高分子材料与工程专业英语期中考试题

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高分子材料与工程专业英语词汇

汉文名英文名高分子（大分子）macro molecule, polymer 超高分子supra polymer天然高分子natural polymer无机高分子inorganic polymer有机高分子organic polymer无机-有机高分子inorganic organic polymer 金属有机聚合物organometallic polymer 元素高分子element polymer高聚物high polymer聚合物Polymer低聚物（齐聚物）Oligomer二聚体Dimer三聚体Trimer调聚物telomer预聚物prepolymer均聚物homopolymer无规聚合物random polymer无规卷曲聚合物random coiling polymer 头-头聚合物head-to-head polymer头-尾聚合物head-to-tail polymer尾-尾聚合物tail-to-tail polymer反式有规聚合物transtactic polymer顺式有规聚合物cistactic polymer规整聚合物regular polymer非规整聚合物irregular polymer无规立构聚合物atactic polymer全同立构聚合物isotactic polymer间同立构聚合物syndiotactic polymer杂同立构聚合物heterotactic polymer有规立构聚合物stereoregular polymer, tacticpolymer苏型双全同立构聚合物threo-diisotactic polymer苏型双间同立构聚合物threo-disyndiotactic polymer赤型双全同立构聚合物erythro-diisotactic polymer赤型双间同立构聚合物erythro-disyndiotactic polymer全同间同等量聚合物equitactic polymer共聚物copolymer二元共聚物binary copolymer三元共聚物terpolymer多元聚合物multipolymer序列共聚物sequential copolymer多层共聚物multilayer copolymer多相聚合物multiphase polymer统计[结构]共聚物statistical copolymer无规共聚物random copolymer交替共聚物alternating copolymer周期共聚物periodic copolymer梯度共聚物gradient copolymer嵌段共聚物block copolymer递变嵌段共聚物tapered block copolymer两亲嵌段共聚物amphiphilic blockcopolymer二嵌段共聚物diblock copolymer三嵌段共聚物triblock copolymer多嵌段共聚物segmented copolymer杂聚物heteropolymer恒[组]分共聚物azeotropic copolymer多组分共聚物multicomponent copolymer单分散聚合物monodisperse polymer,uniform polymer多分散性聚合物polydisperse polymer,non-uniform polymer高分子共混物polyblend, polymer blend聚合物-聚合物配合物polymer-polymer complex 聚合物-金属配合物polymer-metal complex单股聚合物single-strand polymer双股聚合物double-strand polymer多股聚合物multi-strand polymer链型聚合物chain polymer碳链聚合物carbon chain polymer杂链聚合物heterochain polymer杂环高分子heterocyclic polymer大环聚合物macrocyclic polymer直链高分子straight chain polymer线型聚合物linear polymer体型聚合物three-dimensional polymer 活[性]高分子living polymer反应性聚合物reactive polymer极性聚合物polar polymer非极性聚合物non-polar polymer刚性链聚合物rigid chain polymer半柔性链聚合物semi- flexible chain polymer 柔性链聚合物flexible chain polymer刚棒高分子rigid rod polymer棒状高分子rodlike polymer刚-柔嵌段共聚物rod coil block copolymer树状高分子dendrimer, dendriticpolymer, tree polymer刷状聚合物brush polymer线团状聚合物coiling type polymer花菜状聚合物cauliflower polymer螺旋形聚合物helical polymer锥形共聚物tapered copolymer梯形聚合物ladder polymer分段梯形聚合物step ladder polymer部分梯形聚合物partial ladder polymer碳环梯形聚合物carbocyclic ladder polymer 梳形聚合物comb polymer星形聚合物star polymer遥爪聚合物telechelic polymer支化聚合物branched polymer超支化聚合物hyperbranched polymer接枝聚合物graft polymer核-壳共聚物core shell copolymer核-壳胶乳聚合物core shell latex polymer手性高分子chiral polymer互穿[聚合物]网络interpenetrating polymernetworks, IPN半互穿［聚合物］网络semi-interpenetratingpolymer network(SIPN)异质同晶聚合物polyallomer多晶形聚合物polycrystalline polymer缔合聚合物association polymer共轭聚合物conjugated polymer螯合聚合物chelate polymer远螯聚合物telechelic polymer螯合[型]离子交换剂chelating ion-exchanger螯合[型]树脂chelating resin紫胶shellac蚕丝[natural] silk骨胶原collagen凝胶gel明胶gelatin黄原胶xanthate gum琼脂agar-agar树胶gum白蛋白albumin脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid（DNA）淀粉amylum，starch直链淀粉amylose支链淀粉amylopectin甲壳质chitin葡聚糖dextran糊精dextrin木素lignin纤维素celluloseα纤维素α celluloseβ纤维素β celluloseγ纤维素γ cellulose硝酸纤维素cellulose nitrate胺纤维素amine cellulose乙酸纤维素cellulose acetate甲基纤维素methyl cellulose羟乙基纤维素hydroxyethyl cellulose 羧甲基纤维素carboxymethyl cellulose 天然橡胶natural rubber三叶橡胶Hevea杜仲胶Eucommea rubber古塔波胶Gutta percha合成聚合物synthetic polymer加[成]聚[合]物addition polymer通用高分子commodity polymer功能高分子functional polymer仿生高分子biomimetic polymer形状记忆高分子shape-memory polymer 类酶高分子enzyme like polymer生物高分子biopolymer生物弹性体bioelastomer生物活性高分子bioactive polymer生物可蚀性高分子bioerodable polymer生物降解高分子biodegradable polymer医用高分子medical polymer生物医用高分子biomedical polymer高分子药物polymer drug降解性高分子degradable polymer高性能高分子high performance polymer 高模量聚合物high modulus polymer特殊性能高分子speciality polymer智能聚合物intelligent polymer亲水聚合物hydrophilic polymer疏水聚合物hydrophobic polymer两亲聚合物amphiphilic polymer吸水性聚合物water absorbent polymer水溶性高分子water soluble polymer大孔聚合物macroporous polymer精细高分子fine polymerω聚合物ω-polymer热解聚合物pyrolytic polymer高熔聚合物dystectic polymer光响应高分子photoresponsive polymer光活性聚合物optical active polymer光敏聚合物photosensitive polymer光弹性聚合物photoelastic polymer感光聚合物photopolymer光致发光聚合物photoluminescence polymer 电致发光聚合物electroluminescent polymer热敏发光聚合物thermosensitiveluminescence polymer光交联聚合物photocrosslinkable polymer光固化聚合物photocureable polymer辐射固化聚合物radiation curable polymer光降解聚合物photodegradable polymer辐射降解聚合物radiation-degradablepolymer光[电]导聚合物photoconductive polymer导电聚合物conducting polymer超导聚合物superconductive polymer高分子半导体semiconducting polymer电活性聚合物electroactive polymer压电高分子piezoelectric polymer热电性高分子pyroelectric polymer电致变色聚合物electrochromic polymer磁性聚合物magnetic polymer超离子导电聚合物super ion-conductivepolymer铁磁聚合物ferromagnetic polymer铁电聚合物ferroelectric polymer烧蚀聚合物ablative polymer高分子离子macroion聚合物驻极体polymer electret高分子添加剂polymeric additive液晶高分子liquid crystal polymer溶致液晶高分子lyotropic liquid crystallinepolymer热致液晶高分子thermotropic liquidcrystalline polymer侧链型液晶聚合物side chain liquid crystallinepolymer主链型液晶聚合物main chain liquid crystallinepolymer高分子催化剂polymer catalyst高分子载体polymeric carrier, polymersupport高分子试剂polymer reactant, polymerreagent离子交联聚合物ionomer离子交换聚合物ion exchange polymer离子交换树脂ion exchange resin正离子交换树脂cation exchange resin负离子交换树脂anion exchange resin大网络树脂macroreticular resin离子聚合物ionic polymer聚电解质polyelectrolyte两性聚电解质polyampholyte,polyamphoteric electrolyte 聚合物溶剂polymer solvent树脂resin热敏性树脂thermally sensitive resin天然树脂natural resin热塑性树脂thermoplastic resin热固性树脂thermosetting resin塑性体plastomer烃类树脂hydrocarbon resin石油树脂petroleum resin茚树脂indene resin苯并呋喃-茚树脂coumarone-indene resin萜烯树脂terpene resin丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯树脂acrylonitrile-butadiene-styre ne resin丙烯腈-苯乙烯树脂acrylonitrile styrene resin(AS)丙烯酸[酯]类树脂acrylic resin氟碳树脂fluorocarbon resin缩醛树脂acetal resin缩甲醛树脂methylal resin缩丁醛树脂butyral resin酚醛树脂phenol-formaldehyde resin,phenolic resin甲阶酚醛树脂resol乙阶酚醛树脂resitol丙阶酚醛树脂resite糠醛树脂furfural resin糠醛苯酚树脂furfural phenol resin苯酚醚树脂phenol ether resin呋喃树脂furan resin氨基树脂amino resin脲醛树脂urea-formaldehyde resin聚脲树脂carbamide resin尿素树脂urea resin三聚氰胺树脂Aminotriazine resin三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂melamine-formaldehyderesin, melamine resin聚酯类树脂polyester resin醇酸树脂alkyd resin烯丙基树脂allyl resin有机硅树脂silicone resin氟树脂fluoroethylene resin环氧树脂epoxy resin脂肪族环氧树脂aliphatic epoxy resin双酚A环氧树脂bisphenol A epoxy resin氧化还原树脂redox resin烯类聚合物vinyl polymer双烯聚合物diene polymer烯烃共聚物olefine copolymer (OCP)乙烯基聚合物vinyl polymer聚烯烃polyolefin聚乙烯polyethylene超高分子量聚乙烯ultrahigh molecular weightpolyethylene, UHMWPE高密度聚乙烯high density polyethylene,HDPE低密度聚乙烯low density polyethylene,LDPE线型低密度聚乙烯linear low densitypolyethylene, LLDPE超低密度聚乙烯ultra low densitypolyethylene, ULDPE长支链聚乙烯long chain branchedpolyethylene聚丙烯polypropylene全同立构聚丙烯isotactic polypropylene(iPP ) 聚1-丁烯poly(1-butene)聚异丁烯polyisobutylene聚4-甲基-1-戊烯poly(4-methyl-1-pentene)聚(1-辛烯) poly(1-octene)聚苯乙烯polystyrene高抗冲聚苯乙烯high impact polystyrene,HIPS聚乙炔polyacetylene丙烯酸[酯]类聚合物acrylic polymer聚丙烯酸poly(acrylic acid)聚丙烯酸盐polyacrylate聚丙烯酸酯polyacrylate聚甲基丙烯酸酯polymethacrylate聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯poly(methyl methacrylate)乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)聚乳酸poly(lactic acid)，polylactide 聚（β-氨基丙酸）poly(βalanine)聚（ω-氨基己酸）poly(ω amino caproic acid)聚（8-氨基辛酸）poly(8 amino caprylic acid) 聚胱氨酸polycysteine聚谷氨酸poly(glutamic acid)聚甘氨酸polyglycine聚丙烯腈polyacrylonitrile聚乙酸乙烯酯poly(vinyl acetate)聚乙二醇poly(oxyethylene glycol)聚乙烯醇poly(vinyl alcohol)聚乙烯醇缩甲醛poly(vinyl formal)聚乙烯醇缩丁醛poly(vinyl butyral)聚氯乙烯poly(vinyl chloride)聚1,2-二氯亚乙烯poly(vinylene chloride)聚偏二氯乙烯poly(vinylidene chloride)聚氟乙烯poly(vinyl fluoride)聚偏二氟乙烯poly(vinylidene fluoride)聚三氟氯乙烯poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), PCTFE聚四氟乙烯poly(tetrafluoroethylene)聚全氟丙烯poly(perfluoropropene)聚丁二烯polybutadiene1,4-聚丁二烯1,4-poly buta diene1,2-聚丁二烯1,2-polybutadiene顺［式］-1,4-聚丁二烯cis-1,4-polybutadiene反［式］-1,4-聚丁二烯trans-1,4-polybutadiene聚环戊二烯polycyclo penta diene聚异戊二烯polyiso prene1,2-聚异戊二烯1,2-polyisoprene3,4-聚异戊二烯3,4-polyisoprenecis-1,4-polyisoprene顺［式］-1,4-聚异戊二烯反［式］-1,4-聚异戊二trans-1,4-polyisoprene烯聚氯丁二烯polychloroprene开环聚环烯烃polyalkenamer聚降冰片烯polynorbornene醛类聚合物aldehyde polymer丙烯醛类聚合物acrolein polymer乙炔类聚合物acetylenic polymer丙二烯聚合物allene polymer二乙炔聚合物diacetylene polymer二烯丙基聚合物diallyl polymer偶氮类聚合物azo polymer氧杂环丁烷聚合物oxetane polymer配位聚合物coordination polymer阻透聚合物barrier polymer氧化性聚合物oxidative polymer缩聚物polycondensate共缩聚物intercondensation polymer 聚羧酸酯polycarboxylate聚酯polyester脂肪族聚酯aliphatic polyester芳香族聚酯aromatic polyester共聚酯copolyester饱和聚酯saturated polyester不饱和聚酯unsaturated polyester聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯poly(ethylene terephthalate)聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯poly(tetramethyleneterephthalate), poly(butyleneterephthalate)聚对苯二甲酸对苯二酯poly(p-phenylene terephthalate)聚碳酸酯polycarbonate双酚A聚碳酸酯bisphenol A polycarbonate 聚酰胺polyamide聚醚酰胺poly(ether amide)聚己内酰胺polycaprolactam聚己二酰己二胺poly(hexamethyleneadipamide)聚芳酰胺polyaramide, aromaticpolyamide多肽polypeptide聚醚polyether芳香族聚醚poly (aryl ether)共聚醚copolyether嵌段聚醚酯block poly(ester ether)聚甲醛polyoxymethylene,polyformaldehyde低聚甲醛paraformaldehyde共聚甲醛copolyoxymethylene聚环氧乙烷poly(ethylene oxide)聚环氧丙烷poly(propylene oxide)聚环氧氯丙烷polyepichlorohydrin聚四氢呋喃polytetrahydrofuran,polyoxytetramethylene聚苯醚polyphenylene oxide聚硫醚polythioether聚硫化物polysulfide聚对亚苯硫醚poly(p-phenylene sulfide) 聚对亚苯poly(p-phenylene)聚砜polysulfone聚芳砜poly(aryl sulfone) (PAS) 聚芳砜酰胺aromatic polysulfonamide 聚醚砜poly(ether sulfone)聚二苯醚砜poly(diphenyl ether sulfone) 聚酰亚胺polyimide聚均苯四酰亚胺-1,4-亚苯poly(pyromellitimido-1,4-ph enylene)聚苯并咪唑polybenzimidazole聚苯并噻唑polybenzothiazole聚喹喔啉polyquinoxaline聚醚酮poly(ether-ketone), PEK聚醚醚酮poly(ether-ether-ketone),PEEK聚醚酮酮poly(ether-ketone-ketone),PEKK聚氨基甲酸酯polyurethane聚脲polyurea聚醚氨酯poly(ether-urethane)聚苯胺polyaniline苯醌聚合物quinone polymer硅酸盐聚合物silicate polymer, polysilicate 塑料plastic塑料合金plastic alloy工程塑料engineering plastic增强塑料reinforced plastic纤维增强塑料fiber reinforced plastic自增强聚合物self-reinforcing polymer复合材料composite纳米复合材料nanocomposite分子复合材料molecular composite原位复合材料in situ composite有机-无机杂化材料organic inorganic hybridmaterial混杂复合材料hybrid composite橡胶rubber高弹体elastomer合成橡胶synthetic rubber饱和橡胶saturated rubber不饱和橡胶unsaturated rubber氢化橡胶hydrogenated rubber集成橡胶integrated rubber 异戊橡胶isoprene rubber苯乙烯-异戊二烯-丁二烯橡胶styrene isoprene butadiene rubber (SIBR)三元乙丙橡胶ethylene propyleneterpolymer, EPT, ethylenepropylene diene monomer,EPDM二元乙丙橡胶ethylene propylene rubber,EPR, ethylenepropylenecopolymer,ethylene propylenemonomer, EPM丁腈橡胶butadiene-acrylonitrilerubber, nitrile rubber氢化丁腈橡胶hydrogenatedbutadiene-acrylonitrilerubber羧基丁腈橡胶carboxy terminated nitrilerubber顺丁橡胶cis-1,4-polybutadiene rubber 丁基橡胶butyl rubber卤化丁基橡胶halogenated butyl rubber丁苯橡胶styrene butadiene rubber,SBR溶聚丁苯橡胶solution polymerizedbutadiene styrenerubber(SSBR)乳聚丁苯橡胶emulsion polymerizedbutadiene styrenerubber(ESBR)氯丁橡胶chloroprene rubber氯化聚乙烯chlorinated polyethylene(CPE)氯磺化聚乙烯chlorosulfonatedpolyethylene聚硫橡胶polysulfide rubber丁吡橡胶pyridine butadiene rubber氟橡胶fluororubber,fluoroelastomer氟硅橡胶fluorosilicone rubber氟醚橡胶fluoroether rubber三嗪氟橡胶fluorinated triazine rubber亚硝基氟橡胶nitrosofluoro rubber硅橡胶silicon rubber二甲基硅橡胶dimethyl silicone rubber甲基乙烯基硅橡胶methylvinyl silicone rubber室温硫化硅橡胶room temperature vulcanizedsilicone rubber丙烯酸酯橡胶acrylate rubber聚氨酯橡胶polyurethane rubber氯醚橡胶epichloro-hydrin rubber硫化橡胶vulcanized rubber,vulcanizate粉末橡胶powdered rubber液体橡胶liquid rubber热塑[性]弹性体thermoplastic elastomer苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物styrene butadiene styrene block copolymer (SBS)苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物styrene isoprene styrene block copolymer (SIS)挠性聚合物flexomer橡胶改性塑料rubber modified plastics,rubberresin blends纤维fiber天然纤维natural fiber初生纤维as-formed fiber原纤fibril半合成纤维semi-synthetic fiber合成纤维synthetic fiber化学纤维chemical fiber单组分纤维homofiber异质复合纤维heterofiber粘胶纤维viscose fiber聚酰胺纤维polyamide fiber聚芳酰胺纤维aramid fiber聚酯纤维polyester fiber聚丙烯腈纤维acrylic fiber聚丙烯纤维polypropylene fiber聚乙烯醇纤维polyvinyl alcohol fiber 聚乙烯醇缩甲醛纤维formalized PV A fiber聚氯乙烯纤维polyvinyl chloride fiber 聚氨酯弹性纤维polyurethane elastic fiber 碳纤维carbon fiber活性碳纤维active carbon fiber碳化硼纤维boron carbide fiber碳纳米管carbon nano-tube全纤维素hollocellulose组合纤维conjugate fiber改性纤维differential fiber纳米纤维nano-fiber功能纤维functional fiber光导纤维photoconductive fiber激光光纤laser fiber粘合剂adhesive热熔胶melt adhesive反应性热熔胶reactive heat-meltingadhesive厌氧黏合剂anaerobic adhesive压敏型黏合剂pressure sensitive adhesive涂料coating功能涂料functional coating油漆paint05.2 聚合与高分子化学反应11 非极性单体non polar monomer12 共轭单体conjugated monomer13 非共轭单体non conjugated monomer14 活化单体activated monomer15 官能单体functional monomer16 大分子单体macromer, macromonomer17 环状单体cyclic monomer18 共聚单体comonomer19 聚合［反应］polymerization20 均聚反应homopolymerization21低聚反应，齐聚反应(曾用名)oligomerization22 调聚反应telomerization23 自发聚合spontaneous polymerization24 预聚合prepolymerization25 后聚合post polymerization26 再聚合repolymerization27 铸塑聚合, 浇铸聚合cast polymerization28 链［式］聚合chain polymerization29 烯类聚合，乙烯基聚合vinyl polymerization30 双烯［类］聚合diene polymerization31 加［成］聚［合］addition polymerization32自由基聚合，游离基聚合(曾用名) free radical polymerization, radical polymerization33控制自由基聚合，可控自由基聚合controlled radical polymerization，CRP 34 活性自由基聚合living radical polymerization35 原子转移自由基聚合atom transfer radical polymerization，A TRP36 反向原子转移自由基聚合reverse atom transfer radical polymerization，RA TRP可逆加成断裂链转移reversible addition fragmentation chain37transfer，RAFT38 氮氧[自由基]调控聚合nitroxide mediated polymerization39 稳定自由基聚合stable free radical polymerization，FRP40 自由基异构化聚合free radical isomerization polymerization41 自由基开环聚合radical ring opening polymerization42 氧化还原聚合redox polymerization无活性端聚合，dead end polymerization43死端聚合(曾用名)44 光［致］聚合photo polymerization45 光引发聚合light initiated polymerization46 光敏聚合photosensitized polymerization47 四中心聚合four center polymerization48 电荷转移聚合charge transfer polymerization49 辐射引发聚合radiation initiated polymerization50 热聚合thermal polymerization51 电解聚合electrolytic polymerization52 等离子体聚合plasma polymerization53 易位聚合metathesis polymerization54 开环易位聚合ring opening metathesis polymerization，ROMP55 精密聚合precision polymerization56 环化聚合cyclopolymerization57 拓扑化学聚合topochemical polymerization58 平衡聚合equilibrium polymerization59 离子［型］聚合ionic polymerization60 辐射离子聚合radiation ion polymerization61 离子对聚合ion pair polymerization62正离子聚合，阳离子聚合cationic polymerization63 碳正离子聚合carbenium ion polymerization,carbocationicpolymerization64 假正离子聚合pseudo cationic polymerization65 假正离子活［性］聚合pseudo cationic living polymerization66 活性正离子聚合living cationic polymerization67负离子聚合，阴离子聚合anionic polymerization68 碳负离子聚合carbanionic polymerization69 活性负离子聚合living anionic polymerization70 负离子环化聚合anionic cyclopolymerization71 负离子电化学聚合anionic electrochemical polymerization72 负离子异构化聚合anionic isomerization polymerization73 烯丙基聚合allylic polymerization74 活［性］聚合living polymerization75 两性离子聚合zwitterion polymerization76 齐格勒-纳塔聚合Ziegler Natta polymerization77 配位聚合coordination polymerization78 配位离子聚合coordinated ionic polymerization79 配位负离子聚合coordinated anionic polymerization80 配位正离子聚合coordinated cationic polymerization81 插入聚合insertion polymerization82定向聚合，立构规整聚合stereoregular polymerization, stereospecific polymerization83 有规立构聚合tactic polymerization84 全同立构聚合isospecific polymerization85 不对称诱导聚合asymmetric induction polymerization86 不对称选择性聚合asymmetric selective polymerization87 不对称立体选择性聚合asymmetric stereoselective polymerization88 对映［体］不对称聚合enantioasymmetric polymerization89 对映［体］对称聚合enantiosymmetric polymerization90 异构化聚合isomerization polymerization91 氢转移聚合hydrogen transfer polymerization92 基团转移聚合group transfer polymerization，GTP93 消除聚合elimination polymerization94 模板聚合matrix polymerization,template polymerization95 插层聚合intercalation polymerization96 无催化聚合uncatalyzed polymerization97 开环聚合ring opening polymerization98 活性开环聚合living ring opening polymerization99 不死的聚合immortal polymerization100 酶聚合作用enzymatic polymerization聚加成反应，polyaddition101逐步加成聚合(曾用名)102 偶联聚合coupling polymerization103 序列聚合sequential polymerization104 闪发聚合，俗称暴聚flash polymerization105 氧化聚合oxidative polymerization106 氧化偶联聚合oxidative coupling polymerization107 逐步［增长］聚合step growth polymerization108 缩聚反应condensation polymerization，polycondensation酯交换型聚合transesterification type polymerization, 109ester exchange polycondensation110 自催化缩聚autocatalytic polycondensation111 均相聚合homogeneous polymerization112 非均相聚合heterogeneous polymerization113 相转化聚合phase inversion polymerization114 本体聚合bulk polymerization, mass polymerization 115 固相聚合solid phase polymerization气相聚合gaseous polymerization,116gas phase polymerization117 吸附聚合adsorption polymerization118 溶液聚合solution polymerization119 沉淀聚合precipitation polymerization120 淤浆聚合slurry polymerization121 悬浮聚合suspension polymerization122 反相悬浮聚合reversed phase suspension polymerization 123 珠状聚合bead polymerization, pearl polymerization 124 分散聚合dispersion polymerization125 反相分散聚合inverse dispersion polymerization126 种子聚合seeding polymerization127 乳液聚合emulsion polymerization128 无乳化剂乳液聚合emulsifier free emulsion polymerization 129 反相乳液聚合inverse emulsion polymerization130 微乳液聚合micro emulsion polymerization131 连续聚合continuous polymerization132 半连续聚合semicontinuous polymerization133 分批聚合，间歇聚合batch polymerization134 原位聚合in situ polymerization135 均相缩聚homopolycondensation136 活化缩聚activated polycondensation137 熔融缩聚melt phase polycondensation138 固相缩聚solid phase polycondensation139 体型缩聚three dimensional polycondensation140 界面聚合interfacial polymerization141 界面缩聚interfacial polycondensation142 环加成聚合cycloaddition polymerization143 环烯聚合cycloalkene polymerization144 环硅氧烷聚合cyclosiloxane polymerization145 引发剂initiator146 引发剂活性activity of initiator147 聚合催化剂polymerization catalyst148 自由基引发剂radical initiator149 偶氮［类］引发剂azo type initiator150 2,2′偶氮二异丁腈2,2'- azobisisobutyronitrile, AIBN151 过氧化苯甲酰benzoyl peroxide, BPO152 过硫酸盐引发剂persulphate initiator153 复合引发体系complex initiation system154 氧化还原引发剂redox initiator电荷转移复合物，charge transfer complex, CTC155电荷转移络合物156 聚合加速剂，聚合促进剂polymerization accelerator157 光敏引发剂photoinitiator158 双官能引发剂bifunctional initiator，difunctional initiator159 三官能引发剂trifunctional initiator160 大分子引发剂macroinitiator161 引发-转移剂initiator transfer agent, inifer162 引发-转移-终止剂initiator transfer agent terminator, iniferter 163 光引发转移终止剂photoiniferter164 热引发转移终止剂 thermoiniferter165 正离子催化剂cationic catalyst166 正离子引发剂cationic initiator167 负离子引发剂ionioic initiator168 共引发剂coinitiator169 烷基锂引发剂alkyllithium initiator170 负离子自由基引发剂anion radical initiator171 烯醇钠引发剂alfin initiator172 齐格勒-纳塔催化剂Ziegler Natta catalyst173 过渡金属催化剂transition metal catalyst174 双组分催化剂bicomponent catalyst175 后过渡金属催化剂late transition metal catalyst176 金属络合物催化剂metal complex catalyst177 ［二］茂金属催化剂metallocene catalyst178 甲基铝氧烷methylaluminoxane, MAO179 μ氧桥双金属烷氧化物催化剂bimetallic μ-oxo alkoxides catalyst180 双金属催化剂bimetallic catalyst181 桥基茂金属bridged metallocene182 限定几何构型茂金属催化剂constrained geometry metallocene catalyst 183 均相茂金属催化剂homogeneous metallocene catalyst184 链引发chain initiation185 热引发thermal initiation186 染料敏化光引发dye sensitized phtoinitiation187 电荷转移引发charge transfer initiation188 诱导期induction period189 引发剂效率initiator efficiency190 诱导分解induced decomposition191 再引发reinitiation192 链增长chain growth, chain propagation193 增长链端propagating chain end194 活性种reactive species195 活性中心active center196 持续自由基persistent radical197 聚合最高温度ceilling temperature of polymerization 198 链终止chain termination199 双分子终止bimolecular termination200 初级自由基终止primary radical termination201 扩散控制终止diffusion controlled termination202 歧化终止disproportionation termination203 偶合终止coupling termination204 单分子终止unimolecular termination205 自发终止spontaneous termination206 终止剂terminator207 链终止剂chain terminating agent208 假终止pseudotermination209 自发终止self termination210 自由基捕获剂radical scavenger211 旋转光闸法rotating sector method212 自由基寿命free radical lifetime213 凝胶效应gel effect214 自动加速效应autoacceleration effect215 链转移chain transfer216 链转移剂chain transfer agent217 尾咬转移backbitting transfer218 退化链转移degradation (degradative) chain transfer 219 加成断裂链转移［反应］addition fragmentation chain transfer 220 链转移常数chain transfer constant①缓聚作用retardation221②延迟作用222 阻聚作用inhibition223 缓聚剂retarder224 缓聚剂，阻滞剂retarding agent225 阻聚剂inhibitor226 封端［反应］ end capping227 端基terminal group228 聚合动力学polymerization kinetics229 聚合热力学polymerization thermodynamics230 聚合热heat of polymerization231 共聚合［反应］copolymerization232 二元共聚合binary copolymerization233 三元共聚合ternary copolymerization234 竞聚率reactivity ratio235 自由基共聚合radical copolymerization236 离子共聚合ionic copolymerization237 无规共聚合random copolymerization238 理想共聚合ideal copolymerization239 交替共聚合alternating copolymerization 240 恒［组］分共聚合azeotropic copolymerization 241 接枝共聚合graft copolymerization242 嵌段共聚合block copolymerization243 开环共聚合ring opening copolymerization 244 共聚合方程copolymerization equation 245 共缩聚copolycondensation246 逐步共聚合step copolymerization247 同种增长homopropagation248 自增长self propagation249 交叉增长cross propagation250 前末端基效应penultimate effect251 交叉终止cross termination252 Q值Q value253 e值e value254 Q,e概念Q, e scheme255 序列长度分布sequence length distribution 256 侧基反应reaction of pendant group 257 扩链剂，链增长剂chain extender258 交联crosslinking259 化学交联chemical crosslinking260 自交联self crosslinking261 光交联photocrosslinking262 交联度degree of crosslinking263 硫化vulcanization264 固化curing265 硫［黄］硫化sulfur vulcanization266 促进硫化accelerated sulfur vulcanization 267 过氧化物交联peroxide crosslinking268 无规交联random crosslinking269 交联密度crosslinking density270 交联指数crosslinking index271 解聚depolymerization272 ①降解②退化degradation273 链断裂chain breaking274 解聚酶depolymerase275 细菌降解bacterial degradation276 生物降解biodegradation277 化学降解chemical degradation278 辐射降解radiation degradation279 断链降解chain scission degradation280 自由基链降解free radical chain degradation 281 无规降解random degradation282 水解降解hydrolytic degradation283 热降解thermal degradation284 热氧化降解thermal oxidative degradation 285 光降解photodegradation286 光氧化降解photo oxidative degradation 287 力化学降解mechanochemical degradation 288 接枝聚合graft polymerization289 活化接枝activation grafting290 接枝点grafting site291 链支化chain branching292 支化度degree of branching05.3 高分子物理化学与高分子物理4立构重复单元stereorepeating unit 5立构规整度tacticity6等规度, 全同立构[规整]度isotacticity7间同度，间同立构[规整]度syndiotacticity8无规度，无规立构度atacticity9嵌段block10规整嵌段regular block11非规整嵌段irregular block12立构嵌段stereoblock13有规立构嵌段isotactic block14无规立构嵌段atactic block15单体单元monomeric unit16二单元组diad17三单元组triad18四单元组tetrad19五单元组pentad20无规线团random coil21自由连接链freely-jointed chain 22自由旋转链freely-rotating chain 23蠕虫状链worm-like chain24柔性链flexible chain25链柔性chain flexibility26刚性链rigid chain27棒状链rodlike chain28链刚性chain rigidity29聚集aggregation30聚集体aggregate31凝聚、聚集coalescence32链缠结chain entanglement33凝聚缠结cohesional entanglement34物理缠结physical entanglement35拓扑缠结topological entanglement36凝聚相condensed phase37凝聚态condensed state38凝聚过程condensing process39临界聚集浓度critical aggregation concentration40线团-球粒转换coil-globule transition41受限链confined chain42受限态confined state43物理交联physical crosslinking44统计线团statistical coil45等效链equivalent chain46统计链段statistical segment47链段chain segment48链构象chain conformation49无规线团模型random coil model50无规行走模型random walk model51自避随机行走模型self avoiding walk model52卷曲构象coiled conformation53高斯链Gaussian chain54无扰尺寸unperturbed dimension55扰动尺寸perturbed dimension56热力学等效球thermodynamically equivalent sphere 57近程分子内相互作用short-range intramolecular interaction58远程分子内相互作用long-range intramolecular interaction 59链间相互作用interchain interaction60链间距interchain spacing61长程有序long range order62近程有序short range order63回转半径radius of gyration64末端间矢量end-to-end vector65链末端chain end66末端距end-to-end distance67无扰末端距unperturbed end-to-end distance68均方根末端距root-mean-square end-to-end distance 69伸直长度contour length70相关长度persistence length71主链；链骨架chain backbone72支链branch chain73链支化chain branching74短支链short-chain branch75长支链long-chain branch76支化系数branching index77支化密度branching density78支化度degree of branching79交联度degree of crosslinking80网络network81网络密度network density82溶胀swelling83平衡溶胀equilibrium swelling84分子组装，分子组合molecular assembly85自组装self assembly86微凝胶microgel87凝胶点gel point88可逆[性]凝胶reversible gel89溶胶-凝胶转化sol-gel transformation90临界胶束浓度critical micelle concentration，CMC91组成非均一性constitutional heterogenity, compositionalheterogenity92摩尔质量平均molar mass average 又称“分子量平均”93数均分子量number-average molecular weight, number-averagemolar mass94重均分子量weight-average molecular weight, weight-averagemolar mass95Z均分子量Z(Zaverage)-average molecular weight, Z-molar mass96黏均分子量viscosity-average molecular weight，viscosity-averagemolar mass97表观摩尔质量apparent molar mass98表观分子量apparent molecular weight99聚合度degree of polymerization100动力学链长kinetic chain length101单分散性monodispersity102临界分子量critical molecular weight103分子量分布molecular weight distribution，MWD104多分散性指数polydispersity index，PID105平均聚合度average degree of polymerization106质量分布函数mass distribution function107数量分布函数number distribution function108重量分布函数weight distribution function109舒尔茨-齐姆分布Schulz-Zimm distribution。

(完整word版)高分子材料工程专业英语翻译

A 高分子化学和高分子物理UNIT 1 What are Polymer?第一单元什么是高聚物？What are polymers？For one thing，they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt。

To contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58。

5, while that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands. These big molecules or ‘macro—molecules' are made up of much smaller molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds. To illustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material. When these things are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound. Alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and materials，and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds.什么是高聚物?首先，他们是合成物和大分子,而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐.与低分子化合物不同的是，普通盐的分子量仅仅是58.5,而高聚物的分子量高于105，甚至大于106.这些大分子或“高分子”由许多小分子组成。

高分子材料工程专业英语作业

Classes schedule:PART A: UNIT 1 –UNIT 12Students’ Oral presentations: Functional PolymersReport and Oral PresentationThe class is divided to Twelve groups with 3 students in each groupEach group please selects one of the following functional polymers :Medical functional polymers, Ion exchange resin, super absorbent polymer, Photosensitive polymer, polymer reagents, polymer separation membrane, conducting polymer, liquid crystal.Each group make an Powerpoint in which the preparation, application, the current progress in the research in China and abroad should be included. The abstract , references and the names of the students should also be included.Each group should turn in the powerpoint (10 point), and make an oral presentation on 17th week.Exercises of UNIT 1 and UNIT 2Please make each sentence with “as an example”, “with respect to”, “in conclusion” and “be attributed to”.Page 4, Exercise 1.Please make each sentence with “be proportional to”, “lie in”, and “play an impo rtant role in”.Page 9, Exercise 2.Exercise UNIT 3 and UNIT 4Please make each sentence with “depending on”, “lie in” and “be identical to”.Page17, Exercise 1, Exercise 2.Page23, Exercise 1, Exercise 2.Exercise UNIT 5 and UNIT 6:Page 27, Exercise 1, Exercise 3.Please make each sentence with “be associated with”, “level off”, “be essential for” and “a variety of”.Page 32, Exercise 2, Exercise 3.Exercise UNIT 7 and UNIT 8Please make each sentence with “by reasons of ”, “arise from”, “accessible to” and “in terms of”.Page 38, Exercise 1.Page 44, Exercise 2, excise 3, excise 4.Exercise UNIT 9 and UNIT 10•Please make each sentence with “range from…. to… ”, “be subjected to” and“be derived from”.•Page 50, Exercise 1, exercise 2•Page 56, Exercise 1, exercise 2Exercise UNIT 11and UNIT 12Please make each sentence with “attach…. to… ”, “the first step towards” and “take full advantage of”.Page 61, Exercise 1, exercise 4.Translate the following into English试剂苯酚、37%甲醛水溶液、25%的氨水、无水乙醇。

高分子材料工程专业英语II.pdf

Unit 30: Synthetic Rubber (3rd-4th paragraph)
Two important developemnts occurred in the U. S. A. in the years immediately following World War I. The first was …. The second… Unitil comparatively recently, emulsion polymerisation has been the principal process for producing synthetic rubbers from their monomers… It is the presence of this chlorine atom in each repeat unit of the rubber molecule which gives the product its unusual properties, such as moderate resistance to swelling in hydrocarbon oils and resistance to deterioration by heat and ozone. …
Z. B. Guan, et al., Nat. Chem. 2012, DOI: 10.1038/NCHEM.1314
K. Matyjaszewski and N. V. Tsarevsky, Nat. Chem. 2009, 1, 276-289.
Writing Practice 1. rubbery… could…into .. converted..solid ..be…a …isoprene
丁纳橡胶这个词作为德国在那时及其以后生产的的合成橡胶的通用名就是源于这一个事实。

苏州大学高分子材料专业英语课后习题(汇总)

高分子材料专业英语【P4.There has been long been a need for a definitivepublication on the engineering aspects of plastics processing.（塑料加工）长期以来，有着在塑料加工工程方面权威出版物的需求。

The society of Plastics Engineers is pleased to sponsor and endorse this new ,Plastics Process Engineering ,as the publication which serves this long-standing need.塑料工程师协会很高兴赞助和支持这个新的变化，以满足“塑料加工工程”作为出版物长期存在的需要。

2.Crystallization is only one aspect of orientation. Molecular orientation may not always result in crystallization but in enhancement of order when the various types of bonds such as hydrogen bonds and other weak interatomic forces can contribute to property enhancement.结晶只是取向的一个方面。

分子取向可能并不总是导致结晶，而是排列有序性的提高，同时，各种类型的化学键如氢键和其它弱原子间力有助于提高性能。

T wo important thermal transitions in a semi-crystalline polymer are the glass transition and melting. The temperatures of these transitions are donated by Tg ,which is characteristics of the amorphous phase, and Tm which is【P9】There are two basic types of polymerization:(1)addition, which occurs when active chains(活性链) and/or monomer units interact without a by-product（副产物(2)condensation ,which occurs when a Lewis polyacidand a Lewis polybase react to form a chain with the splitting out of a by-product molecule ,such as water or CO2.有两种基本的聚合反应类型：（1）加成聚合反应，活性连和单体单元之间相互反应，没有副产物产生（2）缩合聚合反应，路易斯聚酸和路易斯聚碱形成分子链。

高分子材料与工程专业英语答案

高分子材料与工程专业英语答案【篇一：高分子材料专业英语第二版部分答案2】t all polymers are built up from bonding together a single kindof repeating unit. at the other extreme ,protein molecules are polyamides in which n amino acide repeat units are bonded together. although we might still call n the degree of polymerization in this case, it is less usefull,since an aminoacid unit might be any one of some 20-odd molecules that are found in proteins. in this case the molecular weightitself,rather than the degree of the polymerization ,is generally used to describe the molecule. when the actual content of individual amino acids is known,it is their sequence that is of special interest to biochemists and molecular biologists.并不是所有的聚合物都是由一个重复单元链接在一起而形成的。

在另一个极端的情形中，蛋白质分子是由n个氨基酸重复单元链接在一起形成的聚酰胺。

尽管在这个例子中，我们也许仍然把n称为聚合度，但是没有意义，因为一个氨基酸单元也许是在蛋白质中找到的20多个分子中的任意一个。

英语丨湖北省新高考协作体2025届高三上学期11月期中考试英语试卷及答案

2024—2025学年上学期期中考试高三英语答案听力：1-5BCBCB6-10CBACB11-15CBABC16-20CABCB阅读理解：21-23DCB24-27BCAD28-31CDBA32-35CDCB七选五：36-40DECGB完形填空：41-45CDCAB46-50DCBAD51-55ABDCD语法填空：56.constructed57.What58.in59.were troubled60.to change61.has occurred62.productive63.a64.scientifically65.preventing写作：应用文：The possible versionDear fellow students,With the development of modern industry and the change of people’s lifestyles,our ecological environment is becoming increasingly worse.It’s high time we took action to protect our ecological environment,otherwise we may soon have nowhere to live.Firstly,turn off lights and other electrical appliances when they are not in use to conserve electricity.Secondly,when going out,we should choose to walk,to ride a bike or to take public transportation instead of driving a stly,reusing paper or bottles and resisting using plastic bags are also highly recommended.These simple actions can significantly contribute to a low-carbon lifestyle.Let us work together to create a green and harmonious environment.The Students’Union 读后续写：构思：第一段：①What was Mary thinking?②How would mom help Mary?③What would Mary do next?第二段：①How did Mary feel and adjust?②What was Mr.Brown and other students’reaction?③What was the result of the presentation?The possible versionHearing Mom’s words,Mary gazed at the precious red ribbon.She imagined the scene where Mom had tried her best to overcome her fears and picked up the courage to deliver a fantastic speech to the audience.Realizing Mary’s anxiety,Mom reassured her and reached out her hand to tie the red ribbon onto Mary’s wrist with a smile.Restored and determined,Mary gritted(咬紧牙关)her teeth to find her courage.She stood in front of a mirror and practiced.“You can do it,”she told herself when drowsiness（昏昏欲睡）fell upon her.The next day Mary again walked to the front of the classroom to give her presentation.She nervously lowered her head and averted her gaze,feeling numb for a few seconds.But courage found its way back the moment she caught sight of the red ribbon on her forted and inspired,she took a deep breath,summoned up her courage,and said“Dear fellow students.”Mary cast a glance at Mr.Brown who was standing in the corner and smiling at her.A self-reassuring smile spread across Mary’s face.She knew for sure that she had now found her courage.部分答案解析A篇主题语境：人与社会—社会服务本文是应用文。

高分子专业英语试卷

上海大学2018 ～2019学年秋季学期试卷课程名：高分子专业英语课程号：2XS103001 学分：应试人声明：我保证遵守《上海大学学生手册》中的《上海大学考场规则》，如有考试违纪、作弊行为，愿意接受《上海大学学生考试违纪、作弊行为界定及处分规定》的纪律处分。

应试人吴兆辉应试人学号18722389应试人所在院系材料科学与工程学院题一: Write a speech about “pure science or applied science, which direction should the Shanghai University chooses”. Please follow the 7 steps in a speech. The words of the speech are at least 300 words. (50 points)Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, I am Wu Zhaohui, the speaker of this report. I am from the School of Materials Science and Engineering. My theme is pure science or applied science, which direction should the Shanghai University chooses. Of course, I think pure science and applied science are very suitable for the development of Shanghai University, but if you choose one, I More inclined to choose application science, I will tell from the following aspects.1. As far as the current development of China is concerned, there is still a certain gap with the world's first echelon. Therefore, there is inevitably a gap in the field of basic scientific research. For the country's prosperity, the most fundamental thing is that Some people, especially most capable people, should apply their talents to solve the industrial problems of the country. In the "Made in China 2025" issued by the State Council in 2015, and our "two hundred years" plan in the 19th report of 2017, China's development focus is still the industrial modernization and manufacturing of the country for some time. The construction of a strong country. Obviously, the task of supporting this beautiful blueprint will inevitably fall on colleges and universities and corporate units. From an industrial point of view, there is no doubt that our applied science is more convincing.2. Of course, this is not to say that pure science is not important. In 1921, British physicist N. Norman Campbell writes that pure science and applied science are the roots and branches of the tree of empirical knowledge; theory and reality are inseparable entities. If they do not cause great damage to both sides, they cannot It is separate. However, the development of our university cannot be out of touch with the times, nor can it run counter to the development strategy of the country.3. In terms of the development of China and the development strategy, in the context of the need for comprehensive industrialization and the construction of a strong country, the tasks of the university naturally have a primary and secondary distinction, so I think that application science should be chosen.题二: Read the article: Nano-structured metal-containing polymer precursors for high temperature non-oxide ceramics and ceramic fibers—syntheses, pyrolyses and properties, JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY卷: 22期: 14-15页: 2577-2585出版年: 2002作者: Tsirlin, AM; Shcherbakova, GI; Florina, EK, et al.Write an abstract of it. (50 points)One of the different directions for further development in the field of polymer-derived ceramics is the application of metal-containing precursors, which include polymers containing nanostructured metals.Nano-structured metal-containing polymer precursors have great potential in polymer-derived ceramics. In this paper the synthesis and characterization of nano-metallopolycarbosilanes (nMPCS) and their transformation into ceramic materials are reported. The formation of metal nano-particles via fast thermolysis of metal- containing compounds in polymer solution or melt previously developed by the authors was applied to preceramic polymers.Tetrabenzyltitanium,tetrabenzylzirconium,bis(cyclopentadienil)dichloride-ti tanium and zirconium as well as tetrachlorides of these metals and tetrakis(diethylamino)zirconium were used for the introduction of metal nano-particles. The products were characterized by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential-thermal analysis (DTA), gel-penetration (GP)-chromatography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and other special analyses. The results of this study reveal new data for the nMPC manufacturing process. These nMPC contain nanoparticles or metal clusters of 2-4nm diameter. The detailed study of the thermal decomposition of MCC is very important. Cp2ZrCl2 and Zr [N(C2H5)2]4 for the ceramic matrix of CMC, the most suitable additive in nMPCS. The coreless fibers are obtained from nZrPCS and contain up to 3 mass% metal.And future research directions will concentrate on the optimization of oligocarbosilane as raw material and the development of Polycarbosilane (PCS) - metal containing compounds (MCC) system with low reactivity.。

高分子材料工程专业英语.pdf

Group 5
在实验中，聚合速率应该根据这个系统的密度、折光率、粘度、或光吸收等许多性质决定的。测量密度是这些方法中最精确和最灵敏的（之一）。相比单体，聚合物的密度要增加20%~25%。在实际测定中，聚合系统的体积将以带出反应中到膨胀计中的方式进行测量。这个带有特殊构造的毛细管容器对于细小的体积变化可以有一个高度精确的测量。对于膨胀计法，是非常容易做到检测一个非常小的聚合的。
聚乙烯 23. anionic
阴离子的 28. termination 终止
4.molecule
5.polymerization
分子
聚合反应
9. compound 10.molecular weight
化合物
分子量
14.characteristic 15. sodium chloride
特征
氯化钠
19. polystyrene 20.polyvinylchloride
Basic Writing II
10. Other Important Remarks About Polymer Science, Summary, Q & A
1.polymer
聚合物 6. gas 气体 11. synthesis 合成 16. product
产物 21. radical
自由基 26. initiation 引发
（2）对于离子聚合来说，不存在通过再结合反应而进行的强迫链终止，因为生长链之间不能发生反应。链终止反应仅仅通过杂质而发生，或者说通过加入某些像水、醇、酸、胺或氧这样的化合物进行加成而发生，且一般来说（链终止反应）可通过这样的化合物来进行，这种化合物可以和活性聚合物离子进行反应，形成中性聚合物或没有聚合活性的离子型聚合物。如果引发剂仅仅部分地离解，引发反应即为一个平衡反应，在出现平衡反应的场合，在一个方向上进行链引发反应，而在另一个方向上则发生链终止反应。

高分子材料与工程专业外语

NahNyHd4rHoPgOen4:phosphate ammonium
sodium
水合盐：结晶水读做water或hydrate
如AlCl36H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water

或
aluminum
chloride
hexahydrate
A12lK-(wSaOte4)r 212H2O aluminium potassium sulphate
二。2
其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代举例：
H2SO4 sulfuric acid
H2SO3 sulfurous acid
HNO3 nitric acid
HNO2 nitrous acid
HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion
cover
1. 氧化物的命名
直呼其名，即读其元素名称。如CO: carbon monoxide ; Al2O3: aluminium oxide
N2O4 ：Dinitrogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后缀中的a, o在后一o之前省去
CO2; SO; SO2 ;MgO ；Na2O ； P2O3
非最低价的二元化合物还要加前缀，如O22-: peroxide O2- : superoxide acetonitrile
举例： NaF， AlCl3， Mg2N3，
Ag2S， CaC2， Fe(OH)2，H2O2
NaF: sodium fluoride AlCl3: aluminium chloride
cover
S-block Element

高分子材料工程专业英语

高分子材料工程专业英语Polymer materials engineering is a specialized field that focuses on the design, synthesis, and application of polymers. These high-performance materials are integral to various industries, including automotive, aerospace, and medical sectors.The study of polymer materials engineering involves understanding the molecular structure and properties of polymers, which are large molecules composed of repeating structural units. This knowledge is crucial for developing materials with tailored characteristics to meet specific industrial needs.In the lab, students of polymer materials engineering engage in hands-on research, synthesizing new polymers and testing their mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties. This practical experience is essential for mastering the artof material innovation.One of the key applications of polymer materials is inthe development of composites, which combine the strengths of different materials to create a product with superior performance. These composites are lighter and stronger,making them ideal for use in high-performance vehicles and structures.Environmental sustainability is another critical aspectof polymer materials engineering. Researchers are constantly exploring ways to develop biodegradable and recyclable polymers to reduce the environmental impact of material production and disposal.The future of polymer materials engineering is promising, with ongoing advancements in nanotechnology and material science opening up new possibilities for innovation. Graduates in this field can expect to be at the forefront of creating the next generation of materials that will shape our world.。

高分子材料与工程专业英语词汇

brush polymercoiling type polymer电荷转移复合物，电荷转移络合物热引发转移终止剂封端［反应］e value17三单元组triad18四单元组tetrad19五单元组pentad20无规线团random coil21自由连接链freely-jointed chain22自由旋转链freely-rotating chain23蠕虫状链worm-like chain24柔性链flexible chain25链柔性chain flexibility26刚性链rigid chain27棒状链rodlike chain28链刚性chain rigidity29聚集aggregation30聚集体aggregate31凝聚、聚集coalescence32链缠结chain entanglement33凝聚缠结cohesional entanglement34物理缠结physical entanglement35拓扑缠结topological entanglement36凝聚相condensed phase37凝聚态condensed state38凝聚过程condensing process39临界聚集浓度critical aggregation concentration 40线团-球粒转换coil-globule transition41受限链confined chain42受限态confined state43物理交联physical crosslinking44统计线团statistical coil45等效链equivalent chain46统计链段statistical segment47链段chain segment48链构象chain conformation49无规线团模型random coil model50无规行走模型random walk model51自避随机行走模型self avoiding walk model52卷曲构象coiled conformation53高斯链Gaussian chain54无扰尺寸unperturbed dimension55扰动尺寸perturbed dimension56热力学等效球thermodynamically equivalent sphere 57近程分子内相互作用short-range intramolecular interaction 58远程分子内相互作用long-range intramolecular interaction 59链间相互作用interchain interaction60链间距interchain spacing61长程有序long range order62近程有序short range order63回转半径radius of gyration64末端间矢量end-to-end vector65链末端chain end66末端距end-to-end distance67无扰末端距unperturbed end-to-end distance68均方根末端距root-mean-square end-to-end distance 69伸直长度contour length70相关长度persistence length71主链；链骨架chain backbone72支链branch chain73链支化chain branching74短支链short-chain branch75长支链long-chain branch76支化系数branching index77支化密度branching density78支化度degree of branching79交联度degree of crosslinking80网络network81网络密度network density82溶胀swelling83平衡溶胀equilibrium swelling84分子组装，分子组合molecular assembly85自组装self assembly86微凝胶microgel87凝胶点gel point88可逆[性]凝胶reversible gel89溶胶-凝胶转化sol-gel transformation90临界胶束浓度critical micelle concentration，CMC91组成非均一性constitutional heterogenity, compositionalheterogenity92摩尔质量平均molar mass average 又称“分子量平均”93数均分子量number-average molecular weight,number-average molar mass94重均分子量weight-average molecular weight,weight-average molar mass95Z均分子量Z(Zaverage)-average molecular weight,Z-molar mass96黏均分子量viscosity-average molecular weight，viscosity-average molar mass97表观摩尔质量apparent molar mass98表观分子量apparent molecular weight99聚合度degree of polymerization100动力学链长kinetic chain length101单分散性monodispersity102临界分子量critical molecular weight103分子量分布molecular weight distribution，MWD104多分散性指数polydispersity index，PID105平均聚合度average degree of polymerization106质量分布函数mass distribution function107数量分布函数number distribution function108重量分布函数weight distribution function109舒尔茨-齐姆分布Schulz-Zimm distribution110最概然分布most probable distribution 曾用名“最可几分布”111对数正态分布logarithmic normal distribution 又称“对数正则分布”112聚合物溶液polymer solution113聚合物-溶剂相互作用polymer-solvent interaction114溶剂热力学性质thermodynamic quality of solvent115均方末端距mean square end to end distance116均方旋转半径mean square radius of gyration117θ温度theta temperature118θ态theta state119θ溶剂theta solvent120良溶剂good solvent121不良溶剂poor solvent122位力系数Virial coefficient 曾用名“维里系数”123排除体积excluded volume124溶胀因子expansion factor125溶胀度degree of swelling126弗洛里-哈金斯理论Flory-Huggins theory127哈金斯公式Huggins equation128哈金斯系数Huggins coefficient129χ(相互作用)参数χ-parameter130溶度参数solubility parameter131摩擦系数frictional coefficient132流体力学等效球hydrodynamically equivalent sphere133流体力学体积hydrodynamic volume134珠-棒模型bead-rod model135球-簧链模型ball-spring [chain] model136流动双折射flow birefringence, streaming birefringence 137动态光散射dynamic light scattering138小角激光光散射low angle laser light scattering139沉降平衡sedimentation equilibrium140沉降系数sedimentation coefficient141沉降速度法sedimentation velocity method142沉降平衡法sedimentation equilibrium method143相对黏度relative viscosity144相对黏度增量relative viscosity increment145黏度比viscosity ratio146黏数viscosity number147[乌氏]稀释黏度计[Ubbelohde] dilution viscometer148毛细管黏度计capillary viscometer149落球黏度计ball viscometer150落球黏度ball viscosity151本体黏度bulk viscosity152比浓黏度reduced viscosity153比浓对数黏度inherent viscosity, logarithmic viscositynumber154特性黏数intrinsic viscosity, limiting viscosity number 155黏度函数viscosity function156零切变速率黏度zero shear viscosity157端基分析analysis of end group158蒸气压渗透法vapor pressure osmometry, VPO159辐射的相干弹性散射coherent elastic scattering of radiation160折光指数增量refractive index increment161瑞利比Rayleigh ratio162超瑞利比excess Rayleigh ratio163粒子散射函数particle scattering function164粒子散射因子particle scattering factor165齐姆图Zimm plot166散射的非对称性dissymmetry of scattering167解偏振作用depolarization168分级fractionation169沉淀分级precipitation fractionation170萃取分级extraction fractionation171色谱分级chromatographic fractionation172柱分级column fractionation173洗脱分级，淋洗分级elution fractionation174热分级thermal fractionation175凝胶色谱法gel chromatography176摩尔质量排除极限molar mass exclusion limit177溶剂梯度洗脱色谱法solvent gradient [elution] chromatography 178分子量排除极限molecular weight exclusion limit179洗脱体积elution volume180普适标定universal calibration181加宽函数spreading function182链轴chain axis183等同周期identity period184链重复距离chain repeating distance185晶体折叠周期crystalline fold period186构象重复单元conformational repeating unit187几何等效geometrical equivalence188螺旋链helix chain189构型无序configurational disorder190链取向无序chain orientational disorder191构象无序conformational disorder192锯齿链zigzag chain193双[股]螺旋double stranded helix194[分子]链大尺度取向global chain orientation195结晶聚合物crystalline polymer196半结晶聚合物semi-crystalline polymer197高分子晶体polymer crystal198高分子微晶polymer crystallite199结晶度degree of crystallinity, crystallinity200高分子[异质]同晶现象macromolecular isomorphism201聚合物形态学morphology of polymer202片晶lamella, lamellar crystal203轴晶axialite204树枝[状]晶体dendrite205纤维晶fibrous crystal206串晶结构shish-kebab structure 207球晶spherulite208折叠链folded chain209链折叠chain folding210折叠表面fold surface211折叠面fold plane212折叠微区fold domain213相邻再入模型adjacent re-entry model 214接线板模型switchboard model215缨状微束模型fringed-micelle model 216折叠链晶体folded-chain crystal 217平行链晶体parallel-chain crystal 218伸展链晶体extended-chain crystal 219球状链晶体globular-chain crystal 220长周期long period221近程结构short-range structure 222远程结构long-range structure 223成核作用nucleation224分子成核作用molecular nucleation 225阿夫拉米方程Avrami equation226主结晶primary crystallization 227后期结晶secondary crystallization 228外延结晶，附生结晶epitaxial crystallizationepitaxial growth229外延晶体生长，附生晶体生长230织构texture231液晶态liquid crystal state232溶致性液晶lyotopic liquid crystal233热致性液晶thermotropic liquid crystal234热致性介晶thermotropic mesomorphism235近晶相液晶smectic liquid crystal236近晶中介相smectic mesophase237近晶相smectic phase238条带织构banded texture239环带球晶ringed spherulite240向列相nematic phase241盘状相discotic phase242解取向disorientation243分聚segregation244非晶相amorphous phase 曾用名“无定形相”245非晶区amorphous region246非晶态amorphous state247非晶取向amorphous orientation248链段运动segmental motion249亚稳态metastable state250相分离phase separation251亚稳相分离spinodal decomposition252bimodal decomposition253微相microphase254界面相boundary phase255相容性compatibility256混容性miscibility257不相容性incompatibility258不混容性immiscibility259增容作用compatiibilizationlower critical solution temperature, LCST 260最低临界共溶(溶解)温度upper critical solution temperature , UCST 261最高临界共溶(溶解)温度262浓度猝灭concentration quenching263激基缔合物荧光excimer fluorescence264激基复合物荧光exciplex fluorescence265激光共聚焦荧光显微镜laser confocal fluorescence microscopy 266单轴取向uniaxial orientation267双轴取向biaxial orientation, biorientation268取向度degree of orientation269橡胶态rubber state270玻璃态glassy state271高弹态elastomeric state272黏流态viscous flow state273伸长elongation274高弹形变high elastic deformation275回缩性，弹性复原nerviness276拉伸比draw ratio, extension ratio277泊松比Poisson's ratio278杨氏模量Young's modulus279本体模量bulk modulus280剪切模量shear modulus281法向应力normal stress282剪切应力shear stress283剪切应变shear strain284屈服yielding285颈缩现象necking 又称“细颈现象”286屈服应力yield stress287屈服应变yield strain288脆性断裂brittle fracture289脆性开裂brittle cracking290脆-韧转变brittle ductile transition291脆化温度brittleness(brittle) temperature292延性破裂ductile fracture293冲击强度impact strength294拉伸强度tensile strength 又称“断裂强度,breaking strength”295极限拉伸强度ultimate tensile strength296抗撕强度tearing strength 又称“抗扯强度”297弯曲强度flexural strength, bending strength298弯曲模量bending modulus299弯曲应变bending strain300弯曲应力bending stress301收缩开裂shrinkage crack302剪切强度shear strength303剥离强度peeling strength304疲劳强度fatigue strength, fatigue resistance305挠曲deflection306压缩强度compressive strength307压缩永久变形compression set308压缩变形compressive deformation309压痕硬度indentation hardness310洛氏硬度Rockwell hardness311布氏硬度Brinell hardness312抗刮性scrath resistance313断裂力学fracture mechanics314力学破坏mechanical failure315应力强度因子stress intensity factor316断裂伸长elongation at break317屈服强度yield strength318断裂韧性fracture toughness319弹性形变elastic deformation320弹性滞后elastic hysteresis321弹性elasticity322弹性模量modulus of elasticity323弹性回复elastic recovery324不可回复形变irrecoverable deformation325裂缝crack 俗称“龟裂”326银纹craze327形变；变形deformation328永久变形deformation set329剩余变形residual deformation330剩余伸长residual stretch331回弹，回弹性resilience332延迟形变retarded deformation333延迟弹性retarded elasticity334可逆形变reversible deformation335应力开裂stress cracking336应力-应变曲线stress strain curve337拉伸应变stretching strain338拉伸应力弛豫tensile stress relaxation339热历史thermal history340热收缩thermoshrinking341扭辫分析torsional braid analysis，TBA 342应力致白stress whitening343应变能strain energy344应变张量strain tensor345剩余应力residual stress346应变硬化strain hardening347应变软化strain softening348电流变液electrorheological fluid349假塑性pseudoplastic350拉胀性auxiticity351牛顿流体Newtonian fluid352非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid353宾汉姆流体Bingham fluid354冷流cold flow355牛顿剪切黏度Newtonian shear viscosity 356剪切黏度shear viscosity357表观剪切黏度apparent shear viscosity358剪切变稀shear thinning359触变性thixotropy360塑性形变plastic deformation361塑性流动plastic flow362体积弛豫volume relaxation363拉伸黏度extensional viscosity364黏弹性viscoelasticity365线性黏弹性linear viscoelasticity366非线性黏弹性non-linear viscoelasticity367蠕变creep368弛豫[作用] relaxation 又称“松弛”369弛豫模量relaxation modulus370蠕变柔量creep compliance371热畸变温度heat distortion temperature372弛豫谱relaxation spectrum373推迟[时间]谱retardation [time] spectrum374弛豫时间relaxation time375推迟时间retardation time376动态力学行为dynamic mechanical behavior377动态黏弹性dynamic viscoelasticity378热-机械曲线thermo-mechanical curve379动态转变dynamic transition380储能模量storage modulus381损耗模量loss modulus382复数模量complex modulus383复数柔量complex compliance384动态黏度dynamic viscosity385复数黏度complex viscosity386复数介电常数complex dielectric permittivity387介电损耗因子dielectric dissipation factor388介电损耗常数dielectric loss constant389介电弛豫时间dielectric relaxation time390玻璃化转变glass transition391玻璃化转变温度glass-transition temperature。

高分子材料双语往年考题

一、英语题（每题5分，每次从题库中选择5题）1. Which polymer occurs in nature? ___________(a) polypropylene (b) polystyrene (c) cellulose2. Which has the higher entropy (熵)？___________(a) stretched rubber (b) unstretched rubber?3. Arrange the following materials in order of increased density，___________________(a) wood that floats on water (b) a piece of heavy plastic that sinks when placed in water (c) a paper clip（回形针）made of metal.5. Name any two properties that you may look for in describing a polymer._______________________ and _____________________6. Which polymer occurs in nature?(a) poly(vinyl alcohol) (b) polystyrene (c) cellulose7. Which has the higher entropic elasticity (熵弹性)？(a) rubber (b) plastics8. Arrange the following polymeric materials in order of increased T g：(a) polypropylene (b) natural rubber (c) PC9. Which has a higher degree of crystallinity?（a）HDPE or (b) LDPE14. "Initiators (引发剂)" begin and may end a polymerization reaction. As the number of initiators increase in a polymerization, the length of a straight chain will(a) increase (b) decrease (c) keep constant16. Which polymer occurs in nature?(a) polyethylene (b) polystyrene (c) proteins17. When we stretch a rubber, the conformational entropy (熵) of rubber chains will？(a) increase (b) decrease (c) keep constant18. Arrange the following polymeric materials in order of increased T g：(a) polyisoprene (b) PE (c) PC19. Which has the higher cohesive energy density (内聚能密度)?(a) elastomer (b) fiber (c) thermoplastics21 Which of the following can not be used as elastomer? ( )A. EPDMB. polyethyleneC. SBSD. natural rubber22 Which one can most easily crystallize in following polymers? ( )A. PETB. POMC. PVCD. PMMA23 Which of the polymers is generally used to make agricultural films ? ( )A. PEB. PPC. PVCD. PS24. Which will have the higher crystallinity?A. atactic PPB. isotactic PP?25 Which has the highest heat resistance in following polymers ( )A. polycarbonateB. polyethyleneC. polystyreneD. polyimide26. Which of the following are polymers？( )A. ethyleneB. proteinC. celluloseD. polyethylene27. Which of the following are thermoplastics? ( )A. hard rubberB. BakeliteC. PVCD. polystyrene28. Which has the higher cohesive energy density (CED) ( )A. an elastomerB. a fiber?29. Which of the following are engineering resins? ( )A. polystyreneB. polypropyleneC. polyimide30. Which of the following fibers can not manufactured by melt spinning ? ( )A. PETB. nylonC. polypropyleneD. polyacrylonitrile二、论述题1.合成纤维有那几种主要纺丝方法？为什么不可以采用熔体纺丝的方法加工聚丙烯腈纤维？如果你想采用熔体纺丝方法加工聚丙烯腈纤维，你需要从原料上作那些改进？请说明原因。

高分子专业英语(U1-12)

Unit 1 What Are Polymers?什么是高分子？首先，高分子是复杂的、巨大的，它和像食盐这样的低相对分子质量的化合物是不同的。

食盐的相对分子质量只有58.5，与之对照，高分子的相对分子质量可以达到几十万甚至上百万。

这些大分子或高分子是由非常小的分子组成的。

这些组成大分子的小分子可以是一种或多种化合物。

为了说明这一点，想象一组大小相同并由相同的材料制成的环。

当这些环相互连接起来，可以把形成的链看成是由同种化合物组成的高聚物。

另一方面，独特（个别）的环可以大小不同、材料不同，相连接后形成由不同化合物组成的聚合物。

这种许多单元的相互连接的物质已被命名为高分子，“poly”代表“许多”，而“mer”在希腊语中意味着“部分”。

比如，有一种分子量为54名为丁二烯的气态化合物，将其结合将近4000次，可获得一种熟知为聚丁二烯（一种合成橡胶）的聚合物，且其分子量约为200000。

构成聚合物的低分子量化合物被称作单体。

由此可以了解分子量仅为54的小分子物质（单体）如何巨剑形成分子量为200000的大分子（聚合物）。

实质上，正是由于聚合物的巨大分子尺寸，才使其性能不同于像苯这样的一般化合物。

例如，固态苯在5.5℃熔融成液态苯，且进一步加热后，其将沸腾为气态苯。

与这类简单化合物明确的性能不同，像聚乙烯这样的聚合物不会在某一特定的温度快速地熔融成澄清的液体。

相反，聚合物会变得越来越软，最终变成十粘稠的熔融体。

这种热而粘稠的聚合物熔融体经过进一步加热后，确实会转变成各种气体，但它不再是聚乙烯。

关于聚合物和小分子量化合物性能的另一个明显不同，体现在溶解过程。

让我们以氯化钠为例，且将其缓慢加入一定量水中。

这种代表低分子量化合物的盐会溶于水中，直至到达一个点（饱和点），此后再加入更多量的盐就不再溶于溶液，而是仍旧保持固态，沉淀在容器底部。

饱和盐溶液的黏度和水的没有太大区别。

但如果我们用一种叫做聚乙烯醇的聚合物替代盐，将其加入一定量的水，该聚合物不会立即溶入溶液。

高分子材料工程专业英语II.pdf

(5) 离子聚合 (ionic polymerization)
正离子聚合
cationic polymerization
负离子聚合
anionic copolymerization
(6) 配位聚合 (coordination polymerization)
立构规整聚合 stereospecific polymerization 间同立构的
高分子材料工程专业英语(II)
旷桂超材料学院高分子材料系
2013-4-25
Unit 25: Thermal Properties of Polymers (1st-2nd paragraph)
The heat stability is closely related to the transition and decomposition temperature, i. e. to intrinsic properties. By heat stability is exclusively understood the stability (or retention) of properties (weight, strength, insulating capacity, etc.) under the influence of heat. The melting point or the decomposition temperature invariably form the upper limit; the “use temperature” may be appreciably lower.
1. Be closely related to …

与…密切相关
Be associated with…

山东省建筑材料工业学校2024年上学期期中考试英语试卷

山东省建筑材料工业学校2024年上学期期中考试英语试卷本试题分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。

第Ⅰ卷共8页，满分为85分；第Ⅱ卷共4页，满分为35分。

本试题共12页，满分120分，考试时间为120分钟。

答卷前，请考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、座号、考试科目涂写在答题卡上，并同时将考点、姓名、准考证号、座号填写在试卷规定的位置。

考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第I卷（选择题共85分）留意事项：第Ⅰ卷为选择题，每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑；如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

答案写在试卷上无效。

I．听力测试A）听录音，在每组句子中选出一个你所听到的句子。

每个句子听一遍。

（5分）1. A. Sh e doesn’t like ice cream. B. He can dance very well.C. We are going to the museum.2. A. Mary gets to school at eight. B. My brother wants to have a cat.C. Maria studied for the math test.3. A. Do you have a tennis racket? B. Could you please take out the trash?C. Did you go to Central Park?4. A. It’s important to have a balanced diet. B. I’m not allowed to hang out at night.C. There were lots of people in the shop.5. A. Why didn’t you ride your bike? B. When did you start ice skating?C. What does your cousin look like?B）听录音，从每题A、B、C三幅图画中选出与听到的对话内容相符的一项。

2020届中国建筑材料科学研究院附属中学高三英语下学期期中考试试卷及答案

2020届中国建筑材料科学研究院附属中学高三英语下学期期中考试试卷及答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项ADive with Big SharksOur shark dive adventures make use of hookah systems and shark cages. A hookah system is a system of providing air from the surface to divers down below. Cage divers breathe by using a regulator connected to an air hose.Is SharkDiving Dangerous?Yes. You could get sunburnt. You could hit your head on the top bunk getting out of bed. You could fall overboard. As for a shark attack,according to the International Shark Attack File,you are far more likely to be killed by a dog or a deer.Pricing & DetailsOne day Cage Diver Adventure S 875Our expert shark diver team will accompany you to the best viewing areas within the Marine Sanctuary.There,we'll drop our cage and prepare to provide you with a view you'll never forget.No dive experience is necessary.Our cages sit just below the surface.You'll be able to breathe comfortably from your snorkel or air hose while you move about the cage,taking photos and having fun.Top Shark Adventure S 375If you want to see great white sharks but prefer them a little further away,we offer great top-side shark viewing from our observation deck. Help scan the horizon for fins and watch for sharks attacking their prey（猎物）.Important NoteThere's No Shark GuaranteeAlthough we go to the best places at the best time of year, we cannot guarantee you'll see sharks. We've been very successful in past shark seasons and expect another incredible year. However, if we see nosharks, there is no refund.1.Which of the following isTRUEabout the two adventures?A.Top Shark Adventure makes use of hookah systems.B.Cage Diver Adventure offers you a view of the bottom of the sea.C.Cage Diver Adventure is less interesting than the other.D.Top Shark Adventure is suitable for those worried about danger.2.What is most likely to happen according to the advertisement?A.you fail to achieve your purpose of the trip.B.you are out of breath deep down in the sea.C.you are hurt by a shark while diving there,D.you suffer from lack of skill in shark diving.3.It can be inferred from the advertisement that shark diving is ________A.difficult but excitingB.challenging and tiringC.amazing and enjoyableD.expensive but popularBA new study finds almost one third of the world’s population is overweight. Since 1980, obesity rates(肥胖率)in children and adults have doubled in 73 countries, making people more worried. And rates are increasing in many other countries. Obesity is increasing faster in children than adults in many nations, including Algeria, Turkey and Jordan, the report said. But the world's weight problem is growing in both rich and poor countries alike. Researchers say an increasing number of people are dying of related health problems in what they called a "disturbing global public health problem."Researchers studied health information from 1980 through 2015. They examined obesity rates, average weight gain in 195 countries. They found that obesity rates are three times greater among youth and young adults in countries like China, Brazil and India. Almost 108 million children and more than 600 million adults were found to be overweight. Egypt had the highest number of overweight adults in 2015. Vietnam had the least. In the same year, the United States had the highest number of overweight children, and Bangladesh had the least.Yet hunger remains a problem in many areas. The United Nations said that almost 800 million people, including 300 million children, go to bed hungry each night. Experts said poor diets and lack of physical activity are mainly to blame for the rising numbers of overweight people.Growing populations have led to rising obesity rates in poor countries. Often, poor people will eat processed(加工的) foods instead of choosing a diet rich in vegetables.The London-based Overseas Development Institute studied the price of food in five countries: Britain, Brazil, China, Mexico and South Korea. It found that the cost of processed foods like ice creamand hamburgers has fallen since1990. But the cost of fresh fruits and vegetables has gone up.4. What do we know about obesity in the world?A. It is worryingB. It is given no attentionC. It has been successfully solvedD. It is more serious among old people5. Which country has the most overweight children in 2015?A. AmericaB. VietnamC. EgyptD. Bangladesh6. What is one of the reasons why people get overweight?A. HungerB. Poor dietC. Diets with vegetablesD. Eating too much fruit7. Which ofthe following can be the best title for the text?A. It’s Important to Have a Balanced DietB. How Can We Lose Weight and Keep Fit?C. Is It Necessary for Us to Eat Fresh Vegetables?D. Nearly One Third of People in the World Are Overweight.CMedha Gupta sometimes felt worried about making the 20-minute walk from the corner where the school bus dropped her off to her home in Herndon -especially during the colder months in winter.Her mother, Divya Gupta had a suggestion: write an app. Shewas half-kidding,but Medha didn't take the challenge lightly. So she set out to work.The result was Safe Travel, an app designed by Medha to help walkers feel more secure when travelling alone. Using the iPhone, a person can program it to send a warning to someone he or she trusts if he or she fails to arrive at a destination within a certain time.It was the first iOS app that Medha had created. While she didn't think much would come from the project, her effort caught the eye of judges for the annual Congressional App. Challenge, who selected her as the winner for Virginia's 10th District.The App Challenge is designed to encourage students to consider careers in science, technology, engineering, and math by experimenting with coding and computer science. Winning students are invited lo attend a receptionon Capitol Hill in April and also received $250 in Amazon Web Service credits.Medha said it took her about 40 hours to design, program and test the app. As for her next app? Medha's not certain. She temporarily has her app-development ambitionson holdbecause she's busy teaching herself artificial intelligence to help deal with improper words on Facebook. Yes,she knows that there are teams of engineers probably doing the same thing. But she figures it can't hurt her own part, too.“If we see something wrong with the world, we should do something about it,” she said. “After all, the only one stopping us from doing something is ourselves. ”8. Why did Medha Gupta feel worried?A. It took a long time to walk home.B. It was difficult to write an app.C. It was colder than ever in winter.D. It was unsafe to walk home alone.9. What is Medha's attitude to her mother's challenge?A. Serious.B. Casual.C. Uncertain.D. Indifferent.10. What does the underlined phrase “on hold” in Paragraph 6 mean?A. Developed.B. Delayed.C. Achieved.D. Satisfied.11. What's the main idea of the text?A. Medha signed up for the App Challenge.B. Medha designed Safe Travel successfully.C. An app Safe Travel guides walkers home.D. The App Challenge directs students to choose careers.DHave you ever been sad because of failure? Please remember, for quite often achieving what you set out to do is not the most important thing.A boy decided to dig a deep hole behind his house. As he was working, a couple of older boys stopped by to watch. “What are you doing?” asked one of the visitors. “I want to dig a hole all the way through the earth!” the boy answered excitedly. The older boys began to laugh, telling him that digging a hole all the way through the earth was impossible. After a while, the boy picked up a jar. He showed it to the visitors. It was full of all kinds of stones and insects. Then he said calmly and confidently, “Maybe I can’t finish digging all the way through the earth, but look at what I’ve found during this period!”Theboy’s goal was far too difficult, but it did cause him to go on. And that is what a goal is for－to cause us to move in the direction we have chosen, in other words, to cause us to keep working!Not every goal will be fully achieved. Not every job will endup with a success. Not every dream will come true.But when you fall short of your aim, maybe you can say, “Yes, but look at what I’ve found along the way! There are so many wonderful things having come into my life because I tried to do something!” It is in the digging that life is lived. It is the unexpected joy on the journey that really makes sense.12. The older boys laughed at the boy because he was thought to be______.A. braveB. impoliteC. foolishD. warm-hearted13. Why did the boy show the jar to the older boys?A. To drive them away.B. To show what he had found in digging.C. To show how beautiful the jar was.D. To attract them to join him in the work.14. What can be learnt from the fourth paragraph of the text?A. No dream can come true.B. All work will end successfully.C. Goals shouldn’t be set too high.D. Goals will make us work harder.15. The best title for the text should be______.A. A Boy Dug a HoleB. Joy in the JourneyC. No Pain, No GainsD. Failure Is the Mother of Success第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。