语法与翻译
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语法与翻译
1、虚拟语气
1. If (你在之前的工作中表现出更多的责任心的话),you would have got promoted.
2.He takes the pills in time (以免心脏病再次发作)
3.Without the government’ s effort, (读写能力就没有这么普及)
4. I wish (我给面试官留下了好印象)
5. Had it not been for his help, we (在绘画方面不能取得突破)
6. I remember what you emphasized in the class the other day (仿佛它已
经铭刻在我的记忆里)
7. Anna has broken her legs in a car accident; (要是她能再次演
出那该多好)
8. should it rain next week, (农民就能有好收成)
9.try sending an email (如果你打不通电话)
10. it’s necessary that (你拥有积极的态度和强烈的信心)
二、从句(定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句)
1. He dreamed of being the richest man (正如你在这个年纪时常做的一样)
2. On no condition (你能独自一人去旅行)because I didn’t want you to take such a blind risk.
3. (学生掌握科学技术知识)is important.
4. As a friend of yours, you can count on me about
( 任何使你心烦的事)
5. It is doubtful (工程是否能准时完工)
6. (), you should think before you act.
7.The key issue is (他们是否会努力寻求更好的办法)
8.By the end of last month, (又一座新体育馆在首府落成)
9.If you feel the exam difficult, it is (因为你不熟悉语法规则)
10.The clerk (对顾客置之不理) made them outraged.
三、倒装结构
1. The board inquired the manager (为什么公司业绩下降)
2. He worked really hard, but in vain (他试图获得赞赏)
3. After the opening ceremony (紧接着是焰火表演) in the Tiananmen Square.
4. Less important than hidden qualities and facts (是外表和夸夸其谈)
5. Little (我们身体吸收营养)when we were in a sound sleep.
6. For no reason (他离开了养育他的地方) and resided in
a remote town.
7. No matter (观众对他的到来有多么高的热情), he still kept an indifferent look on his face.
8. On no condition (你能独自一人去徒步旅行) because I didn’ t want you to take such a blind risk.
四、情态动词
1. There are fears that the emphasized in the class the other day
(可能会对社会稳定造成威胁)
2. (他一定跟父母沟通过了), otherwise they would not have approved of his living alone.
3. (他本不应该选择会计专业),because he had no interest in it at all.
4. His company (不可能破产), because he is making profits all the time.
5.According to what he described in his article, he (一定经历了很
多艰难)
6. (他不敢违反交通规则),so he described to take a taxi home after drinking wine.
7. Children should have the freedom to go around and (不应该被限制在房子
里).
8.He failed his driving test, however, he (可能不会觉得沮丧)
五、动词时态
1. (没有及时领到养老金),he was very disappointed.
2. The science fiction is so attracting (以至于我一直沉浸在
它的想象世界里)
3. Having broken a word record, the athlete (享有广泛的声誉)
4. Having stood in the hot sun for a long time to promote his products,
(那个推销员忍不住抱怨起来)
5. I joined the Student Union after I entered University,
(给我的生活带来了很大影响)
6. (尽管他们已经遭受重大伤亡), the commanders refused to consent defeat.
7. Hardly (他一结束演讲), when the audience sang high praise for his performance.
六、比较结构
1. The finding of the research had (比我们预期更为深刻的意义).
2. His great success (与其说是由于机遇,不如说是由于努力)
3. He had worked (远没有其他同学那样努力), otherwise he would have finished the assignment.
4. The new way of manufacturing products (也不想赔偿受害人的损失)
5. For the benefit of the company, we (更愿意选择与他们合作而不是竞争)
七、强调句型
1. (晕倒的正是Anne)during the annual meeting.
2. (没有什么比这更惬意的了)lying on the soft sand and enjoying the gentle ocean breeze.
一、虚拟语气
1.条件句中的虚拟语气
if 条件句基本用法
假设类型If从句谓语形式主句谓语形式
与现在事实相反过去式/were Should/would/could/might
+动词原形
与过去事实相had+过去分词Should/would/could/might
反+have done
与将来事实相反过去
式//should+动词
原形
//were to +动词原
形
Should/would/could/might
+动词原形
2.虚拟语气用于宾语从句
表示“建议、命令、要求”等动词后接宾语从句时,谓语
用“should+动词原形”。
这类动词有:advise, commend,
determine, insist, propose, order, recommend……
Wish 后的宾语从句谓语动词有三种形式表示虚拟:动词一般过
去式(即were 型虚拟)表对现在情况的假设;过去完成式表对
过去情况的假设;“would +动词原形”表示一种愿望
3.虚拟语气用于表语或同位语从句
某些名词后面所接的表语或同位语从句常用虚拟语气,如:suggestion, advice, decision, demand, proposal, order, resolution, request……。
4.虚拟语气用于主语从句(It is +a. +that)
在此结构中,虚拟形式是that引导的主语从句,从句谓语动词应
为“(should)+动词原形”。
这类形容词有:appropriate, advisable, desirable, imperative, necessary, vital, urgent, preferable, essential…
5.虚拟语气用于状语从句
状语从句中谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”的虚拟式仅限于lest, in case或for fear that引导的状语从句。
在as if 或as though引导的方式状语从句中,谓语动词虚拟式的变化要依据过去、现在、将来不同的假设选择适当的动词虚拟式,与由if引导的非真实条件句的谓语动词形式一样。
6.虚拟语气用于would rather, it is time…从句
Would rather/sooner后跟虚拟语气表示愿望,意为“宁愿”,“但
愿”。
表示现在或将来的愿望,用“would rather/ sooner+主语+谓
语动词过去式”;表示过去的愿望,用“would rather/ sooner+主语
+动词过去完成时”。
It is (high) time that…后跟虚拟语气,从句常用过去时,意为“该
是干……的时候了”。
注意:It’ s the first (second/third) time
that…表示一种经历,that从句要使用完成时态。
二、从句(定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句)
1.定语从句
(1)定语从句基本法
定语从句就是修饰主句里名词或代词的从句,本质上相当于“形容词”的作用。
引导定语从句的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等,代替具体的指代对象,即先行词,其中which指代事物,who/whom指代人,that 既指人又指物;关系副词when, where, why, how等,代替的则不单单是先行词,而是先行词和适当的介词。
关系代词that 与which用法的区别:
Which可以引导一个非限制性定语从句,that不能
Which之前可以有介词,that之前不能有
只能用that, 而不能用which的主要情况:
1) 当先行词是all, every, any, anything, few, little, much, none等不定
代词时;
2) 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时;
3) 当先行词被the very, the only, the same, the right等词修饰时。
(2)as引导的定语从句
As可引导非限制性定语从句,相当于which引导的非限制性定语
从句。
但as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在句首,而which引
导的非限制性定语从句不能放在句首。
As可作为关系代词引导定语从句,既可以单独引导定语从句,
又可以与主句中的the same或such相呼应,从句中的谓语动词常
省略。
As引导的非限制性定语从句多用于固定搭配中,如:as was
discussed before, as is pointed out, as is well-known, as is often the
case, as was expected, as is shown in the figure….
2.名词性从句
名词性从句可以分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
名词性从句的三类引导词:连接词that, whether, if, 它们在从句中不充当任何成分;连接代词what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which; 连接副词:when, where, how, why.
(1)主语从句
主语从句位于句首时,会使句子显得头重脚轻,因此常以it 作为形式主语,而将主语从句后置,以保持句子平衡。
(2)宾语从句
宾语从句在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。
同主语从句一样,有时宾语
太长,为了平衡句子结构,常用it作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语后置。
(3)表语从句
表语从句一般接在系动词之后,在句中充当表语,常见的结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句”。
(4)同位语从句
同位语从句一般要放在主句中某些名词的后面,对这些名词起解释说明的作用。
That是最常见的引导词,不能省略。
可跟同位语从句的名词主要有thought, fact, news, promise, reason, idea等。
如:world came that he had been abroad.(据说他已经出国了)
同位语从句和定语从句的区别:
同位语从句对名词性成分加以补充说明,相当于名词的作用。
定语从句对先行词加以限制或修饰,相当于形容词的作用。
在同位语从句中,引导词that不充当句子成分,但不能被省略。
定语从句的引导词that既代表先行词,又在从句中充当某个成
分,在定语从句中作宾语是,可省略。
3.状语从句
(1)时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的连词有when, whenever, while, as, till, until, since, after等。
(2)让步状语从句
让步状语从句的引导词有although, though, even if, in spite of the fact, whereas, for all(that)等。
注意,“no matter +wh-+ever”引导的让步状语从句可以互换。
但“wh-疑问句+ever”引导的名词从句,则不可用no matter 替换。
(3)原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句的连词或复合连词有because, since, as, for the reason that, in that等
(4)条件状语从句
条件状语的引导词有:if, unless, so long as, provided that等。
翻译条件状语从句时,要注意时态的选择。
真实条件句,表示现实的或可能会变为现实的条件,常用虚拟语气。
(5)目的状语从句
目的状语从句可由下列引导词引导:so that, so, in order that, in case, lest, for fear that等。
(6)结果状语从句
结果状语从句的引导词有:that, so (that), such that, with the result that
等。
三、倒装结构
倒装分为完全倒装和部分倒装。
如果整个谓语部分在主语前,是完全倒装;若只将助动词(如:do, does, did, have, has, had; be动词;情态助动词will, can., should, must等)置于主语前,谓语的其余部分置于主语后,则是部分倒装。
1.完全倒装
完全倒装一般出现在以下几种情况中:
以here, there, then, now开头的句子,如:There comes the teacher.
;
句首为表示方向的副词,如:from, out, down, in, up, away等,
且谓语动词为go, come等表示移动的词,如:From the distant
came occasional shots. ;
地点状语置于句首且主语为名词时,如:At the window sat a
young man.
2.部分倒装
(1)否定含义的副词或短语位于句首作状语
如:neither, never, seldom, hardly, barely, scarcely, little, few, under no circumstance, by no means, in no case, in no way, on no account, on no condition, no sooner…
(2)only位于句首修饰状语或宾语
Eg: Only in the small town (他才感到安全和放松)【解析】only位于该句句首,并且修饰句中状语,主句谓语要部分倒装。
答案为does he feel secure and relaxed// is he able to feel secure and relaxed.
(3)hardly/barely/scarcely…when和no sooner…than, not until…等固定结构中
Hardly…/ no sooner…部分为主语,谓语动词用过去完成时,when/than 部分为从句,谓语用一般过去时。
否定词hardly/barely/scarcely…when和no sooner放在句首,主句的谓语需要部分倒装。
(4)句首为so, nor, neither等副词
The Senate did not approve the bill, (也没有解释为什么)【解析】考查否定倒装,应该用nor引导,注意时态应与前半句保持一致。
答案为nor did they explain the reason。
本句也可译为并列句and they didn’ t give the reason either
(5)as引导让步状语从句
常将作表语或状语的形容词、名词、副词以及动词原形置于as之前,构成倒装的形式。
注意,将作表语的名词提前时,不能用冠词。
如:Child as he is, he knowsa lot. (名词前置)
Dark as the night was, he still found his way to my home.(形同词前置)
Try as he would, he couldn’t open the door.(动词前置)
四、情态动词
英语中助动词主要有两类:一是基本助动词,如:have,be,do;二是情态动词,如:can,should,must,could,might等。
情态动词,主要用来表达说话人的语气、态度,必须和系动词或实义动词一起构成谓语。
情态动词表推测和情态动词完成式是六级翻译高频考点,应重点掌握。
1、情态动词must,can,could,may,might表推测
must表推测时,把握最大,一般只用于肯定句(其否定形式为can’t/ Couldn’t,而不是mustn’t);might语气最弱。
can和could表示推测,常用于疑问句或否定句。
2、情态动词完成式所表达的意义:
Could have done 表示对过去能做而未做的事感到惋惜和遗憾
May/might have done 表达对过去情况的一种不太有把握的推
测,表示“过去可能已做了某事”;
Should/ought to have done表示本应该做某事,而实际没有做,含
有责备或遗憾的语气,其否定形式为should not/ ought not to have
done
Must have done 用于肯定句,表示“过去一定做过某事”,是很有
把握的推测。
其否定形式为can’t /couldn’t have done
Needn’t have done表示过去没必要做某事,实际上却做了
五、动词时态
在由until(till, up to) now, so far, up to the present, by now等短语作
状语的句子中常用现在完成时
现在进行时同频率副词always, continually, constantly, forever等连
用,表示经常发生或具有持续性的事情,或表示不满或抱怨情
绪等。
如:He is always boasting.他老爱说大话。
(表示厌烦)
过去完成时表示:到过去某一时间点动作已经完成或延续到某
一过去时间点的动作或状态,由“had+v.-ed” 构成。
将来完成时表示将来某一时刻前业已完成的动作,由“will have
+v.ed” 构成。
过去将来完成时表示从过去某时看将来某时业已完成的动作六、比较结构
1.as…as结构
基本结构为:as+形容词/副词+as, 其否定形式为:not as/so+形容词
九、强调句型
十、独立主格结构。