词性转换
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英语里通过加后缀来改变词性。
①常见的名词后缀有:-er thinker, teacher, driver(动词变名词) -or actor, visitor, conductor(动词变名词)-ist scientist, artist, chemist, terrorist(没变)-ian musician, mathematician(没变)-ese Chinese, Japanese (没变)-ness happiness, kindness, usefulness(形容词变名词)-tion preparation, education, communication(动词变名词)-ment movement, development, improvement(动词变名词)-ion discussion, commission, television(动词变名词)-ship friendship, hardship(名词、副词变名词)-hood childhood, boyhood(没变)-dom freedom, kingdom(形容词、名词变名词)-th truth, length, width(形容词变名词)
②常见的动词后缀有-ize realize, modernize, apologize(形容词或名词变为动词)-en widen, shorten, deepen(形容词变为动词)
③常见的形容词后缀有-ful useful, careful, wonderful(动词变形容词)-less careless, useless, helpless(动词变形容词)-ous dangerous, curious好奇的(名词变为形容词)-ly friendly, lovely (名词或动词变为形容词)-y rainy, sunny, snowy(动词变为形容词)-able comfortable, acceptable (动词或名词变为形容词)
动词变成名词后一般会有这几种类型:
1.名词和动词同形:
比较容易理解,这类词也比较多,如:
care,既可做动词, 意为:关心,担心,也可以当名词,意为:当心,小心,注意。
certificate,既可做动词,意为:用证书证明(认可),也可以当名词,意为:证明书,执照。
2.表示动作结果:
换言之,就是与这个动作相应的行为产生的条件的具体反应。如LZ所提的动词:provide(提供),provision(供应, 供给)
这一类一般有如下两个小分类:
A:一般以-t, -s, -se, -l, -n结尾的动词,构成名词时可以加-s(t)ure, 一般具有抽象意义,如:Depart(离去)v.-departure(离开)n. Fail(失败)v.-failure(失败)n. Press(压)v.-pressure(压力)n.
B:一般以-te, -de, -se. –ze,–ct.等结尾的动词,构成名词时可以加-ion,如:
Invite(邀请)v.-invitation(请帖)n. Protect(保护)v.-protection(保护)n.
Extend(伸展)v.-extension(伸张)n.
3.表示动作执行者(施事):
这个形式较为单一,一般只有加后缀-er(-eer, -ier) 或-or(-our),-ant,如:
lead(领导)v.-leader(领导人)n. murder(谋杀)v.-murderer(谋杀者)n.
engine (引擎)v.-engineer(技师)n.
或:
counsel(劝告)v.-counsel(l)or(顾问)n.
govern(统治)v.-governor(统治者)n.
或:
assist(帮助)v.-assistant(助手)n.
serve(服务)v.-servant(仆人)n.
4.表示动作被执行者(受事):这一类型较为常见的是后缀:-ee, 如:
employ(雇用)v. -employee(雇员)n. examine(检查)v. -examinee(考生)n.
5.表示动作的抽象意义:
一般只有具有抽象意义的动词,才能使用这种方法,构成名词,如:
fulfill(履行)v.-fulfil(l)ment(实现)n. judge(判断)v.-judg(e)ment(审判)n.
move(移动)v.-movement(运动)n. treat(对待)v.-treatment(待遇)n.
英语动词变形容词有什么规律
第一,后面加able,afford-affordable;以e结尾的动词则去e加able,love-lovable:表示具有此性质、特点或属性。
第二,后面加ed,scatter-scattered;以e结尾的动词则直接加d,use-used:表示被动性的属性或特点。
第三,不规则的动词则必须记忆,记住其过去分词形式规律不大,意义同上。
第四,后面加ing,run-running,die-dying,变为现在分词形式,有的去e加ing,有的双写加ing,有的改为y加ing,规律同现在分词,表示有正在主动的进行的属性或特点。
动词变形容词类:
1. 在动词后加后缀-ful, 如:
care→careful; use→useful; thank→thankful; help→helpful;
wonder→wonderful forget→forgetful
2.后加ED/ING等。如:INTEREST - --INTERESTED WOUND - --WOUNDED
在原动词后加
-ive; -able( 标有能力……) ; -ary ; -al -ed(表被动)
-ous -ior
动词变名词:
1.在词尾加er,r ,双写加er 或or:
A. play -player, sing -singer, wait - waiter , find-finder,
B. write - writer, drive - driver, come - comer, explore -explorerdance- dancer
C. run -runner, win- winner, rob -robber, travel - traveller
D. visit -visitor, invent -inventor
2. 在词尾加ing:
build -building, draw -drawing, end -ending, begin -beginning,
swim -swimming,skate-skating, feel -feeling, say -saying,
mean - meaning, cross- crossing,surf- surfing, paint -painting
3.在词尾加ion 或去e加ion:
A. decide - decision, describe -description, produce- production,
celebrate- celebration,pronounce-pronunciation, decorate - decoration
graduate -graduation,frustrate- frustration,pollute- pollution
contribute -contribution, congratulate -congratulation,
educate - education,organize- orgnization,donate- donation,
appreciate - appreciation,operate -operation, invite- invitation
B. discuss -discussion, invent -invention, attract -attraction
impress -impression,inject - injection,instruct- instruction
4.其它:
know -knowledge, please-pleasure, enjoy- enjoyment,
practise -practice,die-death, succeed -success, weigh -weight,
sit -deat, change -chance,enter -entrance,fly - flight,
rob -robbery, discover -discovery,faile- failure,appear -appearance,
breathe -breath