曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件-23
合集下载
曼昆的宏观经济学课件(英文版)
2000
CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics
slide 9
Interest rates and mortgage payments
For a $150,000 30-year mortgage:
date
actual rate on 30-year mortgage
U.S. Gross Domestic Product
in billions of chained 1996 dollars
10,000 9,000
longest economic expansion on record
8,000
7,000
6,00R0 ecessions
5,000
4,000
3,000 1970
slide 2
Important issues in macroeconomics
▪ What is the government budget deficit?
How does it affect the economy?
▪ Why does the U.S. have such a huge trade
Unemployment and social problems
CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics
slide 6
Unemployment and social problems
Each one-point increase in the unemployment rate is associated with:
slide 8
%
Unemployment and earnings growth
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.
曼昆《经济学原理》宏观经济学ppt课件
研究对象
宏观经济学主要关注整个经济体系的总体运行，包 括总需求、总供给、国民收入、物价水平、就业和 经济增长等。
宏观经济学与微观经济学的关系
相互联系
宏观经济学和微观经济学是经济学的两个重要分支，它们之间相互联系、相互补充。 微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础，而宏观经济学则是微观经济学的延伸和扩展。
区别
开放经济下的政策目标
货币政策与财政政策
实现内外部经济均衡，即国内经济增长、充 分就业、物价稳定和国际收支平衡。
在开放经济下，政府可以运用货币政策和财 政政策来调节经济，但需要考虑汇率和国际 收支等因素。
汇率政策
国际经济政策协调
政府可以通过调整汇率水平来影响国际经济 活动和国内经济状况。
各国政府需要加强国际经济政策协调，共同 应对全球性经济问题，促进世界经济稳定发 展。
支持通货膨胀
凯恩斯主义宏观经济学派认为，适度的通货膨胀可以刺激 经济增长，政府可以通过控制货币供应量等手段来调节通 货膨胀率。
货币主义宏观经济学派
强调货币供应量
货币主义宏观经济学派认为，货币供应量的变化是影响经济波动 的主要因素，政府应该通过控制货币供应量来调节经济。
主张单一规则
该学派主张政府应该制定一个固定的货币增长规则，并严格执行， 以保持物价的稳定和经济的增长。
VS
政策效应互补
货币政策和财政政策在调控经济时具有不 同的特点和优势，可以相互补充、协调配 合，提高宏观调控效果。例如，在治理通 货膨胀时，可以采取紧缩性货币政策和扩 张性财政政策相配合的方式；在促进经济 增长时，可以采取扩张性货币政策和紧缩 性财政政策相配合的方式。
05
国际经济学与宏观经济政策
Chapter
曼昆宏观经济学第23章(2)PPT课件
经济的收入与支出
• 对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出， 因为:
– 每一次交易都有买者和卖者 – 某个买者的1美元支出就是某个卖者的1美元
收入
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Figure 1 The Circular-Flow Diagram
Revenue
Goods and services sold
• GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
MARKETS FOR
GOODS AND SERVICES •Firms sell •Households buy
Spending
Goods and services bought
FIRMS •Produce and sell goods and services •Hire and use factors of production
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
经济的收入与支出
• 当判断经济富裕还是贫穷时，观察经济中 所有人赚到的总收入是自然而然的。
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because:
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
曼昆经济学原理第五版宏观全ppt课件
决定因素
工资水平受多种因素影响，包括劳动力供求关系、劳动 生产率、经济发展水平、行业差异、地区差异等。
模型
工资水平决定模型主要有边际生产力模型、均衡价格模 型和集体谈判模型等。其中，边际生产力模型认为工资 取决于劳动的边际生产力，均衡价格模型认为工资由劳 动力供求双方的力量决定，集体谈判模型则强调工会等 组织在工资决定中的作用。
包括物价稳定、经济增长、充分就业、国 际收支平衡等。
中央银行通过存款准备金率、再贴现率、 公开市场操作等工具实施货币政策。
货币政策传导机制
货币政策与财政政策的协调配合
中央银行通过货币政策工具影响市场利率 和货币供应量，进而影响总需求和物价水 平。
中央银行与财政部门需要密切合作，共同 实现宏观经济政策目标。
04
产品市场与价格水平决定
产品市场概述及结构类型
完全竞争市场
存在大量买者和卖者，产品同 质，资源自由流动，信息充分 。
寡头市场
少数几个卖者控制市场，产品 可能同质或存在差异，资源流 动受限制，信息不充分。
产品市场定义
产品市场是商品和服务进行交 换的场所，反映了供给和需求 之间的关系。
垄断竞争市场
任务
宏观经济学的主要任务是揭示国民收入决定因素及经济增长的原因、研究国家如何运用财政政策与货 币政策来调控经济、分析如何运用诸如收入政策与人力政策等微观经济政策来改善宏观经济的运行。
宏观经济学与微观经济学关系
联系
微观经济学和宏观经济学是互为补充的。微观经济学是在资源总量既定的条件下，通过研究个体经济活动参与者 的经济行为及其后果来说明市场机制如何实现各种资源的最优配置；宏观经济学则是在资源配置方式既定的条件 下研究经济中各有关总量的决定及其变化。
曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)核心讲义(第23章--一国收入的衡量)
第8篇宏观经济学的数据第23章一国收入的衡量跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、经济的收入与支出1．微观经济学与宏观经济学（1）微观经济学（microeconomics）研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互交易。
（2）宏观经济学（macroeconomics）研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。
2．国内生产总值（1）含义国内生产总值简称GDP，它衡量的是一国的总收入，被认为是衡量社会经济福利最好的一个指标。
（2）对经济的衡量GDP同时衡量两件事：经济中所有人的总收入和用于经济中物品与劳务产出的总支出。
对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。
因为每一次交易都有两方：买者和卖者。
某个买者的1美元支出正是某个卖者的1美元收入。
因此，交易对经济的收入和支出做出了相同的贡献。
用图23-1所示的循环流量图也可以说明收入必定等于支出。
假设所有物品与劳务由家庭购买，而且家庭支出了他们的全部收入，这些支出通过物品与劳务市场流动；企业用销售得到的收入来支付工人的工资、地主的租金和企业所有者的利润，这些收入通过生产要素市场流动。
货币不断地从家庭流向企业，然后又流回家庭。
GDP等于家庭在市场上为物品和劳务支付的总额，也等于企业在市场上为生产要素支付的工资、租金和利润的总额。
图23-1 循环流量图现实经济比图23-1所说明的经济要复杂得多。
家庭并没有支出其全部收入，也并没有购买经济中生产的全部物品与劳务。
但基本经验是相同的：无论是家庭、政府还是企业购买物品或劳务，交易总有买者与卖者。
曼昆经济学原理宏观第23章 PPT
▪ 对租房者而言，消费包括租金 ▪ 对房主而言，消费包括住房的隐含租金价值，但
不包括住房的购买价格或按揭贷款
*
投资 （I）
▪ 投资是对用于未来生产更多物品和劳务的物品的 购买
▪ 包括下列支出： ▪ 资本设备 (比如机器, 工具)
▪ 建筑物(工厂，办公楼，住房) ▪ 存货 (已经生产出来但尚未售出的物品)
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
这张图省略了什么
▪ 政府
▪ 征税，购买物品与劳务
▪ 金融体系 ▪ 在储蓄者资金的供给和借款者贷款的需求之间达 成均衡
▪ 外国部门 ▪ 物品与劳务贸易，金融资产，外国居民的货币
*
国内生产总值（GDP）：
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所 有最终物品与劳务的市场价值
物品用它们的市场价值来评价，那:
曼昆经济学原理宏观第23章
本教学PPT双语版由 浙江工商大学经济学院 陈宇峰 编译
1
本章我们将探索这些问题的答案：
• 什么是国内生产总值（GDP）？ • GDP与一国的总收入与总支出有什么联系？ • GDP由哪几部分组成？ • GDP怎么进行通货膨胀的校正？ • GDP是衡量经济福利的好指标吗？
D. 通用汽车公司生产了价值5亿美元的汽车，但消费者 只购买了价值4.7亿美元的汽车
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
不包括住房的购买价格或按揭贷款
*
投资 （I）
▪ 投资是对用于未来生产更多物品和劳务的物品的 购买
▪ 包括下列支出： ▪ 资本设备 (比如机器, 工具)
▪ 建筑物(工厂，办公楼，住房) ▪ 存货 (已经生产出来但尚未售出的物品)
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
这张图省略了什么
▪ 政府
▪ 征税，购买物品与劳务
▪ 金融体系 ▪ 在储蓄者资金的供给和借款者贷款的需求之间达 成均衡
▪ 外国部门 ▪ 物品与劳务贸易，金融资产，外国居民的货币
*
国内生产总值（GDP）：
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所 有最终物品与劳务的市场价值
物品用它们的市场价值来评价，那:
曼昆经济学原理宏观第23章
本教学PPT双语版由 浙江工商大学经济学院 陈宇峰 编译
1
本章我们将探索这些问题的答案：
• 什么是国内生产总值（GDP）？ • GDP与一国的总收入与总支出有什么联系？ • GDP由哪几部分组成？ • GDP怎么进行通货膨胀的校正？ • GDP是衡量经济福利的好指标吗？
D. 通用汽车公司生产了价值5亿美元的汽车，但消费者 只购买了价值4.7亿美元的汽车
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
曼昆《经济学原理第三》宏观分册原中英文双语Chap ppt课件
通货膨胀是指经济中物价总水平上升的情况。
The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level from the previous period.
通货膨胀率是从前一个时期以来物价总水平变动的百 分比。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Consumer Price Index 消费物价指数
When the CPI rises, the typical family has to spend more dollars to maintain
the same standard of living. 当CPI上升时，普通家庭不得不花费 更多的美元来保持原来的生活水平。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated 如何计算消费物价指数
Find the Prices: Find the prices of each of the goods and services in the basket for each point in time. 找出价格：找出每个时点上篮子中每 种物品与劳务的价格。
The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level from the previous period.
通货膨胀率是从前一个时期以来物价总水平变动的百 分比。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Consumer Price Index 消费物价指数
When the CPI rises, the typical family has to spend more dollars to maintain
the same standard of living. 当CPI上升时，普通家庭不得不花费 更多的美元来保持原来的生活水平。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated 如何计算消费物价指数
Find the Prices: Find the prices of each of the goods and services in the basket for each point in time. 找出价格：找出每个时点上篮子中每 种物品与劳务的价格。
宏观经济学曼昆版PPT
• Diversification refers to the reduction of risk achieved by replacing a single risk with a large number of smaller unrelated risks.
PPT文档演模板
宏观经济学曼昆版PPT
PPT文档演模板
宏观经济学曼昆版PPT
Efficient Markets Hypothesis
• A market is informationally efficient when it reflects all available information in a rational way.
• If markets are efficient, the only thing an investor can do is buy a diversified portfolio
Diversification of Idiosyncratic Risk
• Idiosyncratic risk is the risk that affects only a single person. The uncertainty associated with specific companies.
PPT文档演模板
宏观经济学曼昆版PPT
FYI: Rule of 70
• According to the rule of 70, if some variable grows at a rate of x percent per year, then that variable doubles in approximately 70/x years.
PPT文档演模板
PPT文档演模板
宏观经济学曼昆版PPT
PPT文档演模板
宏观经济学曼昆版PPT
Efficient Markets Hypothesis
• A market is informationally efficient when it reflects all available information in a rational way.
• If markets are efficient, the only thing an investor can do is buy a diversified portfolio
Diversification of Idiosyncratic Risk
• Idiosyncratic risk is the risk that affects only a single person. The uncertainty associated with specific companies.
PPT文档演模板
宏观经济学曼昆版PPT
FYI: Rule of 70
• According to the rule of 70, if some variable grows at a rate of x percent per year, then that variable doubles in approximately 70/x years.
PPT文档演模板
曼昆经济学原理宏观第23章 PPT
注意: “投资 ”并不是指购买股 票或债券这类金融资产
*
政府购买 （G）
▪ 是地方、州、和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出。 ▪ 政府购买不包括转移支付，比如社会保障补助或
失业保险补助 因为它们不是物品与劳务的购买
*
净出口 （NX）
▪ NX = 出口 – 进口 ▪ 出口代表外国对国内生产物品与劳务的支出 ▪ 进口是消费，投资和政府购买中对外国生产的物
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
这张图省略了什么
▪ 政府
▪ 征税，购买物品与劳务
▪ 金融体系 ▪ 在储蓄者资金的供给和借款者贷款的需求之间达 成均衡
▪ 外国部门 ▪ 物品与劳务贸易，金融资产，外国居民的货币
*
国内生产总值（GDP）：
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所 有最终物品与劳务的市场价值
物品用它们的市场价值来评价，那:
*
微观经济学与宏观经济学
▪ 微观经济学: 研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在 市场上相互交易
▪ 宏观经济学： 研究整体经济现象
*
收入与支出
▪ 国内生产总值 (GDP) 衡量经济中所有人的总收入 ▪ GDP也衡量用于经济中物品与劳务生产的总支出
对一个整体经济而言， 收入等于支出
因为某个买者的1美元支出正是某个卖者的1 美元收入
GDP的计算
使用上述数据解决以下问题： A. 计算2011年的名义GDP. B. 计算2012年的真实GDP. C. 计算2013年的GDP平减指数.
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
*
政府购买 （G）
▪ 是地方、州、和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出。 ▪ 政府购买不包括转移支付，比如社会保障补助或
失业保险补助 因为它们不是物品与劳务的购买
*
净出口 （NX）
▪ NX = 出口 – 进口 ▪ 出口代表外国对国内生产物品与劳务的支出 ▪ 进口是消费，投资和政府购买中对外国生产的物
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
这张图省略了什么
▪ 政府
▪ 征税，购买物品与劳务
▪ 金融体系 ▪ 在储蓄者资金的供给和借款者贷款的需求之间达 成均衡
▪ 外国部门 ▪ 物品与劳务贸易，金融资产，外国居民的货币
*
国内生产总值（GDP）：
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所 有最终物品与劳务的市场价值
物品用它们的市场价值来评价，那:
*
微观经济学与宏观经济学
▪ 微观经济学: 研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在 市场上相互交易
▪ 宏观经济学： 研究整体经济现象
*
收入与支出
▪ 国内生产总值 (GDP) 衡量经济中所有人的总收入 ▪ GDP也衡量用于经济中物品与劳务生产的总支出
对一个整体经济而言， 收入等于支出
因为某个买者的1美元支出正是某个卖者的1 美元收入
GDP的计算
使用上述数据解决以下问题： A. 计算2011年的名义GDP. B. 计算2012年的真实GDP. C. 计算2013年的GDP平减指数.
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件——24measuring_cost
Copyright©2004 South-Western
Table 1 Calculating the Consumer Price Index and the Inflation Rate: An Example
Copyright©2004 South-Western
Table 1 Calculating the Consumer Price Index and the Inflation Rate: An Example
Measuring the Cost of Living
24
Copyright©2004 South-Western
Measuring the Cost of Living
• Inflation refers to a situation in which the economy’s overall price level is rising. • The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level from the previous period.
Copyright©2004 South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
• Fix the Basket: Determine what prices are most important to the typical consumer.
Copyright©2004 South-Western
Problems in Measuring the Cost of Living
• The substitution bias, introduction of new goods, and unmeasured quality changes cause the CPI to overstate the true cost of living.
曼昆宏观英语课件23章
GDP includes tangible goods (like DVDs, mountain bikes, beer) and intangible services (dry cleaning, concerts, cell phone service).
CHAPTER 23
MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME
11
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is…
…the market value of all final goods & services produced within a country in a given period of time.
GDP includes currently produced goods, not goods produced in the past.
Firms
Factors of production Wages, rent, profit (=GDP)
CHAPTER 23
Households
Labor, land, capital Income (=GDP)
7
Markets for Factors of Production
MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME
CHAPTER 23
MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME
3
The Circular-Flow Diagram
is a simple depiction of the macroeconomy. illustrates GDP as spending, revenue, factor payments, and income. First, some preliminaries:
CHAPTER 23
MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME
11
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is…
…the market value of all final goods & services produced within a country in a given period of time.
GDP includes currently produced goods, not goods produced in the past.
Firms
Factors of production Wages, rent, profit (=GDP)
CHAPTER 23
Households
Labor, land, capital Income (=GDP)
7
Markets for Factors of Production
MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME
CHAPTER 23
MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME
3
The Circular-Flow Diagram
is a simple depiction of the macroeconomy. illustrates GDP as spending, revenue, factor payments, and income. First, some preliminaries:
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版
• Compute the index by dividing the price of the basket in one year by the price in the base year and multiplying by 100.
Con ps riin uc d m P eer o e x b if rcae o s g fk o a eo s n td e dr s 1 v0 ic Pr ob ifcae is b nk a ye s ete ar
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
• The consumer price index (CPI) is a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated • The inflation rate is calculated as follows:
I n f l a t i o n R a t e i n Y e a r 2 = C P I i n Y e a r 2 C P I i n Y e a r 1 1 0 0 C P I i n Y e a r 1
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
4. Choose a base year and compute the index.
Con ps riin uc d m P eer o e x b if rcae o s g fk o a eo s n td e dr s 1 v0 ic Pr ob ifcae is b nk a ye s ete ar
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
• The consumer price index (CPI) is a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated • The inflation rate is calculated as follows:
I n f l a t i o n R a t e i n Y e a r 2 = C P I i n Y e a r 2 C P I i n Y e a r 1 1 0 0 C P I i n Y e a r 1
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
4. Choose a base year and compute the index.
2024版曼昆宏观经济学ppt课件完整版
曼昆宏观经济学ppt课件完整版•宏观经济学概述•国民收入核算与经济增长•失业、通货膨胀与货币政策•总需求-总供给模型与财政政策•国际金融与汇率制度•劳动市场、资本市场与长期经济增长•政府角色、社会保障与环境问题目录宏观经济学概述01宏观经济学定义与研究对象定义宏观经济学是研究整个经济体系的总体经济行为、经济表现及其内在规律的一门学科。
研究对象主要包括国民收入、就业、通货膨胀、经济增长等宏观经济现象。
宏观经济学与微观经济学关系联系微观经济学和宏观经济学都是研究经济现象的学科，两者相互补充，共同构成了经济学的完整体系。
区别微观经济学研究个体经济单位（如家庭、企业）的经济行为，而宏观经济学研究整个经济体系的总体经济行为。
03研究方法曼昆宏观经济学采用实证分析和规范分析相结合的方法，既注重理论推导，又强调经验验证。
01理论框架曼昆宏观经济学以新古典综合学派为基础，吸收了货币主义、理性预期学派等理论，形成了一个完整的理论体系。
02主要内容包括国民收入决定理论、就业理论、通货膨胀理论、经济增长理论等。
曼昆宏观经济学理论体系国民收入核算与经济增长02支出法通过核算一定时期内整个社会购买最终产品的总支出计算GDP ，适用于市场经济比较发达的国家。
收入法通过核算整个社会在一定时期内获得的收入总量来计算GDP ，适用于收入分配比较均衡的国家。
生产法通过核算一定时期内各生产单位所生产的全部最终产品的价值总量来计算GDP ，适用于统计基础比较完善的国家。
国内生产总值（GDP ）核算方法经济增长率计算及分析经济增长的源泉主要包括劳动投入的增加、资本投入的增加以及技术进步等。
经济增长的波动经济增长不是平稳的，而是呈现出周期性的波动，包括繁荣、衰退、萧条和复苏四个阶段。
比较优势与国际贸易对经济增长影响比较优势理论不同国家在生产不同产品时具有不同的比较优势，通过国际贸易可以实现互利共赢。
国际贸易对经济增长的影响国际贸易可以促进资源在全球范围内的优化配置，提高生产效率，推动技术创新和产业升级，从而促进经济增长。
相关主题
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• “. . . Produced . . .”
– It includes goods and services currently produced, not transactions involving goods produced in the past.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• “GDP is the Market Value . . .”
– Output is valued at market prices.
• “. . . Of All. . .”
FIRMS •Produce and sell goods and services •Hire and use factors of production
HOUSEHOLDS •Buy and consume goods and services •Own and sell factors of production
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally in markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– GDP excludes most items that are produced and consumed at home and that never enter the marketplace. – It excludes items produced and sold illicitly, such as illegal drugs.
• Net Exports (NX):
– Exports minus imports.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 1 GDP and Its Components
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
GDP and Its Components (2004)
Government Purchases 15% Net Exports Investment -5 % 16%
Consumption 70%
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
REAL VERSUS NOMINAL GDP
• Nominal GDP values the production of goods and services at current prices. • Real GDP values the production of goods and services at constant prices.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Measuring a Nation’s Income
Microeconomics is the study of how individual households and firms make decisions and how they interact with one another in markets. Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole. Its goal is to explain the economic changes that affect many households, firms, and markets at once.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Measuring a Nation’s Income
Macroeconomics answers questions like the following:
Why is average income high in some countries and low in others? Why do prices rise rapidly in some time periods while they are more stable in others? Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others?
• Government Purchases (G):
– The spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments. – Does not include transfer payments because they are not made in exchange for currently produced goodouth-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Figure 1 The Circular-Flow Diagram
MARKETS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES •Firms sell Goods •Households buy and services sold Revenue Spending Goods and services bought
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because:
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
The GDP Deflator
• The GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100. • It tells us what portion of the rise in nominal GDP that is attributable to a rise in prices rather than a rise in the quantities produced.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
GDP (Y) is the sum of the following:
Consumption (C) Investment (I) Government Purchases (G) Net Exports (NX)
– Includes all items produced in the economy and legally sold in markets
• “. . . Final . . .”
– It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
• “ . . . Within a Country . . .”
– It measures the value of production within the geographic confines of a country.
• “. . . In a Given Period of Time.”
Factors of production
Wages, rent, and profit
MARKETS FOR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION •Households sell •Firms buy
Labor, land, and capital Income = Flow of inputs and outputs
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.
• Investment (I):
• The spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including new housing.
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• “. . . Produced . . .”
– It includes goods and services currently produced, not transactions involving goods produced in the past.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• “GDP is the Market Value . . .”
– Output is valued at market prices.
• “. . . Of All. . .”
FIRMS •Produce and sell goods and services •Hire and use factors of production
HOUSEHOLDS •Buy and consume goods and services •Own and sell factors of production
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally in markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– GDP excludes most items that are produced and consumed at home and that never enter the marketplace. – It excludes items produced and sold illicitly, such as illegal drugs.
• Net Exports (NX):
– Exports minus imports.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 1 GDP and Its Components
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
GDP and Its Components (2004)
Government Purchases 15% Net Exports Investment -5 % 16%
Consumption 70%
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
REAL VERSUS NOMINAL GDP
• Nominal GDP values the production of goods and services at current prices. • Real GDP values the production of goods and services at constant prices.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Measuring a Nation’s Income
Microeconomics is the study of how individual households and firms make decisions and how they interact with one another in markets. Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole. Its goal is to explain the economic changes that affect many households, firms, and markets at once.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Measuring a Nation’s Income
Macroeconomics answers questions like the following:
Why is average income high in some countries and low in others? Why do prices rise rapidly in some time periods while they are more stable in others? Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others?
• Government Purchases (G):
– The spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments. – Does not include transfer payments because they are not made in exchange for currently produced goodouth-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Figure 1 The Circular-Flow Diagram
MARKETS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES •Firms sell Goods •Households buy and services sold Revenue Spending Goods and services bought
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because:
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
The GDP Deflator
• The GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100. • It tells us what portion of the rise in nominal GDP that is attributable to a rise in prices rather than a rise in the quantities produced.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
GDP (Y) is the sum of the following:
Consumption (C) Investment (I) Government Purchases (G) Net Exports (NX)
– Includes all items produced in the economy and legally sold in markets
• “. . . Final . . .”
– It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
• “ . . . Within a Country . . .”
– It measures the value of production within the geographic confines of a country.
• “. . . In a Given Period of Time.”
Factors of production
Wages, rent, and profit
MARKETS FOR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION •Households sell •Firms buy
Labor, land, and capital Income = Flow of inputs and outputs
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.
• Investment (I):
• The spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including new housing.