数据库管理系统中英文对照

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数据库(中英文翻译)

数据库(中英文翻译)

原文:Planning the DatabaseIt is important to plan how the logical storage structure of the database will affect system performance and various database management operations. For example, before creating any tablespaces for your database, you should know how many data files will make up the tablespace,what type of information will be stored in each tablespace, and on which disk drives the datafiles will be physically stored. When planning the overall logical storage of the database structure, take into account the effects that this structure will have when the database is actually created and running.You may have database objects that have special storage requirements dueto type or size.In distributed database environments, this planning stage is extremely important. The physical location of frequently accessed data dramatically affects application performance.During the planning stage, develop a backup strategy for the database. You can alter the logical storage structure or design of the database to improve backup efficiency. Backup strategies are introduced in a later lesson.These are the types of questions and considerations, which you will encounter as a DBA, and this course (in its entirety) is designed to help you answer them.Databases: ExamplesDifferent types of databases have their own specific instance and storage requirements. YourOracle database software includes templates for the creation of these different types of databases.Characteristics of these examples are the following:• Data Warehouse: Store data for long periods and retrieve them in read operations.• Transaction Processing: Accommodate many, but usually small, transactions.• General Purpose: Work with transactions and store them for a medium length of time.Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA)You can use the Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) to create, change the configuration of, or delete a database. You can also create a database from a list of predefined templates or use an existing database as a sample to create a new database or template. This is sometimes referred to as “database cloning.”You can invoke the DBCA by performing the following steps:1. Log on to your computer as a member of the administrative group that is authorized to install the Oracle software.2. If required, set environment variables.3. Enter dbca to invoke the DBCA.4. Click Next to continue.DBCA offers you a choice of assisting with several operations, for example, creating a database.Using the DBCA to Create a DatabaseYou can use the DBCA to create a database as follows:1. Select Create a Database on the DBCA Operations page to invoke a wizard that enables you to configure and create a database.The wizard prompts you to provide configuration information as outlined in the steps that follow. On most pages, the wizard provides a default setting that you can accept.2. Select the type of database template to be used in creating the database. There aretemplates for Data Warehouse, General Purpose, and Transaction Processing databases that copy a preconfigured database, including data files. These data files include control files,redo log files, and data files for various included tablespaces.Click Show Details to see the configuration for each type of database.For more complex environments, you may want to select the Custom Database option. Password ManagementAfter the DBCA finishes, note the following information for future reference:• Location of installation log files (see A)• Global database name (see B)• System identifier (SID) (see B)• Server parameter file name and location (see B)• Enterpr ise Manager URL (see C)Click Password Management to unlock database accounts that you plan to use.Provide apassword when you unlock an account.Creating a Database Design TemplateA template is a predefined database definition that you use as a starting point for a new database.If you do not create a template as part of the database creation process, you can do it anytime by invoking the DBCA. You have three ways to create a template: • From an existing template• From an existing database (structure only)• From an existing database (structure as well as data)The DBCA guides you through the steps to create a database design template.Using the DBCA to Delete a DatabaseTo delete (or configure) a database in UNIX or Linux, you must set ORACLE_SID in the shell from which DBCA is launched. Start the DBCA by entering dbca in a terminal window, and click Next on the Welcome page. To delete the database, perform the following steps:1. On the Operations page, select Delete a Database, and click Next.2. Select the database that you want to delete (in class, hist), and click Finish.3. Click Yes to confirm your deletion.Using the DBCA to Delete a Database (continued)Dropping a database involves removing its data files, redo log files, control files, and initialization parameter files. The DROP DATABASE statement deletes all control files and all other database files listed in the control file. To use the DROP DATABASE statement successfully,all the following conditions must apply:The database must be mounted and closed.The database must be mounted exclusively—not in shared mode.The database must be mounted as RESTRICTED.An example of this statement is:DROP DATABASE;The DROP DATABASE statement has no effect on archived log files nor does it have any effect on copies or backups of the database. It is best to use Recovery Manager (RMAN) to delete such files. If the database is on raw disks, then the actual raw disk special files are not deleted.Management FrameworkThere are three major components of the Oracle database management framework: • The database instance that is being managed• A listener that allows connections to the database• The management interface. This may be either a management agent running onthe database server (which connects it to Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control) or the stand-alone Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control. This is also referred to as Database Console.Each of these components must be explicitly started before you can use the services of the component and must be shut down cleanly when shutting down the server hosting the Oracle database.The first component to be started is the management interface. After this is activated, the management interface can be used to start the other components. Starting and Stopping Database ControlOracle provides a stand-alone management console called Database Control for databases that are not connected to the Grid Control framework. Each database that is managed with Database Control has a separate Database Control installation, and from any one Database Control, you can manage only one database. Before using Database Control, ensure that a dbconsole process is started.To start the dbconsole process, use the following command:emctl start dbconsole To stop the dbconsole process, use the following command:emctl stop dbconsole To view the status of the dbconsole process, use the following command:emctl status dbconsole.Note: You may need to navigate to your $ORACLE_HOME/bin directory if this directory is not in your operating system (OS) path.Database Control uses a server-side agent process. This agent process automatically starts and stops when the dbconsole process is started or stopped.译文:规划数据库规划如何对数据库的逻辑存储结构将影响系统的性能和各种数据库管理操作是非常重要的。

电脑中英文对照

电脑中英文对照

CPU(Center Processor Unit)中央处理单元mainboard主板RAM(random accessmemory)随机存储器(内存)ROM(Read Only Memory)只读存储器Floppy Disk软盘Hard Disk硬盘CD-ROM光盘驱动器(光驱)monitor监视器keyboard键盘mouse鼠标chip芯片CD-R光盘刻录机HUB集线器Modem= MOdulator-DEModulator,调制解调器P-P(Plug and Play)即插即用UPS(Uninterruptable Power Supply)不间断电源BIOS(Basic-input-OutputSystem)基本输入输出系统CMOS(Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor)互补金属氧化物半导体setup安装uninstall卸载wizzard向导OS(Operation Systrem)操作系统OA(Office AutoMation)办公自动化exit退出edit编辑copy复制cut剪切paste粘贴delete删除select选择find查找select all全选replace替换undo撤消redo重做program程序license许可(证)back前一步next下一步finish结束folder文件夹Destination Folder目的文件夹user用户click点击double click双击right click右击settings设置update更新release发布data数据data base数据库DBMS(Data Base ManegeSystem)数据库管理系统view视图insert插入object对象configuration配置command命令document文档POST(power-on-self-test)电源自检程序cursor光标attribute属性icon图标service pack服务补丁option pack功能补丁Demo演示short cut快捷方式exception异常debug调试previous前一个column行row列restart重新启动text文本font字体size大小scale比例interface界面function函数access访问manual指南active激活computer language计算机语言menu菜单GUI(graphical userinterfaces )图形用户界面template模版page setup页面设置password口令code密码print preview打印预览zoom in放大zoom out缩小pan漫游cruise漫游full screen全屏tool bar工具条status bar状态条ruler标尺table表paragraph段落symbol符号style风格execute执行graphics图形image图像Unix用于服务器的一种操作系统Mac OS苹果公司开发的操作系统OO(Object-Oriented)面向对象virus病毒file文件open打开colse关闭new新建save保存exit退出clear清除default默认LAN局域网WAN广域网Client/Server客户机/服务器ATM( AsynchronousTransfer Mode)异步传输模式Windows NT微软公司的网络操作系统Internet互联网WWW(World Wide Web)万维网protocol协议HTTP超文本传输协议FTP文件传输协议Browser浏览器homepage主页Webpage网页website网站URL在Internet的WWW服务程序上用于指定信息位置的表示方法Online在线Email电子邮件ICQ网上寻呼Firewall防火墙Gateway网关HTML超文本标识语言hypertext超文本hyperlink超级链接IP(Address)互联网协议(地址)SearchEngine搜索引擎TCP/IP用于网络的一组通讯协议Telnet远程登录IE(Internet Explorer)探索者(微软公司的网络浏览器)Navigator引航者(网景公司的浏览器)multimedia多媒体ISO国际标准化组织ANSI美国国家标准协会able 能activefile 活动文件addwatch 添加监视点allfiles 所有文件allrightsreserved 所有的权力保留altdirlst 切换目录格式andfixamuchwiderrangeofdiskproblems 并能够解决更大范围内的磁盘问题andotherinFORMation 以及其它的信息archivefileattribute 归档文件属性assignto 指定到autoanswer 自动应答autodetect 自动检测autoindent 自动缩进autosave 自动存储availableonvolume 该盘剩余空间badcommand 命令错badcommandorfilename 命令或文件名错batchparameters 批处理参数binaryfile 二进制文件binaryfiles 二进制文件borlandinternational borland国际公司bottommargin 页下空白bydate 按日期byextension 按扩展名byname 按名称bytesfree 字节空闲callstack 调用栈casesensitive 区分大小写causespromptingtoconfirmyouwanttooverwritean 要求出现确认提示,在你想覆盖一个centralpointsoftwareinc central point 软件股份公司changedirectory 更换目录changedrive 改变驱动器changename 更改名称characterset 字符集checkingfor 正在检查checksadiskanddisplaysastatusreport 检查磁盘并显示一个状态报告chgdrivepath 改变盘/路径node 节点npasswd UNIX的一种代理密码检查器,在提交给密码文件前,它将对潜在的密码进行筛选。

常见的大数据术语表(中英文对照版)

常见的大数据术语表(中英文对照版)

常见的大数据术语表(中英文对照版)A聚合(Aggregation) - 搜索、合并、显示数据的过程算法(Algorithms) - 可以完成某种数据分析的数学公式分析法(Analytics) - 用于发现数据的内在涵义异常检测(Anomaly detection) - 在数据集中搜索与预期模式或行为不匹配的数据项。

除了"Anomalies",用来表示异常的词有以下几种:outliers, exceptions, surprises, contaminants.他们通常可提供关键的可执行信息匿名化(Anonymization) - 使数据匿名,即移除所有与个人隐私相关的数据应用(Application) - 实现某种特定功能的计算机软件人工智能(Artificial Intelligence) - 研发智能机器和智能软件,这些智能设备能够感知周遭的环境,并根据要求作出相应的反应,甚至能自我学习B行为分析法(Behavioural Analytics) - 这种分析法是根据用户的行为如"怎么做","为什么这么做",以及"做了什么"来得出结论,而不是仅仅针对人物和时间的一门分析学科,它着眼于数据中的人性化模式大数据科学家(Big Data Scientist) - 能够设计大数据算法使得大数据变得有用的人大数据创业公司(Big data startup) - 指研发最新大数据技术的新兴公司生物测定术(Biometrics) - 根据个人的特征进行身份识别B字节(BB: Brontobytes) - 约等于1000 YB(Yottabytes),相当于未来数字化宇宙的大小。

1 B字节包含了27个0!商业智能(Business Intelligence) - 是一系列理论、方法学和过程,使得数据更容易被理解C分类分析(Classification analysis) - 从数据中获得重要的相关性信息的系统化过程;这类数据也被称为元数据(meta data),是描述数据的数据云计算(Cloud computing) - 构建在网络上的分布式计算系统,数据是存储于机房外的(即云端)聚类分析(Clustering analysis) - 它是将相似的对象聚合在一起,每类相似的对象组合成一个聚类(也叫作簇)的过程。

信息技术常用术语中英文对照表

信息技术常用术语中英文对照表

信息技术常用术语中英文对照表1. 互联网 (Internet)2. 网络安全 (Cybersecurity)3. 云计算 (Cloud Computing)5. 大数据 (Big Data)6. 机器学习 (Machine Learning)7. 物联网 (Internet of Things)8. 虚拟现实 (Virtual Reality)9. 增强现实 (Augmented Reality)10. 数字化转型 (Digital Transformation)11. 数据挖掘 (Data Mining)12. 信息安全 (Information Security)13. 信息技术 (Information Technology)15. 服务器 (Server)16. 客户端 (Client)17. 网络协议 (Network Protocol)18. 软件开发 (Software Development)19. 数据库 (Database)20. 编程语言 (Programming Language)21. 操作系统 (Operating System)22. 硬件 (Hardware)23. 软件 (Software)24. 网络基础设施 (Network Infrastructure)26. 数字营销 (Digital Marketing)27. 网络攻击 (Cyber Attack)28. 数据加密 (Data Encryption)29. 信息架构 (Information Architecture)30. 网络安全漏洞 (Cybersecurity Vulnerability)31. 信息系统 (Information System)32. 网络安全策略 (Cybersecurity Strategy)33. 网络安全意识 (Cybersecurity Awareness)34. 数字化战略 (Digital Strategy)35. 网络安全法规 (Cybersecurity Regulation)36. 信息安全标准 (Information Security Standard)37. 网络安全解决方案 (Cybersecurity Solution)38. 网络安全威胁 (Cybersecurity Threat)39. 信息安全事件 (Information Security Incident)40. 网络安全审计 (Cybersecurity Audit)41. 信息安全风险管理 (Information Security Risk Management)42. 网络安全监控 (Cybersecurity Monitoring)43. 信息安全培训 (Information Security Training)44. 网络安全事件响应 (Cybersecurity Incident Response)45. 信息安全政策 (Information Security Policy)46. 网络安全评估 (Cybersecurity Assessment)47. 信息安全意识提升 (Information Security Awareness)48. 网络安全培训 (Cybersecurity Training)49. 信息安全策略 (Information Security Strategy)50. 网络安全管理体系 (Cybersecurity Management System)信息技术常用术语中英文对照表51. 网络服务 (Network Service)52. 数据传输 (Data Transmission)53. 信息架构 (Information Architecture)54. 信息安全审计 (Information Security Audit)55. 信息安全认证 (Information Security Certification)56. 信息安全管理体系 (Information Security Management System)57. 信息安全策略 (Information Security Strategy)58. 信息安全培训 (Information Security Training)59. 信息安全意识 (Information Security Awareness)60. 信息安全风险管理 (Information Security Risk Management)61. 信息安全事件 (Information Security Incident)62. 信息安全标准 (Information Security Standard)63. 信息安全法规 (Information Security Regulation)64. 信息安全解决方案 (Information Security Solution)65. 信息安全威胁 (Information Security Threat)66. 信息安全监控 (Information Security Monitoring)67. 信息安全评估 (Information Security Assessment)68. 信息安全政策 (Information Security Policy)69. 信息安全审计 (Information Security Audit)70. 信息安全认证 (Information Security Certification)71. 信息安全管理体系 (Information Security Management System)72. 信息安全策略 (Information Security Strategy)73. 信息安全培训 (Information Security Training)74. 信息安全意识 (Information Security Awareness)75. 信息安全风险管理 (Information Security Risk Management)76. 信息安全事件 (Information Security Incident)77. 信息安全标准 (Information Security Standard)78. 信息安全法规 (Information Security Regulation)79. 信息安全解决方案 (Information Security Solution)80. 信息安全威胁 (Information Security Threat)81. 信息安全监控 (Information Security Monitoring)82. 信息安全评估 (Information Security Assessment)83. 信息安全政策 (Information Security Policy)84. 信息安全审计 (Information Security Audit)85. 信息安全认证 (Information Security Certification). 信息安全管理体系 (Information Security Management System)87. 信息安全策略 (Information Security Strategy)88. 信息安全培训 (Information Security Training)89. 信息安全意识 (Information Security Awareness)Management)91. 信息安全事件 (Information Security Incident)92. 信息安全标准 (Information Security Standard)93. 信息安全法规 (Information Security Regulation)94. 信息安全解决方案 (Information Security Solution)95. 信息安全威胁 (Information Security Threat)96. 信息安全监控 (Information Security Monitoring)97. 信息安全评估 (Information Security Assessment)98. 信息安全政策 (Information Security Policy)99. 信息安全审计 (Information Security Audit)100. 信息安全认证 (Information Security Certification)信息技术常用术语中英文对照表51. 网络服务 (Network Service)52. 数据传输 (Data Transmission)53. 信息架构 (Information Architecture)54. 信息安全审计 (Information Security Audit)55. 信息安全认证 (Information Security Certification)56. 信息安全管理体系 (Information Security Management System)57. 信息安全策略 (Information Security Strategy)58. 信息安全培训 (Information Security Training)59. 信息安全意识 (Information Security Awareness)Management)61. 信息安全事件 (Information Security Incident)62. 信息安全标准 (Information Security Standard)63. 信息安全法规 (Information Security Regulation)64. 信息安全解决方案 (Information Security Solution)65. 信息安全威胁 (Information Security Threat)66. 信息安全监控 (Information Security Monitoring)67. 信息安全评估 (Information Security Assessment)68. 信息安全政策 (Information Security Policy)69. 信息安全审计 (Information Security Audit)70. 信息安全认证 (Information Security Certification)71. 信息安全管理体系 (Information Security Management System)72. 信息安全策略 (Information Security Strategy)73. 信息安全培训 (Information Security Training)74. 信息安全意识 (Information Security Awareness)75. 信息安全风险管理 (Information Security Risk Management)76. 信息安全事件 (Information Security Incident)77. 信息安全标准 (Information Security Standard)78. 信息安全法规 (Information Security Regulation)79. 信息安全解决方案 (Information Security Solution)80. 信息安全威胁 (Information Security Threat)81. 信息安全监控 (Information Security Monitoring)82. 信息安全评估 (Information Security Assessment)83. 信息安全政策 (Information Security Policy)84. 信息安全审计 (Information Security Audit)85. 信息安全认证 (Information Security Certification). 信息安全管理体系 (Information Security Management System)87. 信息安全策略 (Information Security Strategy)88. 信息安全培训 (Information Security Training)89. 信息安全意识 (Information Security Awareness)90. 信息安全风险管理 (Information Security Risk Management)91. 信息安全事件 (Information Security Incident)92. 信息安全标准 (Information Security Standard)93. 信息安全法规 (Information Security Regulation)94. 信息安全解决方案 (Information Security Solution)95. 信息安全威胁 (Information Security Threat)96. 信息安全监控 (Information Security Monitoring)97. 信息安全评估 (Information Security Assessment)98. 信息安全政策 (Information Security Policy)99. 信息安全审计 (Information Security Audit)100. 信息安全认证 (Information Security Certification) 101. 数据库管理系统 (Database Management System)102. 编程语言 (Programming Language)103. 硬件 (Hardware)104. 软件 (Software)105. 操作系统 (Operating System) 106. 服务器 (Server)107. 客户端 (Client)108. 网络协议 (Network Protocol) 109. 软件开发 (Software Development) 110. 数据库 (Database)111. 编程语言 (Programming Language) 112. 操作系统 (Operating System) 113. 硬件 (Hardware)114. 软件 (Software)115. 服务器 (Server)116. 客户端 (Client)117. 网络协议 (Network Protocol) 118. 软件开发 (Software Development) 119. 数据库 (Database)120. 编程语言 (Programming Language) 121. 操作系统 (Operating System) 122. 硬件 (Hardware)123. 软件 (Software)124. 服务器 (Server)125. 客户端 (Client)126. 网络协议 (Network Protocol)127. 软件开发 (Software Development) 128. 数据库 (Database)129. 编程语言 (Programming Language) 130. 操作系统 (Operating System) 131. 硬件 (Hardware)132. 软件 (Software)133. 服务器 (Server)134. 客户端 (Client)135. 网络协议 (Network Protocol) 136. 软件开发 (Software Development) 137. 数据库 (Database)138. 编程语言 (Programming Language) 139. 操作系统 (Operating System) 140. 硬件 (Hardware)141. 软件 (Software)142. 服务器 (Server)143. 客户端 (Client)144. 网络协议 (Network Protocol) 145. 软件开发 (Software Development) 146. 数据库 (Database)147. 编程语言 (Programming Language) 148. 操作系统 (Operating System) 149. 硬件 (Hardware)150. 软件 (Software)。

可编程控制器的数据库系统—中英文翻译资料大学论文

可编程控制器的数据库系统—中英文翻译资料大学论文

Database Systems for Programmable Logic Con trollersIn this paper, we ide ntify the database issues associated with programmable logic con trollers (PLC), special-purpose computers used in scie ntific and in dustrial applications, e.g. in factories in manufacturing environments. We propose as a PLC database system a single-user,real-time, scalable main-memory-only relational databasesystem with a two-level architecture hav ing historical data modeli ng and man ipulatio n capabilities, and query process ing tech niq ues in corporati ng time- an d/or error-constrained query evaluation. We revise the ladder logic Ianguage, the most com mon PLC Ian guage, to in corporate data man ipulati on Ian guage in structi ons. We add a separate time comp onent into the PLC processor sca n time to han dle database updates, backup, in tegrity en forceme nt and data archival issues.1. In troduct ionA programmable logic controller (PLC) is a special-purpose computer used within real-time scie ntific comput ing systems, and in dustrial con trol systems, say, the automated con trol of a factory's mach inery - the running example used in this paper. This paper is a positi on paper that proposes a PLC database system and discusses its features. In doing so, we touch bases with a nu mber of basic database topics, and, thus, freque ntly refer to other work for details.PLCs are mostly used in manu facturi ng en vir onments - hen ce, the choice of our running example. However, PLCs are also used in scientific applications for signal data gathering and preliminary data processing. Thus, we think that for some scientific applications, a PLC databasemay also serve as a local/transient part of a larger scie ntific database.With the rapid advances in computer hardware and falling memory prices, in rece nt years, the capabilities of the new PLCs in the marketplace have bee n in creas ing dramatically. This paper is a positi on paper that argues that a PLC software can now con ta in a database system to greatly in crease its fun ctio nality. We propose the architecture in Figure 1 as the architecture of an environment where real-time data gatheri ng (from multiple sen sors) and real-time data man ipulati on takes place. We now list the adva ntages of hav ing a database system directly in side a PLC.(1) Data Modeli ng Tech niq ues : The in put and output buffers represe nt a rather unorgani zed tran sie nt model of the real world, and hen ce, carl be modeled better using the traditi onal data modeli ng tech niq ues of databases.(2) Historical Databases: PLCs rout in ely deal with differe nt versi ons of data over time. Therefore, historical data modeli ng tech niq ues as well as historical data man ipulati on tech niq ues can replace the ad hoc ways of man ipulat ing historical data in PLCs.(3) User-Frie ndly In terfaces : Prese ntly in the marketplace, the PLC software and in dustrial termi nals allow a limited display of messages and variable-data in formatio n in memory. For example, the con tact histogram fun cti on displays the on/off history of a specific mai n memory.(4) Han dli ng Large Volumes of Data : With the added capabilities of a database and a query Ian guage, the PLC may an alyze much larger volumes of data.(5) Data Reducti on and Compacti on at the PLC Level : Prese ntly, for further an alysis or simply due to various regulati ons, data collected by PLCs get tran smitted and stored into a host computer file using an architecture show n..Since the prese nt PLCs cannot satisfactorily an alyze most data, they simply tran smit data to the host computer. I n some scie ntific experime nts and applicati ons, the data gathered is so large that argume nts have bee n raised for "processi ng the data on-the-fly" duri ng the executi on of an experime nt/tra nsacti on [SSDB 86](a) Real-Time Database : The data in the in put buffer must be sca nn edwith in reas on ably short "real-time" in tervals ranging from microsec onds to sec on ds. Therefore,resp on ses to queries must be guara nteed to be less tha n a certa in "realtime" time bound, almost always less tha n 5 to 10 sec on ds.(b) Mai n Memory Database: Microsec on ds/sec on dsquery resp on serestrictio ns n ecessitate main-memory-only databases.(c) Scalable Database : Once the en vir onment of a PLC and the requireme nts of the associatedapplicatio n program are determ in ed, the possible query types to the database stay fixed for a reas on ably long period of time. Si nee the resp onse time of queries is of utmost importa nee, the DBMS should be scaled so that only the n eededrouti nes/fu nctions (e.g., access methods, data structures, etc.) are in corporated.In secti on 2, we discuss the gen eral characteristics PLCs, and briefly prese nt the ladder logic Ianguage. Section 3 discusses the features of the proposed database system for PLCs.In general, the PLC hardware is mostly custom-built with occasional off-the-shelf hardware, and con sists of a CPU (or multiple CPUs), main memory, an "in dustrial term in al", and high- and medium-speed data com muni cati ons hardware. The size of the main memory ran ges from 16K bytes (of 5 to 10 years ago) to 8M bytes (of the prese nt time).Although the CPU has an in structio n set similar to those found in CPUs of 16-bit and 32-bit mach in es, it is especially equipped with fast bit man ipulati on in struct ions. The in dustrial termi nal comes with a special keyboard to make the program ming of the PLC easier an d/or to in terve ne with the applicati on program.The PLC software consists of an operating system (ranging from a very simplistic mon itor (of ten years ago) to a sophisticated real-time operati ng system (of the rece nt time)), high-speed com muni cati ons software for com muni cat ing with I/O processors,medium-speed com muni cati ons software to the in dustrial termi nal and to other "i ntellige nt" devices.Both gen eral-purpose computers and PLCs are used for in dustrial con trol [Star 87].However, they differ in the program ming Ian guages that they use, en vir onmen tal specifications, and their user types. PLCs are rugged, and work in hostile environments with no special climate controls, tolerating extremes of temperature (60 °C), humidity (95%) and air contamination. Users of PLCs include the original programmers of the application programs, as well as plant electricians and maintenance pers onn el, who are accustomed to relay-type con trolli ng en vir onmen ts.A rung is an ordered set of PLC in structi ons draw n on a si ngle line. In struct ions on a rung are classified as in put in structi ons (those that mon itor the in put buffer) and output in struct ions (those that set the output buffer), and are executed from left to right, seque ntially (Please see figure 4). A PLC applicatio n program con sists of a main program and a set of subrout in es, each of which containing an ordered set of rungs To summarize, the applicati on programmer deals with actual (realtime) clock times, and needs to have precise estimates for program sca n times and I/O sca n times. For time estimati ons, the PLC manu facturers supply in formatio n such as 4 msec onds for 1000 ladder logic in structi ons, and 1 msec onds for copy ing 256 words into an in put buffer duri ng the I/O sca n. In most applicati ons, the processor sca n time is kept below 10 sec on ds.Thus,databasema nipulati on in struct ions also n eed to have precise time limits available to (or set by) users.2. ArchitectureWe propose a two-level, sin gle-user databasesystem architecture as show n in figure 6. We have omitted from our architecture the exter nal model of the traditi onal databasearchitecture not becausePLCs are not powerful, but becausec on curre ntly running application programs using different views create problems in accurately estimati ng the applicati on program scan times. That is, i n a multitask ing en vir onment where tasks compete for the resources such as database relati ons and com muni cati on lin es, decid ing a sin gle top-to bottom executi on time of a task in actual time is rather difficult (if at all possible).As far as the hardware comput ing power is concern ed, the prese nt day PLCs are as powerful as pers onal computers (and, in deed, in some rece nt products,PLCs are pers onal computers), and can certa inly support multiple in dustrial termin als and data shari ng among the applicati on programs.3. Data Modeli ng IssuesThe traditi onal data modeli ng tech niq ues directly apply to PLC databases. There is no reas on why, say, the En tity-Relatio nship Model [Che n 76] of the data in the PLC database cannot be desig ned. All the well-k nown adva ntages of data modeli ng [ToeF 82] directly carry over to the PLC database en vir onment, and will not be elaborated here. As for the conceptual model of our prototype effort, we have chosen the relatio nal model. The PLC en vir onment n aturally deals with historical data, e.g., the last readi ng of a grinding mach ine sen sor, its value yesterday, etc.. Aga in, there are various historical data modeling approaches [SnoA 85] in the literature and, theoretically, any one of them is acceptable.Example. Con sider a set of furn aces that produce high-precisi on airpla ne parts. There are two entity relations, FURNACE and PART, and one time-varying relati on shiprelati on PRODUCES as described in figure 7. Please n ote that PRODUCES relation has tuple timestamping with BEGIN-TIME and END-TIME attributes.4. DBMS IssuesThere are a number of issues that need to be resolved in a time-constrained, sin gle user DBMS en vir onment. These are(a) Data Archival.(b) Database Backup.(c) Database In tegrity en forceme nt.5. Query Process ing IssuesThe conventional database management systems (DBMS) do not have the capability of dyn amically meeti ng the time con stra ints whe n the amount of data is too large to process within a give n time quota. Our approach is, for a give n time quota, to take an appropriate amount of sample data such that the set of sampled data is guara nteed to be processible by the DBMS within the give n.Some basic PLC in structi ons have also bee n exte nded to in crease their fun cti on ality.For example, we have exte nded the "exam ine logic switch" in structi ons, the Exami ne Input Closed (XIC) and the Exami ne In put Ope n (XIO) [AB 84, AB 85], to test the logical value of a propositi onal calculus formula, rather tha n testi ng a bit value corresponding to the condition of a physical I/O. An "examine F" instruction causesthe formula F to be evaluated and the role value is the n exam ined as in the basic exam ine in structi ons. In gen eral, the formula F may con tai n a con sta nt, a variable, a comp onent of a tuple being sca nned by the poin ter, and fiE) where f is an aggregate fun ctio n and E is a relati onal algebra expressi on. The fun ctio nality of the PLC Timer and Coun ter in structi ons have also bee n enhan ced. Usually con diti oned by "exam ine" in struct ions, timers and coun ters keep track of timed in tervals or eve nts; the number of timed intervals or events to be counted is set in the preset value variables [AB 85, AB 84]. With the in troduct ion of a time dime nsion into the database, eve nts and in tervals can also be "co un ted" using database queries.6 .Query Process ing IssuesThe conventional database management systems (DBMS) do not have thecapability of dyn amically meeti ng the time con stra ints whe n the amount of data is too large to process within a give n time quota. Our approach is, for a give n time quota, to take an appropriate amount of sample data such that the set of sampled data is guaranteedto be processible by the DBMS within the given time quota, and, exact time-cost formulas can be derived.Clearly, the more stages the query processor goes through, the more overhead is invo Ived in the run-time estimati on approach. This implies that, at each stage, as large an amount of time as possible should be allocated to reduce the nu mber of stages. On the other hand, allocat ing large amounts of time has a higher risk of overspe nding the time quota and may end up wasti ng a large amount of time, especially in a hard time constrained environment [AbGM 88, StZa 88]. The hard time constrained environments denote those environments where overspending the time quota is strictly not allowed. Therefore, when overspending happens, the query has to be aborted prematurely and the amount of time used in the last stage is considered wasted.7.Other IssuesThe issue of in complete in formatio n in the PLC database is also being in vestigated.Quite ofte n, the sen sors give in complete in formati on, usually a range for a readi ng. On those occasi ons, the in complete data is only known to be within some range of values.We represe nt an in complete data item as an in terval which contains the unknown value.We have finished the implementation of the first version of a PLC database [-Liu89] hav ing some of the features summarized in sect ion 3. The system has bee n developed on SUN workstati ons using the C Ian guage. We are pla nning to tran sport it into a PLC, and evaluate its performa nee.Refere nces[AB84] PLC-3 Programmable Controller Programming Manual, Allen-Bradley Co., 1984.[AB85] PLC-5/15 Programmable Controller Processor Manual, Allen-Bradley Co., 1985.[Chri83] Christodoulakis, S., "Estimati ng Record Selectivities", In formationSystems,© 8, 1983.[HP88] Hewlett-Packard Announ ceme nt of the HP RTDBS, Sept. 1988.[Klug81] A. Klug, "ABE - A Query Lan guage for Con struct ing Aggregate-by-Example", 1st LBL Workshop on Statistical Database Management, Dec. 1981.[Ullm88] J.D Ullman, "Principles of Database and Knowledge-Base Systems", Computer Scie nee Press, 1988.[SSDB86] Panel on Scie ntific Databases, Third Int. Workshop on Statistical a nd SCie ntific Database Man ageme nt, 1986.[Star87] R.J. Staron, "A Toolset to Develop Programmable Controller Systems",u npublished ma nuscript, Alle n-Bradley Co., March 1987.可编程控制器的数据库系统在这篇文章中,我们确定一种在科学和工业上有特别应用目的的计算机一一可编程控制器(PLC )数据库系统的相关问题。

中英文翻译数据库基础精品

中英文翻译数据库基础精品

Database FundamentalsIntroduction to DBMSA database management system (DBMS) is an important type of programming system, used today on the biggest and the smallest computers. As for other major forms of system software, such as compilers and operating systems, a well-understood set of principles for database management systems has developed over the years, and these concepts are useful both for understanding how to use these systems effectively and for designing and implementing DBMS's. DBMS is a collection of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a database. There are many different types of DBMS's, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes.There are two qualities that distinguish database management systems from other sorts of programming systems.1) The ability to manage persistent data, and2) The ability to access large amounts of data efficiently.Point 1) merely states that there is a database which exists permanently; the content of this database is the data that a DBMS accesses and manages. Point 2) distinguishes a DBMS from a file system, which also manages persistent data.A DBMS's capabilities are needed most when the amount of data is very large, because for small amounts of data, simple access techniques, such as linear scans of the data, are usually adequate.While we regard the above two properties of a DBMS as fundamental, there are a number of other capabilities that are almost universally found in commercial DBMS's. These are:(1) Support for at least one data model, or mathematical abstraction through which the user can view the data.(2) Support for certain high-level languages that allow the user to define the structure of data, access data, and manipulate data.(3) Transaction management, the capability to provide correct, concurrent access to the database by many users at once.(4) Access control, the ability to limit access to data by unauthorized users, and the ability to check the validity of data.(5) Resiliency, the ability to recover from system failures without losing data.Data Models Each DBMS provides at least one abstract model of data that allows the user to see information not as raw bits, but in more understandable terms.In fact, it is usually possible to see data at several levels of abstraction. At a relatively low level, a DBMS commonly allows us to visualize data as composed of files.Efficient File Access The ability to store a file is not remarkable: the file system associated with any operating system does that. The capability of a DBMS is seen when we access the data of a file. For example, suppose we wish to find the manager of employee "Clark Kent". If the company has thousands of employees, It is very expensive to search the entire file to find the one with NAME="Clark Kent". A DBMS helps us to set up "index files," or "indices," that allow us to access the record for "Clark Kent" in essentially one stroke no matter how large the file is. Likewise, insertion of new records or deletion of old ones can be accomplished in time that is small and essentially constant, independent of the file length. Another thing a DBMS helps us do is navigate among files, that is, to combine values in two or more files to obtain the information we want.Query Languages To make access to files easier, a DBMS provides a query language, or data manipulation language, to express operations on files. Query languages differ in the level of detail they require of the user, with systems based on the relational data model generally requiring less detail than languages based on other models.Transaction Management Another important capability of a DBMS is the ability to manage simultaneously large numbers of transactions, which are procedures operating on the database. Some databases are so large that they can only be useful if they are operated upon simultaneously by many computers: often these computers are dispersed around the country or the world. The database systems use by banks, accessed almost instantaneously by hundreds or thousands of automated teller machines (ATM), as well as by an equal or greater number of employees in the bank branches, is typical of this sort of database. An airline reservation system is another good example.Sometimes, two accesses do not interfere with each other. For example, any number of transactions can be reading your bank balance at the same time, without any inconsistency. But if you are in the bank depositing your salary check at the exact instant your spouse is extracting money from an automatic teller, the result of the two transactions occurring simultaneously and without coordination is unpredictable. Thus, transactions that modify a data item must “lock out” other transactions trying to read or write that item at the same time. A DBMS must therefore provide some form ofconcurrency control to prevent uncoordinated access to the same data item by more than one transaction.Even more complex problems occur when the database is distributed over many different computer systems, perhaps with duplication of data to allow both faster local access and to protect against the destruction of data if one computer crashes.Security of Data A DBMS must not only protect against loss of data when crashes occur, as we just mentioned, but it must prevent unauthorized access. For example, only users with a certain clearance should have access to the salary field of an employee file, and the DBMS must be able associate with the various users their privileges to see files, fields within files, or other subsets of the data in the database. Thus a DBMS must maintain a table telling for each user known to it, what access privileges the user has for each object. For example, one user may be allowed to read a file, but not to insert or delete data; another may not be allowed to see the file at all, while a third may be allowed to read or modify the file at will.DBMS TypesDesigners developed three different types of database structures: hierarchical, network, and relational. Hierarchical and network were first developed but relational has become dominant. While the relational design is dominant, the older databases have not been dropped. Companies that installed a hierarchical system such as IMS in the 1970s will be using and maintaining these databases for years to come even though new development is being done on relational systems. These older systems are often referred to as legacy systems.数据库基础DBMS 简介数据库管理系统是编程系统中的重要的一种,现今可以用在最大的以及最小的电脑上。

软件开发中常用语中英文对照

软件开发中常用语中英文对照

A。

A.I。

人工智能A2A integration A2A整合abstract 抽象的abstract base class (ABC)抽象基类abstract class 抽象类abstraction 抽象、抽象物、抽象性access 存取、访问access function 访问函数access level访问级别account 账户action 动作activate 激活active 活动的actual parameter 实参adapter 适配器add-in 插件address 地址address space 地址空间address-of operator 取地址操作符ADL (argument-dependent lookup)ADO(ActiveX Data Object)ActiveX数据对象advanced 高级的aggregation 聚合、聚集algorithm 算法alias 别名align 排列、对齐allocate 分配、配置allocator分配器、配置器angle bracket 尖括号annotation 注解、评注API (Application Programming Interface) 应用(程序)编程接口app domain (application domain)应用域appearance 外观append 附加application 应用、应用程序application framework 应用程序框架Approximate String Matching 模糊匹配Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic 高精度计算architecture 架构、体系结构archive file 归档文件、存档文件argument引数(传给函式的值)。

参见parameterarrow operator 箭头操作符ASP(Active Server Page)活动服务器页面 worker process 工作者进程assembly 装配件、配件assembly language 汇编语言assembly manifest 装配件清单assert(ion)断言assign 赋值assignment 赋值、分配assignment operator 赋值操作符associated 相关的、相关联的associative container 关联式容器(对应sequential container)asynchronous 异步的atomic 原子的atomic operation 原子操作attribute 特性、属性audio 音频authentication service 验证服务authorization 授权B.B2B integration B2B整合、B2B集成(business-to—business integration)background 背景、后台(进程)backup 备份backup device备份设备backup file 备份文件backward compatible 向后兼容、向下兼容bandwidth 带宽Bandwidth Reduction 带宽压缩base class 基类base type 基类型batch 批处理BCL (base class library)基类库Bin Packing 装箱问题binary 二进制binary function 双参函数binary large object二进制大对象binary operator 二元操作符binary search 二分查找binary tree 二叉树binding 绑定bit 位bitwise 按位…bitwise copy 为单元进行复制;位元逐一复制,按位拷bitwise operation 按位运算block 块、区块、语句块bookkeeping 簿记boolean 布林值(真假值,true或false)border 边框bounds checking 边界检查boxing 装箱、装箱转换brace (curly brace)大括号、花括号bracket (square brakcet) 中括号、方括号breakpoint 断点browser applications 浏览器应用(程序)browser—accessible application 可经由浏览器访问的应用程序bug 臭虫build 编连(专指编译和连接built—in 内建、内置bus 总线business 业务、商务(看场合)business Logic 业务逻辑business rules 业务规则buttons 按钮by/through 通过byte 位元组(由8 bits组成)C。

计算机术语中英文对照表

计算机术语中英文对照表

计算机术语中英文对照表整理:计算机系05(6)班Aaccess control / 访问控制access control entry, ACE / 访问控制项account lockout / 帐户锁定ACE, access control entry / 访问控制项acknowledgment message / 应答消息ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) / 高级配置和电源接口 active / 活动active content / 活动内容Active DirectoryActive Directory Users and Computers / Active Directory 用户和计算机active partition / 活动分区active volume / 活动卷ActiveXAddress Resolution Protocol, ARP / 地址解析协议administration queue / 管理队列 administrative alerts / 管理警报administrator / 管理员Advanced Configuration and Power Interface, ACPI / 高级配置和电源接口agent / 代理Alerter service / 警报器服务allocation unit size / 分配单元大小American Standard Code for Information Interchange, ASCII / 美国信息交换标准码 AppleTalkAppleTalk Transport / AppleTalk 传输ARP, Address Resolution Protocol / 地址解析协议ASCII , American Standard Code for Information Interchange / 美国信息交换标准码 清风读月Assistive Technology Program / 辅助技术程序asymmetric encryption / 非对称加密asynchronous communication / 异步通讯ATM asynchronous transfer mode / 异步传输模式attributes / 属性audit policy / 审核策略auditing / 审核authentication / 身份验证authoritative restore / 强制性还原authorization / 授权BB-channel / B-信道background program / 后台程序backup media pool / 备份媒体池backup operator / 备份操作员backup set / 备份集backup set catalog / 备份集分类backup types / 备份类型bandwidth / 带宽BAP, Bandwidth Allocation Protocol / 带宽分配协议base priority / 基本优先级basic disk / 基本磁盘basic input/output system, BIOS / 基本输入/输出系统basic volume / 基本卷batch program / 批处理程序baud rate / 波特率binary / 二进制binary digit, bit / 二进制数字,位bindery / 平构数据库BIOS, basic input/output system / 基本输入/输出系统清风读月bit, binary digit / 位,二进制数字bits per second , bps / 每秒位数boot / 启动boot files / 启动文件boot partition / 启动分区boot volume / 启动卷bps, bits per second / 每秒位数buffer / 缓冲区built-in groups / 内置组bus / 总线bytes received / 接收的字节数bytes transmitted / 传输的字节数CCA, certification authority / 证书颁发机构callback number / 回叫号码callback security / 回叫安全called subscriber ID (CSID) string / 被叫订户 ID (CSID) 字符串CAPI (CryptoAPI)cartridge font / 字体盒字体catalog / 编录CDP, CRL Distribution Point / CRL 分发点certificate / 证书certificate revocation list, CRL / 证书吊销列表certificate store / 证书存储区certificate template / 证书模板certificate trust list, CTL / 证书信任列表certification authority, CA / 证书颁发机构certification hierarchy / 证书等级certification path / 证书路径channel / 信道清风读月CHAP, Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol / 质询握手身份验证协议 character mode / 字符方式child object / 子对象clear / 清除client / 客户client application / 客户应用程序Client Service for NetWare / NetWare 客户服务ClipBook Server / 剪贴簿服务器Cluster Administrator / 群集管理器Cluster Administrator extension / 群集管理器扩展Cluster service / 群集服务cluster size / 簇大小Cluster.exeCMYK color space / CMYK 颜色空间code page / 代码页codec / 编解码器color gamut / 色阶color management / 颜色管理color profile / 颜色配置文件color space / 颜色空间Command Prompt window /“命令提示符”窗口common groups / 公用组communication port / 通讯端口communication settings / 通讯设置community name / 社团名Compression Control Protocol, CCP / 压缩控制协议computer account / 计算机帐户Computer Browser service / 计算机浏览器服务computer quota / 计算机配额connect / 连接清风读月connected, authenticating user / 已连接,正验证身份的用户connected, user authenticated / 已连接且身份已验证的用户connector application / 连接器应用程序connector queue / 连接器队列console tree / 控制台树container object / 容器对象copy backup / 副本备份CPU Time / CPU 时间CPU Usage / CPU 使用CRC errors / CRC 错误CRL, certificate revocation list / 证书吊销列表CRL Distribution Point, CDP / CRL 分发点CryptoAPI (CAPI)cryptographic service provider, CSP / 加密服务提供程序cryptography / 加密CSID (called subscriber ID) string / CSID (被叫订户 ID )字符串 CSP, cryptographic service provider / 加密服务提供程序CTL, certificate trust list / 证书信任列表custom file type / 自定义文件类型DD-channel / D-信道DACL, discretionary access control list / 任意访问控制表daily backup / 每日备份Data Communications Equipment, DCE / 数据通讯设备Data Terminal Equipment, DTE / 数据终端设备data-overrun error / 数据溢出错误DCE, Data Communications Equipment / 数据通讯设备DDE, dynamic data exchange / 动态数据交换dead-letter queue / 死信队列debugger / 调试器清风读月default button / 默认按钮default network / 默认网络default printer / 默认打印机default tree and context / 默认树和上下文default user / 默认用户defragmentation / 碎片整理dependency / 从属关系dependent client / 从属客户descendent key / 派生项desktop / 桌面desktop pattern / 桌面方案destination document / 目标文档details pane / 详细信息窗格device / 设备device conflict / 设备冲突device driver / 设备驱动程序 device fonts / 设备字体Device Manager / 设备管理器DHCP, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 动态主机配置协议DHCP option / DHCP 选项dial location / 拨号位置dial-up connection / 拨号连接differential backup / 差异备份digital signature / 数字签名Digital Signature Standard, DSS / 数字签名标准digital video disc, DVD / 数字化视频光盘direct cable connection / 直接电缆连接direct memory access, DMA / 直接内存访问directory partition / 目录分区disable / 禁用清风读月discretionary access control list, DACL / 任意访问控制表disk / 磁盘disk configuration information / 磁盘配置信息dismount / 卸除display adapter / 显示适配器DLL, dynamic-link library / 动态链接库DMA, direct memory access / 直接内存访问DNS, Domain Name System / 域名系统DNS server / DNS 服务器docking station / 插接站document / 文档domain / 域domain controller / 域控制器domain name / 域名Domain Name System, DNS / 域名系统domain namespace / 域名空间 dots per inch, DPI / 每英寸点数downloadable fonts / 可下载字体drag / 拖动drive / 驱动器drive letter / 驱动器号drop folder / 拖动文件夹DSS, Digital Signature Standard / 数字签名标准DTE, Data Terminal Equipment / 数据终端设备dual boot / 双重启动duplex / 双工DVD, digital video disc / 数字化视频光盘DVD decoder / DVD 解码器DVD drive / DVD 驱动器DWORD清风读月dynamic data exchange, DDE / 动态数据交换dynamic disk / 动态磁盘Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, DHCP / 动态主机配置协议dynamic volume / 动态卷dynamic-link library, DLL / 动态链接库EEAP, Extensible Authentication Protocol / 可扩展的身份验证协议EFS, encrypting file system / 加密文件系统embedded object / 内嵌对象emergency repair disk, ERD / 紧急修复磁盘enable / 启用encapsulated PostScript (EPS) file / 封装的 PostScript (EPS) 文件encrypted passwords / 加密的密码encrypting file system, EFS / 加密文件系统encryption / 加密enhanced small device interface, ESDI / 增强型小型设备接口 environment variable / 环境变量EPS (encapsulated PostScript) file / EPS (封装的 PostScript )文件ERD, emergency repair disk / 紧急修复磁盘error detection / 错误检测event / 事件Event Log service / 事件日志服务event logging / 事件记录everyone category / everyone 的分类expanded memory / 扩充内存expansion slot / 扩展槽explicit permissions / 直接权限express message / 快递消息extended memory / 扩展内存extended partition / 扩展分区清风读月Extensible Authentication Protocol, EAP / 可扩展的身份验证协议external network number / 外部网络号Ffailback / 故障回复failed / 失败failover / 故障转移FAT, file allocation table / 文件分配表FAT32fault tolerance / 容错Fax Service / 传真服务FCB, file control block / 文件控制块Federal Information Processing Standard 140-1, FIPS 140-1 / 联邦信息处理标准 140-1 FEP, (front-end processor) / 前端处理器file allocation table, FAT / 文件分配表file control block, FCB / 文件控制块File Server for Macintosh / Macintosh 文件服务器 file system / 文件系统file type / 文件类型filter / 筛选器FIPS 140-1, Federal Information Processing Standard 140-1 / 联邦信息处理标准 140-1 font / 字体font cartridge / 字体盒foreground program / 前台程序foreign computer / 外部计算机form / 表单FORTEZZAfragmentation / 碎片frame type / 帧类型free media pool / 可用媒体池free space / 可用空间清风读月front-end processor, FEP / 前端处理器full-duplex / 全双工full name / 全名GGateway Service for NetWare / NetWare 网关服务GDI objects / GDI 对象global group / 全局组graphics mode / 图形模式group / 组group account / 组帐户group memberships / 组成员身份 group name / 组名Group Policy / 组策略Group Policy object / 组策略对象guest / 来宾guest account / 来宾帐户Hhalf-duplex / 半双工handle count / 句柄数handshaking / 握手Hardware Compatibility List, HCL / 硬件兼容性列表hardware compression / 硬件压缩hardware configuration / 硬件配置hardware decoder / 硬件解码器hardware profile / 硬件配置文件hardware type / 硬件类型hash / 散列hash algorithm / 散列算法Hash-based Message Authentication Mode, HMAC / 基于散列的消息验证模式 HCL, Hardware Compatibility List / 硬件兼容性列表清风读月hexadecimal / 十六进制histogram / 直方图hive / 配置单元HMAC, Hash-based Message Authentication Mode / 基于散列的消息验证模式 home directory / 主目录host name / 主机名HTML, Hypertext Markup Language / 超文本标记语言hub / 网络集线器hubbed mode / 集线模式hue / 色调Hypertext Markup Language, HTML / 超文本标记语言II/O (input/output) port / I/O (输入/输出)端口ICMP, Internet Control Message Protocol / 网际消息控制协议IDE, integrated device electronics / 集成设备电路IEEE 1394 Image Name / 映像名称IME, Input Method Editor / 输入法import media pool / 导入媒体池incremental backup / 增量备份independent client / 独立客户.infinfrared, IR / 红外线Infrared Data Association, IrDA / 红外数据协会infrared device / 红外设备infrared file transfer / 红外文件传送infrared network connection / 红外网络连接infrared port / 红外端口inherited permissions / 继承权限input locale / 输入法区域设置清风读月Input Method Editor, IME / 输入法input/output (I/O) port / 输入/输出 (I/O) 端口install / 安装integrated device electronics, IDE / 集成电路设备Integrated Services Digital Network, ISDN / 综合服务数字网interactive dialog box / 交互式对话框interactive logon / 交互式登录intermediary device / 中间设备internal network number / 内部网络号international prefix / 国际前缀International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication [Standardization Sector](ITU-T) / 国际电信联盟 - 电信 [标准化部门]InternetInternet address / 网际地址Internet Control Message Protocol, ICMP / 网际消息控制协议Internet Protocol, IP / 网际协议 Internet service provider, ISP / Internet 服务提供商interrupt / 中断interrupt request (IRQ) lines / 中断请求 (IRQ) 线路IP, Internet Protocol / 网际协议IP address / IP 地址IPX, Internetwork Packet Exchange / 网间数据包交换IR, infrared / 红外线IPX/SPXIrDA (Infrared Data Association) 红外数据协会Integrated Services Digital Network, ISDN / 综合服务数字网ISP, Internet service provider / Internet 服务提供商ITU-T, International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication [Standardization Sector] / 国际电信联盟 - 电信[标准化部门]J清风读月journal queue / 日志队列journal quota / 日志配额junction point / 交接点KKDC, Key Distribution Center / 密钥分发中心Kerberos V5key / 注册表项Key Distribution Center, KDC / 密钥分发中心keyboard layout / 键盘布局LL2TP, Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol / 第二层隧道协议LAN, local area network / 局域网lease / 租用library / 库Line Printer Daemon, LPD / 行式打印机后台程序Line Printer Remote, LPR / 远程行式打印机 linked object / 链接对象Lmhosts file / Lmhosts 文件local area network, LAN / 局域网local computer / 本地计算机local group / 本地组local printer / 本地打印机local user profile / 本地用户配置文件location / 位置log file / 日志文件logical drive / 逻辑驱动器logical printer / 逻辑打印机logon rights / 登录权限logon script / 登录脚本logon script path / 登录脚本路径清风读月long distance operator / 长途接线员long name / 长文件名LPR, Line Printer Remote / 远程行式打印机luminosity / 光度MMAC, Message Authentication Code / 消息验证代码MADCAP, Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol / 多播地址动态客户分配协议Make Changes / 进行更改Management Information Base, MIB / 管理信息库management system / 管理系统mandatory user profile / 强制用户配置文件MARS, multicast address resolution service / 多播地址解析服务master boot record ,MBR / 主引导记录master domain / 主域Master File Table, MFT / 主文件表 maximize / 最大化MBR, master boot record / 主引导记录MCS, multicast server / 多播服务器MD2MD4MD5, Message Digest Five / 消息摘要 5media / 媒体media pool / 媒体池member server / 成员服务器memory address / 内存地址Memory Usage / 内存使用Memory Usage Delta / 内存使用变化message / 消息Message Authentication Code, MAC / 消息身份验证码清风读月message digest / 消息摘要Message Digest Five, MD5 / 消息摘要 5Message Queuing / 消息队列Message Queuing server / 消息队列服务器Messenger service / 信使服务MFT, Master File Table / 主文件表MIB, Management Information Base / 管理信息库Microcom Networking Protocol Five, MNP5 / Microcom 网络协议 5Microcom Networking Protocol Four, MNP4 / Microcom 网络协议 5Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator, MS DTC / Microsoft 分布式事务协调器 Microsoft Management Console, MMC / Microsoft 管理控制台Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption, MPPE / Microsoft 点对点加密MIDI, Musical Instrument Digital Interface / 乐器数字接口MIDI setup / MIDI 安装程序minimize / 最小化mirror / 镜像mirror set / 镜像集mirrored volume / 镜像卷MMC, Microsoft Management Console / Microsoft 管理控制台MNP4, Microcom Networking Protocol Four / Microcom 网络协议 4MNP5, Microcom Networking Protocol Five / Microcom 网络协议 5modem / 调制解调器modem compression / 调制解调器压缩modulation standards / 调制标准mount / 装入mounted drive / 已装入的驱动器MS DTC, Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator / Microsoft 分布式事务协调器 MS-DOSMS-DOS-based program / MS-DOS 程序MSMQ清风读月Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol, MADCAP / 多播地址动态客户分配协议multicast address resolution service, MARS / 多播地址解析服务multicast server, MCS / 多播服务器multihomed computer / 多宿主计算机multilink dialing / 多链路拨号multiple boot / 多重启动Musical Instrument Digital Interface, MIDI / 乐器数字接口My Documents / 我的文档Nname / 名称named pipe / 命名管道namespace / 名称空间NCP, NetWare Core Protocol / NetWare 核心协议NDS, Novell Directory Services / Novell 目录服务NetBEUI, NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface / NetBIOS 增强型用户界面 NetBIOS, network basic input/output system / 网络基本输入/输出系统NetWare Core Protocol, NCP / NetWare 核心协议network adapter / 网卡network administrator / 网络管理员network basic input/output system, NetBIOS / 网络基本输入/输出系统network card driver / 网卡驱动程序Network DDE service / 网络 DDE 服务network number / 网络号node / 节点nonauthoritative restore / 非强制性还原noncontainer object / 非容器对象nonhubbed mode / 非集线模式nonpaged memory / 未分页内存nonpaged pool / 未分页池清风读月normal backup / 普通备份Novell Directory Services, NDS / Novell 目录服务NTFS file system / NTFS 文件系统null modem cable / 零调制解调器电缆NWLinkOobject / 对象offline / 脱机OLEon-disk catalog / 磁盘目录on-media catalog / 媒体目录online / 联机OpenType fonts / OpenType 字体operator / 操作符orphan / 孤立orphan file / 孤立文件OS/2owner / 所有者owner category / 所有者类别Ppackage / 对象包packet / 数据包packet header / 数据包头PAD, packet assembler/disassembler / 分组拆装器 page-description language, PDL / 页面描述语言page fault / 页面错误Page Faults Delta / 页错误变化paged pool / 分页池paging file / 页面文件paper source / 纸张来源清风读月parent object / 父对象parity / 奇偶校验parity bit / 奇偶校验位partition / 分区partition boot sector / 分区引导扇区password / 密码paused / 已暂停PBX ,Private Branch Exchange / 专用分组交换机 PC Card / PC 卡PCL, Printer Control Language / 打印机控制语言PDL, page-description language / 页面描述语言Peak Memory Usage / 最大内存使用pelpending / 挂起performance alert / 性能警报performance counter / 性能计数器 performance object / 性能对象performance object instance / 性能对象实例permission / 权限PID, process identifier / 进程标识符PIF, program information file / 程序信息文件pixel / 像素PJL, Printer Job Language / 打印机作业语言PKCS, Public Key Cryptography Standards / 公钥加密标准 PKCS #7PKCS #10PKCS #12PKI, public key infrastructure / 公钥基础结构plotter font / 绘图仪字体Plug and Play / 即插即用清风读月point of termination station, POTS / 终端站点Point-to-Point Protocol, PPP / 点对点协议Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol, PPTP / 点对点隧道协议 policy / 策略port / 端口POSIXpossible owners / 可能的所有者PostScriptPostScript fonts / PostScript 字体PostScript printer / PostScript 打印机POTS, point of termination station / 终端站点power conditioning / 电源调节PPP, Point-to-Point Protocol / 点对点协议PPTP, Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol / 点对点隧道协议 predefined key / 预定义项preferred owner / 首选所有者 preferred server / 首选服务器preset-to callback / 预设回叫primary partition / 主分区print job / 打印作业print processor / 打印处理器print server / 打印服务器Print Server for Macintosh / Macintosh 打印服务器 print spooler / 打印后台处理程序printer / 打印机Printer Control Language, PCL / 打印机控制语言printer driver / 打印机驱动程序printer fonts / 打印机字体Printer Job Language, PJL / 打印机作业语言printer permissions / 打印机权限清风读月Printer window / 打印机窗口Printers / 打印机printing pool / 打印池Private Branch Exchange, PBX / 专用分组交换机private key / 私钥private queue / 专用队列privileges / 特权process identifier, PID / 进程标识program / 程序program information file, PIF / 程序信息文件property / 属性 property cache / 属性缓存property value / 属性值protocol / 协议PSTN, Public Switched Telephone Network / 公共交换电话网 public key / 公钥 public key cryptography / 公钥加密系统Public Key Cryptography Standards, PKCS / 公钥加密标准 public key encryption / 公钥加密public key infrastructure, PKI / 公钥基础结构public queue / 公用队列Public Switched Telephone Network, PSTN / 公共交换电话网 pulse dialing / 脉冲拨号Qquery / 查询queue / 队列queue quota / 队列配额queue type / 队列类型quiet answer / 安静应答quorum log / 仲裁日志清风读月quorum resource / 仲裁资源quota limit / 配额限制RRADIUS, Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service / 远程身份验证拨入用户服务 RAID, Redundant Array of Independent Disks / 独立磁盘冗余阵列RAID-5 volume / RAID-5 卷RAM, random-access memory / 随机存取存储器(内存)raster fonts / 光栅字体read-only memory, ROM / 只读存储器realm / 领域recoverable message / 可恢复的信息recovery agent / 恢复代理Recovery Console / 恢复控制台Recycle Bin / 回收站reduced instruction set computing, RISC / 精简指令集计算Redundant Array of Independent Disks, RAID / 独立磁盘冗余阵列 refresh / 刷新refresh rate / 刷新频率region / 区域registered file type / 已注册文件类型registry / 注册表registry size limit, RSL / 注册表大小限制remote access / 远程访问remote access server / 远程访问服务器remote administration / 远程管理Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service, RADIUS / 远程身份验证拨入用户服务 remote computer / 远程计算机remote procedure call, RPC / 远程过程调用Remote Storage / 远程存储Removable Storage / 可移动存储清风读月rendering intent / 渲染意图report message / 报告消息report queue / 报告队列Request for Comments, RFC / 注释请求reservation / 保留resource / 资源resource allocation / 资源分配Resource DLL / 资源 DLLresource domain / 资源域Resource Monitor / 资源监视器resource types / 资源类型response / 响应response message / 响应消息response queue / 响应队列RFC, Request for Comments / 注释请求RGB color space / RGB 颜色空间 RISC, reduced instruction set computing / 精简指令集计算roaming user profile / 漫游用户配置文件ROM, read-only memory / 只读存储器root authority / 根颁发机构root certificate / 根证书router / 路由器routing link / 路由链接routing-link cost / 路由链接开销routing services / 路由服务RPC, remote procedure call / 远程过程调用RS-232-C standard / RS-232-C 标准RSARSL, registry size limit / 注册表大小限制S清风读月S/MIME, Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions / 安全多用途网际邮件扩充协议 SACL, system access control list / 系统访问控制表saturation / 饱和度scope / 作用域scope of influence / 影响的作用域screen fonts / 屏幕字体screen resolution / 屏幕分辨率screen saver / 屏幕保护程序SCSI, small computer system interface / 小型计算机系统接口secret key encryption / 密钥加密Secure Hash Algorithm, SHA-1 / 安全散列算法Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, S/MIME / 安全多用途网际邮件扩充协议 Secure Sockets Layer, SSL / 安全套接字层security / 安全security descriptor / 安全描述符security host / 安全主机security ID, SID / 安全标识security log / 安全日志Serial Line Internet Protocol, SLIP / 串行线路网际协议serial port / 串行端口server / 服务器server cluster / 服务器群集service / 服务Service Profile Identifier, SPID / 服务配置文件标识符service ticket / 服务票据session concentration / 会话集中度set-by-caller callback / 由呼叫者设置的回叫SHA-1, Secure Hash Algorithm / 安全散列算法share / 共享shared folder / 共享文件夹清风读月shared folder permissions / 共享文件夹权限shared printer / 共享打印机shared resource / 共享资源shortcut / 快捷方式SID, security ID / 安全标识signature / 签名Simple Network Management Protocol, SNMP / 简单网络管理协议simple volume / 简单卷single sign-on / 单一注册SLIP, Serial Line Internet Protocol / 串行线路网际协议small computer system interface, SCSI / 小型计算机系统接口smart card / 智能卡smart card reader / 智能卡读取器snap-in / 管理单元SNMP, Simple Network Management Protocol / 简单网络管理协议software decoder / 软件解码器 source document / 源文档source journaling / 源日志spanned volume / 跨区卷special access permissions / 特殊访问权限SPID, Service Profile Identifier / 服务配置文件标识符splitting / 拆分spooling / 后台打印SSL, Secure Sockets Layer / 安全套接字层stand-alone server / 独立服务器startup environment / 启动环境static dialog box / 静态对话框status area / 状态区域status bar / 状态栏STOP error / STOP 错误清风读月string / 字符串stripe set / 带区集stripe set with parity / 带有奇偶校验的带区集striped volume / 带区卷subkey / 子项subtree / 子树switch type / 交换类型symmetric encryption / 对称加密system access control list, SACL / 系统访问控制表system disk / 系统盘system files / 系统文件System menu / 系统菜单system partition / 系统分区System Policy / 系统策略system queue / 系统队列System State / 系统状态system volume / 系统卷systemrootSYSVOLTTAPI, Telephony API / 电话服务 APItag / 标记target journaling / 目标日志taskbar / 任务栏taskbar button / 任务栏按钮TCP/IP, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol / 传输控制协议/网际协议 Telephony API, TAPI / 电话服务 APIterminate-and-stay-resident (TSR) program / 终止并驻留 (TSR) 程序test queue / 测试队列text box / 文本框清风读月TGS, ticket-granting service / 票据授予服务TGT, ticket-granting ticket / 票据授予票据Thread Count / 线程数thumbnail / 缩略图ticket / 票据ticket-granting service, TGS / 票据授予服务ticket-granting ticket, TGT / 票据授予票据time slice / 时间片time stamp / 时间戳time-out error / 超时错误title bar / 标题栏TLS, Transport Layer Security / 传输层安全touch-tone dialing / 按键式音频拨号trace log / 追踪日志transaction / 事务transaction dead-letter queue / 死信处理事务队列 transactional message / 事务消息Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, TCP/IP / 传输控制协议/网际协议 transmitting station ID (TSID) string/发送站 ID (TSID) 字符串Transport Layer Security, TLS / 传输层安全trap / 陷阱tree view / 树状视图Trojan horse / 特洛伊木马TrueType fonts / TrueType 字体trust relationship / 信任关系TSID (transmitting station ID) string / TSID (发送站 ID )字符串TSR (terminate-and-stay-resident) program / TSR (终止和驻留内存)程序 tunnel / 隧道tunnel server / 隧道服务器Type 1 fonts / Type 1 字体清风读月Uunallocated space / 未分配空间UNC (Universal Naming Convention) name / UNC (通用命名规则)名称 Unicodeuninstall / 卸载universal serial bus, USB / 通用串行总线UPS service / UPS 服务USB, universal serial bus / 通用串行总线user account / 用户帐户user name / 用户名USER object / USER 对象user password / 用户密码user profile / 用户配置文件user rights / 用户权利Users / 用户VV.34V.90value entry / 值项variable / 变量vector / 向量vector font / 向量字体virtual local area network, VLAN / 虚拟局域网virtual memory / 虚拟内存Virtual Memory Size / 虚拟内存大小virtual network / 虚拟网络virtual printer memory / 虚拟打印机内存virtual private network, VPN / 虚拟专用网络virus / 病毒VLAN, virtual local area network / 虚拟局域网清风读月volume / 卷volume set / 卷集voluntary tunnel / 自主隧道VPN, virtual private network / 虚拟专用网络WWaiting for Call / 等待呼叫wallpaper / 墙纸WAN, wide area network / 广域网warning level / 警告级别Web folder / Web 文件夹Web server / Web 服务器 wide area network, WAN / 广域网wildcard character / 通配符Windows 2000 Server File and Print Servers for Macintosh / Windows 2000 Server Macintosh 文件和打印服务器Windows 2000 Task Manager / Windows 2000 任务管理器 Windows Management Instrumentation, WMI / Windows 管理规范WINS proxy / WINS 代理服务器Winsockwireless communication / 无线通讯WMI, Windows Management Instrumentation / Windows 管理规范workgroup / 工作组XX.509v3 certificate / X.509v3 证书XOR, exclusive OR / 异或Zzone / 区域清风读月。

计算机专业英语单词中英文对照

计算机专业英语单词中英文对照

application software应用软件basic application基本应用软件communication device通信设备compact disc(CD)光盘computer competency计算机能力connectivity连通性data数据database file数据库文件desktop computer台式计算机device driver磁盘驱动程序digital versatile disc(DVD)数字多用途光盘digital video disc(DVD)数字多用途光盘document file文档文件end user终端用户floppy disk软盘handheld computer手持计算机hard disk硬盘hardware硬件high definition高清information信息information system信息系统information technology信息技术input device输入设备Internet因特网keyboard键盘mainframe computer大型机memory内存microcomputer微型机microprocessor微处理器midrange computer中型机minicomputer小型计算机modem调制解调器monitor监视器mouse鼠标network网络notebook computer笔记本电脑operating system操作系统optical disk光盘output device输出设备palm computer掌上电脑peoplepersonal digital assistant(PDA)个人数字助理presentation file演示文稿primary storage主存printer打印机procedure规程program程序random access memory随机存储器secondary storage device辅助存储器software软件specialized application专门应用软件supercomputer巨型机system software系统软件system unit系统单元tablet PC平板电脑utility实用程序wireless revolution无线革命worksheet file工作表address 地址Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET) 阿帕网applets小程序attachment附件auction house site拍卖行网站browser浏览器business-to-business (B2B)企业对企业电子商务business-to-consumer (B2C) 企业对消费者电子商务cable电缆carder信用卡持有者Center for European Nuclear Research(CERN)欧洲核研究中心computer virus计算机病毒consumer-to-consumer(C2C)消费者对消费者电子商务dial-up拨号digital cash数字货币directory search目录搜索domain name域名downloading下载DSL数字用户线路e-commerce电子商务e-learning电子学习,数字化学习electronic commerce电子商务e-mail电子邮件file transfer protocol (FTP)文件传输协议electronic mail电子邮件filter过滤器friend朋友header标题hit记录hyperlink超链接Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)超文本标识语言instant messaging (IM)即时通信Internet因特网Internet security suite网络安全套件Internet service provider (ISP)网络服务提供商Javakeyword search关键词搜索link链接location定位message讯息,信息metasearch engine元搜索引擎national service provider国家级服务提供商online在线online banking网上银行online shopping网上购物online stock trading网上股票交易person-to-person auction site人与人的拍卖网站plug-in插件protocol协议search engine搜索引擎search service搜索服务器signature line签名档social networking社会网络spam垃圾邮件spam blocker垃圾邮件拦截器specialized search engine专门搜索引擎spider蜘蛛程序subject主题surf上网top-level domain (TLD)顶级域名uniform resource locator (URL)统一资源定位器universal instant messenger普遍即时通信器uploading上传Web网络Web auction网上拍卖Web-based application网络基础应用Web-based services网络基础服务Webmaster网络管理员Web page网页Web utility网络工具wireless modem无线调制解调器wireless service provider无线服务提供商analytical graph分析图表application software应用软件Autocontent Wizard内容提示向导basic applications基础应用软件bulleted list项目符号列表business suite商业套装软件button按钮cell单元格character effect字符效果chart图表column列computer trainer计算机培训员contextual tab上下文关联标签database数据库database management system (DBMS)数据库管理系统database manager数据库管理员design template设计模板dialog box对话框document文档editing编辑field字段find and replace查找和替换font字体font size字号form样式format格式formula公式function函数galleries图库grammar checker语法检查器graphical user interface (GUI)图形用户界面home software家庭软件home suite家庭套装软件icons图标integrated package集成软件包label标签master slide母版menu菜单menu bar菜单栏numbered list编号列表numeric entry数值型输入personal software个人软件personal suite个人套装软件pointer指针presentation graphic图形演示文稿productivity suite生产套装软件query查询range范围recalculation重新计算record记录relational database关系数据库report报表ribbons功能区、格式栏row行sheet工作表slide幻灯片software suite软件套装sort排序specialized applications专用应用程序specialized suite专用套装软件speech recognition语音识别spelling checker拼写检查器spreadsheet电子表格system software系统软件table表格text entry文本输入thesaurus [θisɔ:rəs]分类词汇集toolbar工具栏user interface用户界面utility suite实用套装软件what-if analysis假设分析window窗口word processor文字处理软件word wrap自动换行workbook file工作簿worksheet工作表animation动画artificial intelligence (AI)人工智能artificial reality人工现实audio editing software音频编辑软件bitmap image位图blog博客button按钮clip art剪贴画desktop publisher桌面发布desktop publishing program桌面印刷系统软件drawing program绘图程序expert systems专家系统Flash动画fuzzy logic模糊逻辑graphical map框图graphics suite集成图HTML editors HTML编辑器illustration program绘图程序image editors图像编辑器image gallery图库immersive experience沉浸式体验industrial robots工业机器人interactivity交互性knowledge bases知识库knowledge-based system知识库系统link链接mobile robot移动式遥控装置morphing渐变multimedia多媒体multimedia authoring programs多媒体编辑程序page layout program页面布局程序perception systems robot感知系统机器人photo editors图像编辑器pixel[piksəl]像素raster image光栅图像robot机器人robotics机器人学stock photographs照片库story board故事板,节目顺序单vector[vektə]矢量vector illustration矢量图vector image矢量图像video editing software视频编辑软件virtual environments虚拟环境virtual reality虚拟现实virtual reality modeling language (VRML)虚拟现实建模语言virtual reality wall虚拟现实墙VR虚拟现实Web authoring网络编程Web authoring program网络编辑程序Web log网络日志Web page editor网页编辑器Add Printer Wizard添加打印机向导antivirus program反病毒程序Backup备份backup program备份程序Boot Campbooting启动、引导cold boot冷启动computer support specialist计算机支持专家Dashboard Widgets仪表盘desktop桌面desktop operating system桌面操作系统device driver设备驱动程序diagnostic program诊断程序dialog box对话框Disk Cleanup磁盘清理Disk Defragmenter磁盘碎片整理器driver驱动器embedded operating systems嵌入式操作系统file文件file compression program文件压缩程序folder文件夹fragmented碎片化graphical user interface (GUI)图形用户界面Help帮助icon图标language translator语言编译器Leopard[lepəd]雪豹操作系统LinuxMac OS Mac操作系统Mac OS X menu菜单multitasking多任务处理network operating systems(NOS)网络操作系统network server网络服务器One Button Checkup一键修复operating system操作系统platform平台pointer 指针sectors[sektə]扇区software environment软件环境Spotlight热点stand-alone operating system独立操作系统system software系统软件Tiger老虎操作系统tracks磁道troubleshooting program故障检修程序uninstall program卸载程序UNIXuser interface用户界面utility实用程序utility suite实用套装软件virus[vaiərəs]病毒warm boot热启动window窗口Windows视窗操作系统Windows Update Windows更新Windows VistaWindows XPAC adapter交流适配器accelerated graphics port(AGP)图形加速端口analog 模拟arithmetic-logic unit(ALU)算术逻辑单元arithmetic operation算术运算SCII美国信息交换标准码binary coding scheme二进制编码制bit位bus总线bus line总线线路bus width总线线宽byte字节cable电缆cache memory高速缓存carrier package 封装物central processing unit (CPU)中央处理器chip芯片clock speed时钟速度complementary metal-oxide semiconductor互补金属氧化物半导体computer technician计算机工程师control unit控制单元coprocessor协处理器desktop system unit桌面系统单元digital数字的dual-core chips双核芯片EBCDIC扩展二进制编码的十进制交换码expansion bus扩展总线expansion card扩展卡expansion slot扩展槽FireWire port火线接口flash memory闪存graphics card图形适配卡graphics coprocessor图形协处理器handheld computer system unit 手持计算机系统单元industry standard architecture(ISA)工业标准结构Infrared Data Association(IrDA) 红外数据协会integrated circuit集成电路laptop computer膝式计算机microprocessor微处理器motherboard主板musical instrument digital interface(MIDI)乐器数字接口network adapter card网络适配卡network interface card(NIC)网络接口卡notebook system unit笔记本parallel ports并行端口parallel processing并行处理PC card个人计算机插卡PCI Express(PCIe)peripheral component interconnect (PCI)外围部件互联personal digital assistant (PDA) 个人数字助理active-matrix monitor有源矩阵显示器bar code条形码bar code reader条形码阅读器bar code scanner条形码扫描仪cathode-ray tube monitor (CRT)阴极射线管显示器clarity清晰度combination key组合键cordless mouse无线鼠标data projector数据投影仪digital camera数码照相机digital media player数字媒体播放器digital music player数码音乐播放器digital video camera数码影像摄录机display screen显示屏dot-matrix printer点阵式打印机dot pitch点距dots-per-inch (dpi)点/每英寸dual-scan monitor双向扫描显示器dumb terminal非智能终端e-book电子图书ergonomic keyboard人体工程学键盘fax machine传真机flat-panel monitor平面显示器flatbed scanner平板扫描仪flexible keyboard软键盘handwriting recognition software手写体识别软件headphones耳机high-definition television (HDTV)高清电视ink-jet printer喷墨打印机intelligent terminal智能终端internet telephone网络电话internet telephony网络电话IP telephony IP电话joystick游戏杆keyboard键盘laser printer激光打印机light pen光笔liquid crystal display (LCD)液晶显示器magnetic card reader磁卡阅读器magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR)磁性墨水字符识别mechanical mouse机械鼠标monitor显示器mouse鼠标mouse pointer鼠标指针multifunction device (MFD)多功能设备network terminal网络终端numeric keypad数字小键盘optical-character recognition (OCR)光学字符识别optical-mark recognition (OMR)光学标记识别optical mouse光电鼠标optical scanner光电扫描仪passive-matrix monitor无源矩阵显示器PDA keyboard PDA键盘personal laser printer个人激光打印机photo printer照片打印机picture elements 有效像素pixel像素pixel pitch像素间距platform scanner平板扫描仪plotter绘图仪pointing stick触控点portable printer便携式打印机portable scanner便携式扫描仪printer打印机radio frequency card reader (RFID)射频卡阅读器radio frequency identification射频识别refresh rate刷新率resolution分辨率roller ball滚动球shared laser printer共享激光打印机speakers扬声器stylus[stailəs]输入笔technical writer技术文档编写员telephony[tilefəni]电话学terminal终端thermal printer[θə:məl]热敏打印机thin client瘦客户端thin film transistor monitor薄膜晶体管显示器toggle key切换键touch pad触控板touch screen触摸屏trackball轨迹球traditional keyboard传统键盘Universal Product Code (UPC)统一产品编码voice recognition system (VoIP)语音识别系统Voice over IP IP语音wand reader条形码阅读器WebCam摄像头wheel button滚动键wireless keyboard无线键盘wireless mouse无线鼠标access speed存取速度Blu-Ray(BD)蓝光capacity容量CD (compact disc)光盘CD-R (CD-recordable)可录式CDCD-ROM (compact disc-read only memory)只读光盘CD-ROM jukebox点唱机CD-RW (compact disc rewritable)可重写CD cylinder[silində]柱面density密度direct access直接存取disk caching磁盘缓存DVD(digital versatile disc or digital video disc)DVD player DVD播放器DVD-R(DVD recordable)可录式DVD DVD+R(DVD recordable)可录式DVDDVD-RAM(DVD random-access memory) DVD随机存取器DVD-ROM(DVD random-read-only memory) DVD只读存储器DVD-ROM jukebox DVD-RW (DVD rewritable)可重写DVD DVD+RW (DVD rewritable)可重写DVDenterprise storage system企业存储系统erasable optical disk可擦光盘file compression文件压缩file decompression文件解压缩file server文件服务器flash memory card闪存卡floppy disk软盘floppy disk cartridge软盘盒floppy disk drive (FDD)软磁盘驱动器hard disk硬盘hard-disk cartridge硬盘盒hard-disk pack硬盘组HD DVD(high-definition DVD)高清DVD head crash磁头碰撞hi def(high definition)高清high-capacity disk高容量磁盘internal hard disk内置硬盘Internet hard drive网络硬盘驱动器label标签land(凸)平地magnetic tape磁带magnetic tape reel磁带盒magnetic tape streamer磁带条mass storage大容量存储器mass storage driver大容量存储器驱动media多媒体optical disk光盘optical disk driver光盘驱动器organizational Internet storage组织性网络存储PC Card hard disk PC卡硬盘pit凹primary storage主存RAID system磁盘阵列系统redundant array of inexpensive disks(RAID)廉价磁盘冗余阵列secondary storage辅存secondary storage driver辅存驱动器sector扇区sequential access顺序存取Shutter快门software engineer软件工程师solid-state storage固态存储器storage devices存储装置tape cartridge盒式磁带track轨道USB drive USB驱动器write-protection notch写入保护缺口。

用友数据库中英文对照

用友数据库中英文对照

•fa_Control 30_记录互斥fa_Departments 07_部门fa_Depreciations 11_折旧方法fa_DeprList 34_折旧日志fa_DeprTransactions 19_折旧fa_DeprVoucherMain 23_折旧分配凭证主表fa_DeprVouchers 24_折旧分配凭证fa_DeprVouchers_pre 24_折旧分配凭证_准备fa_Dictionary 12_常用参照字典fa_EvaluateMain 21_评估单主表fa_EvaluateVouchers 22_评估单fa_Items 12_项目fa_ItemsManual 32_自定义项目fa_ItemsOfModel 14_对应各样式的项目fa_ItemsOfQuery 35_查询项目fa_Log 33_日志fa_Models 13_样式fa_Msg 29_信息fa_Objects 03_对象表fa_Operators 02_操作员fa_Origins 09_增减方式fa_QueryFilters 05_查询条件fa_Querys 04_查询fa_ReportTempfa_Status 10_使用状况fa_Total 31_汇总表Accessaries 成套件表AccInformation 账套参数表Ap_AlarmSet 单位报警分类设置表Ap_BillAge 账龄区间表Ap_Cancel 核销情况表Ap_CancelNo 生成自动序号Ap_CloseBill 收付款结算表Ap_CtrlCode 控制科目设置表Ap_Detail 应收/付明细账AP_DispSet 查询显示列设置表Ap_InputCode 入账科目表Ap_InvCode 存货科目设置表Ap_Lock 操作互斥表Ap_MyTableSet 查询条件存储表Ap_Note 票据登记簿Ap_Note_Sub 票据登记簿结算表Ap_SStyleCode 结算方式科目表Ap_Sum 应收/付总账表Ap_Vouch 应付/收单主表Ap_Vouchs 应付/收单主表的关联表Ap_VouchType 单据类型表Ar_BadAge 坏账计提账龄期间表Ar_BadPara 坏账计提参数表ArrivalVouch 到货单、质检单主表ArrivalVouchs 到货单、质检单子表AssemVouch 组装、拆卸、形态转换单主表AssemVouchs 组装、拆卸、形态转换单子表Bank 本企业开户银行及账号CA_ACR 按产品产量约当分配率表CA_AllMt 分配率分配方法表CA_AmoCt 各项费用成本表CA_AsDIF 辅助部门内部固定分配率表CA_AssCW 辅助费用耗用表CA_AssMP 辅助部门计划单价表CA_AWPC 各项费用耗用计划表CA_CBSys 系统设置表CA_ClassDef 产品类别定义CA_ComPD 完工产品处理表CA_ComPS 完工产品统计表CA_ControlCA_CostCD 费用明细定义表CA_DaCPS 完工产品产量日报表CA_DaMBW 材料及外购半成品耗用日报表CA_DayTiS 工时日报表CA_Depcf 部门预测录入表CA_DepCs 折旧费用表CA_DepDf 部门属性表CA_DepFR 部门预测结果表CA_DepHC 部门历史成本表CA_DepPMA 部门计划人工费用率表CA_DirMA 直接人工费用表CA_EnMMC 月末部门共用材料盘点表CA_EnMOM 月末在产品原材料盘点表CA_EnMOP 月末在产品盘点表CA_IDMAC 记入直接材料费用的出库类别表CA_MaBSW 材料及外购半成品耗用表CA_ManCt 制造费用表CA_MAPC 人工费用人员类别表CA_MatDf 材料定义表CA_OnlIA 其它费用表CA_OnpB 在产品年初数表CA_OnPCE 在产品每月变动约当系数表CA_OnPQu 在产品约当系数表CA_OnpQuo 在产品定额表CA_PlanC 计划成本表CA_PPUDR 工序产品领用日报表CA_PreDf 工序定义表CA_ProCF 产品成本预测表CA_ProNb 产品批号表CA_ProPMA 工序计划人工费用率表CA_ProPt 工序产品属性表CA_ProPU 工序产品领用表CA_Quo 定额表CA_RptAdd 成本报表自定义加项CA_RptFld 成本报表自定义栏目表CA_RptSub 成本报表自定义减项CA_RptSum 成本汇总表CA_RptSys 成本汇总报表系统备份CA_SAmoCt 服务项目费用成本表CA_SerPri 服务价格表CA_SPDf 结转凭证定义表CA_TimSt 工时统计表CA_UserProperty 操作员权限表CA_WasPR 废品回收表CheckVouch 盘点单主表CheckVouchs 盘点单子表code 《科目表》code_1 《科目表》CostJustVouch 计划价/售价调整主表CostJustVouchs 计划价/售价调整子表CostObj 成本对象表CurrentStock 现存量表Customer 客户档案CustomerClass 客户分类体系CW_CodePlan 科目计划初始(code plan)CW_CodePlus 科目追加计划(code plus)CW_DeptPlan 部门计划初始(department plan)CW_DeptPlus 部门追加计划(department plus)CW_ProfPlan 利润计划初始(profit plan)CW_ProfPlus 利润追加计划(profit plus)CW_ProjPlan 项目计划初始(project plan)CW_ProjPlus 项目追加计划(project plus)CW_WideDeptCode 粗放部门计划控制科目(wide department code) CW_WideProjCode 粗放项目计划控制科目(wide project code) Department 部门档案Department_1 部门档案Department_2 部门档案DispatchList 发货单、委托代销结算单主表DispatchLists 发货单、委托代销结算单子表DistrictClass 地区分类体系dsign 《凭证类别表》dsigns 《凭证类别子表》DynTemplet 打印版面临时表模版DynTempletUFSOFTEnDispatch 委托代销发货单主表EnDispatchs 委托代销发货单子表exch 《汇率表》ExpenseItem 销售费用项目ExpenseVouch 代垫费用主表ExpenseVouchs 代垫费用子表fa_AssetAttached 17_附属设备fa_AssetTypes 06_资产类别fa_Cards 16_卡片fa_CardsSheets 34_卡片Sheets表fa_Vouchers 20_变动单fa_WorkLoad 18_工作量fa_ZWVouchers 《外部凭证临时表》FD_AccDef 账户定义表FD_AccSet 账户设置表FD_AccSum 累积类账户总账表FD_AccUnit 开户单位定义表FD_CadAcr 结息日结转利息单据表FD_CadSet 结息日设置表FD_CadSets 结息日设置子表FD_Class 单据类别表FD_CreAcrRcp 贷款利息还款单据表FD_Cred 贷款表FD_Dzd "对账单"FD_DzdUnit "对账单单位"FD_Fetch 取款表FD_Hasten "催款单"FD_Intra 利率设置表FD_Intras 利率设置子表FD_Item 项目大类定义表FD_Items 项目定义表FD_Itemss 项目科目、项目账户表FD_Option 选项FD_Return 还款表FD_Sav 存款表FD_SettAcc 结算表FD_UnwAcrRcp 拆借利息还款单据表FD_UnwDeb 内部拆借表FD_UnwRet 内部拆借还款表FD_Vouch 凭证借贷方科目定义表fitem 《项目大类》fitemgrademode 《项目分类定义模版》fitemstructure 《项目结构定义》fitemstrumode 《项目目录定义模版》foreigncurrency 《币种表》foreigncurrency_1 《币种表》GL_accass 《辅助总账》GL_accsum 《科目总账》GL_accvouch 《凭证及明细账》GL_bage 《往来账龄区间定义》GL_bautotran 《自动转账定义》GL_bdigest 《常用摘要表》GL_bfreq 《常用凭证》GL_bmulti 《多栏定义》GL_btext 《往来函证信息》GL_mccontrol 《科目并发控制表》GL_mcodeauth 《科目权限表》GL_mcodeused 《科目常用项》GL_mend 《账套结账状态表》GL_merror 《对账出错信息》GL_mitemused 《项目常用项》GL_mpostcond 《最近一次记账凭证》GL_msysname 《系统名称对照表》GL_mvcontrol 《凭证并发控制表》GL_mvocontrol 《外部凭证并发控制表》GL_myaccount 《我的账簿》GL_mybooktype 《账簿套打格式》GL_myoutput 《输出栏目》GL_vouchother 《外部凭证临时表》GradeDef 编码规则表IA_HeadSet 存货科目设置表IA_InvTData 存货临时表IA_MoneyPlan 存货核算资金占用规划表IA_QueCondition 查询条件IA_Subsidiary 存货核算存货明细账IA_Summary 存货核算存货总账IA_ValuationAss 存货核算计价辅助数据表Inventory 存货目录Inventory_1 存货目录Inventory_2 存货目录InventoryClass 存货分类体系InvoiceItem 单据项目定义InvoiceItem_ 单据项目定义InvoiceItem_Ap 单据项目定义InvoiceItem_sal 单据项目定义InvoiceItem_salPRN 单据项目定义InvoiceItema 单据项目定义ItemDef 用户可选择项目表JustInVouch 出入库调整单主表JustInVouchs 出入库调整单子表KCHSItem 单据项目定义LockVouch 单据锁定表MainBatch 批次主文件MatchVouch 限额领料单主表MatchVouchs 限额领料单子表MaxVouch 最大单号表NowReceipt 现收款表OverStockVouch 呆滞积压处理单主表OverStockVouchs 呆滞积压处理单子表PayCondition 付款条件Person 职员档案po 采购定单定义PO_Podetails "采购定单(明细)"PO_Pomain 采购定单(主表)PO_Quodetails 询/报价单(明细)PO_Quomain "询/报价单(主表)PO_VendorProcucts "供应商产品PP_IMRPdetails "独立需求计划(明细)PP_IMRPmain "独立需求计划(主表)PP_MPSdetails "生产计划(明细)PP_MPSmain "生产计划(主表)PP_period 计划周期PP_PPCDetails "采购计划(明细)PP_PPCmain "采购计划(主表)PP_PU 采购计划-采购入库对照表PP_RMRPdetails "相关需求计划(明细)PP_RMRPmain "相关需求计划(主表)PriceJustify 调价记录表print 《纸型预置》PrintDef 《表格头尾项目定义》ProductStructure 产品结构主表ProductStructures 产品结构子表PS 采购结算单显示定义PSN_PurBillPU_LeftSum "采购余额一览表PurBillVouch 采购发票主表PurBillVouchs 采购发票子表PurchaseType 采购类型PurQueryCon 条件保存(采购) PurQueryList 自定义表(采购) PurSettleVouch 采购结算单主表PurSettleVouchs 采购结算单子表QuotedPriceVouch 报价单主表QuotedPriceVouchs 报价单子表Rd_Style 收发类别RdRecord 收发记录主表RdRecords 收发记录子表RP_bankrecp 《银行对账单(银行日记账)》RP_cheque 《支票登记簿》Rpt_FldDEF 报表查询项目定义Rpt_FltDEF 筛选条件定义Rpt_Folder "账夹管理Rpt_GlbDEF 报表查询定义RPT_GRPDEF 分组定义RPT_ItmDEF 报表单元选项Rpt_RelDEF 关系定义SA_Account 销售总账SA_SalePlan 销售计划表SA_WrapLease 包装物租借表SaleBillVouch 销售发票主表SaleBillVouchs 销售发票子表SalePayVouch 销售支出单主表SalePayVouchs 销售支出单子表SalePrice 销售价目表SaleRelation 销售关联表Sales_Control 销售菜单表SaleType 销售类型ScrapVouch 报废单主表ScrapVouchs 报废单子表SettleStyle 结算方式ShippingChoice 发运方式表SO_SODetails 销售订单子表SO_SOMain 销售订单主表SO_SOText 销售订单合同文本SRelations 表间关系表ST_TotalAccount 库存总账TableName 表名目录表TableRelation 表间关联描述TransVouch 转库单主表TransVouchs 转库单子表UserDef 自定义项定义表UserDefine 自定义项数值表Vendor 供应商档案VendorClass 供应商分类体系Vouchers 单据定义VouchFormat 单据格式主表VouchFormats 单据格式子表VouchList 单据列表定义表VouchNumVouchType 单据类型表WA_account 工资类别管理表WA_Bank 银行设置表WA_Bank_Set 银行格式设置表WA_BankName 银行名称设置表WA_BankPar 银行代发参数表WA_BankTop 银行代发首末行定义表WA_Currency 工资汇率表WA_dept 各工资类别的部门表WA_FilterExpList 过滤项目表WA_FilterName 过滤器名称表WA_formula 计算公式设置表WA_FT_KM 工资分摊科目比例表WA_FT_Sum 工资分摊总额参数表WA_FTDept 工资分摊部门表WA_FTName 分摊计提名称表WA_grade 人员类别表WA_GZBItemDept 表项目组成表(部门)WA_GZBItemGrd 表项目组成表(类别)WA_GZBItemTitle 表项目组成表(栏目)WA_GZBName 表名称表WA_GZData 工资数据表WA_GZFT 工资分摊表WA_GZHZB 工资汇总表WA_GZItem 各工资类别工资项目设置表WA_GZNameList 工资项目参照表WA_GZtblset 工资项目设置表WA_JKItemSet 数据接口设置表WA_JKSet 数据接口文件格式表WA_psn 人员表WA_PsnMsg 人员附加信息表WA_SDS 所得税数据表WA_SDS_p 所得税设置表WA_SDS_SL 所得税税率表WA_SelectMoney 票面额设置表WA_State 数据处理状态表Warehouse 仓库档案。

数据库管理系统中英文对照

数据库管理系统中英文对照

数据库管理系统地介绍Raghu Ramakrishnan数据库<database, 有时拼作data base )又称为电子数据库, 是专门组织起来地一组数据或信息, 其目地是为了便于计算机快速查询及检索. 数据库地结构是专门设计地, 在各种数据处理操作命令地支持下, 可以简化数据地存储, 检索, 修改和删除. 数据库可以存储在磁盘, 磁带, 光盘或其他辅助存储设备上. b5E2RGbCAP 数据库由一个或一套文件组成, 其中地信息可以分解为记录, 每一记录又包含一个或多个字段<或称为域). 字段是数据存取地基本单位. 数据库用于描述实体,其中地一个字段通常表示与实体地某一属性相关地信息. 通过关键字以及各种分类<排序)命令,用户可以对多条记录地字段进行查询,重新整理,分组或选择,以实体对某一类数据地检索, 也可以生成报表. p1EanqFDPw所有数据库<最简单地除外)中都有复杂地数据关系及其链接.处理与创建,访问以及维护数据库记录有关地复杂任务地系统软件包叫做数据库管理系统vDBMS .DBMS 软件包中地程序在数据库与其用户间建立接口.<这些用户可以是应用程序员,管理员及其他需要信息地人员和各种操作系统程序). DXDiTa9E3d DBMS可组织,处理和表示从数据库中选出地数据元•该功能使决策者能搜索探查和查询数据库地内容, 从而对在正规报告中没有地,不再出现地且无法预料地问题做出回答.这些问题最初可能是模糊地并且<或者)是定义不恰当地, 但是人们可以浏览数据库直到获得所需地信息•简言之,DBMS将“管理”存储地数据项, 并从公共数据库中汇集所需地数据项以回答非程序员地询问. RTCrpUDGiTDBMS由3个主要部分组成:<1)存储子系统,用来存储和检索文件中地数据;<2)建模和操作子系统, 提供组织数据以及添加, 删除,维护, 更新数据地方法;<3)用户和DBMS之间地接口.在提高数据库管理系统地价值和有效性方面正在展现以下一些重要发展趋势;5PCzVD7HxA1 .管理人员需要最新地信息以做出有效地决策.2.客户需要越来越复杂地信息服务以及更多地有关其订单, 发票和账号地当前信息.3.用户发现他们可以使用传统地程序设计语言, 在很短地一段时间内用数据库系统开发客户应用程序4.商业公司发现了信息地战略价值,他们利用数据库系统领先于竞争对手. 数据库模型数据库模型描述了在数据库中结构化和操纵数据地方法, 模型地结构部分规定了数据如何被描述<例如树, 表等):模型地操纵部分规定了数据添加,删除, 显示, 维护, 打印,查找,选择,排序和更新等操作. jLBHrnAILg 分层模型第一个数据库管理系统使用地是分层模型,也就是说,将数据记录排列成树形结构.一些记录时根目录, 在其他所有记录都有独立地父记录.树形结构地设计反映了数据被使用地顺序, 也就是首先访问处于树根位置地记录, 接下来是跟下面地记录,等等. xHAQX74J0X分层模型地开发是因为分层关系在商业应用中普遍存在,众所周知,一个组织结构图表就描述了一种分层关系:高层管理人员在最高层, 中层管理人员在较低地层次,负责具体事务地雇员在最底层. 值得注意地是, 在一个严格地分层结构体系中, 在每个管理层下可能有多个雇员或多个层次地雇员, 但每个雇员只有一个管理者.分层结构数据地典型特征是数据之间地一对多关系. LDAYtRyKfE 在分层方法中,当数据库建立时, 每一关系即被明确地定义. 在分层数据库中地每一记录只能包含一个关键字段, 任意两个字段之间只能有一种关系. 由于数据并不总是遵循这种严格地分层关系, 所以这样可能会出现一些问题. Zzz6ZB2Ltk 关系模型在1970 年, 数据库研究取得了重大突破.E.F.Codd 提出了一种截然不同地数据库管理方法, 使用表作为数据结构, 称之为关系模型. dvzfvkwMI1关系数据库是使用最广地数据结构,数据被组织成关系表, 每个表由称作记录地行和称作字段地列组成. 每个记录包含了专用工程地字段值. 例如,在一个包含雇员信息地表中, 一个记录包含了像一个人姓名和地址这样地字段地值. rqyn14ZNXI 结构化查询语言<SQL是一种在关系型数据库中用于处理数据地查询语言.它是非过程化语言或者说是描述性地,用户只须指定一种类似于英语地描述, 用来确定操作, 记录或描述记录组合. 查询优化器将这种描述翻译为过程执行数据库操作. EmxvxOtOco 网状模型网状模型在数据之间通过链接表结构创建关系, 子记录可以链接到多个父记录.这种将记录和链接捆绑到一起地方法叫做指针, 他是指向一个记录存储位置地存储地址. 使用网状方法,一个子记录可以链接到一个关键记录,同时, 它本身也可以作为一个关键记录.链接到其他一系列子记录.在早期, 网状模型比其他模型更有性能优势;但是在今天,这种优势地特点只有在自动柜员机网络, 航空预定系统等大容量和高速处理过程中才是最重要地. SixE2yXPq5分层和网状数据库都是专用程序, 如果开发一个新地应用程序, 那么在不同地应用程序中保持数据库地一致性是非常困难地. 例如开发一个退休金程序, 需要访问雇员数据,这一数据同时也被工资单程序访问.虽然数据是相同地, 但是也必须建立新地数据库. 6ewMyirQFL 对象模型最新地数据库管理方法是使用对象模型, 记录由被称作对象地实体来描述, 可以在对象中存储数据, 同时提供方法或程序执行特定地任务. kavU42VRUs对象模型使用地查询语言与开发数据库程序所使用地面向对象地程序设计语言是相同地,因为没有像SQL这样简单统一地查询语言,所以会产生一些问题. 对象模型相对较新, 仅有少数几个面向对象地数据库实例. 它引起了人们地关注, 因为选择面向对象程序设计语言地开发人员希望有一个基于在对象模型基础上地数据库. y6v3ALoS89 分布式数据库类似地, 分布式数据库指地是数据库地各个部分分别存储在物理上相互分开地计算机上. 分布式数据库地一个目地是访问数据信息时不必考虑其他位置. 注意, 一旦用户和数据分开, 通信和网络则开始扮演重要角色. M2ub6vSTnP分布式数据库需要部分常驻于大型主机上地软件, 这些软件在大型机和个人计算机之间建立桥梁, 并解决数据格式不兼容地问题. 在理想情况下, 大型主机上地数据库看起来像是一个大地信息仓库, 而大部分处理则在个人计算机上完成. 0YujCfmUCw 分布式数据库系统地一个缺点是它们常以主机中心模型为基础, 在这种模型中, 大型主机看起来好像是雇主, 而终端和个人计算机看起来好像是奴隶. 但是这种方法也有许多优点:由于数据库地集中控制, 前面提到地数据完整性和安全性地问题就迎刃而解了.当今地个人计算机,部门级计算机和分布式处理都需要计算机之间以及应用程序之间在相等或对等地基础上相互通信, 在数据库中客户机/ 服务器模型为分布式数据库提供了框架结构. eUts8ZQVRd利用相互连接地计算机上运行地数据库应用程序地一种方法是将程序分解为相互独立地部分. 客户端是一个最终用户或通过网络申请资源地计算机程序, 服务器是一个运行着地计算机软件, 存储着那些通过网络传输地申请.当申请地资源是数据库中地数据时, 客户机/服务器模型则为分布式数据库提供了框架结构. sQsAEJkW5T 文件服务器指地是一个通过网络提供文件访问地软件, 专门地文件服务器是一台被指定为文件服务器地计算机. 这是非常有用地,例如,如果文件比较大而且需要快速访问,在这种情况下,一台微型计算机或大型主机将被用作文件服务器. 分布式文件服务器将文件分散到不同地计算机上, 而不是将它们集中存放到专门地文件服务器上.GMsIasNXkA后一种文件服务器地优点包括在其他计算机上存储和检索文件地能力, 并可以在每一台计算机上消除重复文件. 然而,一个重要地缺点是每个读写请求需要在网络上传播, 在刷新文件时可能出现问题. 假设一个用户申请文件中地一个数据并修改它, 同时另外一个用户也申请这个数据并修改它, 解决这种问题地方法叫做数据锁定, 即第一个申请使其他申请处于等待状态, 直到完成第一个申请,其他用户可以读取这个数据, 但不能修改. TIrRGchYzg数据库服务器是一个通过网络为数据库申请提供服务地软件,例如, 假设某个用户在他地个人计算机上输入了一个数据查询命令, 如果应用程序按照客户机/ 服务器模型设计, 那么个人计算机上地查询语言通过网络传送数据库服务器上, 当发现数据时发出通知. 7EqZcWLZNX在工程界也有许多分布式数据库地例子,如SUN公司地网络文件系统<NFS 被应用到计算机辅助工程应用程序中,将数据分散到由SUNT作站组成地网络上地不同硬盘之间. lzq7IGf02E分布式数据库是革命性地进步, 因为把数据存放在被使用位置上是很合乎常理地.例如一个大公司不同部门之间地计算机, 应该将数据存储在本地, 然而,当被授权地管理人员需要整理部门数据时, 数据应该能够被访问. 数据库信息系统软件将保护数据库地安全性和完整性, 对用户而言, 分布式数据库和非分布式数据库看起来没有什么差别. zvpgeqJ1hk原文Database Management Systems( 3th Edition >,Wiley ,2004, 5-12NrpoJac3v1A introduction to Database Management SystemRaghu RamakrishnanA database (sometimes spelled data base> is also called an electronicdatabase , referring to any collection of data, or information, that is specially organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. Databases are structuredto facilitate the storage, retrieval , modification, and deletion of data in conjunction with various data- processing operations .Databases can be stored on magnetic disk or tape, optical disk, or some other secondary storagedevic1e n.owfTG4KIA database consists of a file or a set of files. The information in thesefiles may be broken down into records, each of which consists of one or more fields. Fields are the basic units of data storage , and each field typically contains information pertaining to one aspect or attribute of the entity described by the database . Using keywords and various sorting commands, users can rapidly search , rearrange, group, and select the fields in many records to retrieve or create reports on particular aggregate of data f.jnFLDa5ZoComplex data relationships and linkages may be found in all but the simplest databases .The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating ,accessing, and maintaining database records is called a database management system(DBMS>.The programs in a DBMS package establish an interface between the database itself and the users of the database.. (These users may be applications programmers, managers and others with information needs, and various OS programs.>tfnNhnE6e5A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements form the database. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren't available in regular reports. These questions mightinitially be vague and/or poorly defined ,but people can “browse”through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “manage”the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren't programmers.HbmVN777sLA database management system (DBMS> is composed of three major parts:(1>a storage subsystem that stores and retrieves data in files 。

中英文文献翻译

中英文文献翻译

Database introduction and ACCESS2000The database is the latest technology of data management, and the important branch of computer science. The database , as its name suggests, is the warehouse to preserve the data. The warehouse to store apparatus in computer only, and data to deposit according to sure forms。

The so-called database is refers to the long-term storage the data acquisition which in the computer, organized, may share。

In the database data according to the certain data model organization, the description, and the storage, has a smaller redundance, the higher data independence and the easy extension, and may altogether shine for each kind of user。

The effective management database, frequently has needed some database management systems (DBMS) is the user provides to database operation each kind of order, the tool and the method, including database establishment and recording input, revision, retrieval, demonstration, deletion and statistics。

常用大数据词汇中英文对照表

常用大数据词汇中英文对照表

常用大数据词汇中英文对照表A聚合(Aggregation)–搜索、合并、显示数据的过程算法(Algorithms)–可以完成某种数据分析的数学公式分析法(Analytics)–用于发现数据的内在涵义异常检测(Anomaly detection)–在数据集中搜索与预期模式或行为不匹配的数据项。

除了“Anomalies”,用来表示异常的词有以下几种:outliers,exceptions,surprises,contaminants.他们通常可提供关键的可执行信息匿名化(Anonymization)–使数据匿名,即移除所有与个人隐私相关的数据应用(Application)–实现某种特定功能的计算机软件人工智能(Artificial Intelligence)–研发智能机器和智能软件,这些智能设备能够感知周遭的环境,并根据要求作出相应的反应,甚至能自我学习B行为分析法(Behavioural Analytics)–这种分析法是根据用户的行为如“怎么做”,“为什么这么做”,以及“做了什么”来得出结论,而不是仅仅针对人物和时间的一门分析学科,它着眼于数据中的人性化模式大数据科学家(Big Data Scientist)–能够设计大数据算法使得大数据变得有用的人大数据创业公司(Big data startup)–指研发最新大数据技术的新兴公司生物测定术(Biometrics)–根据个人的特征进行身份识别B字节(BB:Brontobytes)–约等于1000YB(Yottabytes),相当于未来数字化宇宙的大小。

1B字节包含了27个0!商业智能(Business Intelligence)–是一系列理论、方法学和过程,使得数据更容易被理解C分类分析(Classification analysis)–从数据中获得重要的相关性信息的系统化过程;这类数据也被称为元数据(meta data),是描述数据的数据云计算(Cloud computing)–构建在网络上的分布式计算系统,数据是存储于机房外的(即云端)聚类分析(Clustering analysis)–它是将相似的对象聚合在一起,每类相似的对象组合成一个聚类(也叫作簇)的过程。

信息技术常用术语中英文对照表

信息技术常用术语中英文对照表

信息技术常用术语中英文对照表一、基础概念1. 信息(Information)数据经过处理、分析、解释后形成的知识或见解。

2. 数据(Data)未经过处理或解释的原始事实、数字、文字等。

3. 硬件(Hardware)计算机系统的物理组成部分,如中央处理器、内存、硬盘等。

4. 软件(Software)计算机系统中的程序、数据及相关文档的集合。

5. 系统软件(System Software)管理计算机硬件资源、提供用户与硬件交互界面的软件,如操作系统、驱动程序等。

6. 应用软件(Application Software)为特定任务或目的而设计的软件,如文字处理软件、电子表格软件等。

7. 操作系统(Operating System)管理计算机硬件和软件资源的系统软件,提供用户与计算机硬件交互的界面。

8. 数据库(Database)有组织地存储、管理和检索数据的系统。

9. 编程语言(Programming Language)用于编写计算机程序的语言,如Python、Java、C++等。

10. 算法(Algorithm)解决特定问题的一系列步骤或规则。

二、网络与通信11. 互联网(Internet)全球性的计算机网络,连接了世界各地的计算机。

12. 局域网(Local Area Network,LAN)在较小范围内(如家庭、办公室、学校等)连接计算机的网络。

13. 广域网(Wide Area Network,WAN)覆盖较大地理范围的网络,如互联网。

14. 无线网络(Wireless Network)使用无线电波传输数据的网络,如WiFi。

15. 互联网协议(Internet Protocol,IP)定义了数据在互联网输的规则。

16. 传输控制协议(Transmission Control Protocol,TCP)确保数据在互联网上可靠传输的协议。

17. 用户数据报协议(User Datagram Protocol,UDP)提供无连接的、不可靠的数据传输服务。

数据库中英文术语

数据库中英文术语

数据库中英文术语基础理论英文术语中文释义data 数据database(DB) 数据库database system(dbs) 数据库系统database management system 数据库管理系统database administrator 数据库管理员relational model 关系模型relational database 关系型数据库relation 关系table 表网columnattribute 属性IOW 行tuple 元组record 记录domain 域key 键super key 超键candidate key 候选键primary key 主键foreign key 外键DQL 数据查询语句DDL 数据定义语句DML 数据操作语句DQL英文术语中文释义select 查询(选择)from 来自(表)where 条件范围order by 排序group by 分组having 分组条件union 合集union all 合集(重复数据多次显示)intersect 交集minues 差集and 与或主ornotfunction 单行函数aggregate functions 分组函数(多行函数,聚集函数)Cartesianproduct 笛卡尔积join 连接inner join 内连接(通常意义上的有效连接)outer join 外连接left outer join 左外连接right outer join 右外连接full outer join 全外连接nested subqueries 嵌套子查询DML和事务控制英文术语中文释义insert 新增(插入)into 进入values 值update 修改(更新)set 设置delete 删除commit 提交rollback 回滚DDL英文术语中文释义create 新建table 表default 默认值alter 修改add 添加modify 编辑drop 删除rename 重命名drop 删除truncate 截取constraint 约束not null 非空约束primary key 主键约束uniq。

数据库表名中英文对照表

数据库表名中英文对照表

数据库表名中英文对照表tbl_AMBoard AM板位描述表tbl_AMBoardCks 单板本板时钟参考源表tbl_AMBoardMap AM单板主备组表tbl_AMBoardProp AM单板属性表tbl_AMCcmHwCfg CCM平面HW配置表tbl_AMCksCfg AM时钟描述表tbl_AMDParamCfg AMD板参数配置表tbl_AMFrame AM框位描述表tbl_AMFrame AM框位描述表tbl_AMInstance AM话统实例表tbl_AMModule AM模块描述表(SM)tbl_AMModule AM模块描述表tbl_AMSideLinkDes AM侧门链路配置表tbl_AMSoftParam AM软件参数表tbl_AMWarnEnviCfg AM告警环境变量配置表tbl_AMWarnMask AM告警屏蔽表tbl_AOSLPHILink AO服务器链路配置表tbl_AOUserData AO用户业务表tbl_AT0TkGrp A T0中继群表tbl_AT4TkGrp A T4中继群表tbl_AccModeAna 计费制式分析表tbl_AccStatAna 计费情况分析表tbl_AccStateIdx 计费情况索引表tbl_AddComplexMode 附加费组合方式分析表tbl_AddMode 附加费制式分析表tbl_AddPayMode 附加费收费方式表tbl_AnalogConfig 模拟量配置表tbl_AreaCode 国内长途区号表tbl_AtuCellCfg A TU单板信元配置表tbl_AtuPvcCfg A TU单板PVC配置表tbl_AuxSig 补充信令表tbl_BiPoint 计费点分析表tbl_BoardDes 单板描述表tbl_BoardLoadInfo 单板加载信息表tbl_CDBFuncCfg 中央数据库功能配置表tbl_CDBFuncCfg 中央数据库功能配置表tbl_CFData 呼叫前转表tbl_CallDivReg 呼叫转接业务登记表tbl_CallPreProc 号首特殊处理表tbl_CallSrcCode 呼叫源表tbl_CalleeAna 被叫号码分析表tbl_CalleeGrpAcc 被叫分组计费表tbl_CalleeLimitGroup 被叫号码限呼组表tbl_CallerAna 主叫号码分析表tbl_CallerDistGroupISP 主叫号码甄别组ISP表tbl_CallerDistGroupSM 主叫号码甄别组SM表tbl_CdbFieldDef CDB/ISP字段定义表tbl_CdbTableDef CDB/ISP关系定义表tbl_CentrexCard ISP卡号数据表tbl_CentrexConsole CENTREX话务台表tbl_CentrexGrp CENTREX群数据表tbl_CentrexGrpAcc CENTREX群内计费表tbl_CentrexGrpInfo CENTREX长短号对照表tbl_CentrexNewService CENTREX号码分析表tbl_CentrexOutRight CENTREX出群权限表tbl_ChgDN 改号对照表tbl_CicModule CIC模块表tbl_CirSort 电路工程编号模块分布表tbl_ClockCfg 时钟配置表tbl_CountryCode 国家及地区代码表tbl_CugAttr CUG属性表tbl_CugData CUG数据表tbl_DBChange 号码变换表tbl_DChParam D通路参数表tbl_DateTypeAna 日期类别分析表tbl_DestLimit 目的码限呼表tbl_DnAllow 目的码允许表tbl_DvMethod 信息量计费制式表tbl_E16Base 单板时钟参考源输出选择表tbl_E1PortCfg E1端口配置表(SM)tbl_E1PortCfg E1端口配置表tbl_EMTkGrp EM中继群表tbl_ESLDev ESL设备数据表tbl_ESLUserData ESL用户数据表tbl_ESMBoardCks ESM单板本板时钟参考源表tbl_ESME16Base ESM单板时钟参考源输出选择表tbl_ETSUserData ETS用户数据表tbl_EcDevParaCfg EC参数配置表tbl_EcpBoardSrcCfg ECP资源配置表tbl_EcpBoardSrcCfg ECP资源配置表tbl_EmCallWatch 紧急呼叫观察表tbl_EsmE1Des ESM中继E1配置表tbl_FailProc 呼叫建立失败处理表tbl_FskV oltIndex FSK电平参数表tbl_GWHInfo 运营商信息表tbl_GrpLimit 组间呼叫指示表tbl_HWGrpDes HW描述表tbl_HslPortCfg HSL配置表tbl_IFMCardCfg SoftX IP配置表tbl_IFMCardCfg SoftX IP配置表tbl_IFMFuncCfg IFM功能配置表tbl_IFMFuncCfg IFM功能配置表tbl_INChargeRounding 计费舍入表tbl_INChargeSpecialty 业务计费特性表tbl_INChargeType 计费类别表tbl_INConfine IN业务制约关系表tbl_INDPCTable 远端信令点表tbl_INDPNewService DP点与新业务对应关系表tbl_INDPPrinciple 双IN业务在DP点的处理原则表tbl_INGTTranslation 全局码翻译表tbl_INHolidayDiscount 节假日折扣表tbl_INIPAddress IP物理地址表tbl_INIPCapacity IP业务能力数据表tbl_INIPConfig IP配置状态数据表tbl_INKeyNumber IN业务键值与序号对应表tbl_INLocalAssistRes 智能资源分配表tbl_INLocalCallerNumber IN业务本地呼叫主叫号码描述表tbl_INLongCallerNumber IN业务长途呼叫主叫号码描述表tbl_INMEMCardConfig MEM单板配置表tbl_INMEMParaConfig MEM参数配置表tbl_INModuleLogic 模块逻辑描述表tbl_INMsgIDToneID MessageID与信号音映射表tbl_INNewGT 新全局码表tbl_INNewServiceName 新业务名称与序号对应表tbl_INNormalDiscount 日常折扣表tbl_INNoteIndex 语音种类索引表tbl_INOffice 局TDP配置数据表tbl_INSCPAddress SCP物理地址表tbl_INSCPConfig SCP配置表tbl_INSPTStartCode SPT单板起始语音编码表tbl_INSRMModule SRM模块资源搜索表tbl_INSSPAddress SSP物理地址表tbl_INSSPCapacity SSP业务专用资源能力数据表tbl_INSSPModuleState SSP模块配置状态数据表tbl_INScfIDtoSCP SCP映射表tbl_INServNewRestrice IN业务与新业务制约关系表tbl_INSptSound SPT语音编码表tbl_INSspSpecialSig 业务特殊信令表tbl_INSubsystem 子系统表tbl_INTelephoneConfig 电话号码连续方案配置表tbl_INTimeDiscount 通话时长折扣表tbl_INWeekDiscount 星期折扣表tbl_ISPFuncCfg ISP功能配置表(SM)tbl_ISPFuncCfg ISP功能配置表tbl_ITCCardCfg ITC单板配置表tbl_InternetCfg IAU数据配置表tbl_IsdnData ISDN数据表tbl_JoinFrameOptCfg 接口框输出光路配置表tbl_LCCCardCfg LCC单板配置表tbl_LimitCallTime 按时间限呼组表tbl_LocalGrpAcc 本局分组计费表tbl_LocalOfficeInfo 本局信息表tbl_MGDev MG接入设备表tbl_MGDev MG接入设备表tbl_MTADesc MTA描述表tbl_MTKTkGrp MTK中继群表tbl_MTPDestSigPoint MTP目的信令点表tbl_MTPLink MTP链路表tbl_MTPLinks MTP链路集表tbl_MTPRoute MTP路由表tbl_MemInfo MEM查询表tbl_MeterRate 计次表费率表tbl_MeterType 计次制式表tbl_NMCallGap 网管呼叫间隙表tbl_NMCancelDeRoute 网管取消迂回路由表tbl_NMCircuitDirect 网管电路定向表tbl_NMCircuitReject 网管电路拒绝表tbl_NMCircuitReserved 网管中继预留控制表tbl_NMFlowCtlCircuit 流控电路控制表tbl_NMFlowCtlDest 流控目的码表tbl_NMHTRDes 网管HTR描述表tbl_NMInTkDest 网管发端目的码表tbl_NMLimDirectRoute 网管限制直达路由表tbl_NMOutTkDest 网管出局目的码表tbl_NMSkipSubRoute 网管跳跃子路由表tbl_NMSpecialTone 网管特殊通知音表tbl_NMTempRoute 网管临时路由表tbl_NewSerBill 新业务计费表tbl_No1Info 中继一号数据表tbl_No7Info 中继七号数据表tbl_NodeDes 主节点描述表tbl_Office 局向表tbl_OutCentrexPre 出群字冠描述表tbl_OutRight 号首呼出权限表tbl_PCMAttr PCM物理属性表tbl_PRA TkCircuit PRA信令链路表tbl_PRAUserData PRA用户数据表tbl_PbxUserGrp 小交用户群表tbl_PbxUserGrpDev 小交用户设备表tbl_PcmPulse PCM脉冲表tbl_PhoneSeg 号段表tbl_PostInfo 营业厅数据表tbl_PriorDef 优先级定义表tbl_PulseMod 脉冲参数表tbl_RSADesc RSA描述表tbl_RSAESCCfg ESC配置表tbl_RSMIIModuleSigLink RSMII模块信令链路表(SM)tbl_RSMIIModuleSigLink RSMII模块信令链路表tbl_ReleaseCtrlType 释放控制方式表tbl_Route 路由表tbl_RouteAna 路由分析表tbl_SMBoardProp SM单板扩展属性表tbl_SMCksCfg SMCKS时钟配置表tbl_SMClockDes 时钟描述表tbl_SMFrameDes 机框描述表tbl_SMIISigRoute SMII信令链路配置表(SM)tbl_SMIISigRoute SMII信令链路配置表tbl_SMInstance SM话统实例表tbl_SMModule SM模块描述表tbl_SMOptCfg SM模块光路链路配置表(SM)tbl_SMOptCfg SM模块光路链路配置表tbl_SMSideLinkDes SM侧门链路配置表tbl_SMThreshold SM话统阈值表tbl_SMWarnMask SM告警屏蔽表tbl_STDev ST设备数据表tbl_STUserData ST用户数据表tbl_Second 时刻数据表tbl_SemiPerm 半永久性连接表tbl_ServiceTrigger 超级触发业务登记表tbl_ServiceTriggerIdx 业务触发索引表tbl_ShelfDes 槽位描述表tbl_SigChange 信号变换表tbl_SigSetting 放音配置表tbl_SigSlot 信号音板时隙描述表tbl_SmFieldDef SM字段定义表tbl_SmTableDef SM关系定义表tbl_SoftParam 软件参数表tbl_SpDBChange 特殊号码变换表tbl_SpmBoardModule AM各板模块配置表tbl_SpmBoardModule AM各板模块配置表tbl_SpmCpcBoardCfg CPC板配置表tbl_SpmCpcBoardCfg CPC板配置表tbl_SpmE1Des SPM中继E1配置表tbl_SpmE1Des SPM中继E1配置表tbl_SpmHn7BoardCfg HN7板配置表tbl_SpmHn7BoardCfg HN7板配置表tbl_SpmMHIBoardCfg MHI板配置表tbl_SpmMHILinkTsCfg MHI链路时隙配置表tbl_SpmSptBoardCfg SPD板配置表tbl_SpmSptBoardCfg SPD板配置表tbl_SpmSrcBoardCfg SRC板单元配置表tbl_SpmSrcBoardCfg SRC板单元配置表tbl_SpmStaticSigDes SPM静态信号音描述表tbl_SrvCtrlLcs 业务权限控制表tbl_SubRoute 子路由表tbl_SubTrkGrp 中继群/子路由表tbl_TCIUserData TCI用户数据表tbl_Tandem 汇接信息表tbl_TestDevGrp 测试设备组表tbl_TimeIdx 时间索引表tbl_TimeSection 时间段描述表tbl_Timer 定时器数据表tbl_TkCircuit 中继电路表tbl_TkGrpLoad 中继群承载表tbl_TkGrpLoadIdx 中继群呼叫承载索引表tbl_TollCode 长途字冠描述表tbl_TrfTask 话统任务表(SM)tbl_TrfTask 话统任务表tbl_TrunkGroup 中继群表tbl_UserDataIdx 用户数据索引表tbl_UserDataIdxBAM 用户数据索引表(BAM)tbl_UserName 用户姓名表tbl_V5CChannel 物理C通道设定表tbl_V5CPath C路径配置表tbl_V5InterfaceData V5接口数据表tbl_V5PRADev V5PRA设备数据表tbl_V5PRATkCircuit V5PRA中继电路表tbl_V5STDev V5ST设备数据表tbl_V5STUserData V5ST用户数据表tbl_V5Var V5协议变量设定表tbl_WarnEnviCfg 告警环境变量配置表(SM)tbl_WarnParamCfg 告警信息参数配置表(SM)tbl_WarnParamCfg 告警信息参数配置表tbl_WeekTypeAna 星期类别分析表。

中英文名称对照表

中英文名称对照表
IPS
28
MCIS
多渠道接入系统
MCIS
29
GTS
国际结算及贸易融资集中化处理系统
GTS
30
NISS
国际结算系统
NISS
31
FMS
财务管理系统
FMS
32
ITGS
利息税归集缴纳及GLIF文件处理系统
ITGS
33
GLS
总账系统
GLS
34
MJE
内部交易平台
MJE
35
HDQS
历史数据查询系统
HDQS
36
ALMS
60
CISS
客户综合服务系统
CISS
61
GCMS
现金管理系统
GCMS
62
CALL CENTER
CALL CENTER
CALL CENTER
63
BOCNET 3.0
BOCNET 3.0
BOCNET
64
TPTS
过渡期汇划系统
TPTS
65
BPS
批量预处理系统
BPS
66
BCNCS
中国银行外汇交易中心净额清算系统
AMLS-数据库服务器
AMLS
90
CASS
外部客户对账服务与管理系统
CASS
92
MERVA
MERVA
MERVA
93
BIVR
国债电话查询系统
BIVR
94
ETOKEN
蓝图ETOKEN系统
ETOKEN
95
kondor
全球资金风险管理系统KONDOR+系统
KONDOR
96
分行中间业务平台

计算机专业词汇中英文对照

计算机专业词汇中英文对照

计算机专业词汇中英文对照access 访问address 地址address bus 地址总线address decoder 地址译码器address register (AR) 地址寄存器addressing mode 寻址方式American standard code for information interchange (ASCII) 美国标准信息交换码analog-digital conversion(ADC) 模数转换arbiter 仲裁机构arithmetic logical unit (ALU) 算术逻辑单元assembler 汇编auxiliary storage 辅助存储器binary 二进制binary coded decimal(BCD) 二进制编码的十进制数bit 位block carry look ahead (BCLA) 成组先行进位电路buffer 缓冲bus 总线byte 字节cache 高速缓冲存储器carry generate function 进位产生函数carry propagate function 进位传递函数cathode ray tube (CRT) 阴极射线管central process unit(CPU) 中央处理器channel 通道charge couple device (CCD) 电荷耦合器件compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM) 只读光盘compiler 编译程序complex instruction set computer (CISC) 复杂指令系统计算机computer aided design(CAD) 计算机辅助设计computer aided instruction (CAI) 计算机辅助教学computer aided manufacturing(CAM)计算机辅助制造computer aided test(CAT) 计算机辅助测试computer organization 计算机组成controller 控制器coprocessor 协处理器cyclic redundancy code (CRC) 循环冗余校验码data bus 数据总线data register (DR) 数据寄存器database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统database 数据库decimal 十进制deflection coil 偏转线圈desktop computer 台式计算机destination operand 目的操作数digital camera 数字照相机digital-analog conversion (DAC) 数模转换direct memory access (DMA) 直接存储器存取display 显示器dot pitch 点距dots per inch (dpi) 每英寸点数dynamic random access memory (DRAM) 动态随机存储器effective address (EA) 有效地址electrically erasable programmable read only memory(EEPROM) 电擦除可编程只读存储器electronic design automation (EDA) 电子设计自动化erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM) 可擦编程只读存储器even parity 奇校验excess-3 code 余3 码expansion bus speed 扩展总线速度exponent 阶码extended industry standard architecture (EISA) 扩展工业标准结构firmware 固件fixed point numbers 定点数flag register (FR) 标志寄存器floating point numbers 浮点数flow chart 流程图flyback transformer 回转变压器full adder (FA) 全加器general register (GR) 通用寄存器general-purpose computer 通用计算机gray code 格雷码hardware 硬件hexadecimal 十六进制immediate operand 立即数industrial standard architecture(ISA) 工业标准总线ink-jet printer 喷墨打印机input 输入input device 输入设备instruction 指令instruction cycle 指令周期instruction decoder (ID) 指令译码器instruction register(IR) 指令寄存器instruction set 指令系统interface 接口interpreter 解释程序interrupt 中断interrupt flip-flop 中断触发器interrupt mask register (IMR) 中断屏蔽寄存器interrupt priority level 中断优先级interrupt request register (IRR) 中断请求寄存器interrupt response 中断响应interrupt service register (ISR) 中断服务寄存器interrupt source 中断源keyboard 键盘large scale integration (LSI)大规模集成电路laser printer 激光打印机last in first out (LIFO) 后进先出least recently used(LRU) 近期最少使用(算法)light emitting diode (LED) 发光二极管liquid crystal display (LCD) 液晶显示器machine instruction 机器指令machine language 机器语言magnetic disk 磁盘mainframe 大型机,主机mantissa 尾数mean time between failures (MTBF) 平均无故障时间memory 存储器memory bus speed 内存总线速度memory location 存储单元memory management unit (MMU) 存储器管理单元memory size 存储容量microcomputer 微型机microinstruction 微指令microprocessor 微处理器microprogram 微程序million floating point operations per second (MFLOPS) 每秒百万次浮点运算million instructions per second (MIPS) 每秒百万条指令minicomputer 小型机mnemonics 助记符model 模monochrome monitor 单色显示器mouse 鼠标notebook 笔记本object program 目标程序octal 八进制odd parity 偶校验one’s complement 反码operating system (OS) 操作系统operation code (OP) 操作码operand 操作数optical character reader (OCR) 光学字符阅读机optical disk 光盘output 输出output device 输出设备overflow 溢出paged virtual memory 页式虚拟存储器peripheral component interconnect(PCI) 外围设备互联peripheral device 外围设备personal computer (PC) 个人计算机personal digital assistant (PDA) 个人数字助理pipeline 流水线plasma display panel(PDP) 等离子显示器pop 出栈printer 打印机priority 优先权program counter 程序计数器program status word (PSW) 程序状态字寄存器programmable read only memory (PROM) 可编程序的只读存储器programming 程序设计push 进栈random access memory (RAM) 随机存储器read only memory (ROM) 只读存储器reduced instruction set computer (RISC) 精简指令系统refresh 刷新register 寄存器scanner 扫描仪sector 扇区segment virtual memory 段式虚拟存储器shadow masks 点状阴罩software 软件source operand 源操作数source program 源程序special purpose computer 专业计算机stack 堆栈stack pointer (SP) 堆栈指针static random access memory (SRAM) 静态随机存储器string 字符串stylus printer 针式打印机supercomputer 巨型机supply voltage 工作电压track 磁道trigger 触发器true value 真值complementary code 补码very large scale integration(VLSI) 超大规模集成电路virtual memory 虚拟存储器word length 字长work station 工作站write once read many (WORM) 只写一次型(光盘)。

erp中英文对照字典

erp中英文对照字典

ERP中英文对照字典1 ABM Activity-based Management 基于作业活动管理2 AO Application Outsourcing 应用程序外包3 APICS American Production and Inventory Control Society,Inc 美国生产与库存管理协会4 APICS Applied Manufacturing Education Series 实用制造管理系列培训教材5 APO Advanced Planning and Optimization 先进计划及优化技术6 APS Advanced Planning and Scheduling 高级计划与排程技术7 ASP Application Service/Software Provider 应用服务/软件供应商8 ATO Assemble To Order 定货组装9 ATP Available To Promise 可供销售量(可签约量)10 B2B Business to Business 企业对企业(电子商务)11 B2C Business to Consumer 企业对消费者(电子商务)12 B2G Business to Government 企业对政府(电子商务)13 B2R Business to Retailer 企业对经销商(电子商务)14 BIS Business Intelligence System 商业智能系统15 BOM Bill Of Materials 物料清单16 BOR Bill Of Resource 资源清单17 BPR Business Process Reengineering 业务/企业流程重组18 BPM Business Process Management 业务/企业流程管理19 BPS Business Process Standard 业务/企业流程标准20 C/S Client/Server(C/S)\Browser/Server(B/S) 客户机/服务器\浏览器/服务器21 CAD puter-Aided Design 计算机辅助设计22 CAID puter-Aided Industrial Design 计算机辅助工艺设计23 CAM puter-Aided Manufacturing 计算机辅助制造24 CAPP puter-Aided Process Planning 计算机辅助工艺设计25 CASE puter-Aided Software Engineering 计算机辅助软件工程26 CC Collaborative merce 协同商务27 CIMS puter Integrated Manufacturing System 计算机集成制造系统28 CMM Capability Maturity Model 能力成熟度模型29 MS Customer Oriented Manufacturing Management System 面向客户制造管理系统30 CORBA mon Object Request Broker Architecture 通用对象请求代理结构31 CPC Collaborative Product merce 协同产品商务32 CPIM Certified Production and Inventory Management 生产与库存管理认证资格33 CPM Critical Path Method 关键线路法34 CRM Customer Relationship Management 客户关系管理35 CRP capacity requirements planning 能力需求计划36 CTI puter Telephony Integration 电脑集成(呼叫中心)37 CTP Capable to Promise 可承诺的能力38 D Distributed ponent Object Model 分布式组件对象模型39 DCS Distributed Control System 分布式控制系统40 DMRP Distributed MRP 分布式MRP41 DRP Distribution Resource Planning 分销资源计划42 DSS Decision Support System 决策支持系统43 DTF Demand Time Fence 需求时界44 DTP Delivery to Promise 可承诺的交货时间45 EAI Enterprise Application Integration 企业应用集成46 EAM Enterprise Assets Management 企业资产管理47 ECM Enterprise merce Management 企业商务管理48 ECO Engineering Change Order 工程变更订单49 EDI Electronic Data Interchange 电子数据交换50 EDP Electronic Data Processing 电子数据处理51 EEA Extended Enterprise Applications 扩展企业应用系统52 EIP Enterprise Information Portal 企业信息门户53 EIS Executive Information System 高层领导信息系统54 EOI Economic Order Interval 经济定货周期55 EOQ Economic Order Quantity 经济订货批量(经济批量法)56 EPA Enterprise Proficiency Analysis 企业绩效分析57 ERP Enterprise Resource Planning 企业资源计划58 ERM Enterprise Resource Management 企业资源管理59 ETO Engineer To Order 专项设计,按订单设计60 FAS Final Assembly Schedule 最终装配计划61 FCS Finite Capacity Scheduling 有限能力计划62 FMS Flexible Manufacturing System 柔性制造系统63 FOQ Fixed Order Quantity 固定定货批量法64 GL General Ledger 总账65 GUI Graphical User Interface 图形用户界面66 HRM Human Resource Management 人力资源管理67 HRP Human Resource Planning 人力资源计划68 IE Industry Engineering/Internet Exploration 工业工程/浏览器69 ISO International Standard Organization 国际标准化组织70 ISP Internet Service Provider 互联网服务提供商71 ISPE International Society for Productivity Enhancement 国际生产力促进会72 IT/GT Information/Group Technology 信息/成组技术73 JIT Just In Time 准时制造/准时制生产74 KPA Key Process Areas 关键过程域75 KPI Key Performance Indicators 关键业绩指标76 LP Lean Production 精益生产77 MES Manufacturing Executive System 制造执行系统78 MIS Management Information System 管理信息系统79 MPS Master Production Schedule 主生产计划80 MRP Material Requirements Planning 物料需求计划81 MRPII Manufacturing Resource Planning 制造资源计划82 MTO Make To Order 定货(订货)生产83 MTS Make To Stock 现货(备货)生产84 OA Office Automation 办公自动化85 OEM Original Equipment Manufacturing 原始设备制造商86 OPT Optimized Production Technology 最优生产技术87 OPT Optimized Production Timetable 最优生产时刻表88 PADIS Production And Decision Information System 生产和决策管理信息系统89 PDM Product Data Management 产品数据管理90 PERT Program Evaluation Research Technology 计划评审技术91 PLM Production Lifecycle Management 产品生命周期管理92 PM Project Management 项目管理93 POQ Period Order Quantity 周期定量法94 PRM Partner Relationship Management 合作伙伴关系管理95 PTF Planned Time Fence 计划时界96 PTX Private Trade Exchange 自用交易97 RCCP Rough-Cut Capacity Planning 粗能力计划98 RDBM Relational Data Base Management 关系数据库管理99 RPM Rapid Prototype Manufacturing 快速原形制造100 RRP Resource Requirements Planning 资源需求计划101 SCM Supply Chain Management 供应链管理102 SCP Supply Chain Partnership 供应链合作伙伴关系86 OPT Optimized Production Technology 最优生产技术87 OPT Optimized Production Timetable 最优生产时刻表88 PADIS Production And Decision Information System 生产和决策管理信息系统89 PDM Product Data Management 产品数据管理90 PERT Program Evaluation Research Technology 计划评审技术91 PLM Production Lifecycle Management 产品生命周期管理92 PM Project Management 项目管理93 POQ Period Order Quantity 周期定量法94 PRM Partner Relationship Management 合作伙伴关系管理95 PTF Planned Time Fence 计划时界96 PTX Private Trade Exchange 自用交易97 RCCP Rough-Cut Capacity Planning 粗能力计划98 RDBM Relational Data Base Management 关系数据库管理99 RPM Rapid Prototype Manufacturing 快速原形制造100 RRP Resource Requirements Planning 资源需求计划101 SCM Supply Chain Management 供应链管理102 SCP Supply Chain Partnership 供应链合作伙伴关系103 SFA Sales Force Automation 销售自动化104 SMED Single-Minute Exchange Of Dies 快速换模法105 SOP Sales And Operation Planning 销售与运作规划106 SQL Structure Query Language 结构化查询语言107 TCO Total Cost Ownership 总体运营成本108 TEI Total Enterprise Integration 全面企业集成109 TOC Theory Of Constraints/Constraints managemant 约束理论/约束管理110 TPM Total Productive Maintenance 全员生产力维护111 TQC Total Quality Control 全面质量控制112 TQM Total Quality Management 全面质量管理113 WBS Work Breakdown System 工作分解系统114 XML eXtensible Markup Language 可扩展标记语言115 ABC Classification(Activity Based Classification) ABC分类法116 ABC costing 作业成本法117 ABC inventory control ABC 库存控制118 abnormal demand 反常需求119 acquisition cost ,ordering cost 定货费120 action message 行为/活动(措施)信息121 action report flag 活动报告标志122 activity cost pool 作业成本集123 activity-based costing(ABC) 作业基准成本法/业务成本法124 actual capacity 实际能力125 adjust on hand 调整现有库存量126 advanced manufacturing technology 先进制造技术127 advanced pricing 高级定价系统128 AM Agile Manufacturing 敏捷制造129 alternative routing 替代工序(工艺路线)130 Anticipated Delay Report 拖期预报131 anticipation inventory 预期储备132 apportionment code 分摊码133 assembly parts list 装配零件表134 automated storage/retrieval system 自动仓储/检索系统135 Automatic Rescheduling 计划自动重排136 available inventory 可达到库存137 available material 可用物料138 available stock 达到库存139 available work 可利用工时140 average inventory 平均库存141 back order 欠交(脱期)订单142 back scheduling 倒排(序)计划/倒序排产? 143 base currency 本位币144 batch number 批号145 batch process 批流程146 batch production 批量生产147 benchmarking 标杆瞄准(管理)148 bill of labor 工时清单149 bill of lading 提货单150 branch warehouse 分库151 bucketless system 无时段系统152 business framework 业务框架153 business plan 经营规划154 capacity level 能力利用水平155 capacity load 能力负荷156 capacity management 能力管理157 carrying cost 保管费158 carrying cost rate 保管费率159 cellular manufacturing 单元式制造160 change route 修改工序161 change structure 修改产品结构162 check point 检查点163 closed loop MRP 闭环MRP164 mon Route Code(ID) 通用工序标识165 ponent-based development 组件(构件)开发技术166 concurrent engineering 并行(同步)工程167 conference room pilot 会议室模拟168 configuration code 配置代码169 continuous improvement 进取不懈170 continuous process 连续流程171 cost driver 作业成本发生因素172 cost driver rate 作业成本发生因素单位费用173 cost of stockout 短缺损失174 cost roll-up 成本滚动计算法175 crew size 班组规模176 critical part 急需零件177 critical ratio 紧迫系数178 critical work center 关键工作中心179 CLT Cumulative Lead Time 累计提前期180 current run hour 现有运转工时181 current run quantity 现有运转数量182 customer care 客户关怀183 customer deliver lead time 客户交货提前期184 customer loyalty 客户忠诚度185 customer order number 客户订单号186 customer satisfaction 客户满意度187 customer status 客户状况188 cycle counting 周期盘点189 DM Data Mining 数据挖掘190 Data Warehouse 数据仓库191 days offset 偏置天数192 dead load 空负荷193 demand cycle 需求周期194 demand forecasting 需求预测195 demand management 需求管理196 Deming circle 戴明环197 demonstrated capacity 实际能力198 discrete manufacturing 离散型生产199 dispatch to 调度200 DRP Distribution Requirements Planning 分销需求计划201 drop shipment 直运202 dunning letter 催款信203 ECO workbench ECO工作台204 employee enrolled 在册员工205 employee tax id 员工税号206 end item 最终产品207 engineering change mode flag 工程变更方式标志208 engineering change notice 工程变更通知209 equipment distribution 设备分配210 equipment management 设备管理211 exception control 例外控制212 excess material analysis 呆滞物料分析213 expedite code 急送代码214 external integration 外部集成215 fabrication order 加工订单216 factory order 工厂订单217 fast path method 快速路径法218 fill backorder 补足欠交219 final assembly lead time 总装提前期220 final goods 成品221 finite forward scheduling 有限顺排计划222 finite loading 有限排负荷223 firm planned order 确认的计划订单224 firm planned time fence 确认计划需求时界225 FPR Fixed Period Requirements 定期用量法226 fixed quantity 固定数量法227 fixed time 固定时间法228 floor stock 作业现场库存229 flow shop 流水车间230 focus forecasting 调焦预测231 forward scheduling 顺排计划232 freeze code 冻结码233 freeze space 冷冻区234 frozen order 冻结订单235 gross requirements 毛需求236 hedge inventory 囤积库存237 in process inventory 在制品库存238 in stock 在库239 incrementing 增值240 indirect cost 间接成本241 indirect labor 间接人工242 infinite loading 无限排负荷243 input/output control 投入/产出控制244 inspection ID 检验标识245 integrity 完整性246 inter panies 公司内部间247 interplant demands 厂际需求量248 inventory carry rate 库存周转率249 inventory cycle time 库存周期250 inventory issue 库存发放251 inventory location type 仓库库位类型252 inventory scrap 库存报废量253 inventory transfers 库存转移254 inventory turns/turnover 库存(资金)周转次数255 invoice address 发票地址256 invoice amount gross 发票金额257 invoice schedule 发票清单258 issue cycle 发放周期259 issue order 发送订单260 issue parts 发放零件261 issue policy 发放策略262 item availability 项目可供量263 item description 项目说明264 item number 项目编号265 item record 项目记录266 item remark 项目备注267 item status 项目状态268 job shop 加工车间269 job step 作业步骤270 kit item 配套件项目271 labor hour 人工工时272 late days 延迟天数273 lead time 提前期274 lead time level 提前期水平275 lead time offset days 提前期偏置(补偿)天数276 least slack per operation 最小单个工序平均时差277 line item 单项产品278 live pilot 应用模拟279 load leveling 负荷量280 load report 负荷报告281 location code 仓位代码282 location remarks 仓位备注283 location status 仓位状况284 lot for lot 按需定货(因需定量法/缺补法)285 lot ID 批量标识286 lot number 批量编号287 lot number traceability 批号跟踪288 lot size 批量289 lot size inventory 批量库存290 lot sizing 批量规划291 low level code 低层(位)码292 machine capacity 机器能力293 machine hours 机时294 machine loading 机器加载295 maintenance ,repair,and operating supplies 维护修理操作物料296 make or buy decision 外购或自制决策297 management by exception 例外管理法298 manufacturing cycle time 制造周期时间299 manufacturing lead time 制造提前期300 manufacturing standards 制造标准301 master scheduler 主生产计划员302 material 物料303 material available 物料可用量304 material cost 物料成本305 material issues and receipts 物料发放和接收306 material management 物料管理307 material manager 物料经理308 material master,item master 物料主文件309 material review board 物料核定机构310 measure of velocity 生产速率水平311 memory-based processing speed 基于存储的处理速度312 minimum balance 最小库存余量313 Modern Materials Handling 现代物料搬运314 month to date 月累计315 move time , transit time 传递时间316 MSP book flag MPS登录标志317 multi-currency 多币制318 multi-facility 多场所319 multi-level 多级320 multi-plant management 多工厂管理321 multiple location 多重仓位322 net change 净改变法323 net change MRP 净改变式MRP324 net requirements 净需求325 new location 新仓位326 new parent 新组件327 new warehouse 新仓库328 next code 后续编码329 next number 后续编号330 No action report 不活动报告331 non-nettable 不可动用量332 on demand 急需的333 on-hand balance 现有库存量334 on hold 挂起335 on time 准时336 open amount 未清金额337 open order 未结订单/开放订单338 order activity rules 订单活动规则339 order address 订单地址340 order entry 订单输入341 order point 定货点342 order point system 定货点法343 order policy 定货策略344 order promising 定货承诺345 order remarks 定货备注346 ordered by 定货者347 overflow location 超量库位348 overhead apportionment/allocation 间接费分配349 overhead rate,burden factor,absorption rate 间接费率350 owner's equity 所有者权益351 parent item 母件352 part bills 零件清单353 part lot 零件批次354 part number 零件编号355 people involvement 全员参治356 performance measurement 业绩评价357 physical inventory 实际库存358 picking 领料/提货359 planned capacity 计划能力360 planned order 计划订单361 planned order receipts 计划产出量362 planned order releases 计划投入量363 planning horizon 计划期/计划展望期364 point of use 使用点365 Policy and procedure 工作准则与工作规程366 price adjustments 价格调整367 price invoice 发票价格368 price level 物价水平369 price purchase order 采购订单价格370 priority planning 优先计划371 processing manufacturing 流程制造372 product control 产品控制373 product family 产品系列374 product mix 产品搭配组合375 production activity control 生产作业控制376 production cycle 生产周期377 production line 产品线378 production rate 产品率379 production tree 产品结构树380 PAB Projected Available Balance 预计可用库存(量) 381 purchase order tracking 采购订单跟踪382 quantity allocation 已分配量383 quantity at location 仓位数量384 quantity backorder 欠交数量385 quantity pletion 完成数量386 quantity demand 需求量387 quantity gross 毛需求量388 quantity in 进货数量389 quantity on hand 现有数量390 quantity scrapped 废品数量391 quantity shipped 发货数量392 queue time 排队时间393 rated capacity 额定能力394 receipt document 收款单据395 reference number 参考号396 regenerated MRP 重生成式MRP397 released order 下达订单398 reorder point 再订购点399 repetitive manufacturing 重复式生产(制造) 400 replacement parts 替换零件401 required capacity 需求能力402 requisition orders 请购单403 rescheduling assumption 重排假设404 resupply order 补库单405 rework bill 返工单406 roll up 上滚407 rough cut resource planning 粗资源计划408 rounding amount 舍入金额409 run time 加工(运行)时间410 safety lead time 安全提前期411 safety stock 安全库存412 safety time 保险期413 sales order 销售订单414 scheduled receipts 计划接收量(预计入库量/预期到货量) 415 seasonal stock 季节储备416 send part 发送零件417 service and support 服务和支持418 service parts 维修件419 set up time 准备时间420 ship address 发运地址421 ship contact 发运单联系人422 ship order 发货单423 shop calendar 工厂日历(车间日历)424 shop floor control 车间作业管理(控制) 425 shop order , work order 车间订单426 shrink factor 损耗因子(系数)427 single level where used 单层物料反查表428 standard cost system 标准成本体系429 standard hours 标准工时430 standard product cost 标准产品成本431 standard set up hour 标准机器设置工时432 standard unit run hour 标准单位运转工时433 standard wage rate 标准工资率434 status code 状态代码435 stores control 库存控制436 suggested work order 建议工作单437 supply chain 供应链438 synchronous manufacturing 同步制造/同期生产439 time bucket 时段(时间段)440 time fence 时界441 time zone 时区442 top management mitment 领导承诺443 total lead time 总提前期444 transportation inventory 在途库存445 unfavorable variance, adverse 不利差异446 unit cost 单位成本447 unit of measure 计量单位448 value chain 价值链449 value-added chain 增值链450 variance in quantity 量差451 vendor scheduler,supplier scheduler 采购计划员/供方计划员452 vendor scheduling 采购计划法453 Virtual Enterprise(VE)/ Organization 虚拟企业/公司454 volume variance 产量差异455 wait time 等待时间456 where-used list 反查用物料单457 work center capacity 工作中心能力458 workflow 工作流459 work order 工作令460 work order tracking 工作令跟踪461 work scheduling 工作进度安排462 world class manufacturing excellence 国际优秀制造业463 zero inventories 零库存464465 Call/Contact/Work/Cost center 呼叫/联络/工作/成本中心466 Co/By-product 联/副产品467 E-merce/E-Business/E-Marketing 电子商务/电子商务/电子集市468 E-sales/E-procuement/E-partner 电子销售/电子采购/电子伙伴469 independent/dependent demand 独立需求/相关需求件470 informal/formal system 非/规X化管理系统471 Internet/Intranet/Extranet 互联网/企业内部网/企业外联网472 middle/hard/soft/share/firm/group ware 中间/硬/软/共享/固/群件473 pegging/kitting/netting/nettable 追溯(反查)/配套出售件/净需求计算474 picking/dispatch/disbursement list 领料单(或提货单)/派工单/发料单475 preflush/backflush/super backflush 预冲/倒冲法/完全反冲476 yield/scrap/shrinkage (rate) 成品率/废品率/缩减率477 scrap/shrinkage factor 残料率(废品系数)/损耗系数478479 costed BOM 成本物料清单480 engineering BOM 设计物料清单481 indented BOM 缩排式物料清单482 manufacturing BOM 制造物料清单483 modular BOM 模块化物料清单484 planning BOM 计划物料清单485 single level BOM 单层物料清单486 summarized BOM 汇总物料清单487488 account balance 账户余额489 account code 账户代码490 account ledger 分类账491 account period 会计期间492 accounts payable 应付账款493 accounts receivable 应收账款494 actual cost 实际成本495 aging 账龄496 balance due 到期余额497 balance in hand 现有余额498 balance sheet 资产负债表499 beginning balance 期初余额500 cash basis 现金收付制501 cash on bank 银行存款502 cash on hand 现金503 cash out to 支付给504 catalog 目录505 category code 分类码506 check out 结帐507 collection 催款508 cost simulation 成本模拟509 costing 成本核算510 current assets 流动资产511 current liabilities 流动负债512 current standard cost 现行标准成本513 detail 明细514 draft remittance 汇票汇出515 end of year 年末516 ending availables 期末可供量517 ending balance 期末余额518 exchange rate 汇率519 expense 费用520 financial accounting 财务会计521 financial entity 财务实体522 financial reports 财务报告523 financial statements 财务报表524 fiscal period 财务期间525 fiscal year 财政年度526 fixed assets 固定资产。

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数据库管理系统的介绍Raghu Ramakrishnan数据库(database,有时拼作data base)又称为电子数据库,是专门组织起来的一组数据或信息,其目的是为了便于计算机快速查询及检索。

数据库的结构是专门设计的,在各种数据处理操作命令的支持下,可以简化数据的存储,检索,修改和删除。

数据库可以存储在磁盘,磁带,光盘或其他辅助存储设备上。

数据库由一个或一套文件组成,其中的信息可以分解为记录,每一记录又包含一个或多个字段(或称为域)。

字段是数据存取的基本单位。

数据库用于描述实体,其中的一个字段通常表示与实体的某一属性相关的信息。

通过关键字以及各种分类(排序)命令,用户可以对多条记录的字段进行查询,重新整理,分组或选择,以实体对某一类数据的检索,也可以生成报表。

所有数据库(最简单的除外)中都有复杂的数据关系及其链接。

处理与创建,访问以及维护数据库记录有关的复杂任务的系统软件包叫做数据库管理系统(DBMS)。

DBMS软件包中的程序在数据库与其用户间建立接口。

(这些用户可以是应用程序员,管理员及其他需要信息的人员和各种操作系统程序)。

DBMS可组织,处理和表示从数据库中选出的数据元。

该功能使决策者能搜索,探查和查询数据库的内容,从而对在正规报告中没有的,不再出现的且无法预料的问题做出回答。

这些问题最初可能是模糊的并且(或者)是定义不恰当的,但是人们可以浏览数据库直到获得所需的信息。

简言之,DBMS将“管理”存储的数据项,并从公共数据库中汇集所需的数据项以回答非程序员的询问。

DBMS由3个主要部分组成:(1)存储子系统,用来存储和检索文件中的数据;(2)建模和操作子系统,提供组织数据以及添加,删除,维护,更新数据的方法;(3)用户和DBMS之间的接口。

在提高数据库管理系统的价值和有效性方面正在展现以下一些重要发展趋势;1.管理人员需要最新的信息以做出有效的决策。

2.客户需要越来越复杂的信息服务以及更多的有关其订单,发票和账号的当前信息。

3.用户发现他们可以使用传统的程序设计语言,在很短的一段时间内用数据库系统开发客户应用程序。

4.商业公司发现了信息的战略价值,他们利用数据库系统领先于竞争对手。

数据库模型数据库模型描述了在数据库中结构化和操纵数据的方法,模型的结构部分规定了数据如何被描述(例如树,表等):模型的操纵部分规定了数据添加,删除,显示,维护,打印,查找,选择,排序和更新等操作。

分层模型第一个数据库管理系统使用的是分层模型,也就是说,将数据记录排列成树形结构。

一些记录时根目录,在其他所有记录都有独立的父记录。

树形结构的设计反映了数据被使用的顺序,也就是首先访问处于树根位置的记录,接下来是跟下面的记录,等等。

分层模型的开发是因为分层关系在商业应用中普遍存在,众所周知,一个组织结构图表就描述了一种分层关系:高层管理人员在最高层,中层管理人员在较低的层次,负责具体事务的雇员在最底层。

值得注意的是,在一个严格的分层结构体系中,在每个管理层下可能有多个雇员或多个层次的雇员,但每个雇员只有一个管理者。

分层结构数据的典型特征是数据之间的一对多关系。

在分层方法中,当数据库建立时,每一关系即被明确地定义。

在分层数据库中的每一记录只能包含一个关键字段,任意两个字段之间只能有一种关系。

由于数据并不总是遵循这种严格的分层关系,所以这样可能会出现一些问题。

关系模型在1970年,数据库研究取得了重大突破。

E.F.Codd提出了一种截然不同的数据库管理方法,使用表作为数据结构,称之为关系模型.关系数据库是使用最广的数据结构,数据被组织成关系表,每个表由称作记录的行和称作字段的列组成。

每个记录包含了专用项目的字段值。

例如,在一个包含雇员信息的表中,一个记录包含了像一个人姓名和地址这样的字段的值。

结构化查询语言(SQL)是一种在关系型数据库中用于处理数据的查询语言。

它是非过程化语言或者说是描述性的,用户只须指定一种类似于英语的描述,用来确定操作,记录或描述记录组合。

查询优化器将这种描述翻译为过程执行数据库操作。

网状模型网状模型在数据之间通过链接表结构创建关系,子记录可以链接到多个父记录。

这种将记录和链接捆绑到一起的方法叫做指针,他是指向一个记录存储位置的存储地址。

使用网状方法,一个子记录可以链接到一个关键记录,同时,它本身也可以作为一个关键记录。

链接到其他一系列子记录。

在早期,网状模型比其他模型更有性能优势;但是在今天,这种优势的特点只有在自动柜员机网络,航空预定系统等大容量和高速处理过程中才是最重要的。

分层和网状数据库都是专用程序,如果开发一个新的应用程序,那么在不同的应用程序中保持数据库的一致性是非常困难的。

例如开发一个退休金程序,需要访问雇员数据,这一数据同时也被工资单程序访问。

虽然数据是相同的,但是也必须建立新的数据库。

对象模型最新的数据库管理方法是使用对象模型,记录由被称作对象的实体来描述,可以在对象中存储数据,同时提供方法或程序执行特定的任务。

对象模型使用的查询语言与开发数据库程序所使用的面向对象的程序设计语言是相同的,因为没有像SQL这样简单统一的查询语言,所以会产生一些问题。

对象模型相对较新,仅有少数几个面向对象的数据库实例。

它引起了人们的关注,因为选择面向对象程序设计语言的开发人员希望有一个基于在对象模型基础上的数据库。

分布式数据库类似的,分布式数据库指的是数据库的各个部分分别存储在物理上相互分开的计算机上。

分布式数据库的一个目的是访问数据信息时不必考虑其他位置。

注意,一旦用户和数据分开,通信和网络则开始扮演重要角色。

分布式数据库需要部分常驻于大型主机上的软件,这些软件在大型机和个人计算机之间建立桥梁,并解决数据格式不兼容的问题。

在理想情况下,大型主机上的数据库看起来像是一个大的信息仓库,而大部分处理则在个人计算机上完成。

分布式数据库系统的一个缺点是它们常以主机中心模型为基础,在这种模型中,大型主机看起来好像是雇主,而终端和个人计算机看起来好像是奴隶。

但是这种方法也有许多优点:由于数据库的集中控制,前面提到的数据完整性和安全性的问题就迎刃而解了。

当今的个人计算机,部门级计算机和分布式处理都需要计算机之间以及应用程序之间在相等或对等的基础上相互通信,在数据库中客户机/服务器模型为分布式数据库提供了框架结构。

利用相互连接的计算机上运行的数据库应用程序的一种方法是将程序分解为相互独立的部分。

客户端是一个最终用户或通过网络申请资源的计算机程序,服务器是一个运行着的计算机软件,存储着那些通过网络传输的申请。

当申请的资源是数据库中的数据时,客户机/服务器模型则为分布式数据库提供了框架结构。

文件服务器指的是一个通过网络提供文件访问的软件,专门的文件服务器是一台被指定为文件服务器的计算机。

这是非常有用的,例如,如果文件比较大而且需要快速访问,在这种情况下,一台微型计算机或大型主机将被用作文件服务器。

分布式文件服务器将文件分散到不同的计算机上,而不是将它们集中存放到专门的文件服务器上。

后一种文件服务器的优点包括在其他计算机上存储和检索文件的能力,并可以在每一台计算机上消除重复文件。

然而,一个重要的缺点是每个读写请求需要在网络上传播,在刷新文件时可能出现问题。

假设一个用户申请文件中的一个数据并修改它,同时另外一个用户也申请这个数据并修改它,解决这种问题的方法叫做数据锁定,即第一个申请使其他申请处于等待状态,直到完成第一个申请,其他用户可以读取这个数据,但不能修改。

数据库服务器是一个通过网络为数据库申请提供服务的软件,例如,假设某个用户在他的个人计算机上输入了一个数据查询命令,如果应用程序按照客户机/服务器模型设计,那么个人计算机上的查询语言通过网络传送数据库服务器上,当发现数据时发出通知。

在工程界也有许多分布式数据库的例子,如SUN公司的网络文件系统(NFS)被应用到计算机辅助工程应用程序中,将数据分散到由SUN工作站组成的网络上的不同硬盘之间。

分布式数据库是革命性的进步,因为把数据存放在被使用位置上是很合乎常理的。

例如一个大公司不同部门之间的计算机,应该将数据存储在本地,然而,当被授权的管理人员需要整理部门数据时,数据应该能够被访问。

数据库信息系统软件将保护数据库的安全性和完整性,对用户而言,分布式数据库和非分布式数据库看起来没有什么差别。

原文Database Management Systems( 3th Edition ),Wiley ,2004, 5-12A introduction to Database Management SystemRaghu RamakrishnanA database (sometimes spelled data base) is also called an electronic database , referring to any collection of data, or information, that is specially organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. Databases are structured to facilitate the storage, retrieval , modification, and deletion of data in conjunction with various data-processing operations .Databases can be stored on magnetic disk or tape, optical disk, or some other secondary storage device.A database consists of a file or a set of files. The information in these files may be broken down into records, each of which consists of one or more fields. Fields are the basic units of data storage , and each field typically contains information pertaining to one aspect or attribute of the entity described by the database . Using keywords and various sorting commands, users can rapidly search , rearrange, group, and select the fields in many records to retrieve or create reports on particular aggregate of data.Complex data relationships and linkages may be found in all but the simplest databases .The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating ,accessing, and maintaining database records is called a database management system(DBMS).The programs in a DBMS package establish an interface between the database itself and the users of the database.. (These users may be applications programmers, managers and others with information needs, and various OS programs.)A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements form the database. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague and/or poorly defined ,but people can “browse” through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “manage” the stored data items andassemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers.A database management system (DBMS) is composed of three major parts:(1)a storage subsystem that stores and retrieves data in files;(2) a modeling and manipulation subsystem that provides the means with which to organize the data and to add , delete, maintain, and update the data;(3)and an interface between the DBMS and its users. Several major trends are emerging that enhance the value and usefulness of database management systems;Managers: who require more up-to-data information to make effective decision Customers: who demand increasingly sophisticated information services and more current information about the status of their orders, invoices, and accounts.Users: who find that they can develop custom applications with database systems in a fraction of the time it takes to use traditional programming languages.Organizations : that discover information has a strategic value; they utilize their database systems to gain an edge over their competitors.The Database ModelA data model describes a way to structure and manipulate the data in a database. The structural part of the model specifies how data should be represented(such as tree, tables, and so on ).The manipulative part of the model specifies the operation with which to add, delete, display, maintain, print, search, select, sort and update the data. Hierarchical ModelThe first database management systems used a hierarchical model-that is-they arranged records into a tree structure. Some records are root records and all others have unique parent records. The structure of the tree is designed to reflect the order in which the data will be used that is ,the record at the root of a tree will be accessed first, then records one level below the root ,and so on.The hierarchical model was developed because hierarchical relationships are commonly found in business applications. As you have known, an organization char often describes a hierarchical relationship: top management is at the highest level, middle management at lower levels, and operational employees at the lowest levels.Note that within a strict hierarchy, each level of management may have many employees or levels of employees beneath it, but each employee has only one manager. Hierarchical data are characterized by this one-to-many relationship among data.In the hierarchical approach, each relationship must be explicitly defined when the database is created. Each record in a hierarchical database can contain only one key field and only one relationship is allowed between any two fields. This can create a problem because data do not always conform to such a strict hierarchy.Relational ModelA major breakthrough in database research occurred in 1970 when E. F. Codd proposed a fundamentally different approach to database management called relational model ,which uses a table as its data structure.The relational database is the most widely used database structure. Data is organized into related tables. Each table is made up of rows called and columns called fields. Each record contains fields of data about some specific item. For example, in a table containing information on employees, a record would contain fields of data such as a person’s last name ,first name ,and street address.Structured query language(SQL)is a query language for manipulating data in a relational database .It is nonprocedural or declarative, in which the user need only specify an English-like description that specifies the operation and the described record or combination of records. A query optimizer translates the description into a procedure to perform the database manipulation.Network ModelThe network model creates relationships among data through a linked-list structure in which subordinate records can be linked to more than one parent record. This approach combines records with links, which are called pointers. The pointers are addresses that indicate the location of a record. With the network approach, a subordinate record can be linked to a key record and at the same time itself be a key record linked to other sets of subordinate records. The network mode historically has had a performance advantage over other database models. Today , such performance characteristics are only important in high-volume ,high-speed transaction processingsuch as automatic teller machine networks or airline reservation system.Both hierarchical and network databases are application specific. If a new application is developed ,maintaining the consistency of databases in different applications can be very difficult. For example, suppose a new pension application is developed .The data are the same, but a new database must be created.Object ModelThe newest approach to database management uses an object model , in which records are represented by entities called objects that can both store data and provide methods or procedures to perform specific tasks.The query language used for the object model is the same object-oriented programming language used to develop the database application .This can create problems because there is no simple , uniform query language such as SQL . The object model is relatively new, and only a few examples of object-oriented database exist. It has attracted attention because developers who choose an object-oriented programming language want a database based on an object-oriented model. Distributed DatabaseSimilarly , a distributed database is one in which different parts of the database reside on physically separated computers . One goal of distributed databases is the access of information without regard to where the data might be stored. Keeping in mind that once the users and their data are separated , the communication and networking concepts come into play .Distributed databases require software that resides partially in the larger computer. This software bridges the gap between personal and large computers and resolves the problems of incompatible data formats. Ideally, it would make the mainframe databases appear to be large libraries of information, with most of the processing accomplished on the personal computer.A drawback to some distributed systems is that they are often based on what is called a mainframe-entire model , in which the larger host computer is seen as the master and the terminal or personal computer is seen as a slave. There are some advantages to this approach . With databases under centralized control , many of the problems of data integrity that we mentioned earlier are solved . But today’s personalcomputers, departmental computers, and distributed processing require computers and their applications to communicate with each other on a more equal or peer-to-peer basis. In a database, the client/server model provides the framework for distributing databases.One way to take advantage of many connected computers running database applications is to distribute the application into cooperating parts that are independent of one anther. A client is an end user or computer program that requests resources across a network. A server is a computer running software that fulfills those requests across a network . When the resources are data in a database ,the client/server model provides the framework for distributing database.A file serve is software that provides access to files across a network. A dedicated file server is a single computer dedicated to being a file server. This is useful ,for example ,if the files are large and require fast access .In such cases, a minicomputer or mainframe would be used as a file server. A distributed file server spreads the files around on individual computers instead of placing them on one dedicated computer.Advantages of the latter server include the ability to store and retrieve files on other computers and the elimination of duplicate files on each computer. A major disadvantage , however, is that individual read/write requests are being moved across the network and problems can arise when updating files. Suppose a user requests a record from a file and changes it while another user requests the same record and changes it too. The solution to this problems called record locking, which means that the first request makes others requests wait until the first request is satisfied . Other users may be able to read the record, but they will not be able to change it .A database server is software that services requests to a database across a network. For example, suppose a user types in a query for data on his or her personal computer . If the application is designed with the client/server model in mind ,the query language part on the personal computer simple sends the query across the network to the database server and requests to be notified when the data are found.Examples of distributed database systems can be found in the engineering world.Sun’s Network Filing System(NFS),for example, is used in computer-aided engineering applications to distribute data among the hard disks in a network of Sun workstation.Distributing databases is an evolutionary step because it is logical that data should exist at the location where they are being used . Departmental computers within a large corporation ,for example, should have data reside locally , yet those data should be accessible by authorized corporate management when they want to consolidate departmental data . DBMS software will protect the security and integrity of the database , and the distributed database will appear to its users as no different from the non-distributed database .。

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