2023年医学考博试题
2023全国医学博士英语统一考试真题
2023全国医学博士英语统一考试真题题目一阅读理解针对下面的问题，请阅读以下材料：材料一1.The flu virus, also known as influenza, is a highly contagious respiratory illness. It spreads easily from person to person through tiny droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.2.The most effective way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu vaccine. The flu vaccine is designed to protect against the most prevalent strains of flu virus that are expected to circulate each year.3.In addition to getting vaccinated, there are other preventive measures that can help reduce the risk of getting the flu. These include washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.4.If a person does get the flu, it is important to rest, stay hydrated, and seek medical attention if symptoms worsen or persist.5.The flu virus can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, fatigue, and nasal congestion. It can also lead to serious complications, especially in young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems.材料二1.Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medical treatment that involves inserting thin needles at specific points on the body. It is believed to help restore the flow of qi (energy) and promote healing.2.Acupuncture has been used for thousands of years to treat various physical and mental conditions, including chronic pain, migraines, anxiety, and infertility.3.The World Health Organization recognizes acupuncture as a valid treatment for over 100 different conditions, including but not limited to allergies, asthma, depression, and insomnia.4.In recent years, acupuncture has gained popularity in Western countries as a complementary therapy alongside conventional medicine.5.The effectiveness of acupuncture still remains a subject of debate in the scientific community. Some studies have found it to be beneficial for certain conditions, while others have found no significant difference compared to sham acupuncture or other placebo treatments.问题1.What is the most effective way to prevent the flu?参考答案The most effective way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu vaccine.题目二词汇与语法根据句子上下文或词汇提示，在横线上填入正确的单词或词组。
2023年医学考博英语真题及答案
2023年医学考博英语真题及答案1、There _______ some milk in the glass. [单选题] *A. is(正确答案)B. areC. haveD. has2、We were caught in a traffic jam. By the time we arrived at the airport the plane _____. [单选题] *A. will take offB. would take offC. has taken offD. had taken off(正确答案)3、He was born in Canada, but he has made China his _______. [单选题] *A. familyB. addressC. houseD. home(正确答案)4、Sometimes Americans are said to be _____. [单选题] *A superficially friendB superficial friendC. superficial friendlyD. superficially friendly(正确答案)5、She’s _______ with her present _______ job. [单选题] *A. boring; boringB. bored; boredC. boring; boredD. bored; boring(正确答案)6、8．Turn right ________ Danba Road and walk ________ the road, then you will findMeilong Middle school. [单选题] *A．in...alongB．into...along (正确答案)C．in...onD．into...on7、Leave your key with a neighbor ___ you lock yourself out one day [单选题] *A. ever sinceB. even ifC. soon afterD. in case(正确答案)8、10．Mum, let me help you with your housework, so you ________ do it yourself. [单选题] * A．don’t need to(正确答案)B．need toC．don’t needD．need9、Betty works as a waitress to earn money for her education. [单选题] *A. 服务员(正确答案)B. 打字员C. 秘书D. 演员10、I like booking tickets online，because it is _______. [单选题] *A. boringB. confidentC. convenient(正确答案)D. expensive11、She was seen _____ that theatre just now. [单选题] *A. enteredB. enterC. to enter(正确答案)D. to be entering12、His new appointment takes（）from the beginning of next month. [单选题] *A. placeB. effect(正确答案)C. postD. office13、--Do you often go to the cinema _______ Sunday?--No, we _______. [单选题] *A. on; don’t(正确答案)B. on; aren’tC. in; doD. in; don’t14、Jeanne's necklace was _____ 500 francs at most. [单选题] *A. worthyB. costC. worth(正确答案)D. valuable15、It’s raining heavily outside. Don’t leave _______ it stops. [单选题] *A. whileB. sinceC. until(正确答案)D. when16、( ) You had your birthday party the other day,_________ [单选题] *A. hadn't you?B. had you?C. did you?D. didn't you?(正确答案)17、For more information, please _______ us as soon as possible. [单选题] *A. confidentB. confidenceC. contact(正确答案)D. concert18、If you do the same thing for a long time, you'll be tired of it. [单选题] *A. 试图B. 努力C. 厌倦(正确答案)D. 熟练19、Reading（）the lines, I dare say that the government are more worried than they admitted. [单选题] *A. behindB. between(正确答案)C. alongD. among20、You should finish your homework as soon as possible. [单选题] *A. 赶快地B. 尽能力C. 一...就D. 尽快地(正确答案)21、7．—________ is the Shanghai Wild Animal Park?—It’s 15km east of the Bund. [单选题] *A．WhoB．WhatC．WhenD．Where (正确答案)22、I should like to rent a house which is modern, comfortable and _____, in a quiet neighborhood. [单选题] *A.in allB. after allC. above all(正确答案)D. over all23、Don’t read in bed. It’s _______ your eyes. [单选题] *A. good atB. good forC. bad atD. bad for(正确答案)24、--Is that the correct spelling?--I don’t know. You can _______ in a dictionary [单选题] *A. look up itB. look it forC. look it up(正确答案)D. look for it25、I repeated my question several times. [单选题] *A. 到达B. 惊奇C. 重复(正确答案)D. 返回26、Was（）that I saw last night at the concert? [单选题] *A. it you(正确答案)B. not youC. youD. that yourself27、3．—Will you buy the black car?No, I won't. I will buya(n) ________ one because I don't have enough money. [单选题] *A．cheap(正确答案)B．expensiveC．highD．low28、This kind of banana tastes very _______. [单选题] *A. nice(正确答案)B. wellC. nicelyD. better29、Bill Gates is often thought to be the richest man in the world. _____, his personal life seems not luxury. [单选题] *A. MoreoverB. ThereforeC. However(正确答案)D. Besides30、____ is standing at the corner of the street. [单选题] *A. A policeB. The policeC. PoliceD. A policeman(正确答案)。
2023年医学博士考试真题及答案
2023年医学博士考试真题及答案
1. 题目：心脏病的常见症状包括哪些？
答案：心脏病的常见症状包括胸痛、心悸、呼吸困难、乏力等。
2. 题目：抗生素的作用是什么？
答案：抗生素是一种用于治疗感染性疾病的药物。
它可以通过
抑制或杀死病原体，阻止或减缓感染的发展。
3. 题目：什么是免疫系统？
答案：免疫系统是人体内一组组织、器官和细胞的集合，负责
保护机体免受外来物质和致病微生物的侵害。
4. 题目：请列举感染疾病的传播途径。
答案：感染疾病的传播途径包括空气飞沫传播、接触传播、食
品或水源传播等多种途径。
5. 题目：癌症是一种怎样的疾病？
答案：癌症是一种由异常细胞无限制生长和分裂导致的疾病。
它可以侵犯身体的多个组织和器官，并具有恶性转移的能力。
6. 题目：什么是心电图？
答案：心电图是一种记录心脏电活动的检测方法。
它可以显示
心脏在不同时间点的电压变化，用于判断心脏功能和心律是否正常。
以上是2023年医学博士考试真题及答案的一部分内容，供参考。
请注意，以上答案仅为参考，具体解答可能因人而异，应以正
式考试标准答案为准。
2023年医学博士英语作文真题
2023年医学博士英语作文真题In recent years, the field of medicine has witnessed rapid advancements and breakthroughs in various areas. As a medical doctoral candidate, I am thrilled to be part of this exciting era. In this essay, I will discuss some of the key advancements in medicine that are expected to shape the healthcare landscape in the year 2023.Firstly, the development of personalized medicine is anticipated to revolutionize patient care. With the advancement of genomic research and technology, doctors will be able to tailor treatment plans based on an individual's genetic makeup. This approach will enable more precise diagnoses and targeted therapies, leading to improved patient outcomes. Personalized medicine will not only enhance the effectiveness of treatments but also minimize adverse reactions and side effects.Secondly, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into healthcare systems will play a significant role in improving diagnostics and patient management. AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of medical data, including patient records, lab results, and imaging studies, to provide accurate and timely diagnoses. Moreover, AI-powered systems can assist healthcare professionals in treatment planning, predicting disease progression, and identifying potential complications. This integration of AI will enhance the efficiency and accuracy of medical practice, ultimately benefiting patients and healthcare providers alike.Another significant advancement in medicine expected in 2023 is the widespread use of telemedicine. Telemedicine allows patients to consult with healthcare professionals remotely, eliminating the need for in-person visits. This approach is particularly beneficial for individuals living in remote areas or those with limited mobility. Telemedicine not only increases access to healthcare but also reduces healthcare costs and improves patient convenience. With the continuous improvement of internet connectivity and telecommunication technologies, telemedicine is poised to become an integral part of healthcare delivery in the near future.Furthermore, the development of regenerative medicine holds great promise for the treatment of various diseases and injuries. Stem cell research and tissue engineering techniques are advancing rapidly, allowing scientists to grow replacement organs and tissues in the laboratory. These advancements have the potential to revolutionize transplantation medicine, as patients will no longer have to wait for organ donors. Additionally, regenerative medicine may offer new treatment options for conditions such as spinal cord injuries, heart disease, and neurodegenerative disorders.Lastly, the field of medical robotics is expected to make significant strides in 2023. Robotic-assisted surgeries have already shown tremendous potential in improving surgical precision and reducing invasiveness. As technology continues to advance, robots will become more integrated into surgical procedures, allowing for even greater precision and efficiency. Additionally, medical robots can be utilized in tasks such as drug delivery, patient monitoring, and rehabilitation, further enhancing patient care.In conclusion, the year 2023 is poised to witness several groundbreaking advancements in the field of medicine. From personalized medicine to AI integration, telemedicine, regenerative medicine, and medical robotics, these advancements will significantly impact patient care and outcomes. As a medical doctoral candidate, I am excited to be part of this transformative era and look forward to contributing to these advancements in the years to come.。
2023医学博士英语作文真题
2023医学博士英语作文真题The Role of Technology in Transforming Medical Education.In the rapidly evolving landscape of healthcare, technology has emerged as a transformative force, profoundly shaping the delivery of medical care and the education of future physicians. The integration of cutting-edge advancements into medical curricula has the potential to revolutionize the way students learn, engage with patients, and prepare for their professional responsibilities.Simulation and Virtual Reality: Enhancing Clinical Skills.One of the most significant impacts of technology in medical education lies in the realm of simulation and virtual reality (VR). These technologies allow students to practice medical procedures and scenarios in a safe andcontrolled environment, bridging the gap betweentheoretical knowledge and practical experience. Simulation-based training enables learners to develop proficiency in a wide range of clinical skills, from surgical techniques to patient communication, without the risks associated with real-life patient interactions.VR, in particular, offers an immersive and realistic experience that transports students into virtual operating rooms or patient consultation settings. This technology allows for highly interactive and personalized training, enabling learners to repeat procedures as needed and receive immediate feedback from instructors. The use of simulation and VR has been shown to improve students' confidence, procedural skills, and diagnostic abilities.E-Learning and Online Resources: Expanding Educational Accessibility.Technology has also revolutionized the delivery of medical education through e-learning platforms and online resources. These tools provide learners with access to avast repository of educational materials, including lectures, videos, and case studies, which they can accessat their own pace and convenience. Online learning modules allow students to revisit difficult concepts, collaborate with peers, and engage in self-directed learning, enhancing their understanding and knowledge retention.E-learning platforms have also expanded theaccessibility of medical education to students from diverse backgrounds and geographic locations. By breaking down traditional barriers to education, such as time and distance, online resources empower learners to pursue medical careers regardless of their circumstances.Artificial Intelligence: Personalized Learning and Clinical Decision Support.Artificial intelligence (AI) is another emerging technology that holds immense promise for medical education. AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of medical data to identify patterns and make predictions, providing students with personalized learning experiences. AI-powered tutoringsystems can adapt to each student's individual needs and learning style, offering targeted feedback and support.In the clinical setting, AI systems can assist physicians with diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient monitoring. By analyzing electronic health records, imaging data, and other sources of information, AI can helpidentify potential risks, suggest appropriate interventions, and support evidence-based decision-making. This technology can enhance the quality and efficiency of healthcaredelivery while providing valuable learning opportunitiesfor medical students.Telemedicine and Remote Collaboration: ExpandingPatient Care.The advent of telemedicine has transformed the way healthcare is delivered by enabling remote consultations between patients and healthcare providers. This technology has significantly expanded access to medical services, particularly for patients in remote or underserved areas. Telemedicine platforms also facilitate collaborationbetween healthcare professionals, allowing for expert consultations and interdisciplinary care.For medical students, telemedicine offers opportunities to observe and participate in patient encounters remotely. This experience broadens their exposure to diverse patient populations and healthcare settings, preparing them for the challenges of real-world practice. Additionally, telemedicine can foster interprofessional collaboration by connecting students with other healthcare professionals, such as nurses, pharmacists, and social workers.Ethical Considerations and the Future of Medical Education.While technology holds immense potential for transforming medical education, it is essential to consider the ethical implications of its use. Issues such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the potential for AI to replace human interaction must be carefully addressed. Medical educators and policymakers must work together to develop ethical guidelines and best practices for theintegration of technology into medical curricula.Looking ahead, the future of medical education will undoubtedly be shaped by ongoing advancements in technology. Emerging technologies, such as augmented reality (AR) and wearable devices, offer exciting possibilities for enhancing student learning and clinical practice. AR can superimpose digital information over the real world, providing learners with real-time guidance duringprocedures or patient interactions. Wearable devices can monitor physiological parameters and provide feedback to students and instructors, facilitating personalizedtraining and performance assessment.Conclusion.In conclusion, technology has emerged as atransformative force in medical education, revolutionizing the way students learn, engage with patients, and preparefor their professional responsibilities. Simulation, e-learning, AI, telemedicine, and other emerging technologies offer immense potential for enhancing clinical skills,expanding educational accessibility, personalizing learning experiences, and improving healthcare delivery. However, it is crucial to consider the ethical implications of technology use and to ensure that its integration into medical curricula aligns with the values of patient care, professionalism, and lifelong learning. As we embrace the future of medical education, we must harness the transformative power of technology to create a learning environment that empowers students to become compassionate and competent physicians, prepared to meet the ever-evolving challenges of healthcare in the 21st century.。
2023年06月2023浙江金华市中心医院医疗集团(医学中心)博士研究生招聘6人笔试参考题库含答案解
2023年06月2023浙江金华市中心医院医疗集团（医学中心）博士研究生招聘6人笔试参考题库含答案解析（图片大小可自由调整）第一卷一.单选题(共25题)1.心跳骤停后碱性药物的应用中，下列说法正确的是：()A.动脉注射B.静脉注射C.心内注射，同时静脉注射D.每10min静脉注射一次E.心内注射，按摩过久可每10min注射一次2.复杂性尿路感染病原菌谱哪项是正确的A.75%为大肠埃希菌B.大肠埃希菌不足50%C.25%局限于表皮葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷白菌等D.多为多种细菌混合感染E.以上均不正确3.有关妊娠期血液系统的变化，以下描述正确的是A.妊娠期由于血液高凝，血流黏稠度增加B.妊娠期血细胞增加，临产及产褥期显著增加C.妊娠期血小板增加D.妊娠期凝血因子大多增加E.妊娠期于孕32～34周血容量达高峰，增加25%～30%4.有关过期妊娠的相关因素，下述描述错误的是A.前列腺素作用受到抑制B.雌、孕激素比例失调导致雌激素优势C.胎先露对宫颈内口及子宫下段的刺激不强D.胎儿肾上腺皮质萎缩E.胎盘硫酸酯酶缺乏症5.筛查子宫内膜癌时首选以下哪种方法A.分段诊断性刮宫B.宫腔镜检查C.阴道镜下宫颈活检术D.宫颈刮片细胞学检查E.经宫颈管吸取宫腔液细胞学检查6.患者，女性，35岁，外伤后患肢垂腕畸形，各指间、掌指关节不能伸直，拇指不能伸直，手背桡侧皮肤感觉麻木，考虑哪条神经损伤A.尺神经B.桡神经C.正中神经D.腋神经E.肌皮神经7.下列糖原累积症类型除了哪一型外，主要累积肝脏为主A.糖原累积症Ⅰ型B.糖原累积症Ⅲ型C.糖原累积症Ⅳ型D.糖原累积症Ⅴ型E.糖原累积症Ⅵ型8.对于骨盆底的叙述，下列哪项恰当A.肛门外括约肌属盆膈范畴B.中层为泌尿生殖膈C.外层为盆膈D.球海绵体肌有松弛阴道作用E.肛提肌是组成骨盆底的小肌肉9.下列关于胎儿肾上腺哪项是错误的A.是第一个发育的内分泌腺B.主要由胎儿带组成，占85%以上C.能产生硫酸脱氢表雄酮，与雌三醇合成有关D.测定孕妇血或尿雌三醇，可了解胎儿胎盘功能E.无脑儿肾上腺萎缩，易发生过期妊娠10.有关医师责任心叙述正确的是（）A.责任心是医师职业道德的次要部分B.医师的责任心仅仅体现在诊疗过程中C.医师高度的责任心应贯穿执业全过程D.责任心与医师医疗技术的实现没有必然联系E.责任心与有可能发生的医疗风险之间无必然联系11.社区获得性肺炎中，最常见的革兰阴性杆菌是A.流感嗜血杆菌B.铜绿假单胞菌C.大肠杆菌D.军团菌E.肺炎克雷伯杆菌12.产后寒战、高热39℃以上，下腹压痛，子宫稍大，压痛，一侧子宫旁组织增厚，压痛明显。
2023年中国农科院历年考博试题汇总
中国农科院历年考博基因工程概论试题2023年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一、简答题1、聚丙烯酰胺、琼脂糖在dna电泳中的区别是什么？2、举出动物转基因的两种方法，并说明其原理。
3、双脱氧法测序的原理。
4、以拟南芥或玉米为例，说明转座子标签法进行基因转移的原理。
5、southern印迹的原理及应用。
三、试论述植物基因工程研究进展以及在农业生产上的意义。
2023年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一、名词解释1、限制性内切酶2、同裂酶3、核酶4、2μ环5、hat选择6、ti质粒7、t-dna8、同功trna9、反义trna 10、有义链11、α互补12、基因文库13、cdna 14、染色体步查二．简答题01、举两种植物基因转移的方法?简述其原理。
2、southern印迹的基本原理，这种方法有何应用。
3、噬菌体与cos作载体有何区别？4、aflp的原理及其应用5、普通pcr与rapd有何区别，何谓普通pcr？6、何谓双元载体，简述其组装过程及其作用机理？三、判断题1、无论用哪种转化方法均可用pbr322作载体2、进入细菌的外来dna之所以被降解，是由于细菌只修饰自身dna，不修饰外来dna3、只有粘粒端才可以被连接起来4、用自身作引物合成的cdna链，往往cdna并不完整1998年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一、什么是基因工程，基因工程在农业生产上有何意义？二、简答：1、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和琼脂糖凝胶电泳应用有何特点？2、举两种植物基因转移的方法?简述其原理。
3、双脱氧法测序的原理4、转座子标签法克隆植物基因的原理5、southern印迹的基本原理，这种方法有何应用？6、在dna复制过程中会形成一种复制体（replisome）的结构，它是由哪几部分组成的？7、sanger测序法的基本原理是什么？1999年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一．名词解释：1．cdna 2 ti质粒3. 2u环4. hat选择5 a互补6 yac 7 转导8 基因文库9 限制性内切酶10 染色体步查二．问答题：1 举例说明两种植物转基因的方法。
2023医学博士英语作文真题
2023医学博士英语作文真题英文回答：First, the accelerated pace of technological advancements is transforming the healthcare landscape, leading to the development of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic tools that can improve patient outcomes and enhance the efficiency of healthcare delivery. AI-powered algorithms can analyze vast amounts of patient data to identify patterns and predict disease risks, enabling personalized and preventive care. Telemedicine platforms allow patients to connect with healthcare providers remotely, increasing accessibility and convenience. 3D printing technology enables the fabrication of customized medical devices and prosthetics, tailored to individual patient needs.Second, the aging population presents both challenges and opportunities for healthcare systems worldwide. As people live longer, the prevalence of chronic diseases suchas dementia, cardiovascular disease, and cancer increases. This trend necessitates the development of innovative healthcare strategies that focus on managing chronic conditions, promoting healthy aging, and providing long-term care. Telehealth and home-based care services can play a crucial role in delivering care to aging populations, enabling them to stay independent and connected to healthcare services.Third, the growing emphasis on patient-centered care is reshaping healthcare delivery models. Patients are increasingly becoming active participants in their own healthcare decisions, seeking information and support to make informed choices. Healthcare providers are adopting a more holistic approach to patient care, considering the patient's physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Shared decision-making, patient education, and patient empowerment are becoming integral components of healthcare delivery.Fourth, the increasing prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovasculardisease, is posing significant challenges to healthcare systems. These diseases are often preventable through healthy lifestyle choices and early intervention. Healthcare providers are playing a proactive role in promoting healthy behaviors, providing nutrition and exercise counseling, and implementing community-based programs to address these issues.Fifth, the rising cost of healthcare is a major concern for individuals and healthcare systems alike. The development of innovative payment models, such as value-based care, is being explored to reduce costs and improve the quality and efficiency of care. Healthcare providers are also focusing on reducing unnecessary procedures and optimizing the use of resources to control costs.中文回答：1、科技进步推动医疗保健转型。
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2023 医学考博试题
2023 年中山大学肿瘤防治中心分子医学专业考博试题
生物化学〔一〕六选五
1.米氏方程式公式是什么？Km，Vmax 的意义。
三种可逆性抑制剂存在状况下，Km，Vmax 的变化。
2.如何进展克隆的构建以及质粒的扩增与抽提？
3.年轻的细胞分子机制〔至少五点并作解释〕。
4.分子量 20KD，PI=
5.5 的核蛋白的抽提。
5.蛋白质的翻译后修饰及生理作用，写出修饰的氨基酸。
6.可以进展分子标记三种酶，并比较底物和作用方式。
细胞生物学六选五
1.应用抗原抗体反响的分子生物学技术〔至少五种〕
2.比较细胞自噬，细胞凋亡，细胞坏死
3.细胞骨架的组成及如何调控胞质分裂和核分裂
4.细胞周期各时期的物质合成
5.膜泡运输的方式及调控
2023 中山医肿瘤学考博真题
必答题〔15*4〕
1.良恶性肿瘤的区分
2.肿瘤三级预防的定义和方法
3. 简述其次信使
4. P53 基因特别表达的形式
选答题〔6 选2 20*2〕 5. 肿瘤化疗用药的原则
6. NHL 和 HL 的区分〔病理类型上，治疗方案上〕
7. 食管癌手术的留意事项
8.乳腺癌放疗原则
9. 对不起忘啦
10.肿瘤干细胞的定义和特征
11.试验设计题，给出肿瘤转移可能相关基因，设计试验进展功能验证 12. 细胞周期各期特点和关键 check-point
2023 年浙大考博专业根底课--病理与病理生理学真题〔回忆版〕
病理学局部
一、名词解释〔3*8〕：表观遗传学，细胞信号传导，DNA 甲基化，凋亡，基因芯片，转录因子，异型性，癌前病变
二、简答题〔六选三，3*12〕： 1.简述病毒与肿瘤的关系。
2.请简述肿瘤的分子分型。
3.目前结直肠癌发生的分子机制有几种，请你谈谈你的评价。
4.消化道常见的溃疡性病变有哪些〔至少4种〕及其病理学特点及鉴别要点。
5.肿瘤上皮间质转化〔EMT〕的概念，它与肿瘤存在哪些联系，谈谈你所了解的机制。
6.免疫组织化学技术的概念及其应用范围。
病理生理学局部〔四选二，2*20〕
1.抑癌基因失活的机制有哪些？请举例说明其在肿瘤发生进展中的作用。
2. 缺氧时组织细胞的病理生理学变化。
3.心衰的概念及其发病机制。
4.肝性脑病的概念及其发病机制。
2023 年南方医科大学病理生理学试题〔专业根底课〕一、简答题〔8 分〕
1、左心衰和右心衰导致的水肿在表现特点及发生气制、治疗上有何异同点？
2、心功能的评价指标有哪些？举例说明其临床意义？
3、简述疾病与安康的关系，举例说明外环境及遗传因素对疾病发生的影响？
4、血管内皮细胞在凝血和抗凝过程中的作用？
5、何为炎症？细胞因子如何参与炎症反响？
二、问答题〔3 选 2,每题 20 分〕1、何为发热？简述发热的发生气制2、
简述凋亡的形态构造和生物化学特征变化及其发生的分子生物学机制
3、依据休克的微循环障碍争论病因的因果辩证关系
三、病例分析〔20 分〕：
一个青年男性，严峻外伤骨折后发生了肺部感染，尿量削减，后来进展至无尿、氮质血症，合并呼衰〔给出了相应的血气值，是1 型呼衰〕、心衰〔咳粉红色泡沫痰〕，大致这样问：1.该患者诊断最可能是什么？
2.该患者有没有呼吸衰竭？发生气制？为什么吸入 70%的氧气不能订正低氧
血症？
3.该患者有没有发生肾衰？发生气制是什么？ 2023 年南方医科大学肾内科
考博内科学试题内科总论局部〔共28 分〕
一、名词解释〔5 选4，每题 3 分，共 12 分〕 1、结节性红斑 2、胸语音
3、负性心尖搏动
4、罗夫辛征
5、尿比密
二、简答题〔3 选2，每题 8 分，共16 分〕 1、简述导致心尖移位的生理性因素？
2、哪些状况下肺部叩诊可消灭浊鼓音？
3、哪些疾病可以引起轻度脾大、中度脾大及重度脾大？内科专业局部〔肾病〕〔共72 分〕三、简答题〔每题 8 分，共 32 分〕
1、肾病综合征的糖皮质激素治疗原则及方案？
2、马兜铃酸肾病的临床表现及病理学特征？
3、ANCA 相关性肾脏损伤的病理学特征？常见于哪些疾病类型？
4、什么是透析失衡综合征？透析失衡综合征的临床表现及发病机制？四、论述题〔20 分〕 1、简述肾脏的内分泌功能
2、简述球-管平衡和管-球反响理论
2023 南京医科大学，医学免疫学，学科代码 2023，真题回忆。
简答题：挨次可能不是这样的，6*10 分
固有免疫和适应性免疫，区分完全抗原和不完全抗原
细胞因子的特点
CTL 细胞、Th 细胞和 B 细胞概念和功能 II 型超敏反响的机制体液免疫应答的一般规律
论述题：2*20 分
IgG、IgM、IgA、IgE、IgD 的主要特性和主要功能肿瘤细胞逃逸免疫杀伤的机制
2023 大连医科大学，外科学，真题回忆。
大连医科大学今年的外科试题与前两年相比，比较简洁。
各个三级学科，如普外，骨外，胸外，泌尿外科，脑外等，考博试卷均为一张外科学试题，先回忆如下：
名词解释：
1.颅内压
2.创伤性窒息
3.血尿
4.骨筋膜室综合征
5.c olles 骨折
6.MODS
7.AOSC
8.littre 疝简洁题：
1. 脑动静脉畸形临表及治疗
2.早期食管癌临表
3.膀胱癌病理分型
4.骨折临床愈合标准
5.脊髓损伤病理类型
6.高钾血症的治疗
7.甲状腺术后并发症
8.胃大切早期并发症
9.肝内胆管结石治疗原则论述题：
1.垂体腺瘤内分泌根底，临表，检查，治疗
2.骨肉瘤的临表及治疗进展
3.上消化道出血病因及处理原则
4.急性肾衰治疗原则
5.恶性肿瘤的临表
首都医科大学普外专业解剖题回忆
名词解释：导静脉，心纤维骨骼，海马构造，Kock 三角，坐骶弓，楔束(英文)，乳糜池(英文)，Mechal 憩室，剩下的仨忘了。
没有选择题。
简答题：Bruca 区位置、功能及损伤后表现，胃的动脉血供，子宫阔韧带位置作用及分部，剩下仨忘了。
论述题：1、网膜囊及网膜孔的构成，胃后壁穿孔后流到哪 2、瞳孔对光反射相关的构造有哪些？ 3、翼腭窝组成及与四周相通关系 4、腋窝淋巴结及引流南方医科大学2023 分子生物学专基一，简答(8 选5,40 分)1,基因芯片 2,DNA 复制特点
3,质粒如何改造，更适于基因工程应用 4,遗传密码特点
5,原核生物基因表达特点 6,组蛋白与非组蛋白特点 7,依据拷贝数基因分类8,双向电泳及应用二，论述(3*20)
1,非编码 RNA 种类及如何用二代测序争论它
2,循环肿瘤 DNA，如何用分生方法争论它，争论它的价值 3,癌症为何具有危害性，其防治存在哪些困难
北京协和医学院 2023 年考博免疫学试题
一、名词解释：T 细胞的阳性和阴性选择；补体激活途径；PRR 和PAMP；趋化细胞因子及趋化细胞因子受体；初始T 细胞、效应T 细胞、记忆T 细胞；直接抗原提呈和穿插抗原提呈；I 型超敏反响；造血干细胞；还有两个就没看懂啥意思，回来翻书也没找到；
二、选择题：太多了想不起来了，不是特别难；其它战友努力回忆一下吧！
三、简答题：1.BCR 基因重排和 Ig 类别转化；2.固有免疫和适应性免疫；3. 炎症反响
四、论述题：1.肿瘤的特异性免疫治疗和非特异性免疫治疗；2.HLAI 类和II 类分子的构造、区分和功能如何；
中山大学病理生理学 A
名词解释：renal osteodystrophy; schistocyte;
standard bicarbonate myocardial stunning 问答：。