英语proposal范文
建议书英语作文范文
建议书英语作文范文当你在写建议书的时候，最重要的是清晰地表达你的建议，并提供充分的理由和支持。
下面是一篇范文，以供参考：---。
A Sample Proposal: Improving Environmental Awareness in Our Community。
Introduction:In recent years, environmental issues have become increasingly prominent, with concerns about climate change, pollution, and habitat destruction growing worldwide. As residents of our community, it is imperative that we take proactive steps to address these challenges. In this proposal, I will outline several initiatives aimed at improving environmental awareness and promoting sustainable practices among our community members.1. Environmental Education Programs:To foster a deeper understanding of environmental issues, we propose implementing regular educational programs in schools, community centers, and online platforms. These programs will cover topics such as climate change, renewable energy, waste management, andbiodiversity conservation. By engaging students and residents in interactive workshops, seminars, and field trips, we can empower them to make informed decisions and take meaningful action to protect the environment.2. Recycling and Waste Reduction Campaigns:To reduce waste and promote recycling, we recommend launching comprehensive campaigns to educate residents about the importance of waste reduction and properrecycling practices. These campaigns can include informational materials distributed through mailings,social media, and community events, as well as workshops on composting, upcycling, and household waste management. By encouraging residents to reduce, reuse, and recycle, we canminimize our ecological footprint and conserve valuable resources.3. Green Infrastructure Initiatives:To enhance the sustainability of our community, we propose implementing green infrastructure initiatives such as tree planting, green space development, and sustainable transportation projects. By investing in green infrastructure, we can improve air quality, mitigate urban heat island effects, and enhance the overall livability of our community. Additionally, green infrastructure projects can create jobs, stimulate economic growth, and attract investment from environmentally conscious businesses and organizations.4. Community Engagement and Volunteerism:To build a sense of community and collective responsibility for the environment, we recommend organizing volunteer activities and community clean-up events. These events can bring residents together to work towards commongoals, foster a sense of pride in our community, and promote environmental stewardship. By volunteering their time and resources, residents can make a tangibledifference in improving the health and vitality of ourlocal environment.Conclusion:In conclusion, by implementing these initiatives, we can create a more sustainable and environmentally conscious community. Through education, outreach, and collaborative action, we can empower residents to become advocates for positive change and stewards of the environment. By working together, we can build a brighter and more sustainable future for ourselves and future generations.---。
组织演讲比赛的提案英语作文范文
组织演讲比赛的提案英语作文范文Title: Proposal for Organizing a Speech ContestIntroduction:The purpose of this proposal is to outline the details for organizing a speech contest.This event aims to promote public speaking skills, encourage participants to express their ideas, and provide a platform for them to showcase their talents.This proposal will cover the objectives, target audience, logistics, marketing strategy, and budget for the speech contest.1.Objectives:- To enhance public speaking skills among participants.- To foster creativity and critical thinking.- To provide a platform for participants to share their ideas and perspectives.- To promote teamwork and collaboration among participants.2.Target Audience:The speech contest is open to individuals aged 16 to 30 years old.The target audience includes high school students, college students, and young professionals.The event will also attract educators, entrepreneurs, and professionals interested in public speaking and communication skills.3.Logistics:- Venue: A suitable venue with a capacity of 200 people will bebooked for the contest.The venue should have necessary amenities such as a stage, microphones, and audio-visual equipment.- Date and Time: The contest will be held on [date] at [time].- Registration Process: Participants can register online or through email.A registration fee of $20 will be charged to cover the costs of the event.- Number of Participants: A maximum of 30 participants will be accepted to ensure a quality competition.- Judging Criteria: Judges will evaluate participants based on content, delivery, confidence, and audience engagement.4.Marketing Strategy:- Social Media: Utilize platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter to create event pages, share updates, and promote the contest.- Flyers and Posters: Distribute flyers and posters in schools, universities, and community centers.- Collaboration with Local Organizations: Partner with local clubs, societies, and organizations to promote the event.- Media Coverage: Reach out to local newspapers, radio stations, and television channels for coverage.5.Budget:- Venue Rental: $500- Audio-Visual Equipment: $300- Marketing and Promotion: $200- Prizes and Awards: $400- Miscellaneous: $100- Total Estimated Cost: $1,500Conclusion:Organizing a speech contest is an excellent opportunity to nurture public speaking skills and encourage individuals to express their ideas.By implementing the proposed logistics, marketing strategy, and budget, the event is set to be a success.The contest will provide a platform for participants to showcase their talents, learn from one another, and gain valuable experience in public speaking.。
英语提案的格式及范文
英语提案的格式及范文When it comes to crafting an English proposal, the first thing to remember is that it's not just about the content—it's about the presentation. A proposal is a persuasive document, aimed at convincing the reader of the viability of your idea or project. Here's how you can structure it to make it compelling and effective.Start with a captivating title that encapsulates the essence of your proposal. Follow it up with a brief but impactful executive summary that outlines the main points of your proposal, including the problem, the solution, and the benefits. This should be concise, engaging, and should pique the reader's interest to delve deeper into your proposal.Next, dive into the introduction, where you provide background information on the subject, the need for the proposal, and its relevance. Be sure to define the problem or opportunity clearly, and explain why your proposal is the best solution.The body of your proposal is where you detail yourproject or idea. Break it down into sections such as objectives, methodology, timeline, budget, and resources required. Each section should be clear, well-organized, and backed by data or evidence to support your claims.Don't forget the 'Implementation Plan'. This is where yououtline the steps you will take to execute the proposal. It should be a step-by-step guide that is easy for the reader to follow.The conclusion is your final chance to persuade the reader. Summarize your proposal, reiterate its benefits, and call to action. This is where you encourage the reader totake the next step, whether that's funding your project, approving the proposal, or starting a collaboration.Lastly, appendices can be included for additional information that supports your proposal but isn't essentialto the main argument.Here's a quick example to illustrate:Executive Summary: Our community park, once a vibrant hub, has fallen into disrepair. This proposal outlines a comprehensive revitalization plan to restore its beauty and functionality, benefiting both the environment and the residents.Introduction: The park has been a cornerstone of our community for decades, but recent years have seen a declinein its condition and usage. The need for rejuvenation is both pressing and beneficial.Body: The proposal body includes objectives such as improving safety, accessibility, and aesthetics. The methodology section details the design and construction phases, while the timeline provides a projected schedule. Thebudget outlines the costs and funding sources, and the resources section lists the materials and labor required.Implementation Plan: This section provides a clear roadmap for the project's execution, from initial planning to completion.Conclusion: The revitalization of our community park is not just an investment in infrastructure but in the well-being of our residents. We urge you to support this proposal for a brighter, more connected future.Appendices: Include blueprints, permit requirements, and community feedback surveys.Remember, the key to a successful proposal is clarity, thoroughness, and persuasiveness. Tailor your proposal to your audience and purpose, and you'll be well on your way to winning their support.。
英语businessproposal范文
英语businessproposal范文Dear [Recipient],I am writing to present a business proposal that I believe will benefit both our companies. As you may be aware, our companies share similar goals and values, and I see great potential for collaboration between us.Our proposal involves creating a joint marketing campaign to promote our products/services to a wider audience. By combining our resources and expertise, we can reach a larger customer base and increase brand awareness for both of our companies.Additionally, we propose exploring opportunities for co-branded products or services that leverage the strengths of both companies. This strategic partnership will not only enhance our product offerings but also create new revenue streams for both parties.Furthermore, we suggest organizing a series of joint events or workshops to engage with our customers and strengthen our relationships. These events can provide valuable networking opportunities and showcase the synergies between our companies.I believe that by working together, we can achievemutual success and create a lasting partnership that benefits both our companies. I am excited about the potential of this collaboration and look forward to discussing this proposal further with you.Thank you for considering our proposal. I am confident that together, we can achieve great things.Sincerely,[Your Name].中文翻译：亲爱的[收件人]，我写信是为了提出一项商业提案，我相信这将使我们的公司受益。
BEC商务英语高级写作建议Proposal
Structure
1. Introduction
2. Background 3. Proposal / Remendations 4. Conclusion
Structure
1. Introduction
In this part, you should state briefly and clearly the purpose of this proposal.
By the end of July 2003, 510 sets of imported Sunflower elevators had been sold in China.
3. Proposal / Remendations
In this part, you should suggest a practical solution in detail and tell the benefit it can bring.
It is essential to energize every employee to make the most of their talents, and training is the vital step.
Please consider the following aspects when deciding:
4. Conclusion
In this part, you should reconfirm that the proposal will solve the problem and restate the benefit it will bring.
e.g.
To sum up, it seems obvious that the introduction of new technology into the Marketing Department will enable the pany to gain huge profits. Our position in the market will be strengthened.
四级英语提议作文模板及范文
四级英语提议作文模板及范文Proposal Writing Template for Level 4 English。
1. Introduction。
State the purpose of the proposal.Identify the problem or opportunity being addressed.Briefly describe the proposed solution.2. Background。
Provide context and background information relevant to the proposal.State any relevant research or data.Identify any constraints or limitations.3. Proposed Solution。
Describe the proposed solution in detail.Explain how it will address the problem or opportunity identified.Provide evidence to support the proposed solution.4. Benefits。
List the benefits of implementing the proposed solution.Explain how it will improve the current situation.Provide quantifiable or qualitative data to supportthe benefits.5. Implementation。
Describe how the proposed solution will be implemented.Identify any necessary resources, timelines, or milestones.Assign responsibilities and identify key stakeholders.6. Evaluation。
英语倡议书范文（精选13篇）
英语倡议书范文（精选13篇）英语范文篇1Everyone,I am Li Hua from Class Six, Grade Three. In order to make a good network environment, I hope everyone can use net civilize, to be a civilized Netizen. I hare some ideas:First, please get the good information from the net and ignore the bad net page. Second, please arrange your time in a plan, don’t drop yourself into the net and can't out. Third, please chat friendly, and don't meet net friend in your mind. Fourth, please look on everybody; don't want to know which thing the other people don't want you know.Let's make our life and study better together. Let's make a good network environment. Let's to be civilized Netizen.Li Hua英语倡议书范文篇2Dear Sir or Madam,I’m a student form Chongqing, China. Today I write to you to ask for your help to improve the situation the finless porpoise in the Changjiang River is faced with.Because of the behavior of human beings, the finless porpoise in the Changjiang River has been greatly influenced and will be endangered. According to research, its total number is less than 1000 now. We have founded a project for protecting finless porpoise but we have difficulty in running it for lack of enough money. If you would like to help, you can provide it with necessary money. Besides, you can give us relevant training in protecting them. With your help, we believe we can improve the living environment of finless porpoise soon, increasing itsnumber. If we can get your help, we will be very thankful. We’re looking forward to your early reply.Yours sincerely,Li Hua英语倡议书范文篇3A Polluted EnvironmentDear schoolmates,Environmental pollution is a serious social problem. It poses a terrible threat to men's health.The atmosphere is filthy. The air is thick with dust and burnt oil. Dark smokes are being emitted from chimneys, and choking fumes are being released from numerous vehicles. Stay a little while in a big city, then wipe your forehead with your handkerchief, it is black. Hang out your washing on the line to dry, you will have to wash again. Garbage is left to accumulate in unsanitary heaps that attract flies and give off bad smell. Nor is the pollution confined to air and land. Large quantity of sewage and chemical waste are dumped daily into rivers, lakes and the sea, which kills millions of fish. Noises coming from honking cars, rumbling machines and broadcasting loudspeakers may make a person nervous and irritable, even drive him crazy.Environmental pollution is responsible for many diseases that are disabling, or bringing death to human beings.In short, let's take good care of our mother globe, not only for the well-being of ourselves, but also for that of our future generations.英语倡议书范文篇4A Book Donation ProposalDear Parents,Greetings. Time for book donation again! Thanks to your andour students’ support, Clifford Group has up to now donated over 60,000 books to children in poverty and built dozens of libraries for them, which have enriched those students’ lives and nourished their wisdom. Thank you so much on behalf of these children living in the mountainous countryside.Over the past school year, Clifford Elementary School has donated 5,800 books. Now we start this year’s donation, and propose that you extend your helping hands and offer your used books for these poor children in the mountainous areas.Book donation time: June 23-July 4 (to our homeroom teachers please)Thank you and let us show our caring hearts.Clifford Elementary School英语倡议书范文篇5There are more and more endangered animals at present,so how to protect them has been our task of top priority . It's wrong for people to hunt animals for their meat and feather,for they are our good friends.We should protect them instead of killing them.Giant pandas,which are one of the endangered animals,live in the forests and live on bamboo lealves.They can just live safely in the natural protection zones.We should stop killing animal and protect them.英语倡议书范文篇6A whale is a huge animal, it is full of treasure.The Japanese whaling, often take a whale as one of the world's delicious. The Japanese whales catch, is not to eat is to do things, the number of whales now less and less, don't whaling nations, the Japanese whaling. The Japanese had captured 440 minke whales. Is anyway not to put the sell those poor minke whales to hotel. The Japanese whaling said again, we are used tostudy. In fact, the Japanese whale meat to the restaurant and hotel, just want to get rich. The Japanese would really lie. I really hate them.The whales that state protection. Now the Japanese whaling. If you don't eat whale hunt to the Japanese, the state is relieved. How do we let the Japanese whaling! This makes the motherland to worry.I thought, and the Japanese peace, no, they will also have the whaling. Or let them whaling, no. We secretly protecting whales, no. Talk to the Japanese President conditions, no, no, all not line.We watched the whales by the Japanese to catch to eat! We Chinese will try every way to save the whales!英语倡议书范文篇7Everyone,I am Li Hua from Class Six, Grade Three. In order to make a good network environment. I hope everyone can use net civilize, to be a civilized Netizen.I hare some ideas:Frist,please get the good imformation from the net and ignore the bad net page.Second, liease arange your time in a plan ,dont drop yourelf in to the net and can't out. Third ,please chent friendly ,and don't meet net friend in your mind.Fourth, please look on everybody, don't want to konw which thing the other people don't want you konw.Let's make met surives of our life and study better together. Let's make a good net work enviromat.Let's to be civilized NetizenLi hua英语倡议书范文篇8Everyone knows animals are our friends. So we should be friendly to them. But some people kill the rare animals, such aspandas, golden monkeys and so on in order to get money. It will cause these animals to disappear soon. I think our government should punish those people severely who kill the rare animals. It is our duty to protect the endangered animals.英语倡议书范文篇9Nowadays,the whales is in danger.Because many countries kill them for different use,they are dying out.To protect our earth and ocean,especially the diversity of creatures.we must realize that we should take effective measures to protect them.If the whales died out,it would have an important influence on other animals in the sea.Also,the environment will be changed.I sincerely hope that we can make our effort to save them!英语倡议书范文篇10It is suggested that people have been aware of the issue--lack of preservation for endangered spieces, animals and plants, but as you see , they placed little efforts to cope with the problem.despite the versatility and intricacy of instruments , I would pore over some of the most striking ones and offer alternatives afterwards.One of the major reasons , causing people's inocence of protecting animals, is that the government did not function well as an educator, arosing people's initiative in shielding wild animals, which led to the consequence that people do not know their responsibility to prevent animals from dangers, and specific knowledge in guarding them. what is equally important as the reason mentioned above is that media did not meet our satisfaction to inform the mass of the emergency which is crutial in arousing people's conciousness to keep animals safe.In spite of the serious problem, measure leading to profound improvement still can be taken. owning to the fact that funds areinsufficient in some developing countries, developed countries or international organizations should shoulder more burden -- finacing them in order to capacitate them to accompolish the protection of animals. at the same time, education in telling people the way to make animals harboured ought to be focused on, thus resulting in people's better awareness in the camouflage of our planet's cutest creatures.It is belived by me that if correct actions are taken to preserve animals, any kind of them will be far away from extinction forever. 英语倡议书范文篇11Dear fellow students,The 90th anniversary of our school is on the way. I propose students in our school should do something meaningful to celebrate.Making every effort to work hard is encouraged. The atmosphere in class is vital to our school. We are to be the pride of our school in the future. Meanwhile, we’ll never forget our teacher. But for their efforts and devotion, we wouldn’t make it. Also, we’re expected to call on others to keep the surroundings clean on campus. We’re supposed t o change the habit of littering wherever we go. After-class activities make our school life colorful. Our school clubs can also have a chance to make our school famous for its cultural environment.To make our school better, we students ought to do our best to devote ourselves to the development of our school.Li Hua英语倡议书范文篇12Animals are natural resources that people have wasted all through our history. Animals have been killed for their fur and feathers, for food, for sport, and simply because they were in theway. Thousands of kinds of animals have disappeared from the earth forever. Hundreds more are on the danger list today. About 170 kinds in the United States aloneare considered in danger.Why should people care? Because we need animals, and because once they are gone, there will never be any more.Animals are more than just beautiful or interesting. They are more than just a source of food. Every animal has its place in the balance of nature. Destroying one kind of animal can create many problems. For example, when farmers killed large numbers of hawks, the farmers' stores of corn and grain were destroyed by rats and mice. Why? Because hawks eat rats and mice, with no hawks to keep down their numbers, the rats and mice multiplied quickly.Luckily, some people are working to help save the animals. Some groups raise money to let people know about the problem. And they try to get the governments to pass laws protecting animals in danger. Quite a few countries have passed laws. These laws forbid the killing of any animal or planton the danger list. Slowly, the number of some animals in danger is growing.英语倡议书范文篇13Whale is the biggest animal in the world, but Blue Whale is the greatest whale. As we all know, a bus is about 15 tons, but some Blue Whales are more than 100 tons. A bus could be 45 feet long, but some whales are about 100 feet long. Recently, the number of whales on the world is decreasing signally. We have the Protect them as one of our duties, for a better world.。
英语邮件范文精选10篇
英语邮件范文精选10篇Title: Selected English Email Templates.Email 1: Formal Business Proposal.Subject: Proposal for a Strategic Partnership.Dear [Recipient's Name],。
I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to propose a strategic partnership between our two organizations that could potentially bring mutual benefits and growth opportunities.Our company, [Your Company Name], has a strong presence in the industry and a track record of successful collaborations. We believe that by working together, we can achieve our goals more efficiently and effectively.I would like to schedule a meeting to discuss thisproposal in detail and explore the possibilities of a partnership. Please let me know if you are available at your convenience.Thank you for considering our proposal. I look forward to hearing from you soon.Best regards,。
proposal英语作文精美模板
proposal英语作文精美模板An Elegant Template":Proposal: An Elegant TemplateIn the ever-evolving world of business and academia, the art of crafting a compelling proposal has become an essential skill. A well-structured and meticulously written proposal can be the key to securing funding, gaining approval for a project, or persuading decision-makers to embrace a new idea. As such, it is crucial to master the art of proposal writing, ensuring that your ideas are presented in a clear, concise, and visually appealing manner.The foundation of a successful proposal lies in its structure. A proposal should follow a logical flow, guiding the reader through the various components that make up the overall plan. The first and perhaps most crucial element is the introduction, where you set the stage for your proposal. This section should provide a clear and concise overview of the project, outlining the problem or opportunity you aim to address, as well as the proposed solution.Following the introduction, the next section should delve into thebackground and context of the project. Here, you can provide relevant information about the industry, market trends, or any existing challenges that have led to the need for the proposed solution. By establishing a solid foundation, you demonstrate your understanding of the problem and your ability to develop a well-informed and targeted approach.The heart of the proposal, however, lies in the detailed description of the proposed solution. This section should outline the key components of your plan, including the specific steps, resources, and timeline required for successful implementation. It is essential to provide a clear and comprehensive explanation of how your solution will address the identified problem or opportunity, highlighting the unique features and benefits that set it apart from existing alternatives.Closely tied to the proposed solution is the section on project management and implementation. Here, you should outline the team members, their roles and responsibilities, and the overall project management strategy. This demonstrates your ability to effectively coordinate and execute the plan, instilling confidence in the reader that the project will be delivered on time and within budget.No proposal is complete without a thorough analysis of the potentialrisks and mitigation strategies. This section should identify any potential challenges or obstacles that may arise during the course of the project, and outline the specific measures you will take to address them. By anticipating and addressing these risks, you showcase your foresight and commitment to ensuring the success of the proposed initiative.The financial considerations of the project are another critical component of a comprehensive proposal. This section should provide a detailed budget, outlining the various expenses associated with the project, such as labor, materials, and any necessary equipment or infrastructure. Additionally, it is important to include a well-researched financial analysis, demonstrating the potential return on investment or the long-term sustainability of the proposed solution.Finally, the proposal should conclude with a strong call to action, urging the reader to support the proposed project. This section should reiterate the key benefits and highlights of the plan, reinforcing the value it will bring to the organization or community. By crafting a compelling and persuasive conclusion, you increase the likelihood of securing the necessary approval or funding to bring your vision to life.Throughout the proposal, it is essential to maintain a professionaland polished tone, using clear and concise language that resonates with the target audience. Additionally, the use of visual aids, such as charts, graphs, and diagrams, can greatly enhance the overall presentation and make the proposal more engaging and impactful.In conclusion, the art of proposal writing is a crucial skill for anyone seeking to make their mark in the professional or academic realm. By following a well-structured and comprehensive template, you can craft a proposal that not only showcases your expertise and creativity but also inspires confidence in the reader. Whether you are seeking funding for a new business venture, proposing a research project, or advocating for a community initiative, a well-written proposal can be the key to unlocking new opportunities and realizing your aspirations.。
proposal四级作文
proposal四级作文英文回答：Proposal.Nowadays, many people are concerned about the issue of environmental protection. As a result, I propose that our school should take measures to promote environmental awareness among students. This can be achieved through various activities and initiatives.Firstly, we can organize workshops and seminars to educate students about the importance of environmental conservation. These sessions can be conducted by experts in the field who can share their knowledge and experiences. By attending such events, students will gain a better understanding of the impact of their actions on the environment.Secondly, we can establish a recycling program withinthe school premises. This program can encourage students to separate their waste into different categories, such as paper, plastic, and glass. By doing so, we can reduce the amount of waste that goes to landfills and promote the concept of recycling.Furthermore, we can also create a school garden where students can learn about sustainable farming practices. This can be a hands-on experience for students to understand the importance of organic farming and the benefits it brings to the environment. Additionally, we can organize field trips to nearby nature reserves or parks to expose students to the beauty of nature and the need to protect it.In conclusion, by implementing these measures, our school can play a vital role in promoting environmental awareness among students. Through workshops, recycling programs, and hands-on experiences, students will develop a sense of responsibility towards the environment and become environmentally conscious individuals.中文回答：建议。
英语proposal范文
IntroductionThis proposal sets out to examine options for the successful globalization of our ‘Borders’ brand. The initial market under consideration is Continental Europe. For the purposes of this proposal, we will be considering three aspects of the brand, namely our logo, the ‘Borders’ concept and finally, the product itself, ‘Borders’ wellington boots.FindingsThe following points summarise our key findings.∙It was found that our existing logo, a pair of wellington boots encircled by the word ‘Borders’, is visual enough to be used in markets where English is notwidely spoken.∙Attitudes to outerwear differ throughout Europe and our boots are likely to appeal to different market sectors in different countries. This has serious implications forthe benefits we wish to publicise. Although Danish farmers would be willing topurchase such a high quality, product, farmers in some countries would beunlikely to choose a British brand over a domestic product. However, the veryBritishness of the product would appeal to the style-conscious elements of theFrench and Italian markets, summoning up images of the English upper classesand country houses.∙Our current product is multi-purpose and as such would not need adapting to suit different sectors of the European market.ConclusionsIt was agreed that although the present logo and product are suitable for globalization as they stand, we propose that the ‘Borders’ concept be adapted for different markets.RecommendationsWe recommend that further studies be carried out into the marketing strategies best suited to different European regions.2A Proposal to Research the Storage Facilityfor Spent Nuclear Fuel at Yucca MountainRoger BloomOctober 1997IntroductionNuclear power plants produce more than 20 percent of the electricity used in the United States [Murray, 1989]. Unfortunately, nuclear fission, the process used to create this large amount energy, creates significant amounts of high level radioactive waste. More than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. Because of the build-up of this waste, some power plants will be forced to shut down. To avoid losing an important source of energy, a safe and economical place to keep this waste is necessary. This document proposes a literature review of whether Yucca Mountain is a suitable site for a nuclear waste repository. The proposed review will discuss the economical and environmental aspects of a national storage facility. This proposal includes my methods for gathering information, a schedule for completing the review, and my qualifications.Statement of ProblemOn January 1, 1998, the Department of Energy (DOE) must accept spent nuclear fuel from commercial plants for permanent storage [Clark, 1997]. However, the DOE is undecided on where to put this high level radioactive waste. Yucca Mountain, located in Nevada, is a proposed site.There are many questions regarding the safety of the Yucca Mountain waste repository. Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory disagree over the long-term safety of the proposed high level nuclear waste site located in Nevada. In 1994, Charles Bowman, a researcher at Los Alamos, developed a theory claiming that years of storing waste in the mountain may actually start a nuclear chain reaction and explode, similar toan atomic bomb [Taubes, 1995]. The stir caused by theory suggests that researchers have not explored all sides of the safety issue concerning potentially hazardous situations at Yucca Mountain.Bowman's theory that Yucca Mountain could explode is based upon the idea that enough waste will eventually disperse through the rock to create a critical mass. A critical mass is an amount of fissile material, such as plutonium, containing enough mass to start a neutron chain reaction [Murray, 1989]. Bowman argues that if this chain reaction were started underground, the rocks in the ground would help keep the system compressed and speed up the chain reaction [Taubes, 1995]. A chain reaction formed underground could then generate huge amounts of energy in a fraction of a second, resulting in a nuclear blast. A nuclear explosion of this magnitude would emit large amounts of radioactivity into the air and ground water.Another safety concern is the possibility of a volcanic eruption in Yucca Mountain. The long-term nuclear waste storage facility needs to remain stable for at least 10,000 years to allow the radioactive isotopes to decay to natural levels [Clark, 1997]. There are at least a dozen young volcanoes within 40 kilometers of the proposed Yucca Mountain waste site [Weiss, 1996]. The proximity of Yucca Mountain to these volcanoes makes it possible to have a volcanic eruption pass through the spent fuel waste repository. Such a volcanic eruption could release damaging amounts of radioactivity to the environment.ObjectivesI propose to review the available literature about using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for spent nuclear fuel. In this review I will achieve the following two goals:(1) explain the criteria for a suitable repository of high-level radioactive waste; and(2) determine whether Yucca Mountain meets these criteria.According to the Department of Energy (DOE), a repository for high-level radioactive waste must meet several criteria including safety, location, and economics [Roush, 1995]. Safety includes not only the effect of the repository on people near the site, but also people along the transportation routes to the site. In my research I will consider both groups of people. As far as location, a waste site cannot be in an area with a large population or near a ground water supply. Also, because one of the most significant factors in determining the life span of a possible repository is how long the waste storage canisters will remain in tact, the waste site must be located in a dry climate to eliminate the moisture that can cause the waste canisters to corrode. The economics involved in selecting a site is another criterion. At present, the Department of Energy (DOE) has spent more than 1.7 billion dollars on the Yucca Mountain project [Taubes, 1995]. For that reason, much pressure exists to select Yucca Mountain as a repository site; otherwise,this money would have been wasted. Other costs, though, have to be considered. For instance, how economical is it to transport radioactive waste across several states to a single national site? I will try to account for as many of these other costs as possible.After explaining the criteria, I will assess how well Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. In this assessment, I will not assign a numerical score for each criterion. Rather, I will discuss qualitatively how well Yucca Mountain meets each criterion. In some situations, disagreement exists among experts as to how well Yucca Mountain meets a criterion. In such cases, I will present both sides. In this assessment, only Yucca Mountain will be considered as a possible site. Although many sites in the United States could meet the DOE's established criteria, I will consider only Yucca Mountain because the DOE is considering only Yucca Mountain [Taube, 1995].Plan of ActionThis section presents my plan for obtaining the objectives discussed in the previous section. There has been an increase of interest in the nuclear industry concerning the Yucca Mountain site because of the January 1,1998, deadline for the DOE. Several journal articles and papers discussing the possibility of Yucca Mountain as a spent fuel repository in our near future have surfaced as a consequence of that interest. These articles and books about the dangers of nuclear waste should provide sufficient information for me to complete my review. The following two paragraphs will discuss how I will use these sources in my research.The first goal of my research is to explain the criteria for determining whether a nuclear waste repository is suitable. For example, will the rock structure be able to withstand human invasion in the future [Clark, 1997]? What will happen if the waste containers corrode and do not last as long as predicted? Will the natural setting contain the waste? To achieve this goal, I will rely on "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Standards for Yucca Mountain" [Clark, 1997], the DOE Yucca Mountain home page [1997], and the book Understanding Radioactive Waste [Murray, 1989].A second goal of my literature review is to evaluate Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. I will base my evaluation on the sources mentioned above as well as specific Environmental Protection Agency standards. I also intend to research the validity of possible environmental disasters, such as the explosion theory. To accomplish this goal, I will rely on the paper presented by Clark [1997], and on the book Blowup at Yucca Mountain [Taubes, 1995].Because engineering students are the primary audience for my proposed research topic and may not be familiar with the history of nuclear waste, I will provide a backgroundon past methods used for waste storage. People in the nuclear field with some knowledge of the waste problem facing the industry may be a secondary audience.Management PlanThis section presents my schedule, costs, and qualifications for completing the proposed research. This research culminates in a formal report, which will be completed by December 5, 1997. To reach this goal, I will follow the schedule presented in Figure 1. Since I already possess literature on the subject of Yucca Mountain as a nuclear waste site, most of my time will be spent sorting through the literature to find key results, and presenting those results to the audience.Figure 1. Schedule for completion of the literature review. The formal presentation will be on October 27, and the formal report will be completed by December 5.Given that all my sources are available through the University of Wisconsin library system, there is no appreciable cost associated with performing this review, unless one takes into consideration the amount of tuition spent on maintaining the university libraries. The only other minor costs are photocopying articles, creating transparencies for my presentation, printing my report, and binding my report. I estimate these expenses will not exceed $20.I am a senior in the Engineering Physics Department at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, majoring in nuclear engineering and physics. I have taken several classes related to nuclear waste, economics, and environmental studies. I believe that these courses will aid me in preparing the proposed review. For further information about my qualifications, see the attached resume.ConclusionMore than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. This document has proposed research to evaluate the possibility of using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for this spent nuclear fuel. The proposed research will achieve the following goals: (1) explain the criteria necessary to make a suitable high level radioactive waste repository, and (2) determine if Yucca Mountain meets these criteria. The research will include a formal presentation on November 11 and a formal report on December 5.ReferencesClark, Raymond L., "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Yucca Mountain," Proceedings of the 1997 Waste Management Conference (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997).。
proposal 写作
When you are applying for a research degree, like the PhD, you will very probably have to write a research proposal as a part of your application file. A PhD is awarded mainly as the result of your making a genuine contribution to the state of knowledge in a field of your choice. Even though this is not the Nobel Prize yet, getting the degree means you have added something to what has previously been known on the subject you have researched. But first you have to prove you are capable of making such a contribution, and therefore write a research proposal that meets certain standards. The goal of a research proposal (RP) is to present and justify a research idea you have and to present the practical ways in which you think this research should be conducted.When you are writing a RP, keep in mind that it will enter a competition, being read in line with quite a few other RPs. You have to come up with a document that has an impact upon the reader: write clearly and well structured so that your message gets across easily. Basically, your RP has to answer three big questions: what research project will you undertake, why is important to know that thing and how will you proceed to make that research.In order to draw the researcher's attention upon your paper, write an introduction with impact, and that leads to the formulation of your hypothesis. The research hypothesis has to be specific, concise (onephrase) and to lead to the advancement of the knowledge in the field in some way. Writing the hypothesis in a concise manner and, first, coming up with a good hypothesis is a difficult mission. This is actually the core of your application: you're going to a university to do this very piece of research. Compared to this, the rest of the application is background scenery. Take your time to think of it. When you have an idea, be careful at the formulation. A well-written hypothesis is something of an essay's thesis: it provides a statement that can be tested (argues ahead one of the possible answers to a problem), it is an idea, a concept, and not a mere fact, and is summed up in one phrase. In some cases, you will have no idea what the possible answer to a problem worth being researched is, but you will be able to think of a way to solve that problem, and find out the answer in the meantime. It's ok in this case, to formulate a research question, rather than a hypothesis. Let those cases be rare, in any way.Another piece of advice when writing your hypothesis, regarding the trendy research fields: chances are great that they're trendy because somebody has already made that exciting discovery, or wrote that splendid paper that awoke everybody's interest in the first place. If you're in one of these fields, try to get a fresh point of view upon the subject; make new connections, don't be 100% mainstream. This will make the project even more stimulating for the reader. Imagine that you are writing about the trendiest subject, with absolutely no change in the point of view,and you are given the chance to make the research. Trends come and go, fast; what are the chances that, in four years' time, when your research is done and you are ready to publish your results, one of those well-known professors who dispose of huge research grants has already said whatever you had to say?Remember how, in a structured essay, right after the thesis you would present the organization of your essay, by enumerating the main arguments you were going to present? Same thing should happen in a RP. After stating your thesis, you should give a short account of your answers to those three questions mention earlier. State, in a few phrases, what will be learned from your research, that your project will make a difference, and why is that important to be known. You will have to elaborate on both of these later in the paper.The next step in writing your proposal is to prove that that particular piece of research has not been done yet. This section is usually called Literature Review. Inside it, you have to enumerate and critically analyze an impressive list of boring bibliography. The conclusion you should - objectively! - Reach is that your idea of research has not been undertaken yet. Even more, you use this opportunity to prove solid theoretical knowledge in the field, and build the theoretical bases of your project. One tip: don't review all the articles and books in the fields even if you mention them in the bibliography list; pay attention in youranalysis to those you will build on. Another one: avoid jargon when writing your RP. The chances are great that the person(s) who will read your and another 1000 research proposals are not specialists in that very field - niche you are examining. If you are applying for a grant with or foundation or something similar, it might happen that those reading your paper are not even professors, but recruiters, donors, etc. And even if they actually are professors, one of the reasons busy people like them agree to undertake a huge, and sometimes voluntary, work, is the desire to meet some diversity, some change from their work - so maybe they'll read applications for another specialization. The capacity to get your message across in clear, easy-to-grasp concepts and phrases is one of the winning papers' most important advantages.So far, you have proven you have a research idea, that you are familiar with the field, and that your idea is new. Now, why should your project be worth researching? Because it advances knowledge, ok. But is this knowledge that anybody will need? Maybe nobody knows for sure how the shoelaces were being tied in the XIXth century, but who cares, beyond two lace-tying specialists? Find arguments to convince the reader that s/he should give you money for that research: practical use, accelerating the development of knowledge in your or other fields, opening new research possibilities, a better understanding of facts that will allow a more appropriate course of action are possible reasons. Beclear and specific. Don't promise to save the world; it might be too much to start with. Even James Bond succeeds that only towards the end of the movie.We approach now one of the most difficult parts of writing a research proposal: the methodology. In short, what actions are you going to take in order to answer the question? When will you know whether the hypothesis has been proven wrong, or has survived enough tests to be considered, for now, valid? Those tests and the way you are supposed to handle them to give rigor to your research is what is understood under methods. Methods divide in qualitative (interviews, questionnaires) and quantitative (statistics, stuff that deals intensively with numbers). For some projects qualitative methods are more appropriate, for some quantitative, while for most a mixture of the two is adequate. You should pick your methods and justify your choice. Research methodology, however, is too a complicated thing to be explained here. And this is why it's so tough: not much attention is given to teaching it in Eastern Europe. Try, before writing your RP, to read a bit more about methodology - on the Internet you will find for sure some articles - and decide which methods suit your project best. Don't forget: reading theoretical pieces of your work and providing a critical analysis of those is also a kind of research. It's fine to provide a rough schedule of your research; some grant programs will also require a detailed budget, even though forscholarships this is unlikely.Conclusions: After working your way through the difficult methodological part, you only have to write your conclusions. Shortly recap why your hypothesis is new, why it advances knowledge, why is it worth researching and how, from a practical point of view, are you going to do that. Overall, the capacity of your project to answer the research question should come out crystal clear from the body of the paper, and especially from the conclusions. If this happens, it means you have a well-written RP, and you have just increased you chances for having a successful application.One last word: how big should your RP be? In most cases, this is specified in the application form. If it is not, we suggest that you keep it at about 1500 words (that's 3 pages, single-spaced, with 12 size Times New Roman). In fewer words it can be really tough to write a good RP. With more you might bore your readers. Which we hope will not happen.Good luck!Research Proposal (1):Qualitative orientationCrystal Loh Wai Ying; M. Phil Proposal;Dept.of Sociology, HKU.(I) Proposed Title(II) Introduction(III) Brief Literature ReviewEnvironmental Variables and CrimeRational ChoiceCrime Prevention Through Environment Design (CPTED)(IV) MethodologyParticipant ObservationIndividual InterviewsCommunity ObservationAnalysis of Official/Unofficial Statistic(V) Proposed Research Time-Table(VI) References(I) Proposed TitleThe Relationship between Juvenile Delinquency and Environmental Variables in New Town, Tuen Mun(II) IntroductionThe problem of juvenile delinquency in Tuen Mun's new town' has become more and more alarming in recent years. According to recentpolice statistics, the figure of 662 recorded juvenile arrests in Tuen Mun was the highest among all police districts in the territory in the first half of 1996. Such figures raise public concern about the occurrence of juvenile delinquency in the context of planned housing in the new towns.A number of questions arise, such as: " Why does Tuen Mun suffer more Juvenile Delinquency than other places? " ; " Is the environment of Tuen Mun more favorable for Juvenile Delinquency than other places? " and " How far do the environmental features influence the chances of delinquency occurring? ". Hence, the following hypothesis will be examined in my propose d study: “The environment of Tuen Mun's new town invites and provides more opportunities for juveniles to commit delinquency than other new towns and urban areas of HK."I will compare juvenile delinquency in Tuen Mun's new town with two other areas in order to make the study more interesting. The first area, also a new town, is Tseung Kwan O, which has similar environmental features to Tuen Mun. The second area, Kowloon City, is an urban district and has different characteristics to Tuen Mun.I will employ the "environmental perspective" in my study in order to attempt to explain the nature of juvenile delinquency. In addition, the related "situational crime prevention" approach which focuses on the "rational choice" of offenders will also be critically used to supplement an understanding of the factors involved in juvenile delinquency.The following proposal presents the "What" and "How" of my study. Using the "environmental" approach to study juvenile delinquency is a novel attempt in Hong Kong; therefore, I will rely on the ideas and methods developed in the west by, for example, Newman(1972), the Brantingham(1990) and Clarke and Felson(1993).(III) Brief Literature ReviewEnvironmental Variables and CrimeThe work of the pre-world war II Chicago researchers Shaw and Mcay made a major contribution to criminology by developing the "Ecological" approach to the understanding of the interaction between society and environment in crime causation. They theorized about social relations, urban social structure and their relationship with crime. Their study "Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas"(1942) showed that high crime areas usually straddled the industrial zone which was characterized by very high rates of residential turnover and low rates of home ownership. Shaw and McKay explained this phenomenon by the theory of "social disorganization". In short, they argued that differences in delinquency rates between areas were correlated with environmental variables like housing conditions, demographic stability and ethnic/social status.Later, a geographer Davidson (1981) tried to give a full explanation for the relationship between environmental variables and crime. He classified environment into two categories-- physical environment and social environment. Physical environment referred to the structure and design of an area. For example, parks, leisure grounds, street patterns, commercial complexes and centers are the basic components of the physical environment. Social environment referred to a set of contexts which form the basis for social interaction outside the home such as school, recreation and neighborhood. Davidson's study suggested how both the social and physical environment provides opportunities for delinquency.The latest studies about physical environment and crime by Taylor and Harrell (1996) show how physical features like housing design or block layout, land use, territorial features, and physical deterioration relate to crime risk. My study will attempt to define and examine the pattern of such environmental variables in Tuen Mun, Tseung Kwan O and Kowloon City. Differences in the kinds of environmental factors found in the three study areas may provide hypothetically an explanation for differences in juvenile crime in Hong Kong.Rational ChoiceClarke (1983, 1993) has applied the "rational choice" perspectiveto a range of crimes. His studies examined how offenders think about a crime situation and how they choose the most "suitable" environment and opportunity to operate in or target to select. It suggests that the environmental features of a place will probably affect a potential offender's perceptions about a possible crime site, their evaluations of the likelihood of success and the availability and visibility of guardians. (Clarke, 1983, 1993, Felson, 1994, Taylor and Harrell, 1996) Therefore, my study will explore how juvenile offenders perceive such environmental variables and test whether they commit delinquency in a rational fashion.A study by Beavon (1984, cited in Felson, 1994) demonstrated this rational choice assumption by showing that a shop located in an area with more converging streets suffered more crime than those located elsewhere. Because the street junctions and intersections made the offender feel that it was more convenient to access, escape and hide. With this kind of example in mind, my study seeks to find out how similar sorts of environmental features in Tuen Mun influence juvenile delinquents to make this type of rational choice.Crime Prevention through Environment Design (CPTED)CPTED studies provide numerous detailed description and explanations of the relationship between crime and place with a view tominimize crime. For example, Jane Jacobs (1961) found a greater tendency for crime to occur in large publicly accessible areas created by the newer forms of urban planning. She pointed out that the new forms of design broke down many of the traditional controls on criminal behavior, for example, the ability of residents to watch the street and the presence of people using the street both night and day. She suggested that the lack of "natural guardianship" in the environment promoted crime. A decade later Oscar Newman (1972, 1980) contributed a seminal work on crime prevention and environment, using such concepts as "defensible space", "natural surveillance", and "community of interest". Concerning the relationship between the prevalence or absence of "guardianship" or "surveillance" and crime occurrence, my study will examine whether the environment of Tuen Mun's new town provides insufficient "natural guardianship" compared to Kowloon City which leads to a high delinquency rate.Another major work on environmental criminology by Pat and Paul Brantingham (1990) further developed the concept of CPTED. The Brantingham' suggested that "routine activity" such as the way the potential offenders live, work or go to school, and engage in leisure could influence the offenders to search for crime targets. For example, places near McDonald's restaurants and 7-eleven stores where youths like to gather after school may suffer more property crime than other places.Hence, the Brantingham' suggested that schools should be kept away from shopping malls and convenience-stores so youths do not congregate at these places after school or at lunch time. Such a change of space or place could reduce some delinquency such as shoplifting. My research following the Brantingham' suggestion will examine and compare what sorts of places and why they are prone to high juvenile crime in Tuen Mun.(IV) MethodologyIn order to test the hypothesis of the study and examine the main questions raised, the following methodology will be employed. Participant ObservationParticipant observation with a group of juvenile delinquents or marginal youths in Tuen Mun will be carried out. The aim is to collect more qualitative information about their life style and behavior. Through cautious participation and observation of the juvenile delinquents' daily and routine activities, I hope to find out how their delinquent patterns have been influenced by environmental factors. I propose to associate myself with Tuen Mun's juvenile delinquents through the help of the district outreaching social work team. I will ask them to introduce me to their clients and rely on a "snowball effect" to approach more subjects. This means making friends with one or more clients and then askinghim/her to introduce their friends to me.Individual InterviewsIndividual interviews by a way of structured questionnaire will also be used to collect information about the juvenile delinquents' perception of the environment. The interview is especially important for examining questions like "What kind of environment could encourage juveniles to make the rational choice' to commit delinquency?". I will also attempt to interview police officers and security guards about the effectiveness of both natural and official "guardianship" in these communities.Community ObservationTo collect information about the physical features of Tuen Mun, Tseung Kwan O and Kowloon City, systematic observations will be carried out. Through several community surveys of the physical settings, I will measure the prevalence or absence of environmental features suggested by CPTED as significant to crime control. By comparing the physical environment of the three studied areas the different environmental influences on the opportunity for juvenile delinquency can be gauged.Analysis of Official/Unofficial StatisticIn order to gain a fuller picture of the situation of juveniledelinquency in Tuen Mun, Tseung Kwan O and Kowloon City, a comprehensive analysis of the official statistics will also be undertaken. Besides official data, other sources of statistical data produced by agencies such as District Social Service Center or Youth Committee and Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department (Crime Victim Survey) will also be used. I will pay especial attention to information about the location of juvenile delinquency and the types of delinquency committed in particular places.(V) Proposed Research Time-TableSept 1996----Apr 1997:- Literature review- Official contact with the outreaching social work team, RHKPF and other agencies- Community surveys of the three areas- Design the questionnaires- Collection of official and unofficial statistic May 1997----Jun 1997:- Statistical analysis of crime and place- Find the targets- Community observation (Tuen Mun)Jul 1997----Sept 1997: - Field Work- 1st session Participant Observation of Tuen Mun's JDOct 1997----Nov 1997:- Field Work- Community observation (Kowloon City and Tseung Kwan O)- Interview the police officers and security guardsDec 1997----Feb 1998:- Field Work- 2nd session Participant Observation of Tuen Mun's JDMar 1998----Apr 1998:- Analysis of the data obtained from the field workMay 1998----Aug 1998:- Write the Thesis(VI) References1. Beavon, D.J.(1984) Crime and Environmental Opportunity Structure: The Influence of Street Networks on the Patterning of Property Offenses Unpublished master's thesis, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada.2. Brantingham, P.J.and Brantingham, P.L. (1990) Environmental Criminology. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.3. Clarke, R.V.(1983) "Situational Crime Prevention: Its Theoretical Basis and Practical Scope" in M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.) Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research Chicago: University of Chicago Press.4. Clarke, R.V.and Felson, M.(1993) Routine Activity and Rational Choice; Advances in Criminology Theory (V ol.5) New Brunswick, NJ:Transaction Books.5. Davidson, R.N.(1981) Crime and Environment London: Croom Helm.6. Felson, M.(1994) Crime and Everyday Life: Insights and Implications for Society Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press.7. Jacobs,J.(1961) Death and Life of Great American Cities New York: Random House.8. Newman, O. (1972) Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design New York: Macmillan.9. Newman, O. (1980) Community of Interest Garden City, NY: Anchor.10. Shaw,C. and Mckay, H. (1942) Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas Chicago: University of Chicago Press.11. Taylor, R.B. and Harrell, A.V. (1996) Physical Environment and Crime U.S.A.:National Institute of Justice.。
英语建议信作文范文10篇
英语建议信作文范文10篇（实用版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的实用范文，如工作总结、策划方案、演讲致辞、报告大全、合同协议、条据书信、党团资料、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides various types of practical sample essays for everyone, such as work summary, planning plan, speeches, reports, contracts and agreements, articles and letters, party and group materials, teaching materials, essays, other sample essays, etc. Please pay attention to the different formats and writing methods of the model essay!英语建议信作文范文10篇英语建议信作文范文（精选10篇）建议信是提出某种建议时使用的一种常用书信，那么你知道建议信该怎么写吗？下面是本店铺为大家精心收集整理的英文建议信作文范文10篇，欢迎阅读借鉴，希望能够帮助到大家。
高中英语建议信范文10篇
高中英语建议信范文10篇范文1：给老师的建议信Subject: Suggestion for English Class ActivitiesDear Mrs. Smith,I hope this note finds you well. I am writing to suggest a possible addition to our English class activities. I believe incorporating more group discussions could enhance our learning experience. This would not only improve our speaking skills but also encourage us to think critically. Perhaps dedicating one day a week to group discussions on a topic related to our reading materials could be beneficial.Thank you for considering my suggestion. I am always excited for your classes and look forward to seeing how we can further improve them.Yours sincerely,John Doe范文2：给校长的建议信Subject: Proposal for a School Recycling ProgramDear Mr. Principal,I am writing to suggest the introduction of a recycling program in our school. This initiative would not only promote environmental awareness among students but also contributeto waste reduction. I propose setting up recycling bins around the school and organizing a workshop to educate students on the importance of recycling. I believe this could make a significant impact on our school community.Thank you for your time and consideration.Sincerely,Jane Smith范文3：给朋友的建议信Subject: Advice on Time ManagementDear Alex,I hope you’re doing well. I noticed you’ve been stressed about balancing school and your part-time job. Here’s a suggestion: try creating a weekly schedule to allocate specific times for studying, work, and breaks. This can help you manage your time more effectively and reduce stress.Remember, it’s important to take time for yourself too.Best wishes,Emily范文4：给图书馆的建议信Subject: Request for More Study SpacesDear Librarian,I am writing to suggest an expansion of study spaces in our school library. With exams approaching, many of us find it challenging to find a quiet spot to study. Adding a few more tables or study carrels could greatly benefit the student body. I appreciate your consideration and hope to see this improvement soon.Sincerely,Michael范文5：给体育教练的建议信Subject: Proposal for More Diverse Training SessionsDear Coach,I hope this letter finds you well. I would like to suggest incorporating more diverse training sessions into our football practice. This could include agility drills, strength training, and mental preparation exercises. I believe this variety would improve our skills and keep the team motivated.Thank you for your time and dedication.Best regards,Olivia范文6：给同学的建议信Subject: Advice on Project ManagementDear Sarah,I hope this message finds you well. I wanted to share a suggestion regarding our group project. It might be helpful to use a project management tool like Trello to keep track of our tasks and deadlines. This can help us stay organized and ensure that we meet our project goals.Wishing you all the best,David范文7：给家长会的建议信Subject: Idea for Parent-Teacher WorkshopsDear Parent-Teacher Association,I am writing to suggest organizing workshops for parents and teachers. These workshops could focus on topics like digital literacy and mental health awareness. They would provide valuable information and strengthen theschool-parent-teacher relationship.Thank you for your attention.Yours faithfully,Sophie范文8：给同学会的建议信Subject: Suggestion for More Social EventsDear Student Council,I am writing to suggest increasing the number of social events organized by the student council. This could help foster a stronger sense of community among students. Perhaps a monthly theme day or a talent show could be fun and engaging for everyone.Thank you for your efforts in making our school a better place.Sincerely,Leo范文9：给校报的建议信Subject: Proposal for a Student ColumnDear Editor,I am writing to suggest adding a student-written column to the school newspaper. This column could feature student perspectives on various topics, such as school events, current events, or personal experiences. I believe it would enrich the content and engage more students.Thank you for your consideration.Best regards,Mia范文10：给科技俱乐部的建议信Subject: Idea for a Tech WorkshopDear Tech Club President,I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to suggest organizing a tech workshop on coding basics for beginners. This could be a great opportunity for students who are interested in technology but don’t know where to start. I believe it would be a valuable addition to our club activities.Thank you for your time and effort.Sincerely,Nathan。
英语businessproposal范文
英语businessproposal范文Title: Business Proposal for Developing a New Smartphone ApplicationDate: [提案日期]To: [目标受众或潜在投资者/合作伙伴名称]From: [你的公司名称或个人姓名]IntroductionWith the increasing popularity of smartphones and the constant evolution of mobile technology, the demand for innovative and user-friendly applications is on the rise. Recognizing this opportunity, we propose the development of a new smartphone application that aims to address a specific need in the market.Project OverviewOur proposed application, named "[应用名称]", will provide users with a seamless experience in [简要描述应用的主要功能或解决的问题]. By leveraging the latest mobile technologies, we aim to create an app that is not only functional but also visually appealing and easy to navigate.Market AnalysisAfter conducting a thorough market analysis, we have identified a significant gap in the current market offerings. Our target audience consists of [描述目标受众群体]，who are constantly seeking for convenient and efficient solutions to [描述目标受众面临的问题或需求]. With "[应用名称]", we believe we can capture a significant share of this underserved market.Competitive AnalysisWhile there are several similar applications available in the market, our proposed solution offers several competitive advantages. Firstly, "[应用名称]" will incorporate unique features that are not available in existing apps. Secondly, we have a strong team of developers with extensive experience in mobile app development, ensuring the high quality of our product. Lastly, we have a well-defined marketing strategy that will help us reach our target audience effectively.Project Timeline and MilestonesWe plan to complete the development of "[应用名称]" within [预计完成时间]. Key milestones include the completion of the initial design phase, the development of core features, and the final testing and launch.Budget and Funding RequirementsThe estimated budget for this project is [预算金额]. We are seeking funding from [描述资金来源，如投资者、合作伙伴或公司自有资金] to cover the costs of development, marketing, and other related expenses.Expected OutcomesWe expect "[应用名称]" to achieve significant market penetration within the first year of its launch. With a strong user base and positive feedback, we aim to expand the app's features and functionality in the future.ConclusionIn conclusion, we believe that the development of "[应用名称]" presents a unique opportunity to capitalize on the growing demand for innovative mobile applications. With our experienced team, competitive advantages, and well-defined strategy, we are confident in the success ofthis project. We look forward to discussing this proposal further and exploring the possibilities of a successful partnership.。
proposal英语作文格式
proposal英语作文格式Title: The Implementation of Green Initiatives in Urban Planning.I. Introduction.In recent years, the concept of sustainable development has gained immense popularity, and cities across the globe are striving to incorporate eco-friendly practices into their urban planning strategies. Green initiatives aim to harmonize human activities with the natural environment, promoting a healthy and resilient urban landscape. This proposal outlines a comprehensive plan to implement green initiatives in urban planning, with a focus on enhancing environmental sustainability, improving the quality of life for city residents, and fostering a culture of environmental awareness.II. Current Urban Challenges.Urbanization, although a marker of economic progress, has presented numerous environmental and social challenges. Air pollution, water scarcity, loss of green spaces, and traffic congestion are some of the pressing issues that need to be addressed urgently. These challenges are exacerbated by unsustainable planning practices and a lack of focus on green infrastructure.III. Green Initiatives in Urban Planning.3.1 Green Infrastructure Development.Green infrastructure, such as parks, greenbelts, and wetlands, plays a crucial role in enhancing the ecological resilience of cities. These areas provide valuable habitats for wildlife, improve air quality, and reduce the urban heat island effect. We propose the development of a comprehensive green infrastructure plan that integrates these areas into the city's fabric, ensuring connectivity and accessibility for all residents.3.2 Sustainable Transportation Systems.Encouraging the use of public transportation, cycling, and walking can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and traffic congestion. We suggest the implementation of policies that promote these sustainable modes of transportation, such as improving public transport infrastructure, providing bike-friendly facilities, and designing pedestrian-friendly streets.3.3 Green Building Practices.Buildings account for a significant portion of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in cities. We propose the adoption of green building practices, including the use of energy-efficient materials, renewable energy sources, and water-saving technologies. Additionally, promoting green roofs and walls can help insulate buildings, reduce urban heat islands, and provide habitats for biodiversity.3.4 Solid Waste Management.Effective solid waste management is crucial for maintaining a clean and healthy urban environment. We recommend the implementation of waste reduction, recycling, and composting programs to divert waste from landfills. Additionally, the use of waste-to-energy technologies can help convert waste into renewable energy, further reducing environmental impacts.3.5 Education and Awareness.Fostering a culture of environmental awareness among city residents is essential for the long-termsustainability of urban planning efforts. We propose the integration of environmental education into schoolcurricula and the promotion of community events and campaigns that highlight the importance of green initiatives.IV. Implementation Strategy.The successful implementation of these greeninitiatives requires a multi-stakeholder approach,involving government agencies, private sector, community organizations, and residents. We suggest the formation of a task force or steering committee to coordinate and monitor the progress of these initiatives. Additionally, setting clear targets and milestones, allocating appropriate funding, and regularly evaluating the effectiveness of implemented measures are crucial for ensuring the sustainability of these efforts.V. Conclusion.The implementation of green initiatives in urban planning is a necessary step towards achieving sustainable cities that are resilient, healthy, and environmentally friendly. By prioritizing green infrastructure development, sustainable transportation systems, green building practices, solid waste management, and education and awareness, we can create cities that not only meet the needs of their residents but also safeguard the environment for future generations.(Note: This proposal serves as a framework fordiscussion and further development. The specific detailsand implementation strategies may need to be customized based on the context and challenges of individual cities.)。
商务英语proposal范文(实用
商务英语proposal范文(实用proposal模板篇一班级姓名学号时间评价Learning aims:1. Help students use what they have learnt to finish a project by working together2. Write a proposal for saving a building.Important points amp; difficult points:1. Read the article and learn something about the Imperial tombs of China.of some ways to protect the ancient buildings.Learning procedures:第一部分：自主学习I. Remember the following important phrases.equal to 与…相等located in 坐落于home to 是…的家园4. historic sites 历史遗址terms of 就…而言高质量good condition 处于良好的状态recent decades近几十年来well preserved 保存完好destruction故意的破坏money in doing投入资金… 12. meet the deadline for如期完成…up 从事…；占用；拿起the protection of 在…的保护之下15. centuries of exposure 几个世纪风吹日晒given serious attention 受到很大的关注needed attention to... 引起必要的的关注。
18. over a length of 247 years 历时247年19. mark the entrance to 标志着…的入口II. Fast readingis the main idea of the passage?Introduction to the imperial tombs.tomb’s style greatly influenced the other emperors’ ones?The first Ming emperor’s tomb.does the fund used for preserving and restoring the historic sites e from?It es from the government, international help and tourismIII. Enjoy the following sentences, fill in each blank with a proper word, and then translate them into Chinese orally.most popular sites of the Imperial Tombs of China are the Ming Tombs, most of which can be found 50 kilometers north-west of Beijing (北京市西北50公里)in a place called Shisanling.2．Adding to the impressiveness and beauty of Changling(添加了长陵的宏伟和壮丽) is the Ling’en Palace, which is located in（坐落于）the second courtyard.3. Unlike （不像）other Ming and Qing Tombs, Xiling has three broad stone gates in front of the Great Red Gate that marks the entrance to（标志着…的入口）the tombs, instead of only one.4．Xiling was built after Dongling was inspected and some geological problems were found there that were believed to be causing() the Manchu rulers’ troubles.5. Although a number of tombs have survived relatively undamaged（尽管不少陵寝遭受的破坏相对较小）, all have suffered at least some damage from centuries of exposure, war, fire and deliberate destruction（蓄意破坏）.6．Not surprisingly（不足为奇）, international recognition is part and parcel（主要部分）of preserving and restoring such historic sites as it sends the message to everyone that these sites are extremely important and precious.IV. Fill in the blanks according to the texttitle The imperial tombsThe Ming Imperial tombs The Ming tombs, most of which can be found in shisanling, are the most popular sites of the Imperial tombs.The sacred way leads to the thirteen tombs and in good condition, at the end of which is changling which is considered as the best preserved of the thirteen tombs.Ling’en palace adds to the impressiveness and beauty of Changling.The Qing Imperial tombs The Qing Tombs are similar to the Ming Tombs in terms of architecture and their choice of site.Dongling, located_in Hebei Province, contains the first imperial tombs of the Manchu rulers, which was built as long as 247 years ,covering/ occupying 78 square kilometers .West of Beijing sits Xiling ,which has three broad stone gates in front of the Great Red Gate marking the entrance to the tombs.Preservation and recognition of the tombs The Nanjing Municipal government, which is responsible for the regulation of Xiaoling, has already invested a lot of money in restoring it.International recognition is part and parcel of preserving and restoring such historic sites.V. Self-study of important and difficult language points.1.［原句回放］The tombs, which were built over a length of 247 years, take up 78 square kilometers. 句中take up的意思是占地，其还有“拿起；从事…（活动/工作）；占用（时间/空间；继续讲等意思。
proposal_范例
Abstract (2)Introduction (2)Background and rationale: (2)Research questions and objectives: (3)Preliminary literature review (4)1.Understanding customers shopping motivations (4)2. The different consumption ways (5)3.Good relationship with consumer (7)4. Personal values and attitudes (9)Methodology (11)Target ,Sample and Questionnaire (11)Case study (12)Evaluation and Qualitative Research (13)Research Procedures (13)Reference (14)Consumption habits change the influence of retail (Research Proposal)AbstractConsumption habits of consumers is one of the key issues which would be taken into retailers’ consideration for their strategies and selling plans. In recent years, lots of new consumption patterns have appeared and come into vogue. The researchers carried out a study using the grounded theory approach through participant-observation and questionnaire research. The researchers chose the retail industry for the study because it provided the ideal conditions to answer the research question. This study aims to finding the way to make clear and assess the affect that comsumption habits changes brought to retail and improve the attractiveness of traditional consumption pattern. The choice of methodology has provided the insight necessary to answer the research question. With improvement and consummation of its outcomes, the research could provide a useful framework of reference for further research of consumption patterns and retail crisis.Key words: consumption habits, cunsumption pattern, retail, influence IntroductionBackground and rationale: As the traditional consumption pattern, retail is widely recognized as an unreplaceable role to satisfy customers' consumption needs. However, retail is now faced with multiple challenges come from the new patterns, such as online shopping and television shopping. Since the new patterns have so many modernistic and practial characters：convenience, faster , reliable... they have obtained more and more favors from various customers especially young people，what’s more, the aged are also paying more attention to these patterns and trying to adapt to them. A case in point is the vigorous development of shopping websites in recent years.，since there are still huge potential market, a great deal of similar websites will be founded rapidly. Undoubtly, the retail would be affected.In the retail business, Factors that affecting the net income of entities is that the commercial facilities rents and enterprises’ manpower cost price. On the one hand, the retail enterprises need to faces the problem that the house lease is reducing generally, so the rent soar in a quite short time. On the other hand, the recruiting of workers is getting more and more difficult, at the same time, the staff’s requests of salaries raises are getting more and more explicit.. If nothing to be done to promote the management ability, and lack of other effective methods, competitiveness of retail business will be badly lost.At the same time, sellers will consider how to attract the customers in any possible ways. They want to know customers needs and wants, they also want to know if their products or services are repulsive or out of date. The current trend is to make a good plan for people and keep a good relationship with customers. On the other hand, try to understand customer consumption ways and motivation is also very important for the sellers. So, finding the way to make clear and assess the changes and affect to retail and improve the attractiveness of traditional consumption pattern becomes the focus of the research. In additon, we still need to clearly know the difference between the two consumption pattern and the trend of customers’ personal attitudes.Research questions and objectives:1. How the change of cunsumption pattern impacts of retail business?2. What is the key issue of making customers satisfy?3. What’s the new cunsumption trend?4. How to make satisfy to customers in new consumption ways?5. What can we learn from the changes of personal values and attitude of customers?To identify the link between shopping motivations and product purchasing.To know the new ways whether bring a quite serious affect to retail.To compare the two different consumption pattern.To identify effective ways to increase sale.To inquire about how to know more about consumers’needs and keep a good relationship with consumers.Preliminary literature review1.Understanding customers shopping motivationsShopping motivations is the direct power that impels the customer to purchase the product. In concrete purchase process，the conflict between several kinds of purchase motives is quite common . For example，guests always want both excellent in quality and reasonable in price，but actually, one peice of merchant can not cover that two requests in the normal situations. So, retailers needs to understand more about the shopping motivations of consumers.According to Hardesty and Bearden(2009), to understanding people shopping motivations has becoming great challenges for retail.That means retailers need to try their best to inquiry that why the customers want to buy some goods. As we know, shopping motivations vary from person to person, moreover, motivations come from manifold ways. To, Liao, and Lin (2007) had investigated the Internet shopping motivations from both utilitarian and hedonic perspectives.In their opinion, shopping motivations mostly correlate with these two factors. Many authors and economistsproposed that hedonic shopping motivations ought to be encouraged. Arnold and Reynolds(2003) identifies a comprehensive inventory of consumers’ hedonic shopping motivations.In their research, a cluster analysis of adult consumers reveals five different shopper segments, called here the Minimalists, the Gatherers, the Providers, the Enthusiasts, and the Traditionalists, and they also notice that entertainment become a m ore important retailing strategy which can effectively stimulate customers’ interest . As their definitions, there are several shopping motivation modes: adventure shopping , social shopping, gratification shopping, idea shopping, role shopping, value shopping.Market segmentation has been applied to explain individuals and their shopping motivations(Smith, 1956). Market segmentation is the act of splitting a market into different groups of perchasers with different wants and responses. To segment markets, companies may have three approaches to adopt: (a) mass marketing, which is the decision to attempt to attract all kinds of buyers and mass-produce and mass-distribute one product, (b) product-variety marketing, where a company attempts to render a variety of products to broaden their customer base, and (c) target marketing, in order to develop corresponding products and marketing mixes for each target market , the decision of target marketing should be taken to distinguish the different groups that make up a market. Therefore, individuals with different characteristic who are capable of positively responding to specific marketing stimuli must be segmented in homogeneous groups. Referring to the market segmentation concept, Etzel et al.(2001) metions that“the variation in consumers’ responses when exposed to a marketing mix can be traced through differences in shopping habits, product use and reason for purchase”. Moreover, the factor of reason for shopping relate to the customers’ mentality. People may buy a merchant for many psychological reasons: maybe they want to enjoy the beauty of goods, maybe they just would like to show off, and maybe they just want to follow others in action.2. The different consumption waysNow along with Internet's popularization, more and more ordinary consumers starts tointerest in purchasing the daily wants on the Internet. If the past consumption place is a concrete place, then the place the Internet provides is a hypothesized one. The network shopping is actually a network supermarket, the consumer may stay in home while shuttling with freedom in the network supermarket, to seek and examine the pleasing product. Through the net payment system, the consumer can wait for delivers goods to the doorstep, it is not just a saving of time and the manpower but does a more important matter on the consumption devolopment. The seller can avoid rents of selling scene and personnel's expenses, in this way, the product cost can be reduced, so sellers could fight for the customers by the cheaper price and earn much more profits. Compared with network sellers, entity sellers such as department store must adapt to the market impact which the network supermarket brings. The entity Entity merchants ' inferiority is that they need to undertake more locations and the personal expenses, the shopping in a department store is not as convenient as that on the Internet; The superiority is that they may provide the real product and direct experience to the customer, they can leave out the delivery expenses. Entity sellers also should update their strategies, by setting the department store to seem to be a supermaket, the people who come for the products may choose a suitable one at a reasonable expenses(for instance handset, clothes, computer and so on) . After choosing, customers put it in the shopping cart, then go to the counter to settle accounts. Simultaneously, the specialized marketing personnel can provide the specialized advisory service at all times. A large amount of studies have been done to discover and analyze the concrete flaw of on-line shopping, so that sellers and websites managers can take measures to make the improvement, then the online supermarkets can attract more customers to purchase the on-line commodity. Ashkenazi et al(2010) had found a series of systems and methods for facilitating internet shopping, including a method of increasing efficiency of navigation in a comparison shopping site based on product coverage and product entropy.Another kind shopping way which received increasing attention is the television shopping, compared with the network shopping, its has natural superiority:televisionchannel creditworthiness is higher than most of commercial websites so far. Moreover, the television channel can open the website electronic commerce, and it can satisfies the user the purchase demand through the telephone (or message), the mail and many other ways. The more important is that the television channel sells have the huge directive appealing power that the on-line shopping does not have. But actually , the shortcoming of the television shopping exactly lies in insufficient creditworthiness, so it still could not obtain the majority customers’identity. Minjeong Kim, Sharron J. Lennon (2000) suggest that the amount of information perceived from a television-shopping segment selling apparel was negatively related to perceived risk ,and however positively related to purchase intent.The future will be the coexisting time of hypothesized supermarket and the entity supermarket. It is a quite good trend for the consumers, it will not only enrich people's consumption way but also improve people's consumption quality.Nirmalya Kumar (2005) think that a sea change is going on retail marketing, suppliers and retailers need to find out means to come to agreement over price-off promotions and discounting. Obviously, there are a lot work need to do.Faced with this challenge , researchers and executives of entity merchants make use of several research techniques and instruments to help them grasp shopping motivations and inprove the attractiveness of traditional retail. Eleonora P.and Giuseppe N.(2010)suggest that consumers shopping experience can affected by advanced technologies, at the same time, these technologies can modify the retailing context. Several advanced technologies are refered: RFID, shopping assistant systems, smart mirror. As the consumption patterns still changing frequently, we can predict that more and more advanced technologies will be used in the retail activities.3.Good relationship with consumerKeeping a good relationships with consumers will be helpful to understanding their needs, and then it will know how to make consumers satisfy. When we talk to someonewho is your consumer, you maybe want to know her or his needs and wants. So, setting up a good relationships with your consumers is the way to get more messages of their consumption habits and attract him to be a long-term customer.The most important relationship is relationship of integrity: honest seller and honest consumer. A successful market has the high market share, which tightly relate with its good impression formed in the customer’s mind . The good impression will constitute good faith of the market. T o be specific, the market’s credit comes from providing the customer the best goods and service, not selling the fake and shoddy commodity, not carrying on the price cheat, being a kind of honest image. The market should to make the customer satisfied, and create the excellent atmosphere for the customer to be regular , these changes will also patronizes the market and customer's good reputation. Customer's credit is refers to the behaviour which customer carry on the redundant purchase in the same market, namely the customer’s loyalty, For more, it means that the customer show his satisfactions to the market management ideas, enterprise's operation condition, effects of seeing and hearing, goods quality , smiling service and so on when they are shopping in the market. Based on this satisfactions, there will be good relationships between the market and customers. The credit is the market livelihood basis, its significance lies in: 1. The market may the win customers if it is enjoying a good reputation. The customer is God for the marker, who will bring the profit to the market, and the customer also is the market’s best resource. Especially, the loyal customer will become a kind of strategy property of the market and its development.2. The market will win the market if it is enjoying a good reputation, the market must face competitions not only from the same industry, but also other selling patterns. 3. The market will win the benefit if it is enjoying a good reputation. The good reputation is one kind of invisible propelling force for the market development, and will benefit long-term development of the market.Marketing theory and practice have focused persistently on exchange between buyers and sellers. However,in most of the research and too many of the marketing strategies,buyer-seller exchanges has been carried on as discrete events instead of ongoing relationships(Dwyer& Schurr,1987). Salesperson customer-oriented behavior show its influence on the development of buyer-seller relationships from several part.( Williams, 1998), nowadays choosing the right choice of behavior seems to be more important. Ganesan(1994) suggests that mutual dependence and the extent to which they trust one another are the two main factors which affect the long-term orientation in a buyer/seller relationship. “Dependence and trust are related to environmental uncertainty, transaction-specific investments, reputation, and satisfaction in a buyer/seller relationship.” Among so many factors, which one is more vital depends on special circumstance and details. There are also researchers focused on the influence from new consumption patterns and technology improvements. Interorganizational data networks can have two opposing effects on buyer-seller relationships. On the one hand, networks may be used to foster electronic marketplaces characterized by more ephemeral transactions between buyers and sellers. Also plausible, however, is the use of networks to strengthen existing commercial relationships and lock in partners by increasing the costs of switching to new trading partners(Steinfield,Kraut &Plummer,1995).4. Personal values and attitudesIt will not be too hard to understand tha personal values and consumer behavior are related ,The relationship between personal values and consumer behavior has been largely investigated in marketing literature (Kahle et al., 1986), but consumer behavior need to be discussed more thoroughly and clearly. Schwartz(1994) defines that personal values means “enduring beliefs that individuals hold about specific modes of conduct that they think are importa nt and the guiding principles in their lives”.The personal values have provided the formidable intrinsic driving force for the occurrence of the consumer’s behavior, it has the function of expense guidance, and was considered to be the consumer behavior final determining factor. Therefore, the personal values have the vital significance in the consumption psychology and themarket marketing research area. Many researchers attempt to construct theorization and the generalization of the consumer values and the consumer behavior relation.By studing the structure of the consumer’s personal values, retailers intend to understand the relation between the consumer and products choosen, and formulate the marketing strategy according to the above.Each society will have some kind of values which is accepted generally by the populace, and the different country's cultural values will also have respectively the different characteristic, individual values will be influented by different cultural values. In the marketing practice, and marketing decision-making, more and more marketing personnel pay attention to personal values of the consumer and its influence on consumer’s behavior.Culture generally is accepted by marketing theorists as one of the underlying determinants of consumer behavior(Henry,1976).Consumer's rationality is limited. Under the circumstance of rational limited and information limited, the intuition and the feeling of emotionalism will always affect the decision-making. Consumer's personal values and ideology decided by the economic basis and the economic development condition at root, this kind of economic development situation include consumer’s social position in current concrete social environment, economic status, cultural status, disposition by chance and so on. The development of society productivity will immediately influence social legislation, social product structure, population structure and then consumer's values and ideology. The consumers will care more about the working time and the power of consumption, for the income is the basis of decision of the consumer’s expends. The enhancement of consumer’s income level affects consumer's values and the ideology, only when consumer's income allows him to spend much in commodity that is not on food can he form a more luxurious and popular values. In addition, the social stratum background also has major impact to the consumer’s personal values and ideology. For example, compared with a sanitation worker's daughter ,when choosing a famous brand clothing, a general's daughter will be more confident, simultaneously more rapid.Consumer’s attitude and personal values is undertaking huge transformation all over the world, both devoloped and devoloping countries. Nozomi Enomoto(2011) suggest that Japanese retailers now face various and complicated changes in the business environment, which include economic globalization, development of information technology, demographic change and changes in consumer values and behavior. Consumer values and behavior in Japan reflect a characteristic transition in the retail sector, in which department stores have been a major force. Although Internet sellers offer the lowest prices, research shows that even price-sensitive customers do not always purchase from the Internet. In the network consumption section, value has been gradually deemed as a key motivator in economics and marketing when customer making decision, not prices(Gupta&Hee-Woong Kim).MethodologyTarget ,Sample and QuestionnaireSince the author does not have enough information to carry out the research project, we conducted exploratory-descriptive research (Malhotra, 2010), in order to achieve the purposes of this study..The exploratory phase seeks to clarifying concepts ,broaden the understanding of the study’s main topic and providing elements for the forthcoming steps of study.In this phase, the author will invite 5~6 classmates or friends to distribute questionnaires which are used to collect basic data in the research. Together with the author, each person will have his own distribution region which should be uniformly distributed in the city, in detail, divide the city into 6 parts on the map, then a classmate will be in charge of one part. In one part , the responsible person will investigate and survey the consumers in the supermarkets or department stores randomly, and he should notice the homogenization of consumers’gender, age and other characteristic if possible. The difference of knowledge is taken into consideration, so the survey won’tbe very complicated.The proposed questions:1.What do you know about online shopping and televasion shopping?How often do you perchase through the Internet and televasion?2.What kind of goods would you buy on the Internet or televasion? And the reason is?pared with market and department store, what is the advantages and disadvantages of oneline shopping and televasion shopping?4.Do you think that the new consumption patterns can take place of the traditional one? Why would that happen(or not happen)?5. What can be your possible motivations for a new kind of goods?6.What do you think of the relationships between retailers and buyers? What’s your expectation about that?Case studyWal-Mart , the global biggest retail merchant, has more than 2500 stores in the US, and over 700 shops over the seas. As a traditional enterprise, Wal-Mart has received huge impact from the network shopping and other new shopping ways in recent years. However, facing with threat of consumer decreasing, Wal-Mart built its own e-commerce system, to deal with the challenge from the competitor of new patterns through the development of new operations.In 1986, Wal-Mart set up the QR system for logistic management. In 2010, Wal-Mart promoted its on-line shopping service in Shenzhen,China...Wal-mart makes every effort to adapt to the trend of the conbination of hypothesized supermaket and entity supermarket.That’s why this enterprise could be the best and most profitable company in the retail business for several decades.Other retail enterprises may obtain the positive advantageous experience from Wal-Mart's case. The retail enterprises should establish the effective information network with high speed. Make full use of the electronic commerce to carry on the data refinement and obtain possible useful information for decision making from themassive data. Combine logistic system with the electronic commerce to reduce the cost of management and operation. In addition, retailers can take the chance of big transformation of the traditional commerce and find more ways to overcome the challenge brought by the new consumption patterns.Evaluation and Qualitative ResearchBy summarizing the questionnaire survey's data, the author will carry on a scientific qualitative analysis. Through the answers to the questions in the questionnaire, the author is ready for an evaluation about the relationship amongst shopping motivations, personal values and attitudes of consumers, the changes of consumption habits, the transformation of consumption patterns.Research ProceduresReferenceArnold M.J. and Reynolds K. E. ,2003 Hedonic shopping motivations. Journal of Retailing ,V ol 79, No. 2, pp 77-95,2003Ashkenazi A. et al,2010, Systems and methods for facilitating internet shopping US Patent 7805339Charles Steinfield, Robert Kraut, Alice Plummer, 1995,The Impact Of Interorganizational Networks On Buyer-Seller Relationships, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,V ol1, No. 3, pp0, December 1995Dwyer, F.R, Schurr, P.H.,1987 ,Developing buyer-seller relationships The Journal of Marketing , V ol. 51, No. 2, Apr., 1987Eleonora P.and Giuseppe N, 2010.Entertainment in retailing: The influences of advanced technologies .Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services V ol17, No.3, pp 200-204, May 2010Etzel,M.,Walker, B, J.and Station, W, J,2001.Marketing ,Sao Paulo, Makron BooksGanesan S.,1994, Determinants of long-term orientation in buyer-seller relationships The Journal of Marketing, V ol. 58, No. 2, Apr., 1994Gupta1.S, Hee-Woong Kim, 2010, Value-driven Internet shopping: The mental accounting theory perspective, Psychology and Marketing V ol 27,No. 1, pages 13–35, January 2010Hardesty,D.M and Bearden,W.O, 2009.Consumer Behaviour And Retailing.Jounal of Retailing,85(3) 239-244Henry WA,1976, Cultural values do correlate with consumer behavior ,Journal of Marketing Research, V ol. 13, No. 2, May, 1976.Kahle, L. R., Beatty, S. & Homer, P. (1986). Alternative measurement approaches to consumer values: the List of Values (LOV) and Values and Life Style (V ALS). Journal of Consumer Research, 13(3), 405-410.Kim M., Lennon S. J., 2000, Television Shopping for Apparel in the United States: Effects of Perceived Amount of Information on Perceived Risks and Purchase Intentions, Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal V ol 28, No. 3, pp301–331, March 2000Malhotra, N. (2010). Marketing Research. An applied orientation, Boston, PearsonNirmalya Kumar ,2005,The Global Retail Challenge.Business Strategy Review.V ol16, No.1, pp 5–13, Spring 2005Nozomi Enomoto , 2011,The Silver Market Phenomenon Springer 2011,Part 2, 175-193Pui-Lai To, Chechen Liao, Tzu-Hua Lin, 2007. Shopping motivations on Internet: A study based on utilitarian and hedonic value, Technovation V ol 27, No. 12, Dec 2007,pp 774-787Smith W.R.1956, Product differentiation and market segmentation as alternative marketing strategies.The Journal of marketing, vol.21,No.1, Jul.1956Schwartz.S.H, 1994.Values and personality, European Journal of Personality,vol.8,163-181(1994)Williams,M.R, 1998. The influence of salespersons’ customer orientation on buyer-seller relationship development. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, V ol. 13 Iss: 3, pp.271 - 287。
初中英语作文范文-建议书 Proposal
初中英语作文范文-建议书 ProposalThere is a street near my house. The traffic light there has broken for more than half a year and the local government hasn't sent anyone to fix. Every day, people go across the street among the cars. It is very dangerous. I read the news about a child wrote aletter to the government and the official replied, so I thought maybe I could have a try. I wrote a proposal, asking the officials to send some people to fix the traffic light for people’s safety. Then a week later, I was so surprised to see the traffic lightworked. I was so happy. I don't know whether my proposal works, but I am so proud of myself.我家附近有一条街，街上的红绿灯已经坏了半年多了，当地政府还没有派人去修。
每天，人们都是在车辆中穿越马路的，这是非常危险的。
我看到过一则新闻，说的是一个孩子给政府写了一封信，工作人员给予了回复，所以我想也许我也可以试试。
我写了一份建议书，希望政府派人来修理交通信号灯以保证人们的安全。
一个星期后，我很惊讶地看到交通灯已经恢复正常了，我很高兴。
我不知道我的建议是否起了作用，但我为自己感到骄傲。
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IntroductionThis proposal sets out to examine options for the successful globalization of our ‘Borders’ brand. The initial market under consideration is Continental Europe. For the purposes of this proposal, we will be considering three aspects of the brand, namely our logo, the ‘Borders’ concept and finally, the product itself, ‘Borders’ wellington boots.FindingsThe following points summarise our key findings.•It was found that our existing logo, a pair of wellington boots encircled by the word ‘Borders’, is visual enough to be used inmarkets where English is not widely spoken.•Attitudes to outerwear differ throughout Europe and our boots are likely to appeal to different market sectors in different countries.This has serious implications for the benefits we wish to publicise.Although Danish farmers would be willing to purchase such a high quality,product, farmers in some countries would be unlikely to choose a Britishbrand over a domestic product. However, the very Britishness of theproduct would appeal to the style-conscious elements of the French andItalian markets, summoning up images of the English upper classes andcountry houses.•Our current product is multi-purpose and as such would not need adapting to suit different sectors of the European market.ConclusionsIt was agreed that although the present logo and product are suitable for globalization as they stand, we propose that the ‘Borders’ concept be adapted for different markets.RecommendationsWe recommend that further studies be carried out into the marketing strategies best suited to different European regions.2A Proposal to Research the Storage Facilityfor Spent Nuclear Fuel at Yucca MountainRoger BloomOctober 1997IntroductionNuclear power plants produce more than 20 percent of the electricity used in the United States [Murray, 1989]. Unfortunately, nuclear fission, the process used to create this large amount energy, creates significant amounts of high level radioactive waste. More than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. Because of the build-up of this waste, some power plants will be forced to shut down. To avoid losing an important source of energy, a safe and economical place to keep this waste is necessary. This document proposes a literature review of whether Yucca Mountain is a suitable site for a nuclear waste repository. The proposed review will discuss the economical and environmental aspects of a national storage facility. This proposal includes my methods for gathering information, a schedule for completing the review, and my qualifications.Statement of ProblemOn January 1, 1998, the Department of Energy (DOE) must accept spent nuclear fuel from commercial plants for permanent storage [Clark, 1997]. However, the DOE is undecided on where to put this high level radioactive waste. Yucca Mountain, located in Nevada, is a proposed site.There are many questions regarding the safety of the Yucca Mountain waste repository. Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory disagree over the long-term safety of the proposed high level nuclear waste site located in Nevada. In 1994, Charles Bowman, a researcher at Los Alamos, developed a theory claiming that years of storing waste in the mountain may actually start a nuclear chain reaction and explode, similar to an atomic bomb [Taubes, 1995]. The stir caused by theory suggests that researchers have not explored all sides of the safety issue concerning potentially hazardous situations at Yucca Mountain.Bowman's theory that Yucca Mountain could explode is based upon the idea that enough waste will eventually disperse through the rock to create a critical mass.A critical mass is an amount of fissile material, such as plutonium, containing enough mass to start a neutron chain reaction [Murray, 1989]. Bowman argues that if this chain reaction were started underground, the rocks in the ground would help keep the system compressed and speed up the chain reaction [Taubes, 1995]. A chain reaction formed underground could then generate huge amounts of energy in a fraction of a second, resulting in a nuclear blast. A nuclear explosion of this magnitude would emit large amounts of radioactivity into the air and ground water.Another safety concern is the possibility of a volcanic eruption in Yucca Mountain. The long-term nuclear waste storage facility needs to remain stable for at least 10,000 years to allow the radioactive isotopes to decay to natural levels [Clark, 1997]. There are at least a dozen young volcanoes within 40 kilometers of the proposed Yucca Mountain waste site [Weiss, 1996]. The proximity of Yucca Mountain to these volcanoes makes it possible to have a volcanic eruption pass through the spent fuel waste repository. Such a volcanic eruption could release damaging amounts of radioactivity to the environment.ObjectivesI propose to review the available literature about using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for spent nuclear fuel. In this review I will achieve the following two goals:(1) explain the criteria for a suitable repository of high-level radioactive waste; and(2) determine whether Yucca Mountain meets these criteria.According to the Department of Energy (DOE), a repository for high-level radioactive waste must meet several criteria including safety, location, and economics [Roush, 1995]. Safety includes not only the effect of the repository on people near the site, but also people along the transportation routes to the site.In my research I will consider both groups of people. As far as location, a waste site cannot be in an area with a large population or near a ground water supply. Also, because one of the most significant factors in determining the life span of a possible repository is how long the waste storage canisters will remain in tact, the waste site must be located in a dry climate to eliminate the moisture that can cause the waste canisters to corrode. The economics involved in selecting a site is another criterion. At present, the Department of Energy (DOE) has spent more than 1.7 billion dollars on the Yucca Mountain project [Taubes, 1995]. For that reason, much pressure exists to select Yucca Mountain as a repository site; otherwise,this money would have been wasted. Other costs, though, have to be considered. For instance, how economical is it to transport radioactive waste across several states to a single national site? I will try to account for as many of these other costs as possible.After explaining the criteria, I will assess how well Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. In this assessment, I will not assign a numerical score for each criterion. Rather, I will discuss qualitatively how well Yucca Mountain meets each criterion. In some situations, disagreement exists among experts as to how well Yucca Mountain meets a criterion. In such cases, I will present both sides. In this assessment, only Yucca Mountain will be considered as a possible site. Although many sites in the United States could meet the DOE's established criteria, I will consider only Yucca Mountain because the DOE is considering only Yucca Mountain [Taube, 1995].Plan of ActionThis section presents my plan for obtaining the objectives discussed in the previous section. There has been an increase of interest in the nuclear industry concerning the Yucca Mountain site because of the January 1,1998, deadline for the DOE. Several journal articles and papers discussing the possibility of Yucca Mountain as a spent fuel repository in our near future have surfaced as a consequence of that interest. These articles and books about the dangers of nuclear waste should provide sufficient information for me to complete my review. The following two paragraphs will discuss how I will use these sources in my research.The first goal of my research is to explain the criteria for determining whether a nuclear waste repository is suitable. For example, will the rock structure be able to withstand human invasion in the future [Clark, 1997]? What will happen if the waste containers corrode and do not last as long as predicted? Will the natural setting contain the waste? To achieve this goal, I will rely on "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Standards for Yucca Mountain" [Clark, 1997], the DOE Yucca Mountain home page [1997], and the book Understanding Radioactive Waste [Murray, 1989].A second goal of my literature review is to evaluate Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. I will base my evaluation on the sources mentioned above as well as specific Environmental Protection Agency standards. I also intend to research the validity of possible environmental disasters, such as the explosion theory. To accomplish this goal, I will rely on the paper presented by Clark [1997], and on the book Blowup at Yucca Mountain [Taubes, 1995].Because engineering students are the primary audience for my proposed research topic and may not be familiar with the history of nuclear waste, I will provide a background on past methods used for waste storage. People in the nuclear field with some knowledge of the waste problem facing the industry may be a secondary audience.Management PlanThis section presents my schedule, costs, and qualifications for completing the proposed research. This research culminates in a formal report, which will be completed by December 5, 1997. To reach this goal, I will follow the schedule presented in Figure 1. Since I already possess literature on the subject of Yucca Mountain as a nuclear waste site, most of my time will be spent sorting through the literature to find key results, and presenting those results to the audience.Figure 1. Schedule for completion of the literature review. The formal presentation will be on October 27, and the formal report will be completed by December 5.Given that all my sources are available through the University of Wisconsin library system, there is no appreciable cost associated with performing this review, unless one takes into consideration the amount of tuition spent on maintaining the university libraries. The only other minor costs are photocopying articles, creating transparencies for my presentation, printing my report, and binding my report. I estimate these expenses will not exceed $20.I am a senior in the Engineering Physics Department at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, majoring in nuclear engineering and physics. I have taken several classes related to nuclear waste, economics, and environmental studies. I believe that these courses will aid me in preparing the proposed review. For further information about my qualifications, see the attached resume.ConclusionMore than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. This document has proposed research to evaluate the possibility of using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for this spent nuclear fuel. The proposed research will achieve the following goals: (1) explain the criteria necessary to make a suitable high level radioactive waste repository, and (2) determine if Yucca Mountain meets these criteria. The research will include a formal presentation on November 11 and a formal report on December 5.ReferencesClark, Raymond L., "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Yucca Mountain," Proceedings of the 1997 Waste Management Conference (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997).（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。