clil_glossary
IGCSE生物复习glossary
Glossaryabdomenabsorptionacid rain active transportadaptation aerobic respiration alimentary canalallelealveoliamino acidamnionamniotic fluidamylaseanaemia lower part of the body in humans, between the ribs and hip bonesmovement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood or lymphAir pollution produced when acid chemicals are incorporated into rain, snow, fog or mist. The "acid" in acid rain comes from sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, products of burning coal and other fuels and from certain industrial processes.movement of ions in or out of a cell through the cell membrane, from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration against a concentration gradient, using energy released during respirationfeatures of living things that help them survive in their environmentthe release of a relatively large amount of energy in cells by the breakdown of food substances in the presence of oxygenthe passage along which food passes through the body, from mouth to anusone of two or more alternative forms of a geneair sacs in the lungs through which gas exchange takes placethe basic building block of proteinsthe innermost membrane enclosing the embryothe fluid surrounding the developing fetus that is found within the amniotic sac contained in the mother's womb a digestive enzyme, produced largely by the pancreas and salivary glands, which converts starches to sugars below normal levels of red blood cells or haemoglobin, or both, which can be caused by many different conditions, including iron deficiencyanaerobic respirationanther antibioticantioxidantanusaortaartery arteriole the release of a relatively small amount of energy by the breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen pollen-producing oval body at the tip of a stamena class of natural and synthetic compounds that inhibit the growth of, or kill, other micro-organismsa molecule that is capable of reacting with free radicals and neutralising themthe opening to the anal canalthe largest artery; it leaves the heartblood vessel that carries blood away from the heart small, elastic blood vessel that arises from arteries and leads into capillariesartificial selection selective breedingasexual reproduction assimilationatomauxinaxonbacteriabilebile ductbile saltsbinomialbiodegradable the process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parentmaking use of molecules that have been absorbed from fooda chemical unit that is the smallest particle of an element still retaining its propertiesa type of plant hormone that elongates cells in seedlings, shoot tips, embryos and leavespart of a neurone that allows electrical signals to pass throughvery small single-celled organismsa liquid produced by the liver that helps in digestion of fatsthe passage from the liver to the duodenumsalts in the bile that help break fat into tiny dropletsa system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus and species able to be broken down by bacteria and other micro-organismsbiomassbolusbronchibronchiolescaninescapillaries carbohydrase carbon dioxidecarnivorecatalystcell wallcellcervix chlorophyll chloroplasts chromosome ciliary muscles codominantcolon community concentrationgradientconesconsumer the mass of a living organisma ball of foodtubes through which air passes, between the trachea and the smaller bronchiolessmall tubes that branch from each of the bronchi pointed teeth used for bitingtiny blood vesselsenzyme that digests carbohydrategas produced during respiration and used up during photosynthesisan animal that gets its energy by eating other animalsa substance that speeds up a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reactionthe outer part of a plant cell, made of cellulosethe basic ‘building block’ of living thingsthe neck of the wombgreen pigment in plants, involved in photosynthesis structures containing chlorophylla thread of DNA, made up of a string of genesring of muscles holding the eye lensalleles both having an effect in a heterozygous organism first part of the large intestineall the different species in a habitata difference in concentration across a materiallight-sensitive cells in the retina, responsible for colour visionan organism that gets its energy by feeding on other organismscontractioncorneacoronary heartdisease coronary arteriescrustaceanscytoplasmdeaminationdecomposersdeficiency diseasedenaturingdendritesdenitrifying bacteriadialysisdiaphragmdiffusiondigestiondiploid nucleusDNAdominant double circulatorysystem in muscle tissue, the shortening of cellsthe front of the eye, responsible for most of the focusing disease in which the coronary arteries get blocked or damagedarteries that deliver blood to the heart musclesa group of arthropods including crabs, shrimp and woodlicejelly-like substance in cellsremoval of nitrogen from amino acidsan organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic matterdisease caused by lack of a particular nutrient breakdown of an enzyme caused by a high temperature threads of cytoplasm in a neurone that pick up electrical signalsbacteria that turn ammonia and nitrates back to nitrogen filtering a patient’s blood in a similar way to a kidney muscular sheet below the ribs and lungsthe net movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movementthe breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, water-soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processesa nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes (e.g. in body cells)deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule from which genes are composedan allele that is expressed if it is present (e.g. T or G)a system in which the blood goes through the heart twicedrugduodenumecosystemeffectorsegestionembryoemphysema endocrine systemenzymesepidermis eutrophicationevolutionexcretionexoskeletonfaeces Fallopian tubefatty acidsfertilisationfetusfibre any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the bodyfirst part of the small intestinea unit containing all of the organisms and their environment, interacting together, in a given area e.g. decomposing log or a lakeparts of the body that respond to changespassing out of food that has not been digested through the anus as faecesan unborn offspring during the first eight weeks after conceptioncondition of the lungs causing breathlessness communication system that uses hormonesproteins that function as biological catalystslayers of cells at the surface of a leaflack of oxygen in water caused by excessive plant nutrientsprocess by which different kinds of organism develop from earlier onesremoval from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration) and substances in excess of requirementshard outer covering of the bodywaste products of digestiontube leading from the ovary to the uterus, through which an egg must passpart of a fat moleculeprocess by which a sperm combines with an eggan unborn offspring after the first eight weeks after conceptionroughage in the dietfibrinfibrinogenfood chainfood webfossil fuelsgall bladdergametesgastric juicegenes genetic engineering genotypesgeotropismglucagonglucoseglycogengrowthguard cellshaemoglobin haploid nucleus an insoluble protein that gets tangled up with blood cells to produce a blood clota soluble protein in blood plasmaa chart showing the flow of energy (food) from one organism to the next, beginning with a producer (e.g. mahogany tree →caterpillar → song bird → hawk)a network of interconnected food chains showing the energy flow through part of an ecosystemfuels such as coal, oil and gas formed from remains of living things that existed millions of years agobile is stored in the gall bladdermale or female germ cell (a sperm or egg)fluid that mixes with food in the stomachA length of DNA that is the unit of heredity and contains codes for a specific protein. A gene may be copied and passed on to the next generation.taking a gene from one species and putting it into another speciesgenetic makeup of an organism in terms of the alleles present (e.g. Tt or GG)a response in which a plant grows towards or away from gravityhormone that increases blood glucose concentrationa type of sugara polysaccharide, used as an energy storea permanent increase in size and dry mass, by an increase in cell number or cell size, or bothin a leaf, the guard cells change shape to open or close the stomataa protein in blood, responsible for carrying oxygena nucleus containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes (e.g. sperm and egg)herbivorehermaphroditeheterozygoushomeostasishomozygoushormoneshyphaeileum immunosuppressantdrugsincisorsingestioninheritanceinorganicinsulin intercostal musclesiriskidney tubuleskwashiorkorlactaselactic acidlactose an animal that gets its energy by eating plantshaving both male and female characteristicshaving two different alleles of a particular gene (e.g. Tt or Gg), not pure-breedingthe maintenance of a constant internal environment Having two identical alleles of a particular gene (e.g. TT or gg). Two identical homozygous individuals that breed together will be pure-breeding.a chemical substance, produced by a gland, carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs and is then destroyed by the liver threads making up the main body of a funguslatter part of the small intestinesubstance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the bodybiting teethtaking substances (e.g. food, drink) into the body through the mouththe transmission of genetic information from generation to generationsubstances that do not derive from living thingshormone that helps reduce a high blood glucose levelmuscles between the ribscoloured part of the eye that changes shape to control amount of light entering the eyetiny tubes in the kidney that play a role in filtering the bloodcondition caused by lack of protein in the dietenzyme that breaks down lactosea waste product of anaerobic respirationa type of sugarlarge intestinelimiting factorlipaseslipidslumenlymphlymphocytesmalariamaltasemaltosemeiosis menstrual cyclemenstruationmesophyll metabolic reactionsmicropylemitosismolarsmutationmyceliummyriapodnarcoticnerve cellneurone part of the intestine where remaining water and inorganic ions pass into the bloodsomething present in the environment in such short supply that it restricts life processesenzymes that break down fatsan alternative name for fatsspace in the veins through which blood flowstissue fluid in the lymphatic capillarieswhite blood cells that kill pathogensdisease caused by a parasite carried by mosquitoes enzyme that breaks down maltosea type of sugarreduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploidprocess of menstruation and ovulationdischarge of blood from the lining of the uterusinner tissue of a leafchemical reactions that take place in cellssmall opening in the surface of an ovulenuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells in which the chromosome number is maintained by the exact duplication of chromosomesgrinding teetha change in a gene or chromosomethe main body of a fungusan arthropod with many legsaddictive drugcell that carries electrical signalsalternative name for a nerve cellnicotine nitrifying bacterianitrogen-fixingbacterianucleusnutritionobesityoesophagusoestrogenoptic nerveorganorgan systemsorganicosmosisovaryoviductovulationovulesoxygen debtoxyhaemoglobin addictive drug found in tobaccobacteria that change proteins in organic material into ammonia and nitratesbacteria that change nitrogen from the air into ammoniapart of a cell that contains genetic materialtaking in of nutrients that are organic substances and mineral ions, containing raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating themcondition of being severely overweighttube connecting mouth and stomachhormone that controls development of female characteristicsnerve connecting retina to braina structure made up of a group of tissues working together to perform specific functionsa group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functionsderived from living thingsthe diffusion of water molecules from a region of their higher concentration (dilute solution) to a region of their lower concentration (concentrated solution), through a partially permeable membranethe organ in which eggs (ova) are producedtube through which an egg leaves the ovaryprocess by which an egg is released from the ovary part of the ovary of a plant; becomes the seed after fertilisationcondition after exercise during which extra oxygen is needed to break down lactic acidmolecule formed when haemoglobin combines with oxygenpalisade cellspancreas pancreatic juice partially permeablepathogenpectinasepenicillinpepsinperistalsisphagocytesphenotypephloem tubes photosynthesisphototropismplacentaplasmaplasmolysedpollinationpopulation cells near the surface of a leaf where most of the photosynthesis takes placegland containing pancreatic juicefluid containing enzymes that help digestionallowing some substances through, but not othersa harmful organismenzyme that helps to break down cell walls in fruitan antibiotica protein-digesting enzymeprocess by which muscles in the wall of the intestine cause food to be pushed alongwhite blood cells that surround and digest harmful bacteriathe physical or other features of an organism due to both its genotype and its environment (e.g. tall plant or green seed)tubes that transport sugars around a plantthe fundamental process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from lighta response in which a plant grows towards or away from the direction from which light is comingorgan in the uterus that provides nutrients for the fetus watery constituent of blood that contains many dissolved substancescondition when the surface membrane of a plant cell is pulled away from the cell wallthe transfer of pollen grains from the male part of the plant (anther of stamen) to the female part of the plant (stigma)a group of organisms of one species, living in the same area at the same timeprimary consumer an animal that eats plantsproducersproteaseprotein pulmonary arterypulmonary veinrecessivereflex actionreflex arcreproductionrespirationretinarodsroot hair cellssecondaryconsumersense organssensitivity sexual reproduction an organism that makes its own organic nutrients, usually using energy from sunlight, through photosynthesisan enzyme that breaks down proteinmolecules made up of amino acidsblood vessel from the heart to the lungsblood vessel from the lungs to the heartan allele that is only expressed when there is no dominant allele of the gene present (e.g. t or g)action that does not involve conscious thought (e.g. blinking)pathway from receptor to musclethe processes that make more of the same kind of organismthe chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energylight-sensitive part of the eyelight-sensitive cells in the retina, responsible for monochrome vision in poor lightspecialised cells that help anchor a plant and absorb water and minerals from the soilan animal that eats other animalsgroups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli: light, sound, touch, temperature and chemicalsthe ability to detect or sense changes in the environment (stimuli) and to make responsesthe process involving the fusion of haploid nuclei to form adiploid zygote and the production of genetically dissimilar offspringsickle cell anaemia small intestinesperm spongy mesophyll(layer)stomatasuspensoryligamentstendon tertiary consumertest crosstestestestosteronethoraxtissuetracheatranslocationtranspirationtrophic leveltropismsturgidurea a condition causing abnormal haemoglobin, but which appears to give protection against malariapart of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the large intestinethe male sex cellinner layer of a leaf, having air spaces between the cellsgaps in the lower epidermis of a leafstrong fibres holding the eye lens within the ciliary musclesbundle of strong, non-stretchy fibres that hold muscle to bonean animal that eats a secondary consumercrossing an unknown genotype with one showing a recessive phenotypeorgan that produces spermhormone that controls development of male secondary sexual characteristicsin humans, the chesta group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared functiontube between the mouth or nose and the bronchithe movement of sucrose and amino acids in phloem evaporation of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed by loss of water vapour from plant leaves, through the stomatathe position of an organism in a food chain, food web or pyramid of biomass, numbers or energyplant growth in response to a stimulusrigid (in plants, when they have sufficient water)an excretory substance made in the liver from excess proteins, excreted by the kidneysureterurethrauterusvacuole vascular bundlesveinsvena cavavilliwater potentialxylem vesselszygote tube carrying urine from the kidney to the bladdertube through which urine leaves the bodyorgan in which offspring grow and develop before birth liquid-filled space inside a cellstructures in a leaf that contain xylem vesselsblood vessels carrying blood to the heartthe vein carrying blood from all of the body, apart from the lungs, to the heartsmall projections on the wall of the small intestinea measure of concentration; concentrated solutions have a low water potentiala system of tubes that delivers water to parts of a planta cell resulting from the fusion of two gametes。
glossary
whore n. a female prostitute妓女；娼妓 wriggle v. （1）to twist and turn one’s body or part of it with quick and short movements 扭动身体；扭来扭 去He wriggled his toes.他扭动着脚趾。 (2)to move somewhere by twisting and turning one’s. 蠕动；甩动而行；蜿蜒行进 We wriggled our way through the tunnel.我们在地道 中蜿蜒行进。 wriggle out of sth. / out of doing sth.耍滑不做，逃避 （应做的事） twist v.扭转，转动(身体部位) wiggle v.(使）扭动，摆动 squirm v. (因紧张、不舒服等）动来动去，来回扭动，
raspy adj. (as of sb’s voice) having a rough harsh sound 刺耳的 ravine n. a small, deep, narrow valley沟壑；深谷 rumor n. a piece of information or a story that is passed from person to person but has not proven to be true传闻 shoo v. to tell an animal or person to go away, esp. by saying “shoo!” shun v. (fml) to avoid sb/sth回避；避免 She was stunned by her former friends after the incident.那个事件过后，从前的朋友都躲着她。
Dairy+Glossary+乳业中英词汇对照表
Dairy Glossary 乳业词汇Acid Rinse - Part of the equipment cleaning process for stainless steel and rubber parts, removes fat, protein and minerals and also reduces bacteria. (See Equipment Sanitization) 酸冲洗：专门针对设备中的不锈钢和橡胶部分的冲洗过程。
清洗油脂、蛋白质、矿物质同时也有杀菌的效果。
（参见：设备消毒）Acute - Used to describe disease where symptoms are readily evident. Treatment is generally required. 急性病Alley - A walking area for cattle within a barn such as a loafing alley, feeding alley or cross alley (walkway) from a barn to the milking parlor.小径：奶牛等动物在牛舍内活动的小径（细长型小径、喂食小径、交叉小径---从谷仓到挤奶间）Alley Scraper - A "V" shaped mechanical blade that is dragged over an alley by chain or cable to pull manure to collection channel at the end of the alley (or possibly the center of the barn). The blade then collapses and is drawn back to the opposite end of the alley. 小径刮刀（粪便用）：专门将小径内的牛粪等物质运出小径。
vocabularyglossary教材词汇表
vocabularyglossary教材词汇表acknowledge 1 alternative 1 anecdote 1 appropriate 1 avert1 candid 1 compel 1 comply 1 concise 1 drastic 1 dialog2 erratic2 extensive 2 forfeit 2 fortify 2 illuminate 2 isolate 2 refuge 2 reminisce 2 urban 2 delete3 impartial 3 integrity 3 legitimate 3 lenient 3 menace 3 morale 3 na?ve 3 overt 3 undermine 3 agenda4 antidote 4 apathy 4 bland 4 propaganda 4 prospects 4 radical 4 reinforce 4 relevant 4 ruthless 4 endorse5 erode 5 gruesome 5 hypocrite 5 idealistic 5 illusion 5 impact 5 imply 5 novice 5 obstacle 5 auto- 6ex- 6-ful 6multi- 6pre- 6re- 6super- 6un- 6uni- 6vis, vid 6concede 7conservative 7contrary 7denounce 7deter 7disclose 7scapegoat 7superficial 7sustain 7transition 7compensate 8 conceive 8 derive 8 diversity 8 inhibit 8 moderate 8 supplement 8 surpass 8 tentative 8 verity 8alter 9ample 9blunt 9 chronic 9 chronological 9 optimist 9 pretense 9 prolong 9 refrain 9 remorse 9 acute 10 anonymous 10 apprehensive 10 arrogant 10 bestow 10 donor 10 phobia 10 prominent 10 prudent 10 recipient 10absurd 11 adhere 11 affluent 11 alienate 11 assess 11 compile 11 contempt 11 defect 11 doctrine 11 dogmatic 11 anti- 12bi- 12en-,em- 12 graph, gram 12 inter- 12-less 12phon 12post- 12 spect 12sub- 12 accessible 13 awe 13cite 13 compatible 13 exempt 13 prevail 13 propel 13 rational 13 retort 13 retrieve 13dubious 14 ecstatic 14 encounter 14 evolve 14 fallacy 14 fictitious 14 gullible 14 liable 14 miserly 14 pessimist 14 elapse 15 evasive 15 fluent 15 futile 15 harass 15 infer 15 lethal 15 obsession 15 ordeal 15 persistent 15 convey 16 delusion 16 devise 16 savor 16 stimulate 16 subtle 16 unique 16 universal 16 versatile 16 vivid 16defer 17 endeavor 17 equate 17 impose 17 indignant 17 inevitable 17 malicious 17 option 17 passive 17 patron 17 con- 18dict 18dis- 18 micro- 18 ped 18 script, scrib 18 -ship 18tele- 18 trans- 18tri- 18adapt 19 dismay 19 exile 19 gesture 19 recede 19 reciprocate 19 refute 19 retain 19 revert 19 ritual 19elaborate 20 emerge 20 exotic 20 frugal 20 impulsive 20 indifferent 20 indulgent 20 liberal 20 mediocre 20 notable 20 affirm 21 alleged 21 allude 21 coerce 21 elite 21 essence 21 immunity 21 impair 21 query 21 sadistic 21 plausible 22 provoke 22 recur 22 reprimand 22 revoke 22 ridicule 22 shrewd 22 skeptical 22 stereotype 22 tactic 22consequence 23 destiny 23 detain 23 diminish 23 procrastinate 23 simultaneous 23 strategy 23 tedious 23 transaction 23 vital 23-able 24cent(i)- 24in- 24-(o)logy 24mal- 24man 24mem 24mon(o)- 24 port 24therm(o)- 24 discriminate 25 dismal 25 dispense 25 profound 25 severity 25site 25 subside 25 summon 25 theoretical 25 vocation 25ascend 26 finite 26 infinite 26 inflict 26 ingenious 26 initiate 26 literally 26lure 26mania 26 nostalgia 26 data 27inept 27 innate 27 intervene 27 lament 27 morbid 27 obstinate 27 parallel 27 perceptive 27 sedate 27 controversy 28 deduction 28 dimensions 28 disperse 28 distort 28 dominant 28 sequence 28 sophisticated 28 treacherous 28 trivial 28confirm 29deceptive 29defy 29restrain 29seclusion 29submit 29susceptible 29transmit 29valid 29vigorous 29accelerate 30adverse 30advocate 30audible 30coherent 30comparable 30competent 30consecutive 30conspicuous 30deteriorate 30按章排序；每栏左列是单词，右列是章号。
glossary
TextI Force of NatureGlossaryelm /elm/ n. any of various deciduous trees落叶树of the genus Ulmus, characteristically having arching or curving branches and serrated leaves with asymmetrical bases. Elms are widely planted as shade trees 榆树radioactivity // n. spontaneous emission of radiation, either directly from unstable atomic nuclei or as a consequence of a nuclear reactionsingle-minded // adj. characterized by having only one aim or purpose and being determined to achieve itmade-up // adj. (of stories) that is invented, rather than really existing or being true, fictionalexotic // adj. intriguingly unusual or different, as if from another part of the world 由外国引进的，非本地的encircle // v. to circle aroundgrave // adj. fraught充满不愉快的事情with danger or harm; seriousidolize // v. to worship sb. or sth. as an object of adoration 将（某人）当作偶像崇拜fantasy // n. the creative imagination; unrestrained fancy 想象，幻想shred // n. a small amount (of)obsessively // adv. in a way that one cannot stop doing a particular thing or behaving in a particular way 萦绕于心；有执着想法revolutionize // v. to bring about a radical change in 使彻底变革atomic // adj. of or relating to an atom or atoms an atomic bomb/an atomic submarine/atomicpower/atomic warfare/atomic energy nuclearpitiful // adj. inspiring or deserving pitypassion // n. strong emotiontuberculosis // n. a serious infectious disease that attacks many parts of the body, esp. the lungs结核病；（由指）肺结核governess // n. a woman employed to educate and train the children of a private household女家教wind up to end up; finish up; be in a situation at the end of a series of events, adventures, experiences, even though it is not the original intention 使结束disinherit // v. to exclude from inheritance or the right to inherit 剥夺继承权nursemaid // n. a woman employed to take care of children 育婴女佣drag by (of time) to pass in a tedious and prolonged waymeager // adj. scanty; small and not enough （数量或大小）不足的enrol // v. to enter one's own or sb.'s name on an official register or list of members 入学，加入vat // n. a large vessel, such as a tub, cistern, or barrel, used to hold or store liquids 大桶，大盆glisten // v. to shine by reflection with a sparkling luster 闪亮luminous // adj. emitting light, especially emitting self-generated light 发光的，发亮的stain // n. a discoloured spot or smudgecongeal // v. to cause to solidify or coagulate or to undergo a process likened to solidification or coagulation 使…凝结radium // n. (化)镭：一种稀有的、有白色光泽、发光、高度放射性的金属元素，极少量地存在于沥青矿中gritty // adj. showing resolution and fortitude; plucky 刚强的，刚毅的shabby // adj. dilapidated or deteriorated in condition, esp. through neglect; seedy因照管不善而破旧，变坏；破烂的，肮脏的dank // adj. disagreeably damp or humid 阴湿的，阴冷的prominent // adj. well-known; eminent 知名的，受人尊敬的stable // n. a building for the shelter and feeding of domestic animals, especially horses and cattletoast // n. a person receiving much attention or acclaim 极出名的人Ladies and gentlemen, I’d like to propose a toast to the bride and groom.They drank a toast to the Queen.After the success of her show she was the toast of Broadway.fete // v. to pay honor to 向…致敬After it won the cup, the local football team was feted everywhere it went.acolyte // n. a devoted follower 助手homage // n. special honor or respect shown or expressed publicly 崇敬，致敬exposure // n. an act of subjecting or an instance of being subjected to an action or an influencefierce // adj. extremely intensesore // n. an open skin lesion, wound, or ulcer 痛处，伤处draft // adj. （英）draught suited for or used for drawing heavy loadsa draught horseI asked for draught beer, not bottled beer.defining // adj. giving a distinctive character to sth., or encapsulating its characterinconsolable // adj. impossible or difficult to console 无法安慰的；极为伤心的metamorphosis // n. a marked change in appearance, character, condition, or function改变cape // n. (a) cape-like state (of)secrecy // n. the quality or condition of being secret or hidden; concealmentpolonium // n. [化] 钋onset // n. beginningX-ray // n. X光；X射线fleet // n. a group of vessels or vehicles, owned or operated as a unit 舰队；船队；车队；机群aplastic // adj. unable to form or regenerate tissuespernicious // adj. tending to cause death or serious injury; deadly 恶性的；很有害的anemia // n. a pathological deficiency in the oxygen-carrying component of the blood, measured in unit volume concentrations of hemoglobin, red blood cell volume, or red blood cell number 贫血症icon // n. one who is the object of great attention and devotion; an idol 偶像obstacle // n. sth. that opposes, stands in the way of, or holds up progress。
爱思英语
What is the single largest cause of sick leave in the UK?The answer is not the common cold or flu, but back pain. Back pain affects one in three Britishadults, costs the country over £5bn every year and is notoriously difficult to treat.But now Britain's National Health Service (NHS) will be offering a new solution: acupuncture.The ancient Chinese needle therapy has been around in the UK for many years, but this is thefirst time it has been officially endorsed by the NHS's advisory body, the National Institute forClinical Excellence (NICE).Traditionally, doctors in the UK have advised back pain sufferers to stay active, do stretchingexercises and take painkillers when necessary. In more serious cases some people are givenX-ray treatment or injections with therapeutic substances.NICE, however, say there is evidence that acupuncture may be more effective than expensiveX-rays or injections, so patients who have been suffering for over six weeks should be given achoice.As an alternative to acupuncture, patients will be able to opt for either a course of spinalmanipulation, or a series of special exercise sessions.In the UK, acupuncture is classed as a complementary therapy, which is the term given to amedical procedure which hasn't been subjected to the strict trials by which scientists prove sometreatments work.While many experts have welcomed the move to make acupuncture available on the NHS, someare still sceptical about its effectiveness.Research from the US earlier this month found that simulated acupuncture using toothpicks whichdo not pierce the skin could be as good as using real needles.So while some are yet to be convinced, back pain sufferers will be hoping that acupuncture helpsget them feeling healthy and mobile again. Employers, on the other hand, will be hoping it getsthem back to wo二lotteryThe latest winners of the UK National Lottery Euromillions jackpot are Joan and Brian Caswell.The retired and now very wealthy couple from Bolton claim they won’t let the £25 million (around 275 million yuan) w However, they have said they will be buying a flash car and taking an extravagant holiday to Rio.The Caswells are the latest in a long line of UK lottery winners. Over £32 billion (around 350 billion yuan) has been pa since the first UK national lottery draw in 1994.With such huge sums of money at stake it is perhaps no surprise that something like 70 percent of UK adults play tregular basis. They can even choose to play daily as the company which runs the UK National Lottery, Camelot, operatesOf course, there is a more serious side to the lottery. The UK government collects around 12 percent tax on lottery reven a further slice of the money goes to good causes. These include projects in health, education, the environment, the national heritage.With all these positive applications for lottery revenue, it might be hard to imagine a downside to the lottery. But ther vocal opponents to the national game. Some feel that any form of gambling is wrong whilst others choose to criticise th revenue is spent.Another area of concern is over the level of support and advice given to new lottery winners. Just how are people mean huge sums of money that the lottery jackpots now offer?Well, with over 2,100 newly-created millionaires, some manage better than others. For every story of successful inv charitable giving there is a more sensational story of frivolous spending.We shouldn’t forget the stor y of John McGuinness, who invested a large part of his £10 million (around 110 million yu fledgling football team and who is now facing bankruptcy and financial ruin.GLOSSARY 词汇表(收听发音, 请单击英语单词)lottery六合彩wealthy富有的extravagant奢侈的draw抽奖something like大约/差不多有slice（整体中分出的）一块national heritage 国家遗产vocal opponents敢于发表言论的反对者charitable giving慈善的施与fledgling成熟的/羽毛丰满的jackpot头奖flash名贵的the latest in a long line of 一连串（中奖者）中最近的一个at stake利害攸关revenues收入good causes慈善事业downside负面/不利的一面millionaires百万富翁frivolous肤浅的bankruptcy破产As Valentine’s Day approaches, lovers everywhere are preparing for the most romantic day of the year. More Take Aways 更多短文On February 14 loving couples exchange cards and gifts while singletons can send anonymous love letters to people they fancy.The most common presents given at this time of year are flowers, especially red roses, and chocolates or even sexy lingerie. But sometimes people in the UK give each other more original, not to say unusual, gifts.Last year a lady in the north of England was astonished to receive an extremely surprising Valentine’s present from her husband of 28 years, a live donkey.Marion Stephenson’s husb and took her on a date to a field near their home, where he presented her with Maggie, a two-year-old donkey.Mrs Stephenson said, "I usually get a little thing like a small bunch of flowers, but this Valentine's Day it was a surprise to get a new donkey. I'm delighted."Maggie joined the Stephensons' other donkeys and it is hoped that she will deliver lots of foals.A more conventional way for couples to enjoy Valentine’s Day is to take a short mini-break away to a romantic destination such as Paris or Venice.However, this year a new destination has caused a stir as a place for partners to fall in love all over again.A tiny, uninhabited, heart-shaped island off the coast of Croatia has attracted the attention of many people after it was spotted on Google Earth.The island’s owner, Vlado Juresko said, "We think it is the most perfectheart-shaped island in the world. Nobody lives there so if lovers really do want to spend time alone it's the perfect desert island."GLOSSARY 词汇表(收听发音, 请单击英语单词)romantic浪漫的singletons单身fancy喜欢sexy lingerie 性感的内衣donkey cards贺卡anonymous匿名的roses玫瑰astonished惊讶的dateLove: Valentine’s Day爱情：情人节Heavy Snow Hits theUK 大雪袭英国Politics: Obama’sSpeech 政治：奥巴马演讲Happy Niu Year 牛年快乐Entertainment:Golden Globe Awards娱乐：金球奖Technology: Gamingin 2009 科技：2009年的电子游戏走势Review of the Year 年终回顾Merry Christmas fromthe China Team 祝大家圣诞节快乐Culture: Mr Christmas文化：圣诞先生Culture: ChristmasParties 文化：圣诞聚会more >>驴field野外foals小驴子caused a stir 引起轰动heart-shaped 心形状的spotted发现约会bunch一束mini-break短假uninhabited无人居住的Croatia克罗地亚desert island荒岛The British usually expect one or two snowfalls each year but the amount of snow rarely affects everyday life. However, this week Britain has had the worst snow it has seen in around 18 years. Some places had more than 30cm in a day.The bad weather caused severe disruption. More than 3000 schools had to close as teachers and pupils were unable to get to school.School children weren’t too unhappy about it thou gh as they headed out to play in the snow, building snowmen, having snowball fights, sledging and some even snowboarding and skiing.In London, bus services were withdrawn for a day and tubes and trains were cancelled. Major motorways in the country had to close.Many people were unable to get to work and it is thought the cost of this lost labour is around £1 billion (10 billion yuan) to businesses and the economy.Anyone wanting to leave the country had problems too. Runways were closed at all the UK’s major airports because of the amount of snow. Hundreds of flights were cancelled leaving some passengers stranded at airports.So why is the UK so ill-prepared for snow? The mayor of London, Boris Johnson, explained that there aren’t enough snow-ploughs and gritters and it doesn’t make sense to buy such equipment when it snows so infrequently.The south-east of England was the hardest hit at the beginning of the week but the snow is now moving northwards where the chaos continues.More ice and snow is forecast throughout the week and the advice from travel and weather organisations is to stay indoors unless you really need to venture out!History was made in Washington this week as Barack Obama was sworn in as the 44th President of the United States in front of a crowd of two million people.President Obama made an impassioned and emotional speech to the multitude of people who had braved the elements to witness the inauguration of America’s first African-American President.President Obama’s speech touche d on many subjects of significance to the American people, including the fragile state of their economy and security matters such as the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.But he began by addressing his personal feelings on his election and the weight of responsibility he felt in taking on such an important office."I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors," said President Obama.The President went on to talk about the fears that many Americans have that their country is becoming less successful and diminishing as a global power.He spoke of a "sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights".However, President Obama continued to say that America would respond to the challenges before it, and that the nation would pull together and overcome its problems by working together in a spirit of co-operation."On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord," said the President.After such a stirring speech, the world waits to see if America’s new president’s actions will match his lofty words and ideals.GLOSSARY 词汇表(收听发音, 请单击英语单词)sworn in宣誓就职multitude众多（的人）inauguration impassioned慷慨激昂的braved the elements 勇敢面对恶劣天气fragile state就职仪式weight of responsibility 身上的重任humbled身感责任重大的sacrifices牺牲sapping of confidence 逐渐失去了信心pull together齐心协力unity of purpose共同目标stirring令人激动地（经济）疲软局势office（总统）职务bestowed授予diminishing逐渐缩小的lower its sights降低目标spirit of co-operation 协作精神discord不和，分歧lofty words寓意深厚的演Susan Boyle is the latest member of the British public to be catapulted into the limelight on the back of a reality TV show. And it is her unstable and emotional state after the TV show’s finale which has sparked a national debate on just how well these manufactured stars are looked after.It is true that many of these budding stars are extroverts but there is growing concern over the shy, the introverted and the young. Producers of TV shows such as Big Brother, X-Factor and B ritain’s Got Talent are facing a barrage of questions about just how well they exercise their duty of care.So what could this mean for the future? Will contestants be offered media training and psychologists to help them deal with the trappings of fame?A nd for how long should producers hold contestants’ hands?There have been reports in the media that these shows might make the application process a little more rigorous, weeding out any problem contestants from the start. Linda Papadopoulos, who has worked as a psychiatrist on Big Brother, does not appear to think this is necessary. She says:"I don't think certain people shouldn't be allowed to take part in these shows, but different people need different kinds of support - there can't be the same cookie cutter treatment."Where the success of these shows lies on easy to roll out formats, it will be interesting to see if producers are able to offer such a bespoke level of support.The debate rages on and it has cast a shadow not only over TV producers but also over the British news media. One well-known TV critic noted that: "the British news media probably have as much responsibility for pressure on thecontestants as the show itself."Even given her current situation, it is unlikely the media will back away from Susan Boyle. For the moment though, she is being cared for in a top London clinic and receiving support and warm wishes from her millions of fans.GLOSSARY 词汇表(收听发音, 请单击英语单词)catapulted照射reality TV show电视真人秀national debate全国民众争论extroverts性格外向的人a barrage接二连三的media training（面对）媒体培训trappings of fame用来形容名声对一个人的负面影响weeding out淘汰roll out排除rages on（非正式用语）火爆进行中limelight聚光灯unstable and emotional state 不稳定和情绪化状态manufactured stars制作的明星introverted性格内向的人duty of care关心（他人）的义务psychologists心理学家rigorous严格的cookie cutter treatment一刀切bespoke定做的cast a shadow笼罩一层阴What is the most important day of your life? For many people the answer is your Wedding Day – the day when you marry another person and promise to live together as husband and wife for the rest of your lives. Wedding celebrations differ from country to country – in China the bride wears red whilst in India the wedding can continue for three days. However, in Britain the bride wears white and a wedding usually only lasts for one day.In the UK it is possible to get married in a religious or civil ceremony. A religious ceremony takes place in a church. A civil ceremony, on the other hand, can be held in a registry office, in a hotel, or even on a boat!On the day of the wedding the bride and groom are kept separate until the ceremony. It is said to be bad luck if the groom sees the bride in her dress before the wedding.The bride arrives at the ceremony accompanied by her father and bridesmaids. He officially gives her away to her new husband. During the ceremony the happy couple exchange vows and give each other wedding rings which they will wear forever. At the end of the ceremony they kiss.Afterwards they go outside where friends and family throw rice or confetti over them. Then they go on to the reception where there is a lot of food and drink. After the meal the father of the bride and the best man make speeches. Then the bride and groom take the first dance. It's a lot of fun.Finally, at the end of the party the newly-weds leave to go on honeymoon, usually to a very romantic destination.GLOSSARY 词汇表（收听发音，请单击英语单词）marry- 结婚；嫁娶husband–丈夫wife–妻子bridesmaids- 女傧相；伴娘gives her away–赠送；将她嫁给vows–宣誓；发誓confetti- (婚礼中抛撒的)五彩纸屑reception–接待；招待会best man–男傧相；伴郎newly-weds–新婚夫妇honeymoon–蜜月groom–新郎。
ScienceGlossaryT...
Science Glossary Translation in Simplified Chinese– Middle school levelChinese English SimplifiedAabsorb 吸收acceleration 加速acid rain 酸雨action 作用；行动adapt 适应；改写adaptation 适应；适应作用adjust 调整adult 成体；成人；成年；成虫advantage 有利条件；优点affect 影响；（疾病）侵袭air 空气air mass 气团air pressure 空气压力；气压air resistance 空气阻力alternate 交替；（电）交流（运转）alto 男高音；女低音；中音的；amount 数量、总数amphibian 两栖类动物amplitude 幅、振幅analyze 分解；分析；解析anatomy 解剖学ancestor 先祖、祖先；原种ancient 古老的、古代的anemometer 风速计、风力表、风压表angle 角；角度animal 动物Animalia 动物界antibiotic 抗生素antibody 抗体appliance 器具、器械、装置apply 应用、使用、作用于appropriate 合适的、相应的、相当的approximately 大约、大致上arrange 安排、排列artery 动脉arthropod 节肢动物asexual 无性的assemble 组合；装配asteroid 小行星；海星；星状astronomer 天文学家atmosphere 大气、空气atom 原子atomic number 原子序数attract 吸引automatic 自动的available 有效的、有用的；可利用的axis 坐标轴;轴、轴线；主茎、茎轴Bbacteria 细菌balance 平衡；秤；天平balanced forces 平衡力bar graph 条形图bare 裸露的、光秃的barometer 气压计、晴雨表battery 电池bed （河、海、湖）底、床；矿床；底基behavior 行为beneficial 有益的benefit 得益、有益于；益处best 最好的、最佳big bang （宇宙起源）大爆炸（学说）binary fission 二分体分裂biomass 生物量bird 鸟、禽类blink 眨眼blizzard 暴风雪；大风沙block 块；部件；阻挡blood tissue 血液组织blood vessel 血管blossom 花；开花；生长期boil 煮沸；沸腾boiling point 沸点bone tissue 骨组织bounce 跳；反弹brain 大脑、脑bronchi 支气管（bronchus的复数形式）bundle 束；捆、包buoyancy 浮力、浮性buoyant force 浮力Ccalcium 钙calculator 计算器；计算表；计算者calorie 卡路里、卡（热量单位）；大卡（食物营养价值）camera 相机camouflage 保护色；伪装服；掩饰物cancer 癌、癌症capillary 毛细管；毛细血管capture 捕获；获得；占领carbohydrate 碳水化合物；醣类carbon ( C ) 碳( C )carbon dioxide (CO2) 二氧化碳(CO2)cardiovascular system 心血管系统carnivore 肉食动物；食虫动物category 范畴；类目caterpillar 毛虫cause-and-effect relationships 因果关系celestial 天的、天体的cell 细胞；单元；电池cell cycle 细胞周期cell division 细胞分裂cell membrane 细胞膜cell theory 细胞原理、细胞理论cell wall 细胞壁cellular respiration 细胞呼吸Celsius (C o) 摄氏(C o)cement 水泥；胶结材料；用水泥接合centimeter (cm) 公分、厘米(cm)central nervous system 中枢神经系统chain 连续的事物、一连串；链子change 变化change of direction 方向变化change of motion 运动变化change of speed 速度变化characteristic 有……特征的、有……特点的；特性、特征chart 图、图表chemical 化学的；化学（制）品chemical bond 化学键chemical change 化学变化chemical energy 化学能chemical equation 化学方程式chemical property 化学性质chemical reaction 化学反应chemical system 化学系统chemical weathering 化学风化chlorophyll （叶绿体里的）叶绿素chloroplast 叶绿体choose 选择chromosome 染色体cinder cone volcano 火山渣锥形火山circuit 电路circulation 循环circulatory system 循环系统cirro- （气象学）卷云的；（植物学）卷须的；（动物学）触须的cirrus cloud 卷云classification 分类；分类法；分级；类别classify 分类；分级（动词）climate 气候；气候区cloning 克隆；无性繁殖；复制cloud 云、云雾coal 煤code 密码cold front 冷锋collect 收集；堆积collide 碰撞、冲撞color 颜色、色彩column 柱、圆柱；栏；列；蕊柱（植物学）comet 彗星comfortable 宜人的、舒适的communicate 沟通、交流、联络community 群落；社区compare 比较compass 指南针、罗盘；圆规competition 竞争complex carbohydrate 复合碳水化合物compose 组成、构成composite volcano 复合型火山、复式火山composition 组成；成分compost pile 堆肥compound 化合物；合成的compound microscope 复合显微镜compress 压缩；敷布compression 压缩computer 电脑；电子计算器conclude 作结论；结束conclusion 结论condensation 聚合；缩合；冷凝；凝缩；液化condense 聚合；缩合；凝结；冷凝condition 条件；状态conduct 进行；处理conduction 传导；传导性；输送；引流conductors 导体；避雷针；向导consequences 结果；推论conservation 守恒、不灭（物理）conservation of energy 能量守恒、能量不灭conservation of mass 品质守恒、品质不灭conserve 保留、保存、守恒consist of 由……组成consistent 一致的、相容的constant 常数construct 建造、构筑、建成consumer 消费者；取食者contain 包含；容纳container 容器content 内容；容纳物、容纳量、容积continent 大陆、洲contrast 对比control 控制controlled experiment 对照实验、控制实验、受控试验convection 对流；传导；迁移coordinate 协调；座标；配位coordination 共同协调、一致core 核；地核；果核；中心covalent bond 共价键create 创造；产生crest 冠；顶；峰、波峰crop 农作物crust 壳；地壳crystal 水晶；结晶；晶体crystallization 晶化、结晶cubic 立方的cubic centimeter 立方厘米cure 治疗、治愈；疗法；治疗用药cycle 周期、回圈cytoplasm 细胞质、细胞浆Ddaily 每天的、每日的dam 坝、堤data 数据；资料data table 数据表daughter cell 子细胞daylight 日光、白昼、拂晓decay 腐烂、腐败decomposer 分解体；分解者；腐生物；腐生菌decrease 减少defend 保护；辩护deficient 有缺陷的；缺少的define 解释；下定义；定界限definite 限定的；有限的；明确的；肯定的delta 三角洲density 密度；稠密度；强度；浓度dependent variable 因变数deposition 沉淀物；沉积derived 派生的、衍出的、导出的；派生物、衍生物、导出物descend 下降；递减descendants 后代、后裔、子孙describe 描述；描写；说明desert 沙漠；荒原design 设计design scientific investigations 设计科学研究determine 决心、决意；确定develop 发展；进化；生长；发育development 发展；进化；生长；发育diagram 图解；示意图dichotomous key 二叉式检索表difference 差别、差异digest 消化digestion 消化、消化力、消化作用digestive system 消化系统direct （形容词）直接的；（动词）指示方向、指路directions 方向、方位directly 直接地disappearing trait 即将灭绝的特征discuss 讨论；论述disperse 分散、消散；传播dissolve 溶解distance 距离distinctive 有特色的、特别的distribute 分发；分配disturb 干扰、妨碍、扰乱diversity 多样性；差异性DNA 去氧核糖核酸dominant 显性的、优势的dominant gene 显性基因draw 拉、抽；汲取；去除（液体等）；画、描绘dump 倾泻；丢弃Eearth 地球；土壤；陆地、大地earthquake 地震earthworm 蚯蚓echo 回声、回音；共鸣；仿效；反射波eclipse （日、月）蚀、遮掩天体的光ecological succession 生态演替ecology 生态学ecosystem 生态系统effect 效果；结果efficient 有效的egg 蛋；卵electric current 电流electrical 电的、有关电的electrical circuits 电路、回路electrical energy 电能electricity 电、电流；电力供应；电力学electromagnet 电磁体、电磁铁electromagnetic spectrum 电磁波谱electromagnetic wave 电磁波electromagnetism 电磁electron 电子elements 元素elevation 高度；海拔elliptical 椭圆的emit 发射；散发endangered species 濒于灭绝的物种endocrine system 内分泌系统endothermic 吸热的、吸能的；（动物）温血的、恒温的energy 能；能源；能量energy flow 能量的流动energy pyramid 能量金字塔energy resources 能源ensure 保证、确保environment 环境environmental 环境的environmental changes 环境变化epithelial 上皮的equal 相等；平等；等于（=）equation 化学方程式、反应式equator 赤道equilibrium 平衡erosion 侵蚀；腐蚀error 错误；误差esophagus 食管、食道establish 建立estimate 估量、估计、估……值estimation 估计、估量eukaryotic 真核的、真核细胞的evaluate 估计；求……值evaporate 蒸发、挥发evaporation 蒸发；挥发；脱水evidence 证据；证明evolution 进化、演化example 例子exchange 交换、调换excrete 排泄；分泌excretion 排泄；分泌；排泄物；分泌物exoskeleton 外骨骼exothermic 放热的、放能的expand 扩展、扩张experiment 实验；试验explain 解释、说明explanation 解释、说明express 表达、表现external 外在的、外部的；体外的extinct 灭绝的、绝种的Ffact 事实；论据factor 因素；系数；基因、遗传因数Fahrenheit (o F) 华氏（o F）；华氏温度计fat 脂肪；多脂肪的fault 断层；错误；故障feature 特征；以……为特征features 特征；外貌female sex cell 雌性生殖细胞fertilization 施肥；受精、授精fertilized 已受精的fertilizer 肥料；受精媒介物fiber 纤维；纤维物质fish 鱼、鱼类fixed pulley 定滑轮flood 洪水；涨潮flow chart 作业图；生产过程图解flower 花；开花植物；开花fluid 流体、流质folded 折叠的、合拢的food 食物；养料food chain 食物链food web 食物网for every action there is an equal or opposite reaction 任何作用力都会产生等同或相反的反作用力force 力forecast 预测、预报form 形成；形式；形状；种类formation 形成；构成former 前者的、以前的formula 分子式；方程式；公式；配方formulate 规划；阐明；用公式表示fossil 化石fossil fuel 矿物燃料freezing 冰冻的；凝固的freezing point 冰点、凝固点frequency 频率；频数friction 摩擦；摩擦力front 锋、锋面；前部、前面fruit 水果；结果实的状态fuel 燃料filter 过滤；滤器、过滤物fulcrum 杠杆支点；支点、支柱function 机能、功能；应变数；函数；特性function of living things 生物的机能/功能fungi （Fungus的复数形式）真菌、真菌类植物；真菌病Ggalaxy 星系garbage 垃圾、废料gas 气体、气；瓦斯；汽油gas giants 气体巨星、巨型气体行星gem 宝石gene 基因generation 世代、代；生殖；产生generator 发电机genetic engineering 基因工程、遗传工程；基因工程学、遗传工程学genetic material 遗传物质genetically 从基因方面、从遗传学角度genetic variation 基因变异、遗传变异geologist 地质学家geothermal energy 地热能germ 细菌；微生物；生殖细胞；胚芽germination 发芽、萌芽；发育、生长glacier 冰川；冰河gland 腺、腺体global 地球的、全球的global climate 全球气候global warming 全球变温、全球暖化graduated cylinder 量筒（标有刻度的圆筒形量器）gram (g) 克（g）graph 图、图表；绘……图graphic 图解的、图像的；绘画的gravitational 引力的gravity 重力；地心吸引力；引力；万有引力；比重；重、重量greatest 最大的greenhouse gas 温室气体green plant 绿色植物groundwater 地下水group 组、群、类；基团grow 成长；增长；生长growth 生长、成长；增加、增大Hhabit 习性；习惯habitat 动植物栖息地、生境；居住地；产地hand lens 手执放大镜hardness 硬度、硬性harmful 有害的hazardous 危险的healthy habit 健康的习惯heart 心脏heart muscle 心肌heat 热；热学heat energy 热能herbivore 食草动物heredity 遗传hereditary 遗传的hibernation 冬眠（动物学）hormone 荷尔蒙、激素host 寄主、宿主human 人、人类human cell 人类细胞humid 潮湿、湿润humidity 湿度；湿气hurricane 飓风；暴风雨hydroelectric power 水力发电hydrosphere 水圈、水界、地球水面hygrometer 湿度计、湿度表hypothesis 假说、假设Iidentify 识别；鉴定；确定类别identical 相等；同源；恒等identification 识别、证实、核对identify 识别、辨别、认出igneous 火成的；火的igneous rock 岩浆岩、火成岩illuminate 照明；照射illustrate 说明；插图说明immune system 免疫系统inclined plane 斜面increase 增加independent 独立的independent variable 引数、独立变数indicate 指明；说明indirect 间接的individual 个别的、个体的、独特的；个体infection 传染、感染；传染病；传染物infectious disease 传染病inference 推论、推理；结论information 资料；情况；数据；信息ingredient 成分；原料；要素inherit 继承；经遗传而得inheritance 继承；遗传、遗传的特征inherited adaptation （先天）遗传继承的适应inherited trait 遗传的特征insect 昆虫instrument 工具；仪器；装置insulator 绝缘体；绝热体；隔音物interact 互相影响；互相作用interaction 互动；互相作用interior 内部的internal 内在的、内部的；体内的interpret 解释；理解interval （时间、空间的）间隔、间距；差距inversion 倒置、倒转、反向转化；逆温、逆增；（染色体）倒置invertebrate 无脊椎动物investigation 调查；研究；勘测ion 离子ionic bond 离子键iron (Fe) 铁（Fe）irregular 不规则的、不稳定的；isolate 孤立；隔离J jellyfish 海蜇、水母joint 关节K kilogram (kg) 千克、公斤（kg）kiloliter (kl) 千升（kl）kilometer (km) 千米、公里（Km）kinetic energy 动能kingdom （动物、植物、矿物）界；领域；王国knowledge 知识；学问Llabel 标签；标志landslide 山崩；地滑；滑坡large intestine 大肠larva 幼虫；幼体laser 激光、激光；激光器latitude 纬度lava 熔岩；火山岩layer 层、层次leaf 叶、叶子learned 后天学习获得的learned adaptation 后天习得的适应least 最少的；最少量leaves 树叶（复数）levee 堤、堤岸；冲积堤lever 杠杆；杆life cycle 生命周期；盛衰周期life span （动植物的）寿命lift 升、提、举；升力light 光；光线light-year 光年line graph 折线图；线图lines of force 力线link 环节、纽带；连结liquid 液体、液态；流质list 单子；列表liter (L) 升（L）lithosphere 陆界、岩石圈liver 肝脏living things 生物、有生命的物体location 场所、地点；定位locomotion 动力、运动力longitude 经度、经线longitudinal wave 纵波loudness 响度、音量lunar eclipse 月蚀lungs 肺、肺部luster 光泽；发光Mmachine 机器、机械、机床magma 岩浆magnet 磁体；磁石magnetic field 磁场；（磁场中的）磁力magnetic force 磁力；磁场强度magnetism 磁性、磁力；磁学magnifier 放大器、放大镜maintain 维持；保持；维护maintenance 维持；保持；维修、保养major 较大的；重要的male sex cell 雄性生殖细胞mammal 哺乳动物manage 处理；控制；操纵mantle 地幔；（大脑）皮质；覆盖物map 地图mass 质量material 材料、原料；料子；物质materials 材料、原料；料子；物质；元素；化合物；混合物materials scientist 材料学家mathematics 数学matter 物质measure 测量、度量measurement 测量mechanical energy 机械能mechanical weathering 机械性风化medium 媒介、介质、传导物meiosis 减数分裂melting 熔化、溶解的melting point 熔点、溶点metal 金属；金属制品metallic bond 金属键metalloid 准金属、半金属、类金属metamorphic 变质的、变形的、变态的metamorphic rock 变质岩metamorphosis 变形；变质meter (m) 公尺、米（m）meter stick 米尺（长度为一米的尺子）methane 甲烷method 方法metric ruler 公制刻度的尺子microorganisms 微生物microscope 显微镜mid-ocean ridge 洋中脊migration 移栖；迁移；（鱼群）洄游Milky Way 银河；银河系milligram (mg) 毫克（mg）milliliter (ml) 毫升（ml）millimeter (mm) 毫米（mm）mineral 矿物、矿物质、矿物的；无机物、无机物的mitochondria 线粒体（mitochondrion的复数形式）mitosis 有丝分裂mixture 混合物model 模型、模式moisture 潮湿、湿气、水气；湿度molecule 分子mollusk 软件动物molten 熔化了的、熔融的monthly 每月的Monera 原核生物界、无核原生物界monoculture （农作物）单作、单作栽培moon 月、月球；（天体的）卫星motion 运动、移动motor 发动机、引擎；原动力mountain 山、山脉mouth 嘴、口腔movable pulley 动滑轮movement 运动、活动、行动movement of plates 板块的运动mucus 黏液muscle 肌、肌肉muscle tissue 肌肉组织muscular system 肌肉系统mutation 突变；突变体muticellular 多细胞的multicelluar organism 多细胞生物mutation 变异、突变Nnatural gas 天然气natural resource 天然资源natural selection 自然选择nebula 星云negative 负的nervous system 神经系统net force 净力neuron 神经元、神经细胞neutral 中性的neutron 中子Newton 牛顿niche 生态龛、小生境nimbus 雨云nitrogen 氮、氮气noble gas 惰性气体nonliving things 没有生命的事物nonmetal 非金属nonrenewable 不能再生的；非再生性的nonrenewable energy resource 非再生性能源nonrenewable resource 非再生性资源nose 鼻、鼻腔；口鼻部nuclear energy 原子能nuclear fusion 核聚变、核融合nucleus 核；细胞核nutrient 营养品、食物、养料；营养的O object 物体objective 物镜、接物镜objective lens （显微镜、望远镜上的）物镜observation 观察、观测observe 观察、观测obtained 获得的occur 发生ocean 海洋、洋odor 气味offspring 子女、子孙、后代；（动物的）崽；（植物的）幼苗omnivore 杂食动物one-celled organisms 单细胞生物ooze 软泥；沼泽；渗出物opinion 观点；意见orbit 轨道order 目；次序organ 器官organ system 器官系统organelle 细胞器官、细胞构造organism 生物、有机体；微生物organize 组织original 原来的、原先的ovary 子房；卵巢overabundance 过剩、过量overcome 克服、制服、征服overpopulation 人口过剩ovule （花的）胚珠；(动物的)小卵oxygen 氧、氧气ozone 臭氧Pparallel circuit 幷联电路parasite 寄生生物；攀升植物parent cell 亲本细胞、亲代细胞particle 粒子、微粒pattern 模式pedigree chart 家谱图、系谱图perceive 感觉、感知percent, percentage 百分之一、百分比period 时期；周期periodic table 周期表permanent magnet 永磁体pesticide 杀虫剂；农药petroleum 石油phases 阶段；相；位相；周相phenomena 现象（phenomenon的复数形式）phosphorus 磷photosynthesis 光合作用、光能合成physical 物质的、物理的physical change 物理变化physical property 物理性质physical weathering 物理风化picture 画、图画；照片、画像pie （可分成几份的）总数或总额；馅饼pie chart 饼分图、圆形分析图pie graph 饼状图、圆饼图pistil 雌蕊、雌蕊群pitch 投掷；倾斜；音调planet 行星plant 植物Plantae 植物界plasma 浆；血浆；等离子体plate 板块、板层plate tectonics 板块构造poison 毒、毒物polar 极地的pollen 花粉pollinate 给……传授花粉pollutant 污染物；污染源pollution 污染；污染物population 总体；人口position 位置positive 正的；阳电的；确定的potential energy 势能、位能power of ten notation 10乘幂符号precipitation 降水、降雨雪；降水量；沉淀；沉淀物predator 捕食其它动物的动物；食虫动物或植物；掠食者predict 预测；预料predictable 可预测的prediction 预测presence 在场；存在preserve 保持、保留、保存；保护；保鲜、防腐、加工（食品）pressure 压力、压prevailing 通行的、普遍的；占优势的prevailing winds 盛行风、主风previous 以前的prey 被捕食/掠食的动物；捕获物primary 主要的probable 极可能的；或然的procedure 步骤、程序process 程序、过程produce 生产、出产、产生；产品、农产品producer 生产者；制造商；发生器product 乘积；产品prokaryotic 原核的property 性能、属性、特性properties 性能、属性、特性protect 保护、防护protein 蛋白质Protista （protist的复数形式）原生生物proton 质子provide 提供、供应pulley 滑轮、滑车punnett square 庞尼特方格、庞氏表、棋盘方格pupa 蛹purpose 目的pushes and pulls 推力与拉力R radiation 发散、传播；辐射、辐射物、辐射作用radioactive 放射性的radioisotope 放射性同位素rarefaction 稀薄化、稀薄状态；稀疏作用rate 速率；速度ray 光线、射线；辐射、射出react 反应；起化学作用reactant 反应体、反应物rearrange 重排、再排列reason 理由；理智；推理receive 接、接受；获得recessive 隐性的、潜性的recessive gene 隐性基因recognize 分辨、识别record 记录、录制；唱片、录制品rectum 直肠recycle 回收、再利用；废物利用reduce 减少refer 参考、查阅、引证reflect 反射reflection 反射（名词）reflex 反射；反射作用refract 折射refraction 折射（名词）regulation 调节relationship 关联、关系relationships in organisms 生物之间的关系relative humidity 相对湿度release 释放、放出relevant 相称、相关remain the same 保持不变remains 残骸、遗骨、遗留物renewable 可更新的；再生性的renewable energy resource 再生性能源renewable resource 再生性资源repair 修理、修补represent 代表；表述；描绘reproduce 繁殖；再生；复制reproduction 生殖、繁殖；复制、复制品reproductive 生殖的reptile 爬行动物required 必须的；规定的；必修的resist 抵抗、阻挡resistant to 抗、阻、防resource 资源respiration 呼吸respiratory system 呼吸系统respond 回应、响应；有反应response 回应；回答responsible 有责任的；负责的restore 恢复、复原result 结果；成绩；答案；决定reuse 再利用、多次利用reverse 反向、倒转、逆向、颠倒revolution 旋转；（天体）公转；循环；变革revolve 旋转；（天体）公转；环绕；循环往复rock 岩石rock cycle 岩石循环、岩石周期role 角色；职责root 根、根茎、根部rotate 旋转；自转；循环交替rotation 旋转；自转（名词）runoff (雨雪的地表)径流；径流量；溢流；生产过程排出的废物rust 锈；生锈S saliva 涎、唾液salivate 流涎、分泌唾液samples 样本、样品scale 鳞甲、鳞片；天平、秤scarce 稀有的；缺乏的science 科学scientific (use appropriate scientifictools) 科学的（使用恰当的科学工具）scientific inquiry 科学探索scientific investigation 科学调查scientific law 科学定律scientific name 科学名称、学名scientific thinking 科学思考scrape 刮、擦screw 螺旋运动；螺钉sea floor spreading 海床扩张；海床扩张学说sea level 海平面season 季节；时期secondary 第二位的；二代的；继发性的；次生的、次级的sediment 沉积；沉积物sedimentary rock 沉积岩sedimentation 沉积；沉积作用seed 种子、籽seedling 幼苗seep 渗出、渗漏；渗液select 选择、挑选selective breeding 选择育种sense 感觉、感知；感官sense organ 感官、感觉器官sequencing 排列程序、先后顺序series circuit 串联电路settle 沉淀；安顿、定居；确立、确定sewage 污水sex cell 性细胞、生殖细胞sex cells 性细胞、生殖细胞sexual 性的、性别的shape 形状shell 壳；地壳shield volcano 盾状火山shiver 颤抖significant 重要的、有意义的、显著的similarity 相似性simple machine 简单机械siren 汽笛；警笛situation 位置、地点；情境；环境、处境size 大小、尺寸；面积；容量skeletal muscle 骨骼肌skeletal system 骨胳系统sky 天、天空small intestine 小肠smog 烟雾smooth muscle 平滑肌soil 土壤、泥土soil texture 土质solar cell 太阳能电池solar eclipse 日蚀solar energy 太阳能solar system 太阳系solid 固体；固体的solidification 使……凝固、结晶、固化solubility （可）溶性；溶度solute 溶质；溶解物solution 溶液、溶体；溶解；溶解作用solvent 溶剂、溶媒；有溶解力的、溶剂的sound 声音sound recorder 录音机source 来源space 太空、外层空间；空间specialize 专攻；专化、特化；以特殊方式演化species 物种、种、类specific 特有的、特定的、特异的、专一的；种的、类的specimens 标本、样本speed 速度、速率sperm 精子spill 溢出、洒出spinal cord 脊髓spiral 螺旋形、螺旋；呈螺旋形；旋涡星系sponge 海绵spore 孢子；种子、胚芽、生殖细胞spring 春天；弹簧spring scale 弹簧秤sprout 发芽、抽芽；新芽、萌芽squint 斜视；斜行、偏离stable 稳定的、稳固的stages 阶段、时期stamen 雄蕊star 星、恒星；天体starch 淀粉state （物质的）形、态（如固态、液态、气态）；状态static charge 静电、静电荷、静电充电static electricity 静电；静电学stem 茎、梗；杆、轴、柄stigma 柱头（植物学）；气门、点斑（动物学）stimulus 刺激；刺激物stomach 胃、腹部stopwatch 秒表、跑表strain 拉紧；变形；过滤；使紧张；使应变strategy 策略、行动计划；（生物的）重大适应性strato 层、高空stratus cloud 层云streak 条痕；矿脉structural adaptation 结构的适应性、结构适应作用structure 结构、组织、构造sublimation 纯化、净化；升华作用subsoil 下层土、沉积土层、底土substance 物质sugar 糖sulfuric acid 硫酸summarize 总结、归纳、概括sun 太阳、阳光supernova 超新星support 支撑、支承、支持surface 表面、面、外表survey 调查survival 生存survive, survival 生存swamp 沼泽sweat 汗switch 开关；电闸system 系统、体系Ttable 表、表格；台地、平地层、地块table salt 精制食盐、佐餐盐tadpole 蝌蚪tape measure 卷尺technology 技术telescope 望远镜temperate 温带的、温和的temperature 温度、气温temporary magnet 暂时磁体、暂时磁铁terrestrial planets 类地行星test 测试、测验theory 理论、原理、论thermal energy 热能thermometer 温度计、寒暑表、体温表thunderstorm 雷雨tide 潮汐、浪潮tilt 倾斜、偏斜tilted 已倾斜的、已偏斜的time 时间；时期tissue 组织tool 工具、器械topsoil 表土、表层土tornado 龙卷风、飓风trachea 气管trade-offs 交易、折衷、权衡trait 特性、特征transfer 转移、转换transform 变形、转换、变化transport 交通、运输transport system 运输系统transverse wave 横波trench 沟；海底沟trial 试验、试tropical 热带的troposphere （大气圈）对流层trough 海槽；波谷tumor 肿瘤；肿块turbine 涡轮机type 类型、种类Uunbalanced forces 不平衡力undergo metamorphosis 发生蜕变unequal 不平衡的、不相等的、不规则的unicellular 单细胞的unifying themes 统一主题unique 独特的；唯一的universe 宇宙unstable 不稳定的、易变的Vvacuole 空泡、液泡valley 流域；山谷vapor 蒸汽；烟雾；汽化、蒸发variable 变量；（实验的）变数variation 变异、变种variety 多样化；种类；变种vascular system 脉管系统；维管系统vascular tissue 脉管组织；维管组织vegetable 蔬菜；植物；植物人vehicle 交通工具、车辆；载体vein 静脉velocity 速度、速率vertebrate 脊椎动物vibrate 振动、抖动；摆动virus 病毒visible 能见的、明显的visible light 能见光vitamin 维他命、维生素volcanic activity 火山活动volcanic eruption 火山爆发volcano 火山voltmeter 伏特计、电压表volume 容积；体积；音量Wwarm 温暖的；暖色的；使温暖water 水water cycle 水循环water vapor 水蒸汽、水汽wavelength 波长weather 天气、气象、气候weathering 风化wedge 楔子；楔形物weight 重量wheel and axle 轮轴white blood cell 白血球、白细胞wind 风wind vane 风向标、风翼wise 明智的；博学的work 功、作功；工作；产品wrinkle 褶皱；皱纹Zzone 地带、区域、界；气候带zygote 合子、受精卵；合体。
Glossary
Glossary1 . astronomy英[əˈstrɒnəmi]美[əˈstrɑnəmi]n.天文学⏹例句1.Mathematics is connected with astronomy.数学与天文学有联系.2. Do you know anything about astronomy? 你懂天文学吗？3.Astronomy comes from astrology. 天文学是由占星术演变而来的。
⏹词根：nomy=a field of knowledge,表示"某一领域[的知识]"同根词n.⏹economy经济[学];节约(eco经济+nomy某一领域[的知识]→经济[学],引申为节约)⏹autonomy自治,自治权(auto自己+nomy统治,系统→自己统治→自治)⏹antinomy自相矛盾(anti反+nomy理论→相反理论→自相矛盾)2.astronomer英[əˈstrɒnəmə(r)]美[əˈstrɑnəmɚ]n.天文学者，天文学家天文学家复数：astronomers派生词：Astronomy noun 天文学⏹例句1.A new star attracted the notice of the astronomer. 新发现的一颗星引起了那位天文学家的注意。
2. Finally one day, an astronomer came to our village. 终有一日，村子里来了一个天文学家。
3. He is reputed to have been a good astronomer. 他以一个优秀的天文学者闻名于世。
4. It is the only tangible object the astronomer can handle. 这是天文学家能够掌握的唯一可接触的对象。
⏹课外拓展American astronomer who discovered the planet Pluto(1930). 汤博，克莱德·威廉生于1906美国天文学家，他于1930年发现了冥王星German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630). 第一个阐述行星运动定律的德国天文学家（1517－1630）。
glossary
abandon [ə'bændən] vt.丢弃，离弃；放弃，抛弃ability [ə'biliti] n.能力；才能able ['eibəl] a.有能力的；能干的abnormal [æb'nɔ:məl] a.反常的，不正常的，不规则的aboard [ə'bɔ:d] ad.在船(或飞机、车)上；上船prep.在船上about [ə'baut] prep.关于；在…周围ad.周围，附近；大约above [ə'bʌv] prep.在..之上，adv.在上面adj.上面的above all 首先abroad [ə'brɔ:d] ad.&a.在国外，海外(一般作表语)absence ['æbsəns] n.缺席，不在场absent ['æbsənt, əb'sent] a.不在场；缺席的absent over leave 越假不归absolute ['æbsəlu:t] a.纯粹的，完全的，绝对的absolutely ['æbsəlu:tli] ad.肯定地；完全地；绝对地absorb [əb'sɔ:b] v.吸收；吸引abstract ['æbstrækt] a.抽象的，难解的n.摘要，根据abundant [ə'bʌndənt] a.丰富的，充足的，大量的，多的abuse [ə'bju:z] v.滥用，妄用；伤害，虐待；辱骂academic [ˌækə'demik] a.学术的，学校的，学院的academy [ə'kædəmi] n.专科学校，中等学校；研究院，学会accelerate [ək'seləreit] v.使加速，使增速，促进vi.加快，增加accent ['æksənt, æk'sent] n.重音；重音符号；口音，腔调accept [ək'sept] vt.接受，接纳；承认access ['ækses] n.进入，接近；入径，入口，通道accident ['æksidənt] n.事故；意外之事accidental [ˌæksi'dentl] a.偶然的；意外的accommodation [əˌkɔmə'deiʃən] n.住宿，膳宿accompany [ə'kʌmpəni] vt.陪伴；伴随；伴奏accomplish [ə'kʌmpliʃ] v.实现(计划等)；达到(目的)；完成(任务) accord [ə'kɔ:d] vt.给予(欢迎、称颂等) vi.&n.符合，一致accordance [ə'kɔ:dəns] n.符合，一致according to [əˌkɔ:diŋ tu:] prep.根据，依据，按照accordingly [ə'kɔ:diŋli] ad.因此，于是；相应地，照着account [ə'kaunt] n.账目，账；报告，叙述，说明vi.说明accountant [ə'kauntənt] n.会计师，会计员accumulate [ə'kju:mjuleit] vt.积累，积聚vi.累积，聚积accuracy ['ækjurəsi] n.准确(性)；精确(性)accurate ['ækjurət] a.精确的，准确的accuse [ə'kju:z] vt.控告，指责vi.指控，指责accuse sb. of (doing) sth 控告某人做...accuse sb. as sb. 指控某人是...accustomed [ə'kʌstəmd] a.惯常的；习惯的，适应的(一般作表语) ache [eik] vi.痛；哀怜n.(指连续)疼痛、酸痛achieve [ə'tʃi:v] vt.实现，完成；达到，得到vi.达到预期目的achievement [ə'tʃi:vmənt] n.实现，完成，达到；(不可数)成绩；成就acid ['æsid] n.酸，酸类物质acknowledge [ək'nɔlidʒ] vt.承认，供认；致谢acquaintance [ə'kweintəns] n.认识，相知；熟人，认识的人acquire [ə'kwaiə] vt.获得，取得；开始具有acquisition [ˌækwi'ziʃən] n.获得，所获之物acre ['eikə] n.英亩across [ə'krɔs] prep.穿过，横过；在…的对面ad.横过act [ækt] vi.行动，做；起作用；表演n.行为，动作action ['ækʃən] n.行动，行动过程；作用active ['æktiv] adj.活动的，活泼的，；主动的，积极的activity [æk'tiviti] n.（人脑器官等的）正常活动，活动；行动actor ['æktə] n.男演员；参与者actress ['æktris] n.女演员actual ['æktʃuəl] adj.实际的，事实的，真实的actually ['æktʃuəli] ad.实际上acute [ə'kju:t] a.敏锐的，尖锐的；(指疾病)急性的adapt [ə'dæpt] vt.使适应，使适合；改编；改写vi.适应add [æd] vt.加，加上；进一步说(或写) vi.(to)增添add up to 合计达addition [ə'diʃən] n.加，加法；附加物additional [ə'diʃənəl] a.附加的，额外的，另外的address [ə'dres] vt.在...上写姓名、住址n.地址，致词adequate ['ædikwit] a.适当的，足够的，胜任的adjective ['ædʒiktiv] n.形容词a.形容词的，用作形容词的adjust [ə'dʒʌst] vt.调节；整顿，调整vi.适应(to)；使调节adjust (oneself) to sth. 使(自己)适应于...adjust to sth. 适应于某事administration [ədˌminis'treiʃən] n.经营，管理；行政，行政机关，管理部门admire [əd'maiə] vt.钦佩；羡慕；赞赏admission [əd'miʃən] n.准许进入，准许加入；承认，供认admit [əd'mit] vt.承认，供认；准许…进入，准许...加入adopt [ə'dɔpt] vt.采纳，采用；通过；收养adore [ə'dɔ:] vt.崇拜，敬重adult ['ædʌlt] n.成年人adj.成年的，成熟的advance [əd'vɑ:ns] vi.前进，向前移动，取得进展n.前进，进展advanced [əd'vɑ:nst] a.超前的，先进的；高级的；开明的；前进的advantage [əd'vɑ:ntidʒ] n.有利条件；有利地位，优势；好处adventure [əd'ventʃə] n.冒险，冒险活动，奇遇vt.大胆进行adverb ['ædvə:b] n.副词a.副词的advertise ['ædvətaiz] vt.公告，公布；为...做广告vi.登广告advertisement [əd'və:tismənt] n.广告，公告；广告活动ad [æd] n.广告，公告；广告活动advice [əd'vais] n.劝告；忠告；意见advisable [əd'vaizəbl] a.明智的，可取的advise [əd'vaiz] vt.忠告，劝告，建议；通知，告知advocate ['ædvəkit] n.辩护者，拥护者，鼓吹者vt.拥护，提倡affair [ə'feə] n.事情，事件affect [ə'fekt] vt.影响，打动，震动affection [ə'fekʃən] n.喜爱；爱慕，感情；倾向，意向afford [ə'fɔ:d] vt.买得起，负担得起；提供，给予afraid [ə'freid] a.害怕的，恐惧的；担心的，惟恐的Africa ['æfrikə] n.非洲African ['æfrikən] adj.非洲的n.非洲人，非洲居民after ['ɑ:ftə] prep.在...以后，在...后面ad.以后，后来afternoon [ˌɑ:ftə'nu:n] n.下午；午后afterward ['ɑ:ftəwəd] ad.后来；以后afterwards ['a:ftəwədz] ad.以后，后来again [ə'gein] ad.又一次，再一次against [ə'genst] prep.相反，逆着；反对age [eidʒ] n.年龄；时代，时期v.(使)变老agency ['eidʒənsi] n.代理处，代办处agent ['eidʒənt] n.代理人，代理商，代表aggressive [ə'gresiv] a.侵略的，好斗的，有进取心的，敢作敢为的ago [ə'gəu] ad.以前agony ['ægəni] n.创痛，(极度的)痛苦；挣扎苦恼agree [ə'gri:] vi.表示同意；持相同意见vt.同意agreeable [ə'gri:əbəl] a.令人愉快的，宜人的；易相处的agreement [ə'gri:mənt] n.达成协定，协议；同意，一致agriculture ['ægrikʌltʃə] n.农业，农艺；农学ahead [ə'hed] ad.在前；向前；提前ahead of [ə'hed əv] 在…前aid [eid] vt.救助，帮助n.援助，救护；帮助者，助手aid sb. in sth. 帮助某人做某事aid sb. with sth. 用某物援助某人aim [eim] vt.把...瞄准vi.(at)瞄准n.瞄准，对准air [eə] vt.使通风n.空气，天空，大气aircraft ['eəkrɑ:ft] n.飞机，飞行器airline ['eəlain] n.航空公司；(飞机的)航线airplane ['eəplein] n.飞机airport ['eəpɔ:t] n.机场，航空站，航空港alarm [ə'lɑ:m] n.惊恐，惊吓，报警album ['ælbəm] n.相册，集邮册alcohol ['ælkəhɔl] n.酒精，乙醇alert [ə'lə:t] a.警惕的，警觉的；机警的，敏感的alike [ə'laik] a.相像的，相同的ad.一样地，相似地alive [ə'laiv] adj.活着的；存在的；有活力的，活跃的all [ɔ:l] a.所有的，全部的pron.每个ad.完全all day 整天all night 整夜all day long 整天地all night long 整夜地all one's life 一生，一辈子all the time 一直地，经常all the way 一直，一路，全程all the while 一直地all the year round 一年到头at all events 不管怎样after all 到底，毕竟all in all 总的说来，总共all of 至少，足足at all 完全，根本all alone 单独一个，独自地all along 一向，一直地all at once [ət 'wʌns] 突然all but 几乎，差点没all in 精疲力尽all of a sudden 突然all out 全力以赴，竭尽全力all over 到处，遍及all through 在整个...期间all up 完蛋了，不行了all told 总共all very well ...可...(但是)alliance [ə'laiəns] n.联合，同盟allow [ə'lau] vt.准许，允许；承认vi.容许allowance [ə'lauəns] n.津贴，补贴alloy ['ælɔi] n.合金ally ['ælai, ə'lai] n.盟国，同盟者almost ['ɔ:lməust] ad.几乎，差不多alone [ə'ləun] a.独自一人ad.单独；只有，仅仅along [ə'lɔŋ] ad.向前prep.沿着alongside [əlɔŋ'said] ad.并排地，并肩地prep.在...旁边alongside of 在旁边，与...并肩aloud [ə'laud] ad.出声地，大声地alphabet ['ælfəbet] n.字母表，符号系统already [ɔ:l'redi] ad.已，已经，早已also ['ɔ:lsəu] ad.同样地；而且(也)alter ['ɔ:ltə] vt.改变，变更vi.改变，变样alternative [ɔ:l'tə:nətiv] n.供选择的东西；取舍，抉择a.两者择一的although [ɔ:l'ðəu] conj.尽管，虽然，即使altitude ['æltitju:d] n.高度，海拔altogether [ˌɔ:ltə'geðə] ad.完全，全部；总起来谘，总之；总共aluminium [ˌælju'miniəm] n.铝always ['ɔ:lweiz] ad.总是，无例外地；永远，始终a.m. [ˌei 'em] 上午A.M. ['ei'em] 上午amateur ['æmətə, ˌæmə'tə:] a.业余的n.业余爱好者amaze [ə'meiz] vt.使惊奇，使惊愕；使困惑vi.表现出惊奇ambassador [æm'bæsədə] n.大使；特使，(派驻国际组织的)代表ambition [æm'biʃən] vt.有...野心，追求n.雄心，野心an ambition for sth. 对某事有野心an ambition to do sth. 有...野心ambulance ['æmbjuləns] n.救护车，救护船，救护飞机amid [ə'mid] prep.在...之中America [ə'merikə] n.美洲；美国American [ə'merikən] a.美洲的，美国的；美国人的n.美国人among [ə'mʌŋ] prep.在…之中，在...之间amount [ə'maunt] n.数量，数额，总数vi.(to)合计，共计amuse [ə'mju:z] vt.逗乐；给…以娱乐(消遣)；打发amuse sb. by sth. 用某物逗乐某人amuse sb. with sth. 用...逗乐某人analyse ['ænəlaiz] vt.分析，分解，解析analysis [ə'næləsis] n.分析，分解analyze ['ænəlaiz] v.分析，分解ancestor ['ænsəstə] n.祖宗，祖先anchor ['æŋkə] n.锚vt.抛锚泊(船) vi.抛锚，停泊ancient ['einʃənt] a.古代的，古老的and [ənd, ænd] conj.和，与，及；那么，则angel ['eindʒəl] n.天使anger ['æŋgə] n.愤怒，气愤vt.使发怒，激怒vi.发怒angle ['æŋgəl] n.角，角度，立场，观点angry ['æŋgri] a.愤怒的，生气的animal ['æniməl] n.动物，野兽，牲畜a.动物的，野兽的ankle ['æŋkəl] n.踝，踝关节anniversary [ˌæni'və:səri] n.周年，周年纪念日announce [ə'nauns] vt.宣布，宣告，声称；vi.当电台的播音员announcer [ə'naunsə] n.宣布者；电(视)台播音员，报幕员annoy [ə'nɔi] vt.使恼怒，使生气；打扰vi.招人讨厌annoy sb. by doing sth. 因做某事使某人生气annual ['ænjuəl] a.每年的，年度的；一年一次的n.年报another [ə'nʌðə] a.再一个的，另一个的；别的prep.另一个answer ['ɑ:nsə] vt.回答，答复，答案v.回答，答复，响应answer for 对...负有责任ant [ænt] n.蚂蚁antarctic [æn'tɑ:ktik] a.南极的anticipate [æn'tisipeit] vt.预料，预感，期望antique [æn'ti:k] a.古时的，古代的n.古物，古器，古玩anxiety [æŋ'zaiəti] n.焦虑，挂虑；渴望anxious ['æŋkʃəs] a.焦虑的，发愁的；渴望的，急切的any ['eni] a.什么，一些；任何的prep.无论哪个anybody ['eniˌbɔdi, 'enibədi] pron.(否定句)任何人；(肯定句)随便哪个人anyhow ['enihau] ad.无论如何，不管怎么说anyone ['eniwʌn] pron.任何人，无论谁anything ['eniθiŋ] pron.(否)任何事物；（肯）无论什么东西anything but 根本不anyway ['eniwei] ad.无论如何anywhere ['eniweə] ad.(否)在什么地方，(肯)随便什么地方apart [ə'pɑ:t] ad.分离，离开，隔开a.分离的，分隔的apartment [ə'pɑ:tmənt] n.（美）公寓；(英)房间apologize [ə'pɔlədʒaiz] vi.道歉，认错apology [ə'pɔlədʒi] n.歉意，道歉；辩护，辩解apparatus [ˌæpə'reitəs] n.器械，器具，仪器，设备apparent [ə'pærənt] a.显而易见的；表面的；看起来appeal [ə'pi:l] vi.呼吁，请求；上诉，申述n.呼吁，请求appear [ə'piə] vi.出现，显露；来到；看起来像，似乎appearance [ə'piərəns] n.出现，露面，出场；外观，外貌，外表appendix [ə'pendiks] n.附录appetite ['æpitait] n.食欲，胃口；欲望，性欲；爱好，趣味applaud [ə'plɔ:d] vt.喝彩，鼓掌，称赞applause [ə'plɔ:z] n.鼓掌，鼓掌欢迎apple ['æpəl] n.苹果，苹果树appliance [ə'plaiəns] n.器具，器械，装置applicable ['æplikəbəl] a.适当的，合适的，可应用的application [ˌæpli'keiʃən] n.申请，请求，申请书；应用，实施，实用性apply [ə'plai] vt.应用，使用，使致力于vi.适用，申请appoint [ə'pɔint] vt.委派，任命；约定，确定appointment [ə'pɔintmənt] n.任命，选派；约会，确定appreciate [ə'pri:ʃieit] vt.为...表示感激，感谢；欣赏，赏识，评价approach [ə'prəutʃ] vt.走近，接近vi.接近，临近n.靠近，途径appropriate [ə'prəupri-it, ə'prəuprieit] a.恰当，合宜的approval [ə'pru:vəl] n.赞同，同意；批准approve [ə'pru:v] vt.赞同，称许；批准，核准vi.赞成，称许approximate [ə'prɔksimit] a.大约，大致，近似的vi.(to)近似，接近approximately [ə'prɔksimətli] ad.近似地，大约April ['eiprəl] n.四月Arabian [ə'reibiən] a.阿拉伯的n.阿拉伯人arbitrary ['ɑ:bitrəri] a.随心所欲的；专断的，任意的arch [ɑ:tʃ] n.拱门，桥洞v.拱起，成为弓形architect ['ɑ:kitekt] n.建筑师architecture ['ɑ:kitektʃə] n.建筑学，建筑术，建筑式样，建筑风格arctic ['ɑ:ktik] a.北极的area ['eəriə] n.面积；地域，地区，范围，领域argue ['ɑ:gju:] vt.主张，认为，论证vi.争论，争执，辩论argument ['ɑ:gjumənt] n.争论，辩论；论据，论点arise [ə'raiz] vi.上升，升起；出现，现成；由…引起arithmetic [ə'riθmətik] n.算术，计算arm [ɑ:m] n.手臂；扶手；武器vt.以武器装备vi.备战army ['ɑ:mi] n.军队；陆军army ['ɑ:mi] n.军队，军；大群，大批around [ə'raund] ad.各处，周围，在附近prep.在…周围arouse [ə'rauz] vt.引起，激起，唤起；唤醒arrange [ə'reindʒ] vt.安排，筹划；整理，排列，布置arrangement [ə'reindʒmənt] n.安排，准备工作；整理，排列，布置arrest [ə'rest] vt.逮捕，拘留，扣留n.逮捕，扣留，攫取arrival [ə'raivəl] n.到达，到来；到达的人或物arrive [ə'raiv] vi.到来，到达；来临；(at)达到，达成arrow ['ærəu] n.箭；箭头符号art [ɑ:t] n.艺术，美术；技术，技艺；文科，人文科学article ['ɑ:tikəl] n.文章，论文；条款，条文；物件，冠词artificial [ˌɑ:ti'fiʃəl] a.人工的，人造的，人为的；做作的，假装的artist ['ɑ:tist] n.艺术家，美术家，演员artistic [ɑ:'tistik] a.艺术(家)的；美术(家)的as [əz] conj.当…时prep.作为，当作ad.同样地as...as 像...一样as for 关于，至于as to 关于，至于as if 好象，仿佛as though 好像，仿佛ash [æʃ] n.灰，灰末ashamed [ə'ʃeimd] a.惭愧的，害臊的Asia ['eiʃə] n.亚洲Asian ['eiʃən] a.亚洲的，亚洲人的n.亚洲人aside [ə'said] ad.在旁边，到(或向)一边aside from 除…以外(尚有)ask [ɑ:sk] vt.问，询问；请求，要求；邀请，约请ask after 探问，问候asleep [ə'sli:p] a.睡着的aspect ['æspekt] n.方面；模样，外表，神态assemble [ə'sembəl] vt.集合，召集；装配；收集vi.集合，聚集assembly [ə'sembli] n.集会(不可数)；会议(可数)，装配(不可数) assert [ə'sə:t] vt.断言，声称；维护，坚持assess [ə'ses] vt.对...进行估价，评价asset ['æset] n.(复)资产，财产；宝贵的人(或物)assign [ə'sain] vt.(to)指派，选派；分配，布置；指定assignment [ə'sainmənt] n.(分派的)任务，指定的作业；分配，指派assist [ə'sist] vt.协助，帮助，促进vi.帮忙，参加assist...in 帮助(做某事)，(在某方面的)帮助assist...with 帮助(做某事，学某东西等)assistance [ə'sistəns] n.援助，帮助assistant [ə'sistənt] n.助手，助理，助教a.助理的，辅助的associate [ə'səuʃieit] vt.和...发生联系vi.和...来往n.伙伴association [əˌsəusi'eiʃən] n.联盟，协会，社团；交往，联合；联想assume [ə'sju:m] vt.假设，假定，揣想；装出...（样子) assumption [ə'sʌmpʃən] n.假定，设想；承担，假装assurance [ə'ʃuərəns] n.保证，承诺assure [ə'ʃuə] vt.使确信；向…保证，使有保证assure...of 向...保证一定...，肯定地向...说assure oneself 确实弄清楚，确保astonish [ə'stɔniʃ] vt.使惊讶，使惊恐astronaut ['æstrənɔ:t] n.宇航员，太空旅行者astronomy [ə'strɔnəmi] n.天文学at [æt] prep.在…里；在...上；向，朝；在…时刻athlete ['æθlit, 'æθli:t] n.运动员，体育家，身强力壮的人Atlantic [ət'læntik] a.(the)大西洋的n.大西洋atmosphere ['ætməsfiə] n.大气层，大气，空气；环境，气氛atom ['ætəm] n.原子；微粒；微量atomic [ə'tɔmik] a.(关于)原子的；原子能的attach [ə'tætʃ] vt.系，贴，连接(to) vi.附属，附加attach to 使属于，使参加；认为有(责任等)attach importance to 重视attack [ə'tæk] vt.攻击，进攻n.攻击，进攻；(病)发作attain [ə'tein] vt.达到，获得attempt [ə'tempt] vt.企图，试图n.努力，尝试，企图attempt to do sth. 试图做某事attempt doing sth. 试图做某事attend [ə'tend] vt.出席，参加(会议等) vi.处理，照料attend on 照顾，侍候attend upon 照顾，侍候attend to 处理，办理；照看，接待；注意倾听attendant [ə'tendənt] n.服务员，值班员；护理人员，侍从attention [ə'tenʃən] n.注意，留心attentive [ə'tentiv] a.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的attentive to 留意，对...殷勤attitude ['ætitju:d] n.态度，看法(to, toward, about)；姿势attorney [ə'tə:ni] n.(美)律师attract [ə'trækt] vt.吸引；引起，诱惑vi.吸引，有吸引力attraction [ə'trækʃən] n.吸引，吸引力attractive [ə'træktiv] a.有吸引力的，有迷惑力的，动人的attribute [ə'tribju:t] vt.(to)把…归因于n.属性，特征audience ['ɔ:diəns] n.听众，观众audio ['ɔ:di-əu] a.听觉的，音频的August ['ɔ:gəst] n.八月aunt [ɑ:nt] n.伯母，婶母，姑母，姨母，舅母aural ['ɔ:rəl] a.听觉的，听力的Australia [ɔ'streiliə] n.澳大利亚Australian [ɔ'streiliən] a.澳大利亚的，澳洲区的；n.澳大利亚人author ['ɔ:θə] n.作家，著作家；发起人，创始人authority [ɔ:'θɔriti] n.当局，官方；权力，权威，威信；当权者auto ['ɔ:təu] n.(美)汽车automatic [ˌɔ:tə'mætik] a.自动的，习惯性的，不加思索的automobile ['ɔ:təməbi:l] n.(美)汽车autumn ['ɔ:təm] n.秋天，秋季auxiliary [ɔ:g'ziljəri] a.辅助的，补助的available [ə'veiləbəl] a.现成可使用的；可利用的；可获得的avenue ['ævənju:, 'ævinju:] n.林荫路，大街；(比喻)途径，渠道，方法average ['ævəridʒ] n.平均数，平均a.平均的vt.均分(利益等)an average of 平均有(跟数词)average out 平均(计算)为...avoid [ə'vɔid] vt.防止，避免；逃避，避开await [ə'weit] vt.等候，等待；将降临于awake [ə'weik] a.醒着的vt.唤醒，使觉醒vi.醒，觉醒award [ə'wɔ:d] vt.授予(奖品等) 给予n.奖，奖品，奖学金aware [ə'weə] a.知道的，意识到的；有觉悟的；懂事的away [ə'wei] ad.离开，远离awful ['ɔ:ful] a.可怕的，糟糕的，极坏的ad.十分，极度地awfully ['ɔ:fuli] ad.异常，非常awkward ['ɔ:kwəd] a.难看的，粗笨的；使人尴尬的ax [æks] n.斧子axe [æks] n.斧at one's back 支持某人at the beginning 从开始，从头at the beginning of 在...初at best 充其量，至多as bold as brass 大模大样(的)，粗鲁无礼abide by 遵守at the center of 在...中心as far as ... is concerned 就...来说，就...而言a matter of conscience 要良心来决定的问题as a consequence of 由于...的结果as a consequence 结果at one's convenience 在方便的时候，以方便的方式at a cost (of) 以...为代价，花...at all costs (any cost) 不惜任何代价，无论如何at half cost 以半价at no cost 不花钱at the cost of 以…为代价，用...换来的as cool as cucumber 非常冷静a cut above 高一筹，高明一些，超出(能力等)a good deal 许多，大量；…得多a great deal 许多，大量；...得多at a discount 减价，不值钱at sb's disposal 任...处理，供...使用at ease 安详，自在，不拘束at one's ease 安详，自在，不拘束at one's elbow 在身边an element of 一点点，少许at a rough estimate 据大致估计at all events 不管怎样，无论如何at great expense 花了很多钱at little expense 花了很少钱at almost no expense 几乎没花钱at someone's expense 花某人的钱，对某人不利at the expense of 对...不利(不顾...)，花…的钱as a matter of fact 事实上，其实as far as 远至，到...程度after a fashion 勉强，不太好after the fashion 依照...a feather in one's cap 荣幸的事a few (表示肯定)有些，几个a fine figure of a man 身材魁梧a fine figure of a woman 身材苗条at first 起初，最先a flash in the pan 昙花一现的人物，一时的成功as follows 如下and so forth 等等a small fortune 一大笔钱，很多钱add fuel to the flames 火上加油a fund of 大量的，储存库a gay gathering 快乐的聚会all of a glow 红彤彤，热烘烘a graduate 研究生a graduate student 研究生a great deal 许多(后接不可数名词)a great deal of 许多(后接不保数名词)a great number of 许多(后接可数名词复数) a bit of grind 一件苦差事a group of 一群(组，片，派等)as it happens 偶然at all hazards 冒着一切危险，不管怎样at hazard 在危机中，侥幸的above one's head 难以理解a heap of 许多，大量at a heat 一口气地a heavy rain 大雨a heavy snow 大雪a heavy crop 丰收at one's height 登峰造极a hell of a lot of money 好多钱a hill of beans 少量，小事a host of guests 好多来宾a hot debate 激烈的讨论a half hour (美)半小时after hours 下班，工作(学习)完毕at all hours 随时an idel rumour 毫无根据的谣言an inspired poet 一个富有灵感的诗人at the instance of 经…提议at intervals 不时地，相隔一定距离at long intervals 间或at regular intervals 每隔一段时间(距离)at short intervals 常常a man of iron 意志坚强的人，严酷无情的人an export item 出口项目a bad job 倒霉事a good job 幸运事a Gordian knot 棘手的难题，难办的事at large 未被捕；消遥自在地，详尽地abide by the law 守法a leap in the dark 冒险的行为，轻举妄动ask leave to do sth. 请求同意做某事ask for leave 请假at leisure 闲着的，有空的；从容不迫的at one's leisure 当有空的时候any less 更少一些all one's life 某人一辈子a limited company 股份有限公司as easy as rolling off a log 极其容易any longer (不)再as long as 只要...就...；既然...as drunk as a lord 酩酊大醉at lowest 至少，最低a lump of sugar 一块方糖all of a lump 一齐a good many 相当多的a great many 相当多的at the market 照市价a matter of life and death 生死攸关的事情as a matter of fact 实际上，事实上a mature plan 成熟的、周密的计划at meals 在吃饭a light meal 便餐award sb. a medal 授予某人奖章a medical college 医学院a medical team 医疗队a medical ward 内科病房at the mercy of 在...支配中，任由...摆布absence of mind 心不在焉and no mistake 无疑地，的确a moderate distance 中等距离at any moment 随时，在任何时候at the moment 此刻，那时at most 最多，至多at the most 至多，最多as much as 尽…那么多；差不多as hard as nails 身体结实，冷酷无情a narrow escape 九死一生a narrow escape from death 九死一生a narrow road 窄路a narrow mind 小心眼儿，气量小a narrow circle of friends 交际不广a national boundaries 国界a national minority 少数民族a near translation 接近原文的翻译a near relation 近来at need 紧急时at night 在夜间(晚上)all night 整夜all night long 整夜a mere nobody 一个小人物a nose of wax 没有主意的人all to nothing 百分之百的a hard nut to crack 棘手的问题，难对付的人all of a sudden 突然间an inquiry office 问讯处a head office 总公司an official visit 官方访问and so on 等等at once [ət 'wʌns] 立刻，马上all at once [ət 'wʌns] 突然，同时，一起ask the opinion of sb. 征询某人意见a matter of opinion 看法不同的问题an orderly study 整洁的书房an orderly person 有条理的人an ordinary dress 一件平常的衣服an original edition 原版at a good pace 相当快地a pail of water 一桶水a painful stomach 疼痛的胃a painful problem 棘手的问题a pair of shoes 一双鞋a pair of scissors 一把剪刀a pair 一对夫妇a pale moon 暗淡的月光at peace 处于和平状态，处于平静状态a perfect stranger 完全陌生的人a pet name 昵称a pet dog 宠物狗a piece of cake 轻松的事情a working plan 施工图a strategic plan 战略计划a pocket-size camera 小型照相机a case in point 恰当的例子a point of view 观点，看法，角度at all points 在各方面a polite remark 客气话a pop concert 流行音乐会a marriage portion 一份嫁妆a portion of roast beef 一串烤牛排a coffee-pot 咖啡壶a big pot 大人物a party in power 执政党a primary school 小学award a prize for 授予...奖a professional player 职业选手a puff of breeze 一阵微风a heavy purse 富裕a light purse 贫穷a rainbow of colours 五颜六色a rainbow of opinions 各种观点at any rate 无论如何，至少all round 周围，处处a rude sketch 草图at a sacrifice 亏本地a bad sailor 常晕船的人a good sailor 不晕船的人all the same 仍然，照旧地a savage beast 野兽a savage blow 猛烈的打击a savage forest 原始森林a law school 法学院a scientific method 科学方法a team score 团体分at sea 在海上，在航行中affix one's seal 盖章a secret talk 密谈a secret door 暗门a serious young man 一个持重的年轻人a serious warning 严重警告a severe winter 严冬a sharp sword 锋利的剑a sharp turn 急转弯a sharp pain 剌痛a sheet of paper 一张纸a shower of hail 一阵冰雹a shower of bullets 一阵弹雨a shower of letters 大批信件a rough sketch 草图a slice of beef 一片牛肉a slice of territory 一片领土a slice of life 人生的片段a slow imagination 迟钝的想象力a civilized society 文明社会as soon as 一…就…a sore subject 令人难堪的话题a sound sleep 酣睡a sour temper 乖戾的脾气a spare tyre 备用轮胎a special correspondent 特派记者a pair of spectacles 一副眼镜at full speed 全速at top speed 全速at high speed 全速at a speed of 以…的速度a sponsor country 发起国a scenic spot 风景胜地a stable marriage 稳定的婚姻生活a stable rate of exchange 稳定的汇率an official statement 正式声明，官方声明a space station 宇宙空间站a police station 警察所a straight back 挺直的背a straight thinker 思路有条理a straight answer 坦率的回答a string of buses 一串公汽a string of excuses 一串借口a string 一根绳子a piece of string 一根带子a strong character 坚强的性格a strong faith 坚定的信仰a strong evidence 有力的证据a strong contrast 强烈的对照administration structure 行政机构a sudden attack 突然袭击a sudden change 意外变故all of a sudden 突然a swarm of ants 一群蚂蚁a social system 社会制度a new teaching system 新教学法answer the telephone 接电话a thousand 一千ahead of time 提前at a time 每次，一次at times 有时at a tremendous speed 以极快的速度a tremendous amount of rain 大量的雨a tremendous amount of money 大量的钱a true friend 真朋友an uncomfortable shoe 一只不舒服的鞋an underground organization 地下组织an unexpected guest 不速之客an unusual reply 不寻常的答案an upright piano 立式钢琴an upright man 正直的人an urgent telegram 加急电报an urgent message 紧急消息(情况) an utter waste of time 完全是浪费时间an utter denial 断然拒绝at various times 在不同的时代a vast plain 广袤的原野at vast expense 大笔的开支a vast difference 天壤之别a vertical cliff 悬崖a vertical line 垂直线a violent attack 猛攻a violent blow 猛烈的打击a violent storm 暴风骤雨agree with 赞同；适应于at work 在工作；忙于all over the world 全世界。
Glossary名词翻译共29页文档
A加速折旧法（accelerated method of depreciation）——加速折旧法于固定资产的折旧。
使用这种方法，成本更多地分摊于前期。
其实例包括双倍余额递减法和年数总额法。
因为这类方法在固定资产有效使用年限的前期确认更多的折旧，所以被认为是谨慎性方法。
会计等式（accounting equation）——会计等式是四张财务报表的基础。
它是一种数学等式显示一公司的资产的货币价值等于其负债与所有者权益的货币价值之和。
资产负债表就是这种等式的一种综述与体现。
各种交易必须反映这些会计等式的平衡，才能得以记载于财政报表之上。
会计期间（accounting period）——一个会计期间是介于两份财务报表的编制阶段之间的时期。
一般来说，报表会按月、按季、按半年或按年编制。
很多公司选择按公历年编制报表，但由于季节的差异，一些公司选择按365天为一个周期来编制报表，这被称为财政年度。
应付账款（account payable）——应付账款是由于供应商提供商品、供给品或劳务而发生的账上欠款数量。
这种负债发生于公司及其供给商之间频繁的交易，且这些交易一般不属于特殊的、正规的合同。
这些负债的出现是商品、供给或服务的接受与其对应的支付之间的时间差的现实结果。
一般来说，应付账款属于资产负债表中的流动负债。
应付账款周转（account payable turnover）——购买成本/平均应付账款。
应付账款周转用于衡量支付给供应商的应付账款的平均速度。
在一个给定的时期内，它反映了供应商的账户周转次数。
把这个比率除以365则得到一个另一个定义，反映一个应付账户须被支付的平均天数。
应收账款（account receivable）——应收账款属于资产负债表中的账户，反映顾客因购买而在账上形成的欠债货币数量。
当收入在取得相关现金支付之前得到确认，应收账款账户增加。
应收账款一般被置于流动资产当中，对于许多公司这一项相对较大。
glossary大学英语单词介绍
Unit 1Wordsdem·on·strateverb\ˈde-mən-ˌstrāt\:to prove(something)by showing examples of it:to show evidenceof(something)ca·pa·bleadjective\ˈkā-pə-bəl,in rapid speechˈkāp-bəl\:able to do something:having the qualities or abilities that are needed to do something:skilled at doing something:able to do something wellval·idadjective\ˈva-ləd\:fair or reasonable:acceptable according to the lawhu·mil·i·tynoun\hyü-ˈmi-lə-tē,yü-\:the quality or state of not thinking you are better than other people:the quality or state of being humbleno·bil·i·tynoun\nō-ˈbi-lə-tē\:the quality or state of being noble in character or qualitythe nobility:the group of people who are members of the highest social class in some countriesno·bleadjective\ˈnō-bəl\:having,showing,or coming from personal qualities that people admire(such as honesty,generosity,courage,etc.)con·sol·i·dateverb\kən-ˈsä-lə-ˌdāt\:to join or combine together into one thing:to make(something,such as a position of power or control)stronger or more securestren·u·ousadjective\ˈstren-yə-wəs\:requiring or showing great energy and effortover·alladverb\ˌō-vər-ˈȯl\:with everyone or everything included:as a whole:in generalpri·or·i·tynoun\prī-ˈȯr-ə-tē,-ˈär-\:something that is more important than other things and that needs to be done or dealt with firstrec·re·a·tionnoun\ˌre-krē-ˈā-shən\: something people do to relax or have fun : activities done for enjoymentau·di·to·ri·umnoun\ˌȯ-də-ˈt ȯr-ē-əm\: a large room or building where people gather to watch a performance, hear a speech, etc.: the part of a building (such as a theater) where an audience sitscaf·e·te·rianoun \ˌka-fə-ˈtir-ē-ə\: a place (such as a restaurant or a room in a school) where people get food at a counter and carry it to a table for eatingcur·ric·u·lumnoun\-ləm\: the courses that are taught by a school, college, etc.deannoun\ˈdēn\: a person who is in charge of one of the parts of a university (such as a college or school): a person whose job is to give advice to the students in a college or high school and to make sure that they obey the school's rules: a person who has more experience in or knowledge about a particular profession, subject, etc., than anyone or almost anyoneelectivenoun: a class that is not required in a particular course of study1elec·tiveadjective\i-ˈlek-tiv\Definition of ELECTIVE1a:chosen or filled by popular election <an elective official>b:of or relating to election c:based on the right or principle of election <the presidency isan elective office>2a:permitting a choice :OPTIONAL <an elective course in school>b:beneficial to the patient but not essential for survival<elective surgery>3a:tending to operate on one substance rather thananother<elective absorption>b:favorably inclined to one more than to another : en·rollverb\in-ˈrōl, en-\: to enter (someone) as a member of or participant in something: to take (someone) as a member or participant: to become a member or participantfac·ul·tynoun\ˈfa-kəl-tē\: the group of teachers in a school or collegehu·man·i·tynoun\hyü-ˈma-nə-tē, yü-\: the quality or state of being human: the quality or state of being kind to other people or to animals: all people。
Glossary- 联合国环境署
GlossaryActive ingredient (a.i.): The biologically active component of a pesticide formulation.Agrochemicals: Chemicals used in agriculture production systems including fertilizers, and pesticides, such as insecticides and herbicides.Aerial termite infestations:Alates of some subterranean termite genera can establish a colony in the upper parts of buildings, railway carriages, boats and the like without the need for contact with the soil for as long as they have access to a source of moisture.Alates: Fully winged adult termites, possible future kings and queens, which swarm from the nest at a certain time of year to mate and found new colonies. They vary in colour from black to pale brown and the wings are opaque grey to black.Arboreal nesting termites: Build carton nests primarily on trees, poles, fences, and under at times also in the roof of buildings; usually have nasute soldiers.Bait: Food placed to attract termites, which has been treated with a control agent in view of eliminating them (the elimination can take some time, depending on the agent). The agent can be a traditional pesticide, a more specific chemical, or a pathogen, but recently the most commonly used agents in baits are moult (or chitin synthesis) inhibitors targeting a process which is specific to insects..Beneficials: Organisms that provide a benefit to crop production, including natural enemies of pests and pollinators such as bees.Bio-accumulation: Increase in the concentration of a pollutant in an organism compared to its direct environment or food. (2)Bio-magnification: Increase of the concentration of a pollutant as it moves from one trophic level to another through the food chain. (2)Biological Control: Using or encouraging living organisms (natural enemies) such as pathogens, parasites or predators, to manage pests.Carcinogenic: causing cancer (2)CAS Number: Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number - a unique number identifying a substanceCastes: Different looking individuals living together in the termite colony, which have a particular function, such as workers or soldiers.Chitin: One of the main components in the exoskeletons of insects and the cell walls of fungi. It is a polysaccharide; constructed from units of acetylglucosamine.Chlorophyll: The green pigment of plants that captures the energy from sunlight necessary for photosynthesis.Cultural control: procedures such as crop rotation, tillage, irrigation and fertilization which can contribute to reducing incidence of pestsCOP: Conference of the PartiesDampwood termites: Ecological group of termites which live and feed in moist wood, especially stumps and fallen trees on the forest floor, although some species actually prefer drier wood.Dressing: Localized pesticide applicationDrywood termites: Ecological group of termites which nest in wood above the soil level. They do not need contact to the soil or with other sources of moisture because of a low requirement for water.Ecology: The science studying relationships between organisms and between organisms and their environment.Economic threshold: The pest density at which measures must be taken to prevent the pest from reaching the level at which economic yield losses are expected, that is, cost of control is less than the value gainedEndocrine System: The hormonal communication and control system, regulating numerous bodily functions (see hormone)Entomology: Science studying insectsEnvironment: Surroundings, including water, air, soil and their interrelationship as well as all relationships between them and any living organisms. (1)Exotic termites: Species which have been introduced from elsewhere and are not naturally present in the country / area. They are often (accidentally) brought into countries through commerce.FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFood Chain: A series of food organisms and those which consume them, to be in turn consumed by the next trophic level (e.g. from plankton to fish to fish-eating bird). It is a linear and simple feeding relation, where one organism has one type of food and is eaten by onetype of organism. In nature, the situation is usually more complex, and the term “food web” more correctly describes the situation, where a variety of organisms each feed on a variety of other organisms and are in turn fed on by more organisms.(Pesticide) Formulation: The pure pesticide substance can seldom be used as it is. It is therefore formulated with solvents, dispersants and other additives. (2) Formulation meansthe combination of various ingredients designed to render the product useful and effective for the purpose claimed; the form of the pesticide as purchased by users. (1)Frass: Solid faecal material, dry excrement produced by insects.Fumigation: Pest control using a gasFungi (plural, singular fungus): Filamentous organisms with cell walls containing chitin, lacking chlorophyll (unlike green plants they cannot photosynthesize - make organic nutrients using energy from sunlight); reproduce through spores; examples are moulds and mushrooms.GEF: The Global Environment FacilityGTEG: UNEP/FAO Global Termite Expert GroupHabitat: A habitat is a place where an organism lives or the place where one would go to find it.Hormone: A hormone (from Greek horman - "to set in motion") is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. Multicellular organisms producing hormones include plants.Hydrophobic: Not liable to dissolve in water.IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer (part of the World Health Organization).Insect Growth Regulators: A heterogeneous group of compounds such as juvenile hormone analogues or chitin synthesis inhibitors which prevent moult, retarding or inhibiting growth, or influencing caste development (i.e. excessive production of soldiers).Integrated Pest Management (IPM): The careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms. (1)Insects: A class of animals with six legs and three body parts, head, thorax and abdomen.Insecticide: Pesticide intended for use against insects.Lipophilic: Readily dissolves in fat.LD 50: Measure of toxicity: the dose that is expected to kill 50% of test organisms. The unit is usually mg (toxin) per kg (body weight). (2)Moult: Organisms with an external skeleton such as insects and other arthropods increase in size by moulting: growing a new skin (cuticle) and shedding the old one to enter a new stage in their developmentMound-building termites: Mound-building termites are technically a form of subterranean termite, which construct nests arising from the ground.Mutagenic: Causing mutations, changes in genetic material, change in structure or quantity of DNA .NAPs: National Action PlansNIPs: National Implementation Plans for implementing obligations under the Stockholm ConventionNasute soldiers: Have a brown to black head and a conical "nose" through which they can squirt a defensive liquid.Natural enemies: Organisms which are detrimental to a pest species. They affect the pest species as pathogens, parasites or predators.Nematodes:Unsegmented round worms, often microscopic. Most are free living, but others are parasitesOrganochlorines: Group of organic chemicals containing chlorine that includes insecticides, such as aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, DDT, heptachlor, mirex, and toxaphene.Parasite: Organism that lives on or in another, the host, depending on it for food. The host receives no benefit at all. Some parasites cause early death of the host, others are virtually harmless to it.Pathogen: Organism causing diseasePellets: Droppings, those expelled by drywood termites are grit/sand-like, six-sided, elongated, and less than one millimetre.Pest: A pest is an organism that harms useful plants, domestic animals or humans. Pests can also destroy commodities such as stored food or buildings.Pesticides: Substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying or controlling a pest.Pheromone: A substance (odour) used for communication between individuals of the same species. Vital for locating mates in many insects. (2)Plant vigour: Plant growing without water or nutrient stress, in sufficient light.POPs: Persistent Organic Pollutants. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that resist degradation and are lipophilic, and therefore have the ability to bio-accumulate and bio-magnify, with long-term effects on health and environment. They are also semi-volatile, enabling them to move long distances in the atmosphere before deposition occurs. Examples are organochlorine insecticides and several industrial chemical products or byproducts including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (dioxins) and dibenzo-p-furans (furans). An initial list of 12 POPs including 5 termiticides are covered by the Stockholm Convention that aims at eliminating further releases of these substances.ppb: Parts per billion.ppm: Parts per million.Predator: Animal that kills living animals and then feeds on them.Resistant plants: certain plant varieties which are not susceptible to a disease or attacks by an insect.(Pesticide)Resistance of insects: The capacity of an insect to withstand the killing effect of a chemical (insecticide). The resistance is, usually linked to a genetic trait that is propagatedin a population because of selection pressures.Rotation: Changing the species of crop grown on a plot of land between growing seasons to reduce problems with pests and conserve soil fertility.SC: Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic PollutantsShelter tubes: Earthen sheathing, mud passages which termites construct in order to reach a food source, e.g. on walls of constructions, over grass, soil surfaces, bark etcSp.: Species (singular)Spp.: Species (plural)Species (of termites): Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations.Specificity: Capacity of a chemical to affect only the target organism, without affecting other kinds of organisms in the same environment.SSC: Secretariat for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic PollutantsSubterranean termites: Ecological grouping of termites which reach their sources of moisture and food by tunnelling through the soil. They often nest in the soil (see also mound-building termites, aerial termite infestations).Swarming: Release of alates from a termite nest at species-specific times of the year. A means for termites to spread beyond the colony territory.: new (winged) kings and queens (collectively called alates) flying off to start new nests.Taxonomy: The science of classification of organisms.Teratogenic: Causing foetal damage. (2)Termites: Termites are small (4 to 15 mm long) and variable in colour from white to tan and even black. They belong to the group of insects called Isoptera, are social insects and live in colonies. Features that help to differentiate termites from ants include termites having straight, flexible antennae and a broad waist while ants have elbowed antennae and a narrow waist.Termiticides: Pesticides used against termitesThermal control: Destruction of insects using high or low temperaturesTrophic level: Step in a food chain consisting of organisms obtaining their food in the same general manner, for example by eating plantsToxicity: A physiological or biological property which determines the capacity of a chemical to do harm or produce injury to a living organism by other than mechanical means. (1)Volatilisation: Capacity to evaporate into the atmosphere。
glossary(lesson 1-2)
LESSON 1
1. beneficial adj 日光和雨水对田间作物有利。 Sunshine and rain are beneficial to the crops in the field. 2. Cling vi to hold onto sth or someone with your hands and arms 抱住，抓紧; ; to keep believing that sth is right or real , even though other people do not 坚持，墨守，坚守; eg. Why do you have to cling to the old custom? to stick to or fit very tightly on sth黏着，紧贴; eg. Luis’s dripping clothes clung to his body.
8. introduction n . vi. introduce ( to not of ) 9. irritate vt. n. irritation Cf. annoy Eg. The lady seemed annoyed because I had dialed the wrong number. The second time, she seemed irritated. 10. observant adj. v. observe What an observant child he is! Visitors are expected to be observant of the local customs.
LESSON 2
1.chew v. We should chew on the difficulties ahead. Some booowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (Bacon) 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。 2． engage vt./ vi I should like to speak to Mr. Grey, if he’s not engaged. He engaged in the study of microbes. v.phr be engaged to sb/ to do sth/ in doing sth The servant is engaged to her boss, they will get married on Feb,14, 2011. The servant is engaged to clean the car and she will get $10 per hour. The servant is engaged in cleaning the car, so she is not available now.
Glossary
Glossary1academic 学院的adolescence 青春期adolescent 青少年时期adulthood 成年affection 喜爱affirm 断言agenda 日程表anxiety 焦虑attitudinal 态度的baptistbounce 跳跃capability 能力contribute 贡献counsel 建议crisis 危机definite 清楚的developmental 发育的distinct 区分，差别distressed 悲伤dorm 公寓，宿舍(大学生) encyclopedia 百科全书endeavor 尝试endowment 天赋ethical 道德的evaluate 估算，评估excessive 过分的，极度的feminine 女性的financial 财政的functional 职务的genetic 基因的guilt 内疚heighten 提高inherit 遗传，继承inhibition 压抑的情绪interact 交流interaction 合作involve （成功的）必要条件journal 期刊masculine 男性的maturity 成熟mistrust 不信任newscast 新闻广播parental 父母的peer 同龄人perceive 理解position 工作prejudiced 偏见project 规划rebel 抗议relate 理解，同情某人resentment 怨恨role 职责seminary 学院的separation 分开sexual 2性的shrink 缩水stressful 有压力的superior 优秀的theological 神学的unquestionably 毫无疑问的2alley n.小路, 巷bitterness n.苦味, 悲痛, 怨恨call it quits 停止civil war 内战Congressman n.国会议员, 众议院议员dirt road 土路down and out 落魄drip n.水滴vt.(使)滴下vi.(使)滴下druggist n.药商, 药材商, 药剂师【医】药商, 调剂员farmhouse n.农舍general n.一般, 将军, 大体a.全面的, 大体的, 总的, 一般的, 普遍的n.常规【计】常规【医】一般的, 全身性, 广泛的get hold of 抓住, 得到get word 获得消息, 听说, 得知glimpose n.一瞥, 一闪vi.投以一瞥, 闪烁不定vt.瞥见fool around 闲荡, 干蠢事, 干无用的事, 干琐屑的事grand marshal 大元帅harness n.马具, 挽具状带子, 甲胄vt.给...上挽具, 驾驭, 披上甲胄, 利用...以产生动力headquarters n.总部, 司令部, 总部人员【经】本部, 总部, 总署hush n.肃静, 安静, 沉默vt.(使)肃静, (使)安静, (使)缄默interj.嘘, 别作声intimate a.亲密的, 私人的, 秘密的vt.暗示,通知, 告诉n.至交【法】亲密的, 亲切的, 私人的lrish爱尔兰的liven vt.使高兴, 使快活vi.快活起来livery n.制服, 侍从a.象肝的, 有肝病症状的memoir n.传记, 实录, 追思录, 回忆录, 自传【化】研究报告miraculously ad.超自然, 非凡, 不可思议, 令人惊叹, 象奇迹一样, 奇迹般, 能创造奇迹momentary a.瞬间的, 刹那间的naked a.裸体的, 无装饰的, 无保护的, 赤贫的【医】裸露的orderly a.有秩序的, 整齐的, 值班的n.护理员, 清道夫, 传令兵, 勤务兵ad.依次地, 顺序地【医】男护理员parade n.游行, 炫耀, 阅兵vt.游行, 炫耀, (使)列队行进vi.游行, 炫耀, (使)列队行进pond n.池塘vt.筑成池塘vi.筑成池塘Presbyterian adj.长老制的, 长老会的n.长老教会员railroad n.铁路, 铁路公司vt.铺设铁路, 用铁路运输vi.在铁路工作【经】铁道, 铁路ridiculous a.荒谬的, 可笑的Scotsman n.苏格兰人，苏格兰男人shed n.车棚, 小屋, 脱落之物, 分水岭vt.使流出, 放射, 脱落, 散发, 摆脱vi.流出, 散布, 脱落【医】脱落, 脱换show up 揭露, 露出, 露面smash n.打碎, 粉碎, 打碎时哗啦声, 猛击, 扣球, 杀球, 经营失败, 破产, 硬币, 假硬币a.非常轰动的, 了不起的vt.打碎, 粉碎, 击溃, 使破产, 使裂变, 使用假硬币vi.碎裂, 猛撞, 破产, 扣球, 杀球ad.轰隆一声, 哗啦一声surrender vt.交出, 放弃, 使投降, 让与vi.投降, 自首n.交出, 放弃, 投降Swede n.瑞典人sympathize vi.同情, 怜悯, 同意, 体谅thick with somebody 厚与某人windbag n.空话连篇的人, 风囊3administration n.管理advertise v.登广告advertisement n.广告anchor v.抛锚；使牢固assemble v.集合attach v.系；绑；连接award n.奖品basics n.基本；要素campus n.校园charitable a.慈善的civic a.城市的combat n.战斗；格斗compete v.竞争competition n.竞争consumer n.消费者custom-made a.定做的customazed a.定做的；定制的deal n.协议dealer n.商人delivery n.（把货物、信件等）送往（某处）dignify v.使。
Glossary(数码)术语
Glossary（数码）术语A/D模数转换：将模拟信号转换成数字信号的过程。
ADSL非对称数字用户环线。
AGP加速图形接口AGP是一种接口规范，可以使3D图形在普通个人电脑上以更快的速度显示。
AGP是一种设计用来更快，更平稳地传送3D图形的接口。
它使用普通个人电脑的主内存来刷新显示器显示的图像，支持纹理贴图，零缓冲和阿尔法混合等3D图形技术。
API应用编程接口应用程序所与其他控制程序（例如数据库管理系统）或操作系统通讯时使用的语句，信息格式。
APM高级电源管理面向硬件的电源管理软件（例如BIOS中的程序）和操作系统电源管理驱动程序之间的软件接口。
APM BIOS InterfaceSpecification的缩写。
ASCII美国信息交换标准码微型计算机上最广泛使用的编码方式。
它能将字母，数，标点符号和控制字符转换成数字形式。
ATM异步传输模式。
ATRAC3ATRAC3是一种声音压缩技术，可提供高品质的声音与高压缩率，并且应用在MD（Mini Disks；迷你光碟）上。
ATRAC3 PlusATRAC3plus是一种声音压缩技术，可提供多种位元速率让您为您的聆听偏好量身订做音乐编辑方式。
您可以在一张CD上编辑最多490首歌曲，或在Hi-MD光碟上以@48bps的位元速率编辑45个小时的音乐。
ATRAC3plus提供了含有超高声音品质的歌曲编辑能力。
AVI微软Windows操作系统兼容的一种媒体格式。
为了防止意外损失，将程序或者数据信息复制并存储到其他存储介质的过程。
Band覆盖一个特定范围频率的频谱。
Bandwidth带宽:信号传输中最高和最低频率之间的范围。
BIOS基本输入输出系统。
BIPBIP是蓝牙通讯中使用的通用的镜像数据格式。
宽带综合业务数字网。
Bitbinary digit的缩写，信息的最小单位（通常是1或0）一组脉冲中的一个衡量存储设备容量的单位。
Bit Rate表示每秒传输的资料量。
Glossary 词汇表
Glossary 词汇表(收听发音, 请单击英语单词) scheming惯耍阴谋的;诡计多端的to worm (her) way into (something)慢慢钻进了（什么地方）insecure没有安全感to feel trapped被困住了to uncover被发现了to be showered with被大量给予（某物）to be dumped被抛弃了a constitutional crisis宪法危机widespread criticism多方的批评to renounce声明放弃to thrive大量生长to absorb汲取，吸收to be vulnerable to容易受到伤害的ultraviolet rays紫外线to feed off靠吃…来生存to withstand承受a protective amino acid保护性氨基酸to pass up the food chain传递食物链to work out研究出a tablet片剂Be Late for School! 上学迟到了！英语学习点: School V ocabulary 与学校相关的词语Drriinnggg! That's the sound kids upand down the country do not want tohear – the alarm bell.The school year has just started andchildren across the UK have to wakeup bright and early to go to school.But students at one school in north-east England can lie in for an extrahour before they go to school.Kids can now have a lie in on school days.Monkseaton High School has been allowing its pupils to come into school an hour later than other schools.The headmaster, Dr Paul Kelley, says that this approach helps students pay more attention in class.He feels that young people are more productive later on in the day and that a late start may be better for their school career than an early one.Dr Kelley told the BBC that "teenagers don't function very well in the morning and their need to sleep is biological".It seems that this novel approach to teaching shows positive results. The school has already seen a drop in the number of pupils playing truant by 27%.More importantly, Dr Kelley also said that exam results have improved by 20-30% over the past year.Lessons at Monkseaton High School begin at 10am and finish at 3.40pm; however, the school opens from 8am to 5pm.bright and early 明亮的大清早儿lie in 躺在床上Sealed with a Kiss 吻之展英语学习点: Kissing V ocabulary 有关‘吻’的词汇"Get your gob in gear for a night!" Thatwas the invitation to a recent event inLondon celebrating the art of kissing.People were asked to put on lip gloss,press their mouths against a piece ofcard and then write a messagedescribing a memorable smacker.One woman mentioned her experienceof giving a peck on a baby's cheek.William and Catherine: Was this the kiss of 2011?Another moaned about a sloppy kiss she had received from a new boyfriend.Anthropologists suggest the origins of the snog aren't romantic: in primitivetimes mothers chewed food and gave it to their babies mouth-to-mouth.Today, kissing etiquette varies according to local customs. In some countries people will greet you with one peck, in others with two or more.In France, they are so keen on kissing that they have even got a smackernamed after them: the French kiss. That's the one where tongues get busy.But in India a smooch in public could land you in jail. In Germany, you won'tbe giving your freedom the kiss-off but an inappropriate snog could be thekiss of death for your promotion. The Knigge Society says the practice of greeting work colleagues with a kiss is uncomfortable for many Germans.The longest continuous snog ever recorded lasted for more than 46 hours. AThai couple locked lips in a special event in the beach resort of Pattaya.But what about Britain? Well, we Brits are much less shy than we used to be about kissing in public, but not everyone is keen. In particular, air kissing isseen as an affectation of the rich and beautiful classes. You can even refer tosuch people as mwahs, which is the sound of a kiss: "Darling! Mwah!"a gob （俚语）嘴lip gloss 唇彩a smacker （俚语）响亮的吻a peck （俚语）轻吻a sloppy kiss 心不在焉，草率的亲吻a snog （英式俚语）长时间的接吻a French kiss 法式接吻（舌头伸入对方口中）a smooch 浪漫地亲吻并拥抱在一起to give something the kiss-off （俚语）直接说不要什么东西了the kiss of death 死亡之吻to lock lips 亲吻air kissing空吻affectation 矫揉造作、装模做样a mwah （原意指亲脸颊发出的声音）一个无诚意的有钱社交名流英语学习点: Physics V ocabulary 物理词汇Could Time Travel Be Real? 时空穿梭成真？A discovery in the last week has turnedphysics on its head.A team of scientists have said that theyrecorded subatomic particles calledneutrinos travelling faster than light.No-one thought that was possible.It is a finding that could overturn oneof Einstein's long-acceptedfundamental laws of the Universe.Doctor Who is a time-travelling character in apopular BBC TV science-fiction seriesThe finding was made by researchers at Cern in Switzerland and Gran Sassoin Italy.The speed of light is a cornerstone in Einstein's theory of specialrelativity, which is what gives us the concept of causality: causes precedeeffects.Among the implications of this challenge to mainstream theory is the factthat it could mean time travel is possible, a hypothesis that has longconvinced writers of science fiction.But the experiment has its sceptics. A physicist from the University ofSurrey, Jim Al-Khalili, believes that the current consensus is correct andthat the light-speed barrier is impossible to surpass.He has tried to pick holes in the methodology of the Cern researchers. Sosure is Al-Khalili that they have made an error in their measurements that he has decided to defend the laws of physics by challenging the laws of social convention.Al-Khalili said: "If the Cern experim ent proves to be correct… I will eat my boxer shorts on live TV."to turn something on its head 完全改变subatomic particle 次原子粒子to overturn 推翻long accepted 长期被认可的cornerstone 基石theory of special relativity 狭义相对论the concept of causality 因果关系的概念implications 影响，含义，推断mainstream theory 主流理论time travel 时空穿梭hypothesis 假设science fiction 科幻小说experiment 实验sceptic 怀疑论者current consensus 当前的共识the light-speed barrier 光速障碍overcome 克服to pick holes in something 寻找漏洞methodology 方法论，方法学social convention 社会惯例，常规The Silver Smokescreen! 银幕与烟幕英语学习点: Film V ocabulary 电影词语Here's looking at you kid!Lights, camera, action! When we go to the cinema we sometimes experience scenes that reflect reality. But does the imagery affect our behaviour?A new study has found that teenagers who see actors smoking on screen are more likely to take it up.5,000 15 year olds in the UK were questioned and many said seeing blockbuster films that depict smoking would encourage them to light up.This research by Bristol University looked at the potential influence of some of the 360 top US box office films released between 2001 and 2005 that showed smoking, such as Spider-Man and The Matrix.Now some experts are calling for a change in film certification so the under-18s are unable to see actors smoking on the silver screen.Dr Andrea Waylen, who led the research, said "We saw a linear relationship between adolescent smoking and the number of films they had seen depicting smoking."In the UK, films with ratings U (universal) or PG (parental guidance) ban scenes showing drug misuse but not cigarette smoking.But is seeing the lead puffing on a cigarette really glamorising smoking? If so, would the motion-picture industry have to re-think what goes in every scene from the start to the end credits?Simon Clark, director of the smoker's group Forest, said: "We go to the cinema to escape from the nanny state… what next? Should government reclassify films that feature fat people as well in case they are bad role models?"lights, camera, action!灯光，开拍，动作！imagery 想象中的blockbuster 畅销大片depict 表现，刻画box office 票房film certification （针对观众年龄的）电影限制规定the silver screen 银幕ratings 评级PG (parental guidance) 家长指导级the lead 领衔主演glamorising 潇洒的motion-picture 电影scene 场面the end credits 影片末尾的演员表reclassify 重新划定role models 榜样Take Away English 随身英语Reap What you Sow! 园艺在英国盛行英语学习点: Gardening V ocabulary 和园艺有关的词汇Odd things are happening to Brits... weseem to be developing green fingers!The number of people growing their ownfruit and veg has almost doubled in thepast year, according to Gardeners' Worldmagazine.Gardens and allotments across the UKhave been put to use as people discoverthe joys of home-grown produce.Brits are developing green fingers!But not everyone has space for a vegetable patch or a flowerbed. And sometimes a window box just isn't enough of a gardening challenge.That's why some people have been turning to guerrilla gardening. This is when people plant flowers or vegetables in public spaces to make them greener and more pleasing to the eye.Many people would approve of prettifying towns and cities, but guerrilla gardening is not strictly legal. Therefore, this type of gardening often takes place in the dead of night.But the stereotype of the keen gardener is not someone who wears combat boots and breaks the law. It is of someone who wears wellies and spends all their time in greenhouses and potting sheds. We expect such a person toknow every aspect of how to tend and cultivate their plants.Yet, despite the increase in people growing their own, more than half of the UK population still do not know when 18 out of the top 22 fruit and vegetables are in season, according to Gardeners' World.It seems that Britain still has some way to go before we can justifiably be called a nation of gardeners.to reap what one sows 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆to have green fingers 形容有园艺才华的人fruit and veg 蔬果allotment [英](划成小块出租的)菜地home-grown 自家种植produce 农作物vegetable patch 菜地flowerbed 花坛window box 放在窗台上的长花盆guerrilla 游击队式的to prettify something 美化某物the dead of night 深夜wellies 雨靴greenhouse 温室potting shed 盆栽棚to tend something 照顾某物to cultivate something 培养某物to grow one's own 种植自己的蔬菜和水果in season 当季的a nation of gardeners 园艺大国Web Words Hit Dictionaries 网络词录入字典英语学习点: New Words in the Dictionary 字典新词The web-savvy amongst you willknow that just as a mouse is nolonger only a rodent, a tweet isn'tnecessarily a noise made by a bird.Nearly a quarter of the new wordsadded to the latest edition of theChambers Dictionary come frominternet culture, with the economicrecession and climate change alsocontributing strongly.Hmm, I wonder if I can find quantitative easing…The internet age's ability to reinvent old words with new meanings continues. The cloud, you may think, is the thing above your head which produces rain.It's not as simple as that any more.We all know what pay is, right? And a wall is a wall – as in The Great Wall of... But what about a paywall? Can you work it out?Moving onto the economy, words such as quantitative easing and double- dip recession have become familiar to followers of current affairs.Amongst the environmental terms now appearing in the dictionary you can find upcycle and precycle as well as carbon offsetting.National treasure, Neet, man flu, crowdsourcing and staycation are also officially recognised for the first time.And there are some abbreviations made popular by email and social networking sites. When you're surprised you can write OMG! (Oh my God) and if you really like someone, BFF 永恒挚友(best friend forever) is the expression for you.web-savvy 擅长网络的人，网络行家tweet 推特The cloud 计算云，电脑云paywall 付费墙quantitative easing 量化宽松double-dip 双底衰退upcycle 升级再造precycle 预回收carbon offsetting 炭抵消national treasure 国宝人物Neet ‘三无人员’(无教育，无职业，无培训人员)man flu 男士小感冒crowdsourcing 众包（企业利用互联网将工作分配出去的商业模式）staycation 不出远门在家度假OMG (Oh My God!) 我的天哪！BFF (best friend forever) 永恒挚友Ever won the lottery? No? But didthat stop you buying another lotteryticket?If the answer is another 'no', youmight call yourself an optimist.But then, according to researchers atUniversity College London, humanbeings are naturally sanguinecreatures.We are born with a predisposition for optimismIt's all in the brain, they say. A study suggests that it is very efficient at processing good news: about 80% of people have a tendency to see the glass as half-full, not half-empty, even if they don't consider themselves to be optimists.The good news is that this brings a health benefit. Being upbeat and having a positive outlook on life reduces anxiety. A study of nearly 100,000 women showed a lower risk of death from heart disease amongst optimists.But there are pitfalls to always having an upbeat attitude. The authors of the study point out that the 2008 financial crisis may have been caused by analysts overestimating their assets' performance even in the face of clear evidence to the contrary.There are personal health risks too. Dr Tali Sharot, lead researcher, said: "'Smoking Kills' messages don't work as people think their chances of cancer are low. There's a very fundamental bias in the brain."But, as they say, every cloud has a silver lining. Even if seeing the world through rose-tinted glasses poses a risk to our health, it's not somethingthat is likely to cause us to lose sleep.Let's just keep our chins up and keep smiling!optimism 乐观主义sanguine （正式用语）满怀希望的to see the glass as half-full, not half-empty 表示同样半杯水，乐观的人觉得杯子是半满，悲观的人觉得杯子是半空的。
Glossary
GLOSSARY 名词解释Abnormal situation: A disturbance or series of disturbances in a process that cause plant operations to deviate from their normal state. In the context of hazard evaluation procedures, synonymous with deviation.异常工况（Abnormal situation）：装置运行中可能导致工艺偏离其正常工况的一个或一系列扰动。
在危害评估程序中，与偏离含义一致。
Administrative control: A procedural requirement for directing and/or checking engineered systems or human performance associated with plant operations.管理控制：指导和/或检查与装置操作相关的工程系统或操作人员绩效的程序要求。
Audit ability: The ability to inspect information, documents, and procedures that demonstrate the adequacy of and adherence to the design, inspection, maintenance, testing, and operation practices used to achieve the other core attributes.可审核性：可通过检查相关信息、文件以及程序来确认其设计、检验、维护、测试以及操作实践可以实现其核心功能的充分性及一致性。
Auto ignition temperature: The lowest temperature at which a fuel/oxidant mixture will spontaneously ignite under specified test conditions, with no other sources of ignition present.自燃点：一种可燃物/氧化剂的混合物，在不存在其他点火源的情况下，在某一指定测试条件下自发燃烧的最低温度。
GLOSSARY 词汇表汇总
GLOSSARY 词汇表Abbreviations and A V Audio-visual 视听的Word BTU British Thermal Unit 英国热单位（约合0.252千卡）Usage CFM Cubic Feet per minute 每分钟立方英尺缩略词及词的用法db. Decibel 分贝(耳)F and B Food and Beverage 食品和饮料F F and E Furnishings, Fixtures, and Equipment家具,装置物及设备TV Television 电视UBC Uniform Building Code 统一建筑法规Room:房间AREA PROGRAM Square Meters 分区计划平方米100 Public Areas 公共区200 Guest Room Areas 客房区300 Administrative Areas 行政区400 Service Areas 服务区500 Mechanical Areas 机械区600 Recreational Areas 娱乐区700 Exterior Areas 外部区800 Garage Areas 车库区900 Shopping Areas 购物区1000 Staff Housing 员工住房区TOTAL: 总计DATE: 日期100 PUBLIC AREAS 公共区AREA PROGRAM No.of Square 分区计划People Meters人数平方米101 Public Areas 公共区102 Lobby 大堂103 Hotel Shops 酒店商店Newspaper and Tobacco shop 报纸及烟草店Drugstore 药店Men's and Women's Boutiques 男女服装店Gift Shops 礼品店Jewelry Shop 珠宝店Flower Shop 花店Barber Shop 理发店Beauty Shop 美容店Airline Counter 航空售票处Travel Agent Counter 旅行社办事处Car Rental Counter 租车处Office Rental Areas 租办公室处105 Snack Bar 小吃店106 Restaurants 饭店Grill Restaurant 烧烤店Outdoor Restaurant 户外饭店107 Bars 酒吧Lobby Bar 大堂吧Bar/Cocktail Lounge 吧/鸡尾酒廊Subtotal 小计Contingency 新增服务项目Total 合计100PUBLIC AREAS公共区AREA PROGRAM No. of Square 分区计划People Meters人数平方米101 Function Rooms 多功能厅1.Connecting: 联接M 平方米2.@3.@109 Ballroom 舞厅110 Ballroom lobby 大堂舞厅111 Public Toilet Rooms and Checkrooms公用卫生间及衣帽间112 Guest Elevators and Elevator Lobbies客用电梯及大堂电梯113 Casino 小舞厅114 Nightclub or Supper Club夜总会或高级职员俱乐部Subtotal 小计Contingency 增设服务项目Total 总计200GUEST ROOM AREAS客房区AREA PROGRAM Square 分区计划Meters平方米201 Typical Guest Rooms 标准客房Number of typical guest rooms: 标准客房数目@Total Area of Room 房间总面积Bathroom with or without Bidet带坐浴或不带坐浴浴室Vestibule 前厅Closet 壁橱Half of guest Corridor if如果双人入住一半客人走廊Double-loaded 如果每人入住全客人走廊50% of Balcony area 阳台区50% of Cantilevered Slab 悬臂平板above Window 在窗以上Proportionate Area of Guest elevators客梯成比例的区间Mechanical Shafts, guest Room Floor Service Core机械升降井、客房、地面服务中心带203 Suites-parlors with One ofTwo Typical Bedrooms套房一客厅带一个标准卧房One-day parlors @ Meters 一开间客厅Two-day parlors @ Meters 二开间客厅204 Convertible Meeting Rooms/Bedrooms多功能会议室@ Meters205 Alcove Rooms 与大厅相通的小房间@ Meters206 Executive Suites@ Meters207 Presidential or Royal Suites 总统或王室套房@ Meters208 Manager's Suite 经理套房@ Meters209 Guest Room Corridors 客房走廊210 File Stairs 消防楼梯Subtotal 小计Contingency 新增加项目Total 合计Formulas: 公式Typical Guest Room Floor, Gross 标准客房楼层Area per Room:每个房间的总面积Typical guest room floor area 标准客房楼层区Number of guest rooms per typical floor每标准楼层客房数目MetersTotal Guest Room Tower, Gross 塔楼总客房数Area per Room: 每标准楼层客房数Total Guest room tower area 塔楼客房总面积Total number of guest rooms 客房总数目Meters300ADMINISTRATIVE AREAS行政区AREA PROGRAM Square 分区计划Meters平方米301 Front Desk and reception 前台及接待处302 Front Office 前台办公室303 Communications Center 商务中心304 Administrative Offices 行政处305 Accounting Offices 财务处306 Executive Center 经理室307 Switchboard Area 电话区308 Computer Room 计算机室Subtotal 小计Contingency 新增项目Total 合计400SERVICE AREAS服务区AREA PROGRAM Square 分区计划Meters平方米401 Main Kitchen 大厨房402 Pantries 餐具室403 Butcher Shop 肉店404 Pastry Shop 食品店405 Service Corridors 服务走廊406 Service Elevators 服务电梯407 Guest room floor Service Core 客房层服务408 Food and Beverage Storerooms 食品饮料室409 General Storeroom 总储藏室410 Laundry and Valet rooms 洗衣房及服务员室411 Housekeeping Room 杂务室412 Staff Shower, Toilet and Locker Rooms员工浴室、卫生间、及更衣室413 Staff Coffee Shop 员工咖啡室414 Senior Staff Dining Room 高级职员415 Staff Lounge 员工休息室416 Maintenance Workshops 修理间417 Service Area Offices 服务区办公室418 Engineer's Office 工程师办公室419 Engineer's Storeroom 工程师用储藏室420 Telephone Equipment Room 电话设备室421 Compactor Room 夯具室422 Garbage and Waste Area 垃圾废品区423Receiving Area and Staff Entrance接货区及员工通道424 Diver's Area 司机区425 Furniture Storeroom 家具库房426 Ballroom Storeroom 舞厅库房427 Luggage Storeroom and Holding Area行李库房及存储区428 Outdoor Furniture, Site Maintenance, and Other Storerooms户外设施、场地维护、其它库房429 Print Shop 复印室430 Projection and Translation Booths 放映间及翻译间431 Entertainer's Dressing Rooms 化装室432 Medical Office 卫生所Subtotal 小计Contingency 新增加项目Total 合计500MECHANICAL AREAS机械区AREA PROGRAM Square 分区计划Meters平方米501 Main Mechanical Plant Area 主机械设备区502 Auxiliary Mechanical Areas(50% area) 辅助机械设备区503Electrical Areas (Switchgear and Transformers)电气区（开关箱及变压器）504 Water Storage, Pumps, and Treatment Room水储存，泵，及水处理室505 Air handling Area 风控区506 mechanical Transfer Floor 机械转换楼层507 Elevator Machine Room and pits 电梯设备室及凹坑508 Rooftop Mechanical Penthouse 屋顶机械室509 Swimming Pool Pump and Filters Room 游泳池及过滤室Subtotal 小计Contingency 新增加项目Total 合计600RECREATIONAL AREAS娱乐区AREA PROGRAM Square 分区计划Meters平方米601 Health Club and Sauna 健身俱乐部及桑拿602 Exercise Room 运动室603 Changing Rooms 暗室604 Recreation Room 娱乐室605 bowling Alley 保龄球室606 Squash Courts 壁球场607 Swimming Pool 游泳池608 Tennis Courts 网球场609 Children's Play Area 儿童活动区610 Beach 河边路611 Marina 散步区Subtotal 小计Contingency 新增加项目Total 合计700EXTERIOR AREAS户外区AREA PROGRAM Square 分区计划Meters平方米701 Hotel Approach 酒店入口702 Outdoor Parking cars 户外停车703 Landscaped Areas 风景区704 Exterior Sings 室外标志705 Facade 正面706 Service Approach 服务入口Subtotal 小计Contingency 新增加项目Total 合计800GARAGE AREAS停车区AREA PROGRAM Square 分区计划Meters平方米801 Parking Garage for cars 停车车库802 Control Booth 控制室803 Attendants' Room 服务员室804 GARAGE Elevator Lobby 车库电梯间Subtotal 小计Contingency 新增加项目Total 合计900SHOPPING AREAS 购物区AREA PROGRAM Square 分区计划Meters平方米901 Mail for Shops 自选超市902 Shop Spaces 商店区903 Shop Storage 商店库房Subtotal 小计Contingency 新增加项目Total 合计1000STAFF HOUSING AREAS员工住房区AREA PROGRAM Square分区计划Meters平方米1001 Housing Category I Married Department Heads一类住房，供已婚部门负责人居住1002 Housing CategoryⅡSingle Department Heads二类住房，供单身部门负责人居住1003 Housing Category ⅢSingle Supervisory and ClericalStaff三类住房，供单身总监及办公室职员居住1004 Housing Category ⅣSingle Staff四类住房，供单身职员居住1005 Service Areas 服务区1006 Mechanical Areas 机械区1007 Recreation Areas 娱乐区1008 Exterior Areas 室外区1009 Parking 停车场Subtotal 小计Contingency 新增加项目Total 合计。
旅行社专业英语词汇
Glossary1.Accreditation: Approval by conferences or associations allowing the sale of tickets and othertravel services.2.Affinity Group: An organization, formed for virtually any purpose other than travel, whichsubsequently elects to sponsor group travel programs on scheduled or charter aircraft and qualifies for certain group travel privileges.3.Agent: A person authorized to sell the products or services of a supplier.4.Agent Reporting Agreement: An agreement between travel agents and airlines, via the AirlinesReporting Corporation, which specifies the rights and obligations of both parties.5.Airlines Reporting Corporation (ARC): Formed by the Air Transport Association to preserveessential domestic services performed by the Air Traffic Conference prior to deregulation; as a regulatory association for travel agents, ARC establishes agency requirements with respect to professional personnel standards, agency accessibility to the public, and financial and security standards.6.Airline Tariff Publishing Company (ATPCO): A company jointly owned and operated by airlinesto consolidate, publish, and distribute fares and cargo rates, along with associated rules, to the travel industry.7.Air Traffic Control: A service operated by appropriate authority to promote the safe, orderly, andexpeditious flow of air traffic.8.Air Transport Association (ATA): The trade association representing all scheduled airlines in theUnited States under whose jurisdiction the Airlines Reporting Corporation was established after the dissolution of the Civil Aeronautics Board.9.Airbus (Aerial Bus): A jumbo jet carrying twice as many people as a 707 or DC-8 andspecializing in short-and medium-length trips.10.Airline Codes: The system of abbreviations for airlines, airports, fares, and so on used by airlinesand travel agents throughout the world.11.Airline Deregulation: By the federal law enacted in 1978, the elimination of the CAB andgovernmental regulation of the airlines and other suppliers with regard to routes, fares, and other specifics.12.All-Expense Tour: An inclusive tour that includes many services for a stated price; probablymost, if not all, meals, sightseeing, taxes, tips, and extras.13.American Automobile Association (AAA): An organization that provides its members with avariety of services –travel information, maps, highway and legal services, insurance, trip planning, and so on – related to owning and operating automobiles. AAA also operates a multi-branch retail travel agency organization.14.American Plan (AP): A meal plan that includes three meals daily with the price ofaccommodations.15.American Society of Travel Agents (ASTA): A trade association of U.S. and Canadian travelagents and tour operators.16.Amtrak: The name used by the National Railway Passenger Corporation, A quasi-publiccorporation established by Congress in 1971 to assist the declining railroad industry.17.APOLLO: The computer reservation system developed by United Airlines and introduced in1976.18.ARC Industry Agents’ Handbook: Published by the Airlines Reporting Corporatio n for travelagents, the handbook specifies the requirements to become an ARC Industry Agent and provides guidelines and procedures for appointment.19.Area Settlement Plan: A system of banks authorized by the ARC through which travel agents andapproved suppliers report and remit airline tickets.20.Association of Retail Travel Agents (ARTA): A trade association of American travel retailers.21.Association of Retail Travel agents (ARTA): A trade association of American travel retailers.22.Automated Ticket Machines (ATM): Automated vending machines selling computer airlinetickets, generally located in airport terminals.23.Average Room Rate: Total revenues from room sales in a hotel, or collective room revenues of adestination, divided by the total number of available rooms. Average room rates may be computed on a daily basis for an individual property or an annual or seasonal basis for a destination.24.Back-to-Back: Describing a program of multiple air charters between two or more points witharrivals and departures coordinated to eliminate aircraft deadheading and waiting; that is, when one group is delivered at a destination, another is ready to depart from that point.25.Bed and Breakfast (B&B): A meal plan that includes breakfast with guest house or other lodgingaccommodations.26.Bermuda Plan (BP): Hotel accommodations with a full, American-style breakfast included in theprice of the room.27.Bonding: the purchase, for a premium, of a guarantee of protection for a supplier or a customer.In the travel industry, certain bonding programs are mandatory: For example, ARC insists that travel agents be bonded to protect the airlines against defaults.28.Bucket Shops: Firms selling heavily discounted air tickets or tour packages, usually belowmarket value.29.Bulk Fare: A fare available only to tour organizers or operators who purchase a specified blockof seats from a carrier at a low, noncom-mission able price and then have the responsibility of selling the seats, including a commission in their marked-up price for the seats.30.Business Class: A class of service on airlines that is usually situated between first class andeconomy (coach) and offers such amenities as larger seats, free cocktails and headsets, and early check-in privileges.31.Business Travel Department (BTD): An in-house travel agency for a business or organization.32.Cargo Liner (or Freighter): A vessel principally engaged in transporting goods, licensed to carrya maximum number of passengers (usually twelve).33.Certified Travel Counselor (CTC): Professional certification awarded to travel agents who havesuccessfully completed a study program developed and administered by the Institute of Certified Travel Agents.34.Charter Service: Nonscheduled air transport services whereby the party or parties receivingtransportation obtain exclusive sue of an aircraft at published tariff rates and the remuneration paid by the party receiving transportation accrues directly to, and the responsibility for providing transportation is that of, the accounting air carrier. This term also has general application to any other mode of transport, such as motor-coach, ship, and train, where the entire capacity or a minimum number of seats are hired by contract for exclusive use.35.Child: Variably defined. Airlines normally classify a child as two through eleven, but somesuppliers classify the range to fourteen, sixteen, or even up to eighteen years of age.36.Circle Trip: A trip involving more than one destination and returning to the origin city. Example:Tampa to Atlanta to New Orleans to Las Vegas to Tampa.37.City-Pair: The terminal communities in an air trip, that is, the origin and destination on a one-way basis.38.Coach Service: transport service established for the carriage of passengers at fares and quality ofservice below that of first-class and business-class service. It is also known as economy service.mercial Rate: A special discounted rate offered b y a hotel or other supplier to a company,group, or individual traveler on a qualified basis.mission: A payment received by travel agents for the sale of air transportation, hotelaccommodation, tours, rental cars, and other products and services, usually computed as a percentage of sale made by the agent.muter Airline: An airline that offers frequent round-trip service to or from smallercommunities and some larger airport hubs with a published flight schedule of such services, principally to serve business commuters.puter Bias: Giving preference, as in listing a certain airline’s schedules first in acomputerized Reservation System.puterized Reservation System(CRS): An electronic information system connectingindividual travel agencies to a central computer, making immediate inquiries and reservations on an airline, hotel, car rental, or other possible travel services.44.Conference: An association of air carriers designed in principle to provide a set of operationalrules that are fair to operators and to prevent injurious competition among operators. A conference may establish and enforce agreed-upon rules, ethical practices, safety standards, and documents, as well as serve as a clearinghouse for information. It may also establish travel agency rules and regulations.45.Conference Appointment: A process whereby travel agencies are approved by conferences (forexample, IATAN, ARC) to represent a group of carriers or other travel suppliers to sell its services.46.Configuration: A particular type of specific aircraft, ship, and so on, differs from others of thesame model by virtue of the arrangement of its components or by the addition or omission of auxiliary equipment such as ―long-range configuration,‖ ―cargo configuration.‖47.Consolidator: A person or company that forms groups to travel on air charters or at group fareson scheduled flights to increase sales, earn override commissions, or reduce the possibility of tour cancellations.48.Consortium: A group of persons or travel agency companies that pool together their resources toobtain some travel benefit such as higher commissions, advertising, twenty-four-hour call-in service, or other services.49.Consumer Disclosure Notice: A written statement frequently used by travel agencies to informclients that they are acting merely as ―Agents‖ fro a principal (that is, airline, hotel). With such a disclosure notice, agents take a major step in avoiding liability by obtaining implicit consent from the client to sue the supplier.50.Continental Breakfast: Usually a beverage with rolls, butter, and jam or marmalade. In Hollandand Norway, cheese, cold cuts, or fish are sometimes included.51.Continental Plan (CP): Bed and breakfast, meaning hotel accommodations as specified andbreakfast according to the custom of the country.52.Convention: A business or professional meeting, usually attended by large numbers of people. InEurope the more prevalent term for convention is ―congress.‖53.Cooperative Business Corporation: Formed as a joint-stock organization to establish andmaintain a working relationship among its members.54.Corporate-Owned Chain: A fully owned group of retail chain member outlets featuring commonsignage and advertising, usually (but not always) operating under a unified marketing concept and standardized management policies and practices.55.Coupon Brokers: Travel companies that buy and sell frequent flyer program coupons.56.Courier (Tour Escort, Tour Leader, Tour Manager): A professional travel escort.57.Cruise Ships: Ships used specifically for pleasure cruising, as opposed to point-to-pointtransportation.58.Currency Restrictions: Limitations established by a country to control the amount of money takenin, out, or exchanged within a country.59.Customs: The formal procedure whereby all persons entering a country must declare theirpossession of specific kinds or amounts of items purchased in another country under the jurisdiction of a government agency that has the right to inspect, restrict, seize, and/or impose taxes on goods brought into a country. Also refers to the normal manners or behavioral procedures of a society.60.Customs Duty: A tax on certain goods being imported.61.Day Rate: A special rate for a room used by a guest only during the day up to a specific hour,such as 4:00, 5:00, or 6:00 P.M.62.Deadhead: A rail, bus, or airline term for a carrier returning with an empty cabin or cargopayload.63.Default Protection Plan: A system established to protect travelers and travel intermediaries in theevent of a supplier default. There is currently no system operating; however, several plans arebeing reviewed.64.Demi Pension: The same as Modified American Plan.65.Deposit: A partial payment to hold space, usually refundable if cancellation is made by aprescribed time.66.Direct Selling: The sale of travel products by suppliers (airlines, hotels) directly to the customers,without the use of travel intermediaries such as travel agents.67.Disclaimer: A legal concept whereby one party (that is, the client) to a transaction declares thathe or she will release the other party (that is, the agent) from liability and responsibility for thetransaction under certain stated conditions.68.Domestic Airline: A carrier providing service within its own country.69.Domestic Independent tour (DIT): The same as FIT, but more commonly used in the NorthAmerican context of an independent, prepaid trip within the county.70.Domestic Trunks (Domestic Trunk Operations): Domestic operations of the domestic trunkcarriers. This group of carriers operates primarily within the geographical limits of the forth-eightcontiguous states of the United States (and the District of Columbia) over routes primarilyserving the larger communities.71.Duty-Free Imports: A government-specified list of item categories and their quantities that maybe brought into the country free of tax or duty charges.72.Duty-Free Stores: retail stores in which merchandise is sold only to travelers who are leaving thecountry. Merchandise is sold completely or partially free of the taxes and duties that wouldotherwise be imposed by the country in which the store is located.73.Economy Hotel: A hotel with limited facilities and services targeted at budget travelers, alsoreferred to as second-class or tourist hotel.74.Economy Service: Transport service established for the carriage of passengers at fares andquality of service below first class and business class, also known as coach service.75.Efficiency Unit: A room that has kitchen facilities, similar to a one-room apartment. Also called astudio.76.English Breakfast: Usually includes juice, hot or cold cereal, bacon or ham, eggs, kippers, orsausages, toast, butter, and jam or marmalade.77.Entry Requirements: The official documents required t enter a country, which may include apassport, visa, or document showing inoculations.78.Errors and Omissions Insurance: Also known as professional liability insurance, this insuranceprotects the agency by covering claims for damages suffered by the client for financial loss,inconvenience, embarrassment, or other injuries because of an error or omission on the part of theagent.79.Escorted Tour: A tour that includes the services of an escort, also called a conducted tour.80.Escrow Accounts: Funds placed in the custody of licensed financial institutions for safekeeping.Many contracts in travel r equire that agents and tour operators maintain customers’ deposits andprepayments in escrow accounts.81.European Plan(EP): A meal plan that does not include meals with the price of accommodations.82.Exclusivity: Restriction imposed by the Air Traffic conference that prohibited airlines frompaying commissions to entities lacking ATC accreditation and standardized ticket stock. Prior toderegulation, travel agents and airlines had exclusivity on the sale of air transportation.83.Excursion: Usually a side trip out of a destination city; may be used interchangeably with tour orsightseeing.84.Excursion Fare: Usually a round-trip fare with restrictions such as minimum and maximum stayand advance purchase requirements.85.Excursionist: a temporary visitor remaining less than twenty-four hours in the destination visitedand not making an overnight stay.86.Exit Restrictions: Restrictions (such as an exit Visa or large exit Visa or large exit tax) imposedby a country to curb outbound travel.87.Familiarization Trip or Tour: A trip or tour offered to travel agents, tour operators, incentiveplanners, travel writers, and so on to promote a new product or destination and the services of the suppliers, usually at a discount price or FOC (free or charge). Also called a ―fam trip.‖88.Family Plan: Special money-saving arrangement for family travel, applied differently in variousphases of the industry. Generally, members of a family are entitled to discounted fares, accommodation rates, and so on.89.Fare: The amount per passenger or group of persons stated in the applicable tariff fortransportation, including accompanying baggage unless otherwise specified.90.Federal Aviation Administration FAA): The Department of Transportation agency that regulatesU.S. civil aviation. Among other things, FAA licenses private and commercial pilots, certifies aircraft and monitors their maintenance, certifies and monitors airport traffic control systems and their personnel, and enforces airline security regulations.91.First-Class Hotel: A hotel offering a high standard and variety of services. In Europe a first-classhotel ranks below a deluxe or grand luxe hotel. In Asia, first class may mean a four-star property where five stars denotes the top classification.92.First-Class Service: Transport service established for the carriage of passengers at premium fares,for whom premium quality services and seating accommodations are provided. Term also applies to the lodging industry in a similar context.93.Flag Carrier: A term usually referring to the national airline of a country.94.Flat Rate: A special room rate for a group negotiated in advance where all rooms in the property,which may or may not be subject to certain restrictions, are priced at the same rate.95.Fly-Drive: A package that includes airfare and car rental (and sometimes accommodations).96.Foreign Independent Tour (FIT) An international trip with the itinerary prepared to the individualtraveler’s specifications. Some suppliers refer to FIT as ―free and independent travelers‖ to denote travelers who have made independent arrangements.97.Franchise: The right to market a service and/or product, often exclusive fro a specified area, asgranted by the manufacturer, developer, or distributor in return for a fee; prevalent in the fast-food service industry.98.Franchisor: An entity that grants vested right to use a recognized brand name for an extensive,contractual time frame. The franchisor typically provides a franchisee with a complete business package, including operational plans and support services. A franchisor is regulated by the Federal Trade Commission.99.Frequent Flyer Program (FFP): A program whereby bonuses, usually free travel with certainrestrictions, are offered by the airlines to passengers who accumulate travel mileage. Hotels often participate in FFPs by offering similar incentives for hotel patronage based on room nights. FFPs are also termed as FTPs, or Frequent Traveler Programs.100.Full-service Travel Agency: An agency that offers a full range of services and products related to international and domestic travel.101.Gateway City: A city that functions as the primary entry destination for visitors to an area because of its location, population, and air traffic patterns.102.General Sales Agent (GSA): An exclusive sales representative of a principal for a given area. 103.Ground Arrangements: Land services such as transfers, sightseeing tours, and so on.104.Ground Handling Agent: A company that provides local transportation, sightseeing, and other services to a client at a destination.105.Ground Operator: A supplier that provides local transportation, accommodations, sightseeing arrangements, and other services to a client at a destination.106.Group Inclusive Tour (GIT) A prepaid tour covering transportation, accommodations, sightseeing arrangements, and other services. Special airfares are provided to the group, requiring that all members must travel on the same flight round trip and must travel together during their entire time abroad.107.Guaranteed Reservation: A guarantee to the traveler given by the hotel, usually based on advance deposit, that the room will be held all night in case of late arrival of the traveler. With a guaranteed reservation, the traveler must pay for the room whether or not it is actually used.108.Hostels: Accommodations where the facilities may be somewhat similar to dormitories, usually associated with youth travel.109.Hotel Garni: A term used to designate European hotels that do not have a restaurant.110.Hub and Spoke Concept: A concept involving the establishment of a particular city as a central point to which longer-haul flights are scheduled and which serves as a connecting point where other flights are deployed or made to smaller cities. The routing of schedules through a central connecting city ensures heavier passenger loads.111.Incentive companies: Professional firms assisting clients with designing, promoting, and executing of incentive travel programs.112.Incentive Travel: Travel providing an incentive reward for sales or work performed by sales staff, distributors, or members of other organizations when the sales or work performed exceeds particular quota levels.113.Inclusive tour (IT): An advertised package or tour that includes accommodations and other components such as transfers and sightseeing.114.Independent Arbitration Panel: A panel of three independent persons with the authority to hear appeals brought by agency organizations when the ARC has adapted rules or fee changes such organizations deem to be unreasonable.115.Individually Owned Chain: Each member outlet, for example, hotel, restaurant, travel agency, within the retail chain is individually owned but features common signage and advertising, following a unified marketing concept, and operates in a uniform manner.116.In-plant Branch: An operation established by a travel agency to serve the client at its own locat ion but using the client’s own employees to do the agency work. In this situation, a split commission system is arranged.117.Institute of Certified travel Agents (ICTA): An organization established in 1964 that is concerned with developing and administering educational programs for travel agents, in order to confer professional certification.118.Interline Agreements: Agreements involving two or more air carriers who cooperate on specific actions such as interline travel rights and privileges or share airport facilities or other resources. 119.Intermodal: Using different types of transportation, as in a tour using a combination of rail, air, and motorcoach services.120.International Air Transport Association (IATA): A trade association of international airlines that promotes a unified system of air transportation on international routes; sets fares and rates, safety standards, and condition of services; and appoints and regulates travel agents to sell international tickets.121.International Airlines Travel Agent Network (IATAN): The trade name of the Passenger Network Services Corporation (PNSC) created by IATA as the international counterpart of the ARC in appointing and regulating travel agencies.122.Itinerary: The travel schedule provided by a travel agent for his or her client. A proposed or preliminary itinerary may be rather vague or very specific. A final itinerary, however, spells out all details—flight numbers, departure times, and so on – as well as describing planned activities. 123.Jitney: A car, Van, or small bus to carry a small number of passengers.124.Joint Fare: A fare agreed upon by two or more carriers to provide service from origin to destination, or a fare for an off-line connection (within a country).125.Joint Marketing Organization: A company that markets the products of selected suppliers through its ranks of member agencies.126.Junket: (1) a promotional low-cost tour package offered by a particular sponsor such as a gambling casino, hotel, or other travel supplier; (2) a nonessential trip usually taken at the expense of the public taxpayer.te-show: A passenger or customer holding a reservation who arrives at the check-in desk after the designated time.128.Limited-Service Travel Agency: An agency that specializes in selling only one type of travel product, for example, domestic airline tickets, and generally offers discounted tickets as the primary basis for attracting clients.129.Load Factor: The ratio, expressed as a percentage, of carrier capacity sold to total capacity offered fro sale. The two most common measures are the number of paying passengers to number of available seats and the number of seat miles to revenue passenger miles. Example of the latter: If an airline operates 100,000 seat miles and its sales total is 50,000 revenue passenger miles, it is operating at a 50 percent load factor.130.Meeting and Convention Planner: A professional consultant who specializes in the planning and execution of conventions and business meetings.131.Minimum Connecting Time: The amount of time required to change planes, established by regulation.132.Modified American Plan (MAP) A meal plan that includes two meals daily (usually breakfast and dinner) with the price of accommodations.133.Motorcoach: A bus designed to carry passengers for touring, frequently equipped with toilet facilities.134.National Tourism Office or Organization (NTO): Also known as National Tourism Administration (NTA). The Primary government agency charged with the implementation of national goals and public policy with respect to tourism. Rate: A wholesale rate before markup for resale. Wholesale Rate: A rate usually slightly lower than the wholesale rate, applicable to groups of individuals when a hotel is specifically mentioned in a tour folder. Rate is marked up by wholesale sellers of tour to cover distribution, promotion, and so on.137.Nonscheduled Services: Revenue flights that are not operated in regular scheduled service, such as charter flights and all non-revenue flights incident to such flights.138.Official Airline Guide (OAG): A publication that provides current data on available airline services between city-pairs. There is also an electronic edition of the OAG.139.On-Time Performance: The number and percentage of aircraft, flights arriving on time, or flights arriving within fifteen minutes of the carrier’s publishe d scheduled arrival time for any specified flight or group of flights during any specified period.140.Open Jaw: An arrangement, route, or fare, authorized in a tariff, granting the traveling public the privilege of purchasing round-trip transportation from the point of origin to one destination at which another form of transportation is used to a second destination, at which point the passenger resumes the original form of transportation and returns to the point of origin; or from such destination to another destination that is in the general direction of the original starting point. 141.Option: A tour extension or side trip offered at extra cost.142.Out-plant Operation: An operation where the agency client performs most of its own itinerary work, then transmits the information to the agency, with the agency doing the actual ticketing.The commission is generally split according to a negotiated arrangement between the client and the agency.143.Overbooking: The practice of preselling more hotel rooms (or airline seats) than the hotel (or airline) has to offer.144.Override Commission: An additional commission paid above the normal commission to travel agents by suppliers based on incremental quantity or volume of sales.145.Package: Prearranged elements of a trip such as hotel accommodations, meals, sightseeing, and transfers, less inclusive than a tour.146.Parador: A Spanish word referring to castles, abbeys, or other historic buildings that have been restored for use as lodging accommodations.147.Passenger Name Record (PNR): The record of an airline reservation stored in a computerized airline reservation system. The record contains all pertinent information such as passengers’ names, travel times, flight numbers, and cost of ticket.148.Passenger Network Services Corporation (PNSC): See IATAN.149.Passenger ships: Ships whose primary purpose is to transport people from one destination to another as opposed to simply pleasure cruising.150.Passport: Issued by national governments to their citizens for out-of-country travel as verification of their citizenship.。
clinically词根词缀
clinically词根词缀摘要：一、词根词缀介绍1.词根：clin2.词缀：-ical二、词根含义及来源1.词根clin 源于拉丁文，意为“床”2.发展演变：古法语clain，意大利语chian，西班牙语llano，葡萄牙语lonha，英语lane三、词缀-ical 的作用1.形容词后缀，表示“具有…性质或特征的”2.举例：classical（经典的）、typical（典型的）、symbolic（象征性的）正文：词根词缀是构成英语单词的重要部分，它们可以帮助我们更好地理解单词的含义以及单词之间的联系。
今天我们将要探讨的词根是clin，词缀是-ical。
首先，我们来了解一下词根clin。
它源于拉丁文，意为“床”。
在古代，床通常被用作诊疗的地方，因此，词根clin 与医疗、临床等方面的概念有着密切的联系。
发展演变过程中，这个词根还出现在其他一些语言中，如古法语的clain、意大利语的chian、西班牙语的llano、葡萄牙语的lonha 以及英语的lane 等。
接下来，我们来探讨一下词缀-ical 的作用。
这是一个形容词后缀，通常表示“具有某种性质或特征的”。
比如，classical（经典的）表示具有经典性质的，typical（典型的）表示具有典型特征的，symbolic（象征性的）表示具有象征性质的。
将词根clin 与词缀-ical 结合，我们得到了一个与医疗、临床相关的词汇：clinical。
这个词意为“临床的”，表示与临床实践、诊疗等方面有关。
通过这个词，我们可以看到词根词缀在英语词汇构成中的作用，以及它们如何帮助我们更好地理解单词的含义。
总之，词根词缀是英语单词的重要组成部分，通过了解它们，我们可以更轻松地掌握英语单词的内涵。
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University of Cambrid g e ESOL Examinations T eachingK nowledgeT estC ontent andL anguageI ntegratedL earningGlossary May 08TKT: Content and Language Integrated LearningGlossary of terms and concepts used in TKT: CLILThe glossary is organised according to the test parts. It begins with general definitions of CLIL acronyms and key terms associated with CLIL. It continues with terms and concepts presented in alphabetical order for Part 1 and Part 2 of the CLIL module. Part 2 is subdivided into lesson planning, lesson delivery and assessment for CLIL.GeneralCLIL: Content and Language Integrated Learning‘CLIL is defined as an approach in which a foreign language is used as a tool in the learning of a non-language subject in which both language and the subject have a joint role.’ (Marsh in Coyle, 2006: 1)Acronyms associated with CLILCLIL: Content and Language Integrated Learning. There are different contexts:Monolingual: Students in home country learning a subject through CLIL. Some students may be non-native speakers. (France)Bilingual: students learning curricular subjects in a second or foreign language (The Netherlands)Multilingual: students learning subjects in three or more languages (Basque Country, Cataluña)Plurilingual: students learn several languages, one or more of which may be through CLIL. (Australia)CBI: Content based instruction (US) Non-native speakers (often from minority language groups) learning a second language to enable them to integrate in mainstream classesEAL: English as an Additional Language (UK and British Schools overseas). Learning and facilitating learning of the curriculum for learners whose first language is not English.ILTLP: Intercultural Language Teaching and Learning in Practice. Learning parts of the curriculum through different languages to develop an understanding of one’s own culture in relation to other cultures. (Australia)LAC: Languages Across the Curriculum refers to the study and use of languages throughout the curriculum. Its purpose is to prepare students for the cross-cultural and multilingual demands of a global society. LAC is appropriate at all levels of education.L1: first languageL2: in CLIL, L2 often denotes the language of instructionCLIL termsadditional language: used to refer to any language other than the first languageexposure: the percentage of CLIL teaching in a curriculum in a school year Low = 5-15% Medium = 15-50% High = 50%+home language: (Main) language used in the home. Sometimes referred to as ‘primary’ languageimmersion: programmes where most or all of subject content is taught through a second language (originating and often associated with Canada)Common to all models of immersion are key factors: intensity, time and exposure.immersion programmes are described as early (pre-school or start of education at5- 6), delayed (8- 14 years old) or late (14+ and adults) Johnstone, R.M. (2008)language demands: the language abilities which a learner needs in order to be able to use a language for learning in a given subject, subject lesson or using a given subject textbook. Lessons, subjects, textbooks, information technology therefore make language demands on learners. Learners need to fulfil those language demands (possess the requisite language abilities) in order to learn the respective subject conceptslanguage demands analysis: The analysis which a subject (or language) teacher makes of the language demands which a given subject lesson or textbook etc will make on a class. Part of lesson planning in CLIL. On the basis of this analysis a teacher can decide where in a given lesson a learner will need language supportlanguage needs: the language needs which specific learners in any group have with respect to a given subject, lesson, textbook or website. A subject lesson therefore makes language demands on a whole class; whereas individuals in the class have individual language needs with respect to those demands.language showers: Regular, short, continuous exposure to CLIL delivered in the target language for 15 or 30 minutes several times a week. They are associated with Primary schools and usually taught in one subject area.learners: CLIL covers primary, secondary and tertiary contexts. Learners, rather than students or pupils, best describes this age range.majority language: the main language used in the surrounding social environment. This is usually the national language.medium of instruction: language used as medium for school learningpartial immersion: usually 50 -60% of curriculum subjects taught in target language (regions of Spain, The Netherlands, Gaelic in Scotland)target language: Language used in CLIL. This could be a second, third, fourth or even fifth language for some learners.trans-languaging: when more than one language is used in the CLIL classroomPart 1 Knowledge of CLIL and principles of CLIL •Aims and rationaleThe 4Cs: Content, Communication, Cognition, Culture (Used by Do Coyle to describe a CLIL approach) are considered to be a useful guide to define the teaching aims and learning outcomes in CLIL. Culture is also linked to citizenship and to ‘Community’ (Mehisto, Marsh and Frigols)Content: Curricular subjects apart from languages can be taught through the target language. These include: Art, Citizenship, Classics, Design Technology, Economics, Environmental Studies, Geography, History, Information Computer Technology (ICT), Literacy, Maths, Music, Physical Education (PE) Philosophy, Politics, Religious education (RE) Science, Social Science.Communication: Learners are encouraged to produce the language of the subject orally as well as in writing and to participate in meaningful interaction. Peer feedback is valued. One of the main CLIL aims is to increase student talking time (STT) and reduce teacher talking time (TTT).Cognition: CLIL is said to promote cognitive skills which challenge learners. In addition to concrete thinking skills such as remembering, identifying comparing, contrasting and defining, those needed for academic, abstract thinking are also developed: reasoning, creative thinking and evaluating. One of the leading researchers in bilingual education, Jim Cummins, distinguishes between BICS and CALP.¾BICSBasic Interpersonal Communication Skills. Language development for social intercourse. In Jim Cummins’ research with immigrant pupils in Canada, most students were found to achieve BICS after two or three years of education in the majority language. Language events are context-embedded (those which are used in everyday conversation with visual contextual support). Tasks associated with BICS are usually comprehensible and less demanding. Cognitive processes are linked to BICS – identify specific information, name, match and sort objects into sets.¾CALPCognitive Academic Language Proficiency: Language development for academic learning. Cummins observed that it takes seven to eight years for L2 students to attain a level of English suitable for academic school study. Language events are context reduced (little support) and cognitively demanding. Meaning is accessed primarily through the language e.g. listening to lectures on abstract topics, writing essays and learners require control over the use of grammar and vocabulary. Language is more abstract and less personal. Cognitive processes linked to CALP are identify criteria, justify opinions, form hypotheses and interpret evidence.Content-based language teaching: Foreign language teachers import curricular content into language lessons and use it as a motivator for language learningCulture/ Citizenship/ Community: The 4th ‘C’. Learners are encouraged to think of themselves as part of a larger group in society and to be aware of how others live and learn.Comparison of foreign language teaching and CLILTable 1: Primary foreign language teaching and subject teaching in FL comparedForeign language teachingKey Features Conventional FLteachingContent-based languageteachingSubject teaching in FL(CLIL)Priority inplanningLanguage Language SubjectTaught by: Language or classteacher Language or classteacherClass teacherAssessed as: Language Language Subject Viewed as: Language teaching Language teaching Subject teaching Materials Language Language/subjectSubjectSyllabus Language syllabus:general purposes Language syllabus:CALPContent syllabus andCALPMethodology FLT methodology Language-supportiveteaching Language-supportive subject-teaching desirableFrom: Clegg, J (2003) Teaching subjects through a foreign language in the primary school. BC Germany •Language Across the CurriculumChunks: words, groups of words or formulaic units which are context bound and which learners use to build language often without explicit study.Content- obligatory language: language needed for subject matter mastery in the mainstream classroom. This language may be the primary focus of second language lessons.(adapted from Met, M. 1994 ‘Teaching Content through a Second Language’ Cambridge CUP) Functional language:In CLIL, academic language used by learners in classroom communication to express or understand curricular concepts. Examples include: agreeing or disagreeing; asking questions; clarifying what has been said; comparing and contrasting; demonstrating, describing cause and effect; describing a process; explaining a point of view; evaluating work (self and others), expressing ideas; generalising; giving examples; giving information; hypothesising; instructing; interpreting data; persuading; predicting and justifying predictions; presenting solutions; presenting work; suggestingGeneral academic language: Language which is not very common in social intercourse, common in school and academic settings, but not specific to subjects; it is often used across subjects. Examples are the use of passive forms.Keywords, Specialist vocabulary: Words used for denoting concepts in specific curriculum subjects. See also ‘content-obligatory’ language.Subject-specific language: Language which is largely specific to a subject; often contains items which are infrequent (except within the subject) and have a narrow meaning. Examples from Geography are igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.•Communication across the curriculumCode switching: Moving between first and target language while teaching and learningClosed questions: Questions which require fixed responses such as, yes/ no or answers to when? where? which? who? how many? how often? These questions usually encourage correct answers.Open questions: questions which enable learners to respond as they wish. They have no pre-scripted reply. Examples include, how do you know….? Why do you think….? What is the evidence…?Oracy: Competence in listening and speaking skills throughout the curriculum.Response partners: a means of peer feedback. Learners comment on their partner’s work according to criteria decided before the work is done.Transfer: The ability to apply an idea or a skill that has been learnt in one context and use it in a different context•Cognitive Skills Across the Curriculum:adapted from:/thinkingskills/glossary/?view=get&index/nc_resources/html/ks1and2Fisher, R.Teaching Thinking and Creativity in Arthur J, Grainger T & Wray D (eds)Learning to teach in primary school, Routledge FalmerCognition: the mental operations involved in thinkingThinking Skills: used in a teaching approach which emphasises the processes of thinking and learning in a range of contexts. The list of thinking skills in the English National Curriculum is similar to many such lists: information-processing, reasoning, enquiry, creative thinking and evaluation. Fisher, R categorises thinking skills into higher and lower order ( see entries below)¾Information-processing skills: enable learners to-Find and collect relevant informationOrganise informationSort / classify/ sequence informationCompare /contrast informationIdentify and analyse relationshipsRepresent or communicate informationClassroom Language:Use of concrete questions to recall information, to check understanding, to revise learning.Examples:dates, events, places, vocabulary, key ideas, parts of diagram, 5Ws (what, when, where, which, who and how many?¾Reasoning skills: enable learners to-Give reasons for opinions / actionsInfer from observations, facts, experienceMake conclusionsArgue or explain a point of viewMake informed judgments/decisions from evidenceUse precise language to explain what they thinkExplain cause and effectClassroom LanguageUse of analytic questionsExamples:Why do you think this? Why did they do this? What are the reasons? How can you explain this? What is the evidence?¾ Enquiry skills: enable learners to-Ask relevant questionsDefine problemsPlan what to do and how to researchPredict outcomesAnticipate consequencesTest conclusionsImprove ideasClassroom LanguageUse of language to investigate patterns, rules and conventionsExamples: What more do we need to find out? What is the idea behind this? How will we plan the web search? What could happen if we do this? How can we test the results? How can we improve it next time?¾Creative thinking skills: enable learners to-Generate ideasDevelop ideasImagine or hypothesiseApply imaginationLooking for innovative solutionsThink of alternative outcomesClassroom LanguageUse of language to explore and invent patterns and connections in order to suppose, pretend and adopt roles. Use of language for precision, accuracy, conciseness and objectivity is also important.Examples: What will you do if….? What would you do if….? What do you think they would they have done if…?If you were a scientist, what would you say?How would you act in this situation?¾Evaluation skills: enable learners to-Judge the value of what they hear, say, read, write and doDevelop evaluation criteria for judging the value of their own and others' work or ideasApply evaluation criteriaHave confidence in their judgmentsMake recommendationsClassroom LanguageUse of language to analyse, conceptualise and become critically aware.Examples: What are the benefits of this design? Are these instructions clear? How useful is the new system? Does the data give the information we need? What would you change? What should they move?Examples of thinking skills:•classify: How many classes of X are there? To put things into particular groups according to the features that they have (e.g. birds, fish and insects). Associated verbs: classify;categorise; decide which group; put into•combine: To put parts into a whole. Identifying patterns, factors or elements which can make up a whole unit. For example, planets, asteroids and comets combine to make upthe solar system.•compare and contrast: What is X and what is not X? To look for similarities and differences. Associated verbs: compare; contrast; distinguish; investigate) •creative thinking: What if….? To produce imaginative new ideas or thoughts.Associated verbs: imagine; build; change; compose; design; invent; make up; plan;produce; suppose•divide: What does X belong to? divide; separate; share; sort•evaluate: What do you think about X? To assess value and make choices and recommendations. Associated verbs: assess; give opinion; judge; rate; prove; what’s thevalue of..?•reason: Why X? What causes X? What comes as a result of X? What justifies X to do Y?choose; conclude; decide; explain; justify; recommend; solve•remember: list; name; recall; recite; recognise; relate spell; state; tellConcept maps: Diagrams which help learners organise information such as using a grid of similarities and differences to compare and contrast or using lines and arrows to indicate and link cause, effect relationships. (see examples on page xx)Concept Mapping / Mind Mapping : Representing information in diagram form where key words are linked by lines. The lines are then labelled to express the relationship between the words.Enquiry: A systematic process for answering questions and solving problems after gathering evidence through observation, analysis and reflection.Higher-order thinking (HOTS): Analysis, synthesis and evaluation, abstract thinking involving open ended talk.Lower-order thinking skills (LOTS): Information processing. Usually involves closed answers. Making associations: Making links or connections between two or more objects, people, places etc to encourage learning.Match: Show a relationship between two or more thingsRank: Put things in a position of hierarchy according to order of importance, success, size Sequence: Put things next to one another. For example, put things in a chronological order, numerical order or alphabetical orderSynthesis: Combining separate thoughts into a whole; reasoning from the general to the particular or from the simple to complex. Examples: discuss ‘what if’ situations and create new ideas. Part 2 Planning, Teaching and Assessing•Lesson PreparationActivating Prior / Previous Knowledge: encouraging learners to produce language or ideas about a subject before it is taught using knowledge learned previously(e.g. Tell me six words connected with ‘electricity’. Think of three sources of electricity) Brainstorm: a technique to encourage learners to produce ideas quickly without critical examination or evaluation(e.g. in pairs, you have two minutes to write down all the words you know about spiders) Cloze: text or parts of texts with some words deleted at regular intervals. For example every fifth, seventh, Useful for encouraging predicting skills.Display questions: questions designed for students to display their learning. They can also provide a framework for logical thinking. Examples are: What are these called? What are they used for?Genres: text types which learners meet in the school curriculum and which have specific social purposes, particular overall structures and specific linguistic features shared by particular cultures. Every genre has a number of characteristics which make it different from other genres. Genre forms include: advertisement, argument, article, autobiography, biography, description, discussion, essay, explanation, instruction, letters, narrative (to deal with problematic or unusual events) notices, persuasion, poem, process, proposal, recount (to retell events, not necessarily in chronological order), report, review, song.(Adapted from Gibbons, P. 2002 Scaffolding Language, Scaffolding Learning. Portsmouth NH: Heinemann)Genre-based teaching: a process approach to writing which helps learners develop an awareness of how lexical and grammatical patterns are organised to express meaning. It enables teachers to identify the kinds of texts learners need to write, to see how texts are related to contexts, to see texts have a social purpose and to encourage the integration of grammar, content and function. There are several stages in the genre process: a lead-in to activate prior knowledge; modelling the text so learners see the overall structure; joint construction when teachers and learners cooperate to write a text similar to the one modelled – the process of writing and the product are both important; independent writing when learners write their own texts; finally, further examples of the genre are looked at. This process is a cycle.ICT/ IT: (Information, (Communication) Technology) the use of computers to enable learners to improve information-processing skills, to explore ideas, to solve problems, to access andinvestigate the Internet, to develop collaborative learning with students who are in other places, toparticipate in video conferencing . The subject is referred to as ICT. Skills and the lab are knownas IT skills and the IT lab.Learning Outcomes: What teachers intend the majority of learners to achieve by the end of alesson, unit, module or course (to know.., to understand…, to be able to…, to be aware of…)Plenary: Stage in a lesson when the whole class is taught.Visual organisers/ visual tools/ graphic organisers/ concept maps: aids which help learners tounderstand and remember new information by making thinking visible. They involve writingdown or drawing ideas and making connections. They combine language (words and phrases) andsymbols and arrows and map knowledge. They include diagrams, tables, columns and webs andthere are several common patterns:Examples of visual/ graphic organisers and concept mapsCarroll Diagram: a means of classifying information according to four criteriaNon-living LivingNatural tree stone Manufactured genetically modified organism computer*Concept: information is organised around a word or phrase that represents a class orcategory of people, places, objects and events.*Descriptive or Report: facts about specific people, places, objects and events are represented.The information does not need to be in any particular orderDiscussion or Reasoned argument: ideas for and against are represented by lines to show theplan of the argument.Flow diagram: information represented in lines or boxes to show different ways a process can happen or how decisions can be made e.g. farming*Generalisation/ principle:information is organised showing a general statement and supporting examples.Grid: a pattern of straight lines that form squaresKeys: (binary) based on splitting information into two parts. A progressive series of questions, each of which has only two possible answersYes NoAre the cones round?Does it have winged seeds?e.g. Trees:Does it have cones?Pie Chart: a circle divided into sections which show different amounts or frequency.*Process/ Cause – effect: information is organised to show either a cause-effect network which leads to a specific outcome or a sequence of steps leading to a specific product.Quadrants: four areas divided by two lines to show connections between concepts e.g. a sound can be in the first quadrant (high and quiet) or in the second quadrant (high and loud)low sounds loud soundsquiet soundshigh soundsSpeech and thought bubbles: shapes used to indicate the use of direct speech or thoughts.Storyboard: a support frame for learners to plan and write a draft outline of events in a story or to write the final version of a story, sometimes with speech and thought bubbles.Substitution table:Geography: Describing locationsin the to thenorth / north-east / north-west south / south-east / south-west east west situated locatedon the near theequator coastXisanorthern southern eastern westerncountry area region stateTable: way of showing pieces of information by arranging then in rows and lines across and down a page*Time Sequence or time-line: events are reconstructed usually in chronological orderTree diagram: often used for classifying words, e.g. types of rock – igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary, orfor showing organisation relationships, e.g. a family treeVenn diagrams: a way of showing the similarities and differences between two items. The similarities are shown in the overlap between two circles. Differences are written in the parts of the circles which do not overlap.Webbing: notes are written in circles: important ideas are in large circles while less important information is in smaller circles. Lines drawn between the circles show relationships between the ideas.(* adapted from Marzano, R. and Pickering D.(2001) Classroom Instruction that Works ASCD USA)Word bank: List of key words required for learning concepts. Used to pre-teach and to support inputWriting and speaking frames: forms of guidance for writing and speaking which can give support at word, sentence and text levels or all three. They are a form of scaffolding, used to encourage the processing and production of spoken and written language. They enable learners to start, connect and develop ideas for curriculum subjects.•Lesson DeliveryDifferentiation: Making provision for learners with different learning needs. For the least advanced pupils, provision may be in the form of modified input, such as simplified texts or additional visual support. It may also be modified output, such as answering fewer questions. For the most advanced pupils, differentiation encourages strategies such as checking work, supporting peers and completing extension activities.Display questions: questions designed for students to display their learning. They can also provide a framework for logical thinking. Examples are: What are these called? What are they used for?Enquiry Learning: A teaching strategy designed to develop learning through systematic gathering of observation and investigation.Higher order talk / questioning: questions to encourage analytic, creative and conceptual thinking (Why? What is the evidence? What more is there to find out? How can it be improved? How can we assess this?)Lower order talk /questioning: concrete/ literal questions to check knowledge and comprehension (when / where/ who / what?)Language support: The provision of forms of support in a given lesson in order to help learners meet the language demands of the lesson. Language support may take several forms: e.g. the use of task types for supporting listening, speaking, reading and writing within the subject; the use of visuals; the use of a highly comprehensible teacher talking style; the use of L1 by teachers and learners, the use of varied forms of interaction.Management questions: questions which are used to control and organise the class. They have a similar function to commands. Examples include, ‘Could you stop talking please?’ ‘Can you work in pairs now?’Pyramid DiscussionA negotiating task to encourage talk. Learners, individually, select about half of the vocabulary items or ideas connected with a topic. They then work with a partner to agree on the same selection of items or ideas. An option is then to put pairs into groups to negotiate and agree on the selection.Revisiting Language: presenting previously taught language in a different context, using different stimuli or with different media in order to encourage learner production of content and language.Scaffolding: a term originally used by Bruner to refer to teacher talk that supports pupils in carrying out activities and helps them to solve problems.Examples include making pupils interested in a task, simplifying the task by breaking it down into smaller steps, keeping pupils focussed on completing the task by reminding them of what the goal was, pointing out what is important to do or showing other ways of doing tasks, demonstrating an idealised version of the task. The definition of scaffolding also includes support strategies for writing. Examples are the use of substitution tables and writing frames. Scaffolding is applicable to language learning as well as the formation of ideas and task completion. (adaptedfrom: Cameron, L. 2001 Teaching Languages to Young Learners Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) and (Wood, D. 1988 in Capel S. M. Leask and T. Turner 1999 Learning to Teach in the Secondary School. London: Routledge)Sentence builder: writing a letter, word or phrase for learners to complete in order to create sentences. This encourages learners to think of alternatives. A technique often used in ICT programs.Use of L1: L1 used by learners or teachers within L2-medium lessons, to overcome short-term problems in L2-medium teaching and learning.In some CLIL contexts, use of L1 helps learners focus on similarities and differences between the target language and mother tongue. L1 is often used by learners during ‘off task’ work. Examples include expressing problems, worries, resolving conflict. Learners might use L1 at the start of lessons when teachers activate prior knowledge. Teachers then translate responses. Occasionally, L1 is used to explain a concept when learners find it difficult to understand in the target language. L1 can also be used in groupwork and pairwork where learners need in-depth discussion of a concept and do not have the L2 skills to do this.Wait time: Teachers wait for several seconds rather than expect an immediate response to their questions.•AssessmentAccommodation: additional support mechanisms for learners who need to access the content or to demonstrate what they know.‘Can do’ statements: indicate to students what they are expected to do by the end of a unit, module or course. (e.g. can organise factual information / can describe a process)Modifications to the test: assessment in L1, text change in vocabulary, modification of linguistic complexity, addition of visual support, use of glossaries in L1, use of target language glossary, linguistic modifications of test instructions, additional example items / tasksModifications to the test procedure: extra assessment time, breaks during testing, administration over several sessions, oral instructions in L1, small group administration, use of dictionaries, reading aloud rubrics in target language, answers written directly in test booklet, instructions read aloud and explained.Performance Assessment: systematic observation of classroom performance to assess learners using language for real purposes and checking performance against criteria. Did they achieve the purpose of the task?Performance criteria: the observable characteristics of performance a learner must achieve (e.g. uses appropriate vocabulary / takes turns during discussion)Portfolio assessment: a presentation of samples of learners’ work collected over a period of time which might include written work, illustrations, project materials etc. It is a record of achievement over time with samples of work chosen to reflect learning outcomes and course content. Teachers and, or peers give feedback then work is reviewed. Finished work often receives a final grade.。