈkwɔrəl] 争吵；争论吵架20. scandal [ˈskændl] 丑闻；引人愤慨之事Entertainment & Mass Media（1）2. audience [ˈɔdiəns] 听众；观众4. cable TV 有线电视6. cinema [ˈsɪnəmə] 电影；电影院；电影业8. conductor [kənˈdʌktə] 指挥家10. drama [ˈdrɑmə] 戏剧；剧本12. headline [ˈhɛdˌlaɪn] （报纸的）标题14. periodical [ˌpɪriˈɑdɪkəl] 杂志；期刊16. rate [ret] 分级；分等18. scriptwriter [ˈskrɪptˌraɪtə]剧作家；编剧20. ticket office 售票处Entertainment & Mass Media（2）2. audition [ɔˈdɪʃən] 试听；试演4. carnival [ˈkɑrnəvəl] 狂欢；欢宴；嘉年华会6. circus [ˈsəkəs] 马戏团7. concert [ˈkɑnˌsət] 音乐会9. curtain call 谢幕11. finale [fəˈnæli] 结局；乐曲的最后部分13. performance [pəˈfɔrməns] 演出；表现；性能15. preview [ˈpriˌvju] 试映；预告片17. screen [skrin] 隔板；荧幕；荧光屏19. theater [ˈθiətə] 戏院；剧院31. 运动及休闲活动1. aerobics [ɛˈrobɪks] 有氧运动3. compete [kəmˈpit] 竞争；比赛5. fitness [ˈfɪtnɪs] 适合；恰当；身体健康7. league [liɡ] 联盟；同盟9. mountaineering [ˌmaʊntn:ˈirɪŋ] 登山运动11. recreation [ˌrɛkriˈeʃən] 娱乐；消遣13. rigor [ˈrɪɡə] 严格；严苛；艰苦15. stadium [ˈstediəm] 体育场17. surrender [səˈrɛndə]投降；放弃19. trophy [ˈtroʊfi] 奖品；奖杯；战利品32. 运动及休闲活动1. billiards [ˈbɪljədz] 台球，撞球3. default [dɪˈfɔlt] 违约；弃权5. forfeit [ˈfɔrfɪt] 罚款；丧失7. leisure [ˈliʒə] 空闲；闲暇时间9. muscle [ˈmʌsəl] 肌肉；力量11. referee [ˌrɛfəˈri] 裁判员；仲裁者13. runner-up 第二名；亚军15. stretch [strɛtʃ] 伸张；伸开；伸展17. tactic [ˈtæktɪk] 战略；策略（常用复数）19. umpire [ˈʌmˌpaɪr] 裁判；仲裁33. 医疗及保险1. alleviate [əˈliviˌet] 减轻；缓和3. collision [kəˈlɪʒən] 碰撞；抵触5. contagious [kənˈtedʒəs] 接触传染的7. emergency room急诊室9. general hospital综合医院11. infection [ɪnˈfɛkʃən] 感染13. mandatory [ˈmændəˌtɔri] 命令的；强制的15. outpatient [ˈaʊtˌpeʃənt] 门诊病人17. severe [səˈvɪr] 严苛的；严格的；严重的19. terms [tɜ:rmz] 条文；条款；付款条件；价钱8. critic [ˈkrɪtɪk] 批评家；评论家10. editorial [ˌɛdɪˈtɔriəl] 社论12. media [ˈmidiə] 媒体14. playwright [ˈpleˌraɪt] 剧作家16. rehearsal [rɪˈhəsəl] 预演；排练18. stunt [stʌnt] 特技；噱头20. violin [ˌvaɪəˈlɪn] 小提琴Sports & Recreational Activities（1）2. coach [kotʃ] 教师；教练4. defeat [dɪˈfit] 失败；击败6. gym [dʒɪm] 健身房；体育馆8. marathon [ˈmærəˌθɑn] 马拉松；耐力比赛10. participate [pɑrˈtɪsəˌpet] 参与；参加12. relaxation [ˌrilækˈseʃən] 松弛；缓和；休息14. soccer [ˈsɑkə] 足球16. stroll [strol] 散步；闲逛18. time-out 暂停20. usher [ˈʌʃə] 引座员；招待员Sports & Recreational Activities（2）2. combative [kəmˈbætɪv] 好战的；好斗的4. defense [dɪˈfɛns] 保护；防卫6. intensity [ɪnˈtɛnsɪti] 强度；强烈8. massage [məˈsɑʒ] 按摩；揉捏10. pastime [ˈpæsˌtaɪm] 娱乐；消遣12. replacement [rɪˈplesmənt] 代替的人或物14. spectator [ˈspɛkˌtetə] 观众；旁观者16. surfing [ˈsəfɪŋ] 冲浪18. tournament [ˈtʊrnəmənt] 比赛；锦标赛20. volleyball [ˈvɑliˌbɔl] 排球Medicine &Insurance（1）2. bacteria[bækˈtɪriə] 细菌4. compensation [ˌkɑmpənˈseʃən] 补偿；赔偿6. crash [kræʃ] 相撞；碰撞；突然发出巨响8. expiration date有效期限10. immune [ɪˈmjoon] 免除的；豁免的；免疫的12. investigator [ɪnˈvɛstɪˌɡetə]调查员14. option [ˈɑpʃən] 选择权；可选择的东西16. premium [ˈprimiəm] 奖品；额外费用；保费18. stroke [strok] 脑血管破裂或阻塞；中风20. vital [ˈvaɪtl] 非常必要的；攸关生死的34. 医疗及保险1. antibiotic [ˌæntɪbaɪˈɑtɪk] 抗生素3. commission [kəˈmɪʃən] 佣金5. coverage [ˈkʌvərɪdʒ] 报道范围；保险范围7. excruciating [ɪkˈskruʃiˌetɪŋ] 极痛苦的；极度的9. handicap [ˈhændiˌkæp] 残障；不利条件；障碍11. intensive care unit加护病房13. nutrition [nuˈtrɪʃən] 营养供给或摄取；营养15. pharmaceutical [ˌfɑrməˈsutɪkəl] 制药的17. side effect（药物之）副作用19. trauma [ˈtraʊmə] 外伤；心灵的伤35. 住房1. appliance [əˈplaɪəns] 设备；器具；工具3. community [kəˈmjunɪti] 社区5. fire extinguisher 灭火器7. garbage disposal 垃圾处理机9. laundry [ˈlɔndri] 洗衣店；要洗或已洗好的衣物11. mattress [ˈmætrɪs] 床垫13. ornament [ˈɔrnəmənt] 装饰品15. possession [pəˈzɛʃən] 所有；个人财产17. renovate [ˈrɛnəˌvet] 更新；修复；恢复19. suburb [ˈsʌbˌəb] （常用复数）郊区；近郊36. 住房1. balcony [ˈbælkəni] 阳台；包厢3. down payment 头期款；预付金；定金5. furnishings [ˈfɜːrnɪʃɪŋz] 家具；室内陈设7. kitchenware [ˈkɪtʃənˌwɛr] 厨房用具9. lawn [lɔn] 草坪；草地11. messy [ˈmɛsi] 杂乱的；肮脏的13. playground [ˈpleˌɡraʊnd] 运动场；游戏场15. property [ˈprɑpəti] 财产；地产17. residence [ˈrɛzɪdəns] 住所；公馆；居住19. tenant [ˈtɛnənt] 房客；承租人；佃户37. 感觉、情绪、态度1. affection [əˈfɛkʃən] 感情；钟爱3. brag [bræɡ] 自夸；吹嘘5. detest [dɪˈtɛst] 憎恶；痛恨；嫌恶7. distress [dɪˈstrɛs] 悲痛；贫困；危难9. esteem [ɪˈstim] 好评，尊敬；极看重，尊重11. gloomy [ˈɡlumi] 幽暗的；令人沮丧的；忧郁的13. impulsive [ɪmˈpʌlsɪv] 冲动的Medicine &Insurance（2）2. claim [klem] 要求；声称4. comprehensive [ˌkɑmprɪˈhɛnsɪv] 全面的6. diagnose [ˈdaɪəɡˌnos] 诊断；判断8. fraud [frɔd] 诈骗；骗局；骗子10. indemnity [ɪnˈdɛmnɪti] 损害保障；损害赔偿12. liable [ˈlaɪəbəl] 有义务的；易于的；倾向于的14. organ donor 器官捐赠者16. purification [ˌpjʊrəfɪˈkeʃən] 洗净；净化18. surgery [ˈsədʒəri] （外科）手术20. waive [wev] 放弃；弃权Housing（1）2. burglar [ˈbəɡlə] 窃贼；夜盗4. electronics [ɪˌlɛkˈtrɑnɪks] 电子学6. furniture [ˈfənɪtʃə] 家具8. landlord [ˈlændˌlɔrd] 地主；房东10. lease [lis] 租约；出租；租用12. mortgage [ˈmɔrɡɪdʒ] 抵押货（借）款14. plumbing [ˈplʌmɪŋ] 水管设施16. real estate 不动产18. rural [ˈrʊrəl] 乡下；田园20. urban [ˈəbən] 都市的；都市式的Housing（2）2. chore [tʃɔːr] 家务难事；困难繁琐无趣的4. fire alarm 火灾警报器6. garage [ɡəˈrɑʒ] 车库；修车厂8. laundromat [ˈlɔndrəˌmæt] 自助洗衣店10. loan shark 放高利贷者12. neighborhood [ˈnebəˌhʊd] 街坊；住宅区14. porch [pɔrtʃ] 门廊；游廊16. relocate [riˈloket] 重新安置；迁徙18. storage [ˈstɔrɪdʒ] 储藏；藏室20. utility [juˈtɪləti] 公共实业；实用Feelings, Emotions, Attitudes（1）2. anticipate [ænˈtɪsəˌpet] 预见；期待4. delighted [dɪˈlaɪtɪd] 欣喜的；愉快的6. disgust [dɪsˈɡʌst] 作呕；厌恶；反感8. enthusiastic [ɛnˌθuziˈæstɪk] 热心的；狂热的10. fascination [ˌfæsəˈneʃən] 入迷；着迷；魅力12. impartial [ɪmˈpɑrʃəl] 不偏袒；公正的14. irritated [ˈɪrɪteɪtɪd] 被激怒的；发炎的；疼痛的15. mad [mæd] 发疯的；疯狂的；着迷的；愚蠢的17. panic [ˈpænɪk] 恐慌；使恐慌19. repulsive [rɪˈpʌlsɪv] 使人反感的；令人厌恶38. 感觉、情绪、态度1. ambition [æmˈbɪʃən] 雄心；野心3. contentment [kənˈtɛntmənt] 满意；满足5. devoted [dɪˈvotɪd] 挚爱的；忠实的；热忱的7. elegant [ˈɛlɪɡənt] 高雅的；有品味的；上等的9. fancy [ˈfænsi] 精心设计的；特技的；花俏的11. hideous [ˈhɪdiəs] 丑的吓人；不忍睹的；丑恶的13. instinct [ˈɪnˌstɪŋkt] 天性；本能；直觉15. nasty [ˈnæsti] 肮脏的；不道德的；恶毒的17. perceive [pəˈsiv] 感知；察觉；理会19. startle [ˈstɑrtl] 惊吓；使吓一跳39. 其他重要名词及动词1. aspect [ˈæspɛkt] 面貌；方向；朝向3. attempt [əˈtɛmpt] 企图，攻击；努力尝试5. declaration [ˌdɛkləˈreʃən] 宣布；公布；宣言7. exceed [ɪkˈsid] 超过；超出；超越9. implication [ˌɪmplɪˈkeʃən] 含义；暗示；牵连11. intention [ɪnˈtɛnʃən] 意图；目的13. manipulate [məˈnɪpjəˌlet] 操作；操纵15. priority [praɪˈɔrɪti] 优先权；优先考虑的事17. reassure [ˌriəˈʃʊr] 使安心；使放心19. sustain [səˈsten] 维持；持续；支撑；蒙受40. 其他重要名词及动词1. alter [ˈɔltə] 改变；修改3. clarify [ˈklærəˌfaɪ] 澄清；使纯净5. entitle [ɛnˈtaɪtl] 定名；使有资格7. impact [ˈɪmˌpækt] 碰撞力；影响；行动9. instruct [ɪnˈstrʌkt] 教授；指导；下命令；指示11. involve [ɪnˈvɑlv] 使卷入；牵涉；伴随13. permit [pəˈmɪt] 许可证；执照准许；许可15. protest [ˈprotɛst] 抗议；反对17. risk [rɪsk] 风险；冒……的危险19. speculate [ˈspɛkjəˌlet] 沉思；思索；猜测41. 其他重要形容词及副词1. absurd [əbˈsəd] 荒谬的；不合理的3. ample [ˈæmpəl] 广大的；宽敞的；充足的5. dreadful [ˈdrɛdfəl] 令人恐怖的；令人害怕的16. objective [əbˈdʒɛktɪv] 目标；客观的18. prejudice [ˈprɛdʒədɪs] 偏见；歧视20. tranquility [træŋˈkwɪlətɪ] 平静的；安宁Feelings, Emotions, Attitudes（2）2. attraction [əˈtrækʃən] 吸引力；吸引人之物4. despair [dɪˈspɛr] 绝望；使人绝望的事物6. disposition [ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃən] 倾向；性格；气质8. entice [ɛnˈtaɪs] 诱惑；引诱10. fondness [ˈfɑndnɪs] 钟爱；溺爱；嗜好；癖好12. impression [ɪmˈprɛʃən] 意念；印象14. jealous [ˈdʒɛləs] 嫉妒的；羡慕的；唯恐失去16. optimistic [ˌɑːptɪˈmɪstɪk] 乐观的18. provoke [prəˈvok] 激怒；引起；激起20. upset [ʌpˈsɛt] 使心烦意乱；使失败；打翻Other important Nouns & Verbs（1）2. assumption [əˈsʌmpʃən] 假定；假设4. call waiting 电话插播6. endeavor [ɛnˈdɛvə] 努力；尽力试图；尝试8. identity [aɪˈdɛntɪti] 身份；本体；相同；同一10. inspire [ɪnˈspaɪr] 鼓舞；激发；引发12. interrupt [ˌɪntəˈrʌpt] 打断；中断14. obstacle [ˈɑbstəkəl] 障碍物；阻碍16. prohibit [proˈhɪbɪt] 禁止；防止；阻止18. remind [rɪˈmaɪnd] 提醒；使想起20. undertake [ˌʌndəˈtek] 承担；许诺；保证Other important Nouns & Verbs（2）2. assurance [əˈʃʊrəns] 保证；担保；自信；把握4. discard [dɪˈskɑrd] 抛弃；丢弃6. exhibition [ˌɛksəˈbɪʃən] 展览会；表现8. incentive [ɪnˈsɛntɪv] 鼓励；诱因10. interfere [ˌɪntəˈfɪr] 妨害；扰乱；介入；干涉12. merit [ˈmɛrɪt] 功劳；价值；优点14. proceed [proˈsid] 着手；继续进行16. register [ˈrɛdʒɪstə] 登记簿，注册簿；记录18. submit [səbˈmɪt] 认输；使服从；提出20. verify [ˈvɛrəˌfaɪ] 证明；证实；确认Other Important Adjectives & Adverbs（1）2. adequate [ˈædɪkwɪt] 足够的；适当的4. decent [ˈdisənt] 合宜的；得体的；适当的6. exceptional [ɪkˈsɛpʃənəl] 异常的；例外的。
红宝书考研英语单词（必考词+基础词）串记
红宝书考研英语单词（必考词+基础词）串记必考词（unit1—unit26）Unit 11．水彩画上被水冲淡了的（dilute）笔触是很模糊的（dim），这大大削弱（diminish）了作品的表现力。
2．自信的（positive）人都会认为拥有（possess）财产（possession）和地位（position）不值得炫耀（pose）。
3．我很惊异（amaze），对专业认识含糊不清的（ambiguous）外行（amateur），竟然是有抱负（ambition）、有雄心的（ambitious）人。
4．建设（build）店铺（business）的预算（budget）泡（bubble）汤了。
5．我认为（conceive）这主意（conception）不错，在涉及（concern）国家安全的问题上，应该放弃妥协、折中（compromise）的观念（concept），集中（concentrate）力量镇压对社会构成（comprise）威胁的恐怖分子。
6．在下结论（conclude）前，先做出简洁的（concise）、具体的（concrete）推论（conclusion）。
7．我承认（confess），我参加了商谈（confer）如何压缩（compress）经费开支的会议（conference）8．这一集（episode）的剧情展现了流行病（epidemic）爆发的时代（epoch）。
9．我和这些愤怒的（indignant）人一样愤概（indignation），因为那个表情冷淡的（indifferent）工头克扣了每个人（individual）必不可少的（indispensable）工钱。
10．使者（messenger）用秘密方法（method）送来消息（message）说，制造混乱（mess）的都是军队的（military）、头脑（mind）简单的、好战的（militant）人。
11．参考（reference）消息谈到（refer），政府应该弥补（redeem）、缩小（reduce）差距、减少（reduction）损失。
小学五年级上册第七次英语第一单元期中试卷[含答案解释]
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小学五年级上册英语第一单元期中试卷[含答案解释]英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题2分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.I usually _______ (wake) up at 7:00 a.m., but today I _______ (wake) up late because my alarm _______ (not work). I _______ (rush) to get ready, and I _______ (forget) to eat breakfast. I _______ (be) very hungry when I _______ (arrive) at school.2.We _______ (buy) some ice cream after the movie last night. It was a hot evening, and we enjoyed the cold treat.3.Which of these is an animal?A. TreeB. DogC. CarD. Book4.Which of these is a place you can sleep?A. BedB. TableC. ChairD. Couch5.Which of these is an animal that lives in the water?A. DogB. FishC. ElephantD. Tiger6.What is the opposite of "slow"?A. FastB. TallC. BigD. Hot7.What do we use to brush our teeth?A. ForkB. ToothbrushC. SpoonD. Plate8.You are playing a game with your friend. You take turns rolling a die and moving your game piece on the board. What game are you playing?A. MonopolyB. SoccerC. ChessD. Basketball9.What do we use to write on paper?A. ForkB. PenC. SpoonD. Knife10.Which of these is a pet?A. DogB. ElephantC. TigerD. Lion11.Which animal says "woof"?A. catB. birdC. dogD. cow12.Jack is in the kitchen. He is preparing a __________ for lunch. He cuts some__________ and adds them to the pan. Then, he adds some __________ to make the dish taste better. After cooking, Jack serves the meal and feels __________ because it smells so delicious.13.What do we use to write?A. EraserB. PencilC. PlateD. Brush14.Sarah and her mom are at the __________. Sarah is looking for a new __________ because her old one is too small. She finds a beautiful __________ and tries it on. It fits perfectly, and Sarah feels __________ because she looks great in it.15.I have a new toy robot that can walk, talk, and dance. It is a lot of fun to play with. My little sister also likes it, and she often asks the robot to sing a song. Sometimes, we even have a __ together with the robot.16.Which one is a fruit?A. BananaB. CarrotC. OnionD. Potato17.Which one is a season?A. summerB. carC. bananaD. mountain18.Which animal is known for its ability to fly?A. DogB. ElephantC. BirdD. Fish19.David and his friends are playing soccer at the park. David kicks the __________ towards the goal, and his friend Mike tries to __________ it. The ball goes into the net, and they score a __________. After the game, they sit down on a __________ to rest and drink some __________.20.Which one is a toy?A. BookB. CarC. DollD. Knife21.Which one is a vegetable?A. OrangeB. PotatoC. AppleD. Banana22.Which of these is a vegetable?A. BananaB. PotatoC. TomatoD. Apple23.Which of these is a job?A. TeacherB. DogC. ChairD. Plate24.I __________ (study) English for three years. Last year, I __________ (take) an English exam and __________ (get) a good score. This year, I __________ (improve) my listening and speaking skills. I __________ (practice) every day by watching English movies and __________ (speak) with my friends in English. I __________ (hope) to become fluent in English in the future.25.What do you use to cut things?A. SpoonB. PlateC. KnifeD. Fork26.What do we wear on our head?A. ScarfB. HatC. ShoesD. Gloves27.My mom __________ (1) to cook dinner every evening. She __________ (2) very good at cooking, and I __________ (3) help her sometimes. Yesterday, she __________ (4) a delicious pasta dish for dinner. I __________ (5) it very much!28.My brother ______ (play) video games in the evening. He usually ______ (play) for about an hour before dinner. Yesterday, he ______ (play) a new game with his friends, and he ______ (win). He ______ (be) so happy after the game. I ______ (watch) him play for a while.29.I __________ (1) to the library yesterday. I __________ (2) some books about animals and space. My friend Mary __________ (3) a book about dinosaurs. We__________ (4) to read the books after school.30.Which one is a body part?A. FingerB. ChairC. TableD. Car31.Which one is used to eat salad?A. KnifeB. SpoonC. ForkD. Plate32.Which of these is used to brush your teeth?A. CombB. ToothbrushC. KnifeD. Fork33.Every day, I __________ (1) to school by bus. The bus __________ (2) very crowded in the morning. After school, I __________ (3) home with my friends. We__________ (4) to the park sometimes. At the park, we __________ (5) basketball or__________ (6) a walk.34.Which sentence correctly uses the plural form of "child"?A. There are two childs in the park.B. There are two children in the park.C. There are two child in the park.D. There are two childrens in the park.35.My family ______ (enjoy) going on vacation together. Last year, we ______ (go) to the mountains and ______ (stay) in a cozy cabin. This year, we ______ (decide) to go to the beach. We ______ (hope) the weather will be sunny.36.Which one is a shape?A. RectangleB. PlateC. ChairD. Table37.Yesterday, we __________ (have) a party for my friend’s birthday. We__________ (sing) songs and __________ (dance) to music. My friend __________ (get) many gifts, and she __________ (say) thank you to everyone.38.Which one is a drink?A. AppleB. WaterC. BananaD. Carrot39.Which of these is a time of the day?A. MorningB. ChairC. OctoberD. Summer40.What do we use to open a door?A. KnifeB. KeyC. ForkD. Plate41.Which of these is a fruit?A. CarrotB. AppleC. OnionD. Potato42.What is the plural form of "child"?A. ChilderB. ChildsC. ChildrenD. Childern43.Where do fish live?A. SkyB. LandC. WaterD. Tree44.Every morning, I wake up at 7:00 AM. After I wake up, I brush my teeth and wash my face. Then, I have breakfast. My favorite breakfast food is toast with butter and jam. After eating, I go to school by bus.45.The book is on the ___.A. TableB. BedC. DoorD. Window46.What do we use to read a book?A. ComputerB. PencilC. EyesD. Paper47.What do we wear on our head to protect from the sun?A. ScarfB. HatC. ShoesD. Gloves48.Which one is a body part?A. HandB. SpoonC. BookD. Chair49.My mother __________ (teach) me how to cook last weekend. First, she__________ (show) me how to make pasta. Then, we __________ (prepare) a salad. I__________ (help) her by washing the vegetables. After we __________ (finish) cooking, we __________ (sit) down to eat together. It __________ (be) delicious! We__________ (decide) to cook together more often.50.How many hours are in a day?A. 12B. 24C. 48D. 36(答案及解释)。
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济利润。 The monopolist will receive economic profits as long as price is greater than average total cost.
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Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
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垄断厂商的平均收益和边际收益
垄断厂商的平均收益大于边际收益 MR< AR 原因： 1.多销售一单位的商品，降低价格，其他 单位的商品也以降低了的价格来销售 2.平均量与边际量的相互关系：当平均收 益下降时，边际收益一定小于平均收益 。
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垄断厂商的需求曲线与边际收益曲线
Price $11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
二、完全垄断市场产生原因
Why Monopolies Arise 垄断产生的基本原因：进入壁垒
The fundamental cause of monopoly is barriers to entry.
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1.进入壁垒的三个主要来源：
Barriers to entry have three sources: 关键资源由一家企业拥有
（1）自然垄断：当一个企业能以低于两个或者更 多的企业的成本为整个市场提供产品或者劳务时 ，即为自然垄断。
An industry is a natural monopoly when a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms. （2）自然垄断产生原因：规模经济使得平均总成本下降 A natural monopoly arises when there are economies of scale over the relevant range of output.
Ownership of a key resource.
政府给予一个企业排他性生产某种产品的权利
The government gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce some good.
生产成本使一个生产者比大量生产者更有效率。
Costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers.
（2）例子：专利和版权法
Patent and copyright laws are two important examples of how government creates a monopoly to serve the public interest.
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4 自然垄断 Natural Monopolies
Profit-Maximization for a Monopoly...
Costs and Revenue 2. ...and then the demand curve shows the price consistent with this quantity. 1. The intersection of the marginal-revenue curve and the marginalcost curve determines the profit-maximizing quantity... Average total cost A Demand
比较：垄断与竞争
Comparing Monopoly and Competition
竞争厂商，价格等于边际成本。 For a competitive firm, price equals marginal cost.
P = MR = MC
垄断厂商，价格大于边际成本。 For a monopoly firm, price exceeds marginal cost.
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三、完全垄断与完全竞争 Monopoly PK Competition
垄断（Monopoly）
唯一生产者
Is the sole producer 需求曲线向下倾斜 Has a downwardsloping demand curve 价格制定者 Is a price maker 降低价格提高产量 Reduces price to increase sales
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第二节 垄断厂商短期均衡分析
一、垄断厂商的收益分析
A Monopoly’s Revenue 1 总收益、平均收益和边际收益 总收益 Total Revenue
P x Q = TR
平均收益 Average Revenue
TR/Q = AR = P
边际收益 Marginal Revenue
DTR/DQ = MR
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3 行政垄断 Government-Created Monopolies
（1）政府给予企业排他性生产的权利往往是垄 断产生的原因。
Governments may restrict entry by giving a single firm the exclusive right to sell a particular good in certain markets.
Monopoly
Chapter 15
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市场理论2—— 完全垄断市场
如果纯粹垄断能使一家厂商自由地扩大产量而无需 降低销售价格，如果大规模生产的经济效益使得 该厂商的成本愈来愈低，什么力量能够阻止这样 一个厂商一旦站稳脚跟以后，不吞没整个市场， 从而破坏竞争呢？ ——斯拉法
本章主要内容
1.垄断的特征 2.垄断产生的原因 3.垄断厂商的决策分析 4.垄断造成的福利损失 5.解决垄断问题的公共政策
its product does not have close substitutes.
While a competitive firm is a price taker, a monopoly firm is a price maker.
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相对于完全竞争厂商是价格接受者，垄断厂商 是价格制造者。
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垄断厂商的利润 A Monopoly’s Profit
（3）利润等于总收益减去总成本。 Profit equals total revenue minus total costs.
Profit = TR – TC Profit = (TR/Q - TC/Q) x Q Profit = (P - ATC) x Q
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A Monopoly’s Total, Average, and Marginal Revenue
Quantity (Q) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Price (P) $11.00 $10.00 $9.00 $8.00 $7.00 $6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 Total Revenue (TR=PxQ) $0.00 $10.00 $18.00 $24.00 $28.00 $30.00 $30.00 $28.00 $24.00 Average Revenue (AR=TR/Q) $10.00 $9.00 $8.00 $7.00 $6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 Marginal Revenue (MR= DTR / DQ ) $10.00 $8.00 $6.00 $4.00 $2.00 $0.00 -$2.00 -$4.00
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重点和难点
1.自然垄断的形成原因 2.垄断厂商的决策分析以及和竞争厂商的 区别 3.垄断厂商的福利损失
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第一节 完全垄断市场 monopoly
一、完全垄断市场描述
the describe of monopoly
唯一性。垄断行业只有一个厂商。
不可替代性。垄断厂商提供的产品没有替代品。
It is the sole seller of its product.
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竞争厂商Competitive Firm
众多生产者
Is one of many producers 水平的需求曲线 Has a horizontal demand curve 价格接受者 Is a price taker 以相同价格出售商品 Sells at same price
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竞争厂商和垄断厂商的需求曲线
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Economies of Scale as a Cause of Monopoly...
Cost
Average total cost 0
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Quantity of Output
思考讨论
1. 政府为什么要用行政手段制造“垄断” ？ 2.电信行业曾经是一个垄断行业，它属于 什么垄断？为什么现在又出现移动、网 通、铁通与之竞争？ 3.为什么铁路是垄断行业，而航空行业却 有几家航空公司参与竞争？
Monopoly price
B
Marginal cost
Marginal revenue 0
.
QMAX
Quantity
.
垄断厂商的利润最大化情况
Costs and Revenue 2. 需求曲线表示出这一产 量所对应的价格
P > MR = MC P > MC
.
3.垄断厂商的利润最大化 Profit Maximization of a Monopoly
(1)垄断厂商通过选择边际收益等于边际成本 (MR=MC)的产量来实现利润最大化。 A monopoly maximizes profit by producing the quantity at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost. (2)可以用需求曲线找出使消费者购买那种数量的 价格。 It then uses the demand curve to find the price that will induce consumers to buy that quantity.