操作系统复习相关词汇

1.Overview•CPU–multiprocessor, multi-computer, distributed systems(多重处理器、多处理器计算机、分布式系统)–Registers: PC, PSW–登记:电脑、PSW•Memory–Cost, access time, capacity–成本,读取时间,能力–Hierarchy–层级；等级制度•I/O Communication Techniques•I / O通信技术–Programmed I/O, Interrupt-driven I/O, DMA, Channel–规划I / O,轮询I / O,DMA、渠道•Categories of computer systems•类别的计算机系统–From the scale: Mainframe computer, Minicomputer, Microcomputer–从比例:主机电脑,小型计算机,微型计算机–Flynn Taxonomy—费林分类法•Operating System Objectives and Functions•操作系统的目标和功能–Convenience 便利–Efficiency 效率–Ability to evolve 能力| 演进能力•The Evolution of Operating Systems•操作系统的演化–Direct interacting with the computer hardware–计算机硬件直接互动–Monitor–监视器–Simple batch systems–简单批量系统–Multiprogramming or Multitasking–多道程序或多任务–Modern Operating Systems–现代操作系统| 作业系统•Operating System Types•内核–Real-Time SystemT real-time processing systemT即时系统| 实时系统T real-time control systemT实时控制系统T Features 特征–Reliability–信度–Protection for overloading–超载保护–Ability to control the human-machine interaction–控制人机交互能力–Interrupt processing–中断处理中断处理技术–Timer management–中断处理中断处理技术•Operating System Types•内核–Batch processing system–批处理系统T FeaturesT产品特点，特征–Batched–成批的–Multiprogramming–多道程序设计–The lack of interaction between the user and the job–缺乏互动的用户和工作–while it is executing–当它执行–Time-sharing system–分时系统T FeaturesT产品特点，特征–Simultaneity–同时性同时–Interactivity–互动性–Sharing–共享–Monopolization–垄断专利•Operating System Types•内核–Distributed systems–分布式系统T Advantages of distributed systems.T分布式系统的优点–Resources Sharing–资源共享区–Computation speed up – load sharing–计算速度,负载共享–Reliability–可靠性–Communications–通信通讯T Network Operating SystemT网络操作系统T Distributed Operating SystemT分布式操作系统•Modern Operating Systems•现代操作系统–Windows NT–微软公司的网络操作系统视窗新技网络窗口–UNIX–一种多用户的计算机操作系统•Other Issues•其他社会问题–Some concepts and Terms–一些概念与术语T User, Program, Job, Job StepT用户、程序、工作、工作步骤T Resources SharingT资源共享区T Sequential Execution vs. Concurrent Execution of A ProgramT序贯执行与一个程序的并行执行T MultiprogrammingT多道程序设计T RelocationT再定位重定位置T Timer and Timer QueueT定时器和定时器队列T PrimitiveT基元原语原始的•Interfaces of Operating Systems•界面的操作系统–Used for programs–用于项目T Consist of a set of system callT由一套系统调用–Used for users to control the processing–用于用户控制加工T Interfaces for online usersT在线用户接口–Command line interface–命令行界面–GUI–图形用户界面T Interfaces for offline usersT离线用户接口–Job Control Language–作业控制语言–Job control card (or job control description)–工作控制卡(或工作控制描述)2. Processes•Process•活动进程统计流程进程•Process States•过程状态–Two-State Process Model–候选过程模型–Five-State Model–Five-State模型–Seven-State Model with Two Suspend States–Seven-State模型和两个暂停状态•Vector tables, code mobility•矢量表,代码流动•Process Control Blocks•进程控制块•The Tree of Processes•这棵树的过程2.Threads 线程•Threads vs. Processes•线程与过程•User-Level Threads and Kernel-Level Threads•用户级线程和内核级线程•Thread Creation, Manipulation and Synchronization•线程创建、手段和同步3.Concurrency 并发•mutual exclusion and synchronization•相互排斥和同步•Competition Among Processes for Resources•竞争过程对资源的需求•Control Problems•控制问题–Mutual Exclusion–死锁条件互斥| 互斥T critical sectionsT临界区| 临界段|关键代码段–only one program at a time is allowed in its criticalsection–一次只有一个程序在它的临界区是允许的–example only one process at a time is allowed to sendcommand to the printer–例如一次只有一个过程可以发送指令到打印机–Deadlock–死锁–Starvation–饿死•The Critical-Section–The Principles to design the Critical-Section–设计Critical-Section原则T Mutual ExclusionT死锁条件互斥T ProgressT进度T Bounded WaitingT有限等待–Algorithms to solve the Critical-Section Problem–Critical-Section算法来解决问题–Synchronization Hardware–同步Hardwa•Semaphores•信号–Classical Problems of Synchronization–经典问题的不同步T Producer-Consumer Problem (Bounded-Buffer Problem)T Producer-Consumer问题(Bounded-Buffer问题)T Readers and Writers ProblemT读者和作者问题T Dining-Philosophers ProblemT Dining-Philosophers问题•Monitors•监视器｜显示器•Process Communication•过程通信｜进程通信｜进程通讯–Message Passing–信息传递•Sample Code•示例代码｜范例程式5. Deadlock and Starvation死锁,饥饿•Concepts•基本概念•Conditions for Deadlock•僵局条件–Mutual exclusion–死锁条件互斥–Hold-and-wait–No preemption–不可抢先| 剥夺条件–Circular wait–循环等待•Prevention•预防–Static allocation–静态分配| 静态存储分配–Sequential allocation–顺序配置•Avoidance•撤销| 回避–Banker’s Algorithm–银行的算法•Detection•检测| 检验–Resource-Allocation Graph–资源分配图•Recovery•恢复–Process Termination–过程终止–Resource Preemption–先分配6.Scheduling 进度安排•.Goals of Scheduling•目标调度问题的–Quick response time–快速响应时间–Fast throughput–快速吞吐量–Processor efficiency–处理器效率•Type of Scheduling•类型的调度–Long-term–持续时间较长的–Medium-term–中期–Short-term–短期•Decision Mode•判定方式–Nonpreemptive–非抢占式–Preemptive–先占式多任务•Scheduling Strategies•调度策略–FCFS–先来先服务–Priorities–优先等级| 优先顺序–Round-Robin (RR)–循环的–Shortest Job First (SJF)–优先法–Shortest Remaining Time First–最短时间先做–Highest Response Ratio First–响应比第一个最高–Multiple Feedback Queues–多重反馈排队7. Memory management 内存管理•Requirements•要求–Relocation–再定位| 重定位置–Protection–防护| 保障–Sharing–共享–Logical Organization–逻辑组织| 逻辑布局–Physical Organization–物理组织| 实体组织•Partitioning•分区| 分块–Fixed Partitioning–固定分区–Dynamic Partitioning–动态分区T Dynamic Partitioning Placement AlgorithmT动态分区布局算法–Best-fit algorithm–最佳适应算法–First-fit algorithm–首次适应算法–Circular First-fit (Next-fit)–循环First-fit•Paging•分页| 页式调度–Address Translation in a Paging System–地址转换在一个页面调度系统–Relocation–再定位| 重定位置–Page Tables–[计算机]页面表•Segmentation•分段–Address Translation in a Segmentation System–在分割地址转换系统8.Virtual memory 虚拟内存•Principle of Locality•局部性原理•Swapping and Overlay•交换和覆盖•Demand paging•请求页面调度–Fetch Policy–页策略–Placement Policy–放置策略–Replacement Policy–置换策略T Optimal policyT最佳策略T First-in, first-out (FIFO)T先进先出T Least Recently Used (LRU)T至少最近用T Not Used Recently (NUR)T Clock PolicyT时钟策略–Page Fault Handling Routine–页面错误处理程序•Combined Paging and Segmentation•段页式管理9. I/O Management and disk scheduling I / O管理和磁盘调度•Devices & Organization•设备和组织–Channels, Controllers and Devices–渠道、控制器和设备•SPOOLing System•假脱机系统•Buffering•缓冲•Disk Scheduling•磁盘调度–First-in, first-out (FIFO)–先进先出–Shortest Seek Time First (SSTF)–时间最短的先运行–SCAN–C-SCAN–N-step-SCAN and FSCAN10.File Management文件管理•Concepts: files, file systems•概念:文件,文件系统•File Organization•文件组织•Hierarchical, or Tree-Structured Directory •层次,或者Tree-Structured目录•Secondary Storage Management•二级存储器管理•File Sharing, and Security•文件共享、安全•File Manipulation•文件处理。