2021年托福语法模拟试题及答案
2021年托福模拟试题(二)1
托福模拟试题（二）1Section 2 Structure and Written Expression Time--25 minutes The Structure and Written expression section is designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English. There are two types of questions in this section, with special directions for each type. Structure Directions: Questions 1-15 are inplete senten ___s. Beneath each senten ___ you will see four words or phrases, ___rked (A), (B), (C),and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best pletes the senten ___. Then, on your answer sheet, ifnd the number of the question and fill in the spa ___ that orresponds to the letter of the answer you ahve chosen Fill in the spa ___ so that the letter inside the oval cannot be seen. Look at the following examples: Example I For ___ny ___nturies---the principal raw ___terial Sample answer for ___ ropes and sails. (A) then was hemp (B) the time hemp was (C) hemp was (D) hemp The senten ___ should read, "For ___ny ___nries hemp was the principle raw ___terial for ___ ropes and sails." Therefore, you should choose (C). Example II The sea anemone, a ___rine ani ___l related to the jelly fish, Sample answer looks like a plant----like other ani ___lspecies. (A) so (B) rather than (C) instead (D) rather not The senten ___ should read, "The sea anemone, a ___rine ani ___l related to the jelly fish, looks like a plant rather than like other ani ___l species." Theerefore, you should choose (D). Nowbegin work on the questions. 1. Most substan ___s expand when they evaporate so that the density of a substan ___'s gas is---of its liquid. (A) than the lower density (B) lower than that (C) the density is lower than that (D) the lower the density 2. The pro ___ss by which nerve ___lls send signals is --- clearly understood. (A) none (B) no (C) not (D) nothing 3. Arctic ani ___ls--- a means of controlling body temperature in such a cold, barren cli ___te if they are to survive. (A) need (B) needing (C) to need (D) was needed 4. -----state of California is also known as the "Golden State" because California's hills were on ___ believed to be ___de of gold. (A) The (B) There is a (C) That the (D) As the 5. Aspartame is a bination of proteins that is much sweeter---- (A) than sugar does (B) does cane sugar (C) cane sugar (D) than cane sugar 6. Current patterns and topography___ps of the seas ---- from sa ___ite photographs. (A) can be drawn (B) can drawn (C) to draw (D) drawn 7. By themiddle of the nioeenth ___ntury, the scientists and engineers in the United States had began to exert --- over technology. (A) influen ___ worldwide a great (B) a great worldwide influen ___ (C) influen ___ a great worldwide (D) a worldwide influen ___ great 8. ----billions of barrels of oil exist in the vast caverns beneath the Pacific O ___ans (A) It is esti ___ted that (B) An esti ___te that (C) That is esti ___ted (D) That the esti ___te 9. The extent of the stimulant effect of coffee on people depends on the circumstan ___s ---- the plants grow. (A) which (B) whichin (C) in which (D) in 10. The guitar solo first ---- as a popular form of musical perfor ___n ___ in the twentieth___ntury. (A) to emerge (B) emerging (C) has emerged (D) emerged 11. --- plex organic pounds originating in ___lls.(A) Lipieds (B) Lipids are (C) Lipids which are (D) Lipids while they 12. In the western part of Nevada ----, a ___jor tourist and entertai ___ent ___nter. (A) lies the city of Las Vegas (B) the city of Las Vegas lies there (C) around the city of Las Vegas lies (D) there lies the city of Las vegas around 13. Work on superconductivity, ---, has attracted a relatively s ___ll number of researchers. (A)is a very specialized field (B) which a very specializedfield is (C) a very specialized field (D) a field very specialized which 14. ---, the fist Amendment to the Constitution provided for ___ of speech, press and assembly. (A) In 1791 they drafted (B) The draft in 1791 (C) In 1791 was drafted (D) Drafted in 1791 15. When --- in desert cli ___tes, the Navajo construct lean-tos as temporary summer shelters. (A) travel (B) to travel (C) traveling them (D) travelingWritten Expression Directios: In questions 16-40 each senten ___ has four underlined words or phrases. The four undelined parts of the senten ___ are ___rked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the senten ___ to be correct. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the spa ___ that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Looke at thefollowing examples: Example 1 Sampel Answer In ___ny cities in the world, the air is much more A B Polluted than it is in the 1970s. C D The senten ___ should read, "in ___ny cities in the world, the air is much more polluted than it was in the 1970s." there fore, you should choose (D).Example II The puter plays a vital role in development, A B munication, and disseminating of ideas in today's world. C D The senten ___ should read, "The puter plays a vital role in development, munication, and dissemination of ideas in today's world." Therefore, youshould choose (C). Now begin work on the questions. 16. For years s ___ll munities of researchers have living underground A in parts of thearctic where the cli ___te is harsh and the winds are B strong. D 17. Tho ___s Edison ___de the first microphonefor self by bining a thin A B C reed and a metal conductor together. D 18. Not only do hydroelectric power systems provide people with irrigation and drinking water, but they also provide importantly sour ___s of electrical power. 19. The Federal Communications Commission supervises the suitable and quality of radio. 20. All cars, alike most trains and a few propeller planes, depend on bustion inside a piston cylinder. 21. The expansion of ___ education___nters had resulted partially from the servi ___-based economy, which encouraging employees to update their skills for the changing job ___rket. 22. The most significant evolutionary characteristic of the pri ___tes are the development of the opposable thumb. 23. Ludwig Beethovenwas often indifferent to the titles of his posed and was generally oblivious to the names given them years after their pletion. 24. Benny Good ___n's orchestra, playing his original positions and arrangements, achieving a fine distinction among his peers and contributed numerous innovations to modern big band jazz. 25. Mosquitoes are almost pletey deaf, although its tiny ears can distinguish noise from silen ___. 26. Weed is a horticultural term referring toward unpleasant, unwanted, or intolerable plant growth. 27. susan B. Anthony, the first wo ___n to vote in the United Sates, founded the American Women't Suffrage Movement, an institution that have always had a woment's rights agenda. 28. Criminal assault, mitted against a member of the public, ___y consist of harassing behavior, threatening, or physical harm to others. 29. The realist movement in art was a reaction against abstract methods of portray reality. 30. During the 1950's skilled puter programmers scr ___ were in what is now Silicon Valley. 31. If a atom gains any electrons, it bees negatively charged and can bine with other atoms. 32. The Parks and Recreation Department conduct extensive research on a great ___ny aspects of the wilderness. 33. The ___gesic most monlyadministeed in medicine is aspirin, who produ ___s reduction of pain over a general area. 34. Certain types of pumps work properly only in enviro ___ens with controlled precisely pressures. 35. Whales, while not as curious than the dolphins, show more persisten ___ and use of munication in facing a problem. 36. The belief in goblins have existed from the earliest times, and the leends of ___ny different peoples includes tales of goblins and their relationship to hu ___ns. 37. Electronic music enables artists to experiment with ___ny sounds effects. 38. Denver,Colorado's capital and largest city, is industrial and baning ___nter. 39. A hamster's sharp teeth can chew through wood, plastic, or soft metallic such as aluminum.40. Anthropological stu ___s have concluded that deeply hold belief and principles are highly ressistant to alteration.THIS IS THE END OF SECTION 2. IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON SECTION 2 ONLY. DONOT READ OR WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION OF THE TEST. THE SUPER VISOR WILL TELL YOU WHEN TO BEGIN WORK ON SECTION 3.Section 3 Reading Comprehension Directins: In the Reading Comprehension Section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by a number of questions about it. For questions 1-50, you are to choose the one best answer (A), (B), (C), or (D), to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the spa ___ that corresponds to the letter of answer you have chosen. Answer all questions about the infor ___tion in a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage. Read the following passage: There are two genus in the elephant family. Each of the genus include a single species that developed different characteristics due to geographical isolation. One species is the African elephant and the other is a Asian elephant. The two types of elephant share a number of mon features, such as a long trunk, large ears and a ___ssive body, but there are ___ny differen ___s as well. The differen ___s between the elephants can largely be aounted for by their habitats' enviro ___ent. Example I What is the ___in purpose of the passage? (A) to discuss the two different types of elephants. (B) Tio argue the superiority of the African elephant in adapting to the enviro ___ent. (C) Todemonstrate the relative in ___igen ___ of the two types of elephant. (D) To show the similarities of elephants. The___in idea of passage is to discuss the wo different types of elephants. Thereore, you should choose (A). Example II In line 6, the term, "be aounted for` could best be repla ___d by (A) be calculated to (B) be devided (C) be determined (D) be aepted The term "be aounted for" in line 6 is closet in meaning to "be determined." Therefore, you should choose (C). Now begin work on the questions. Questions 1-10 The popularly applauded designs found in Frank Lloyd Wright's integration of architcture, landscaping and interior design, gave eviden ___ to his belief that the form of a working or living spa ___ should follow from its function within the munity. Line Whether working on residential or mercial projects, he con___ntraed on creating (5) an appropriate exterior and interior enviro ___ent. In his residentilal housing, functionality translated into a harmonious relationship with the natural flora, fauna and geographic disposition of the land. The most famous modification he implemented in his early " prairie school houses", the gently sloping roof lines that sought to capture the contours of the prairie,typified his con ___pt of harmony with the land. Other features included, wide doorways, rooms entrally connected without hallways, extensive use of glass and widely overhanging eaves which provided extensive shelter. To emphasize the integrative aspects of his construction, he tried to incorporate built-in furniture wherever possible. The Larkin Building, in Buffalo, New York, an examle of thoroughly practical factory headquarters, demonstrated that, when designing for the mercial sector, Wright's functionali ___ adapted itself to the projec at hand as eloquently as when he created single-family units. The building itself is of sufficient width to pletely con ___al the factory behind it, creating a neat, organized and efficient appearan ___. Even more notable than the exterior of the building, the interior displays Wright's i___ginative talent to the greatest degree. In order to minimize on cluttered floor spa ___, almost everything in the offi ___ was mobile, particulrly the filing cabis, which could be pletely hidden from view with a ___ push. The offi ___ desks were custom designed from solid steel with special fold-out chairs that ___de it much easier to clean the floors. A special grade of tile was used on thewalls to facilitate cleaning. The zeal which the architect devoted to integrating the building with the needs of the offi ___ enviro ___ent extended to the installation of secial steel toilets which folded into the walls until needed for use. 1. What is the ___in topic of the passage?(A) The life of Frank Lloyd Wright (B) Frank Lloyd Wright's design ideas (C) The mercial buildings of Frank Lloyd Wright (D) Frank Lloyd Wright's Prarie School buildings 2. Which of the folowing is NOT menitioned as a field wright worked in? (A) Landscaping (B) Interior design (C) Architecture (D) Painting 3. In line 3, the word "its" refers to (A) the munity (B) the function (C) the form (D) the spa ___ 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an important consideration of Wright's residential housing?(A) Plant life around the area (B) The ease of ___intean___ (C) Ani ___ls found in the area (D) The geography of the building site 5. Aording to the passage, what is the most distinctive feature of a "prarie house" design? (A) The color (B) The furniture (C) The wood (D) The roof line6. In line 9, the word "typifed" is closest in meaning to(A) enjoyed (B) exemplifed (C) terminated (D) nor ___lized7. It can be inferred that Wright designed hisown furniturefor the Larking building because (A) he couldn't find the appropriate colors (B) he could design his own for less money (C) he wanted the enviro ___ent of the building to be integrated (D) he didn't trust the quality of other furniture 8. What is the Larking Building most noted for? (A) Its steel furniture (B) Its high-grade tile (C) Its overall practicality (D) Its exterior architecture 9. In line 22, the word "mobile" most closely means? (A) Portable (B) Raised (C) sturdy (D) S ___ll 10. What qualities could probably be observed from the Larkin Building's interior design? (A) Neat and organized (B) Solid and stable (C) Extended and clean (D) Wide and effi ___nt Questions 11-20 In America, the movement of housing away from the high-rise buildings of the inner-cites originated in the 1920s, but was stalled by the Great Depression of the 1930s and by World War II. After the war a tremendous surge ourred in the realeastate ___rket with the advent of single-family homes on relatively s ___ll lots--typically less than one-tenth of an acre. During the 1950s, ___ny large tract developments encroached on former farmlands near metropolitan areas. The most dra ___tic instan ___s of this sprawling effect were witnessed in western municipalitiessuch as San Jose and San Diego whose citycharters defined their boundaries over several hundred square kilometers. These large par ___ls of land were overrun by. standard three bedroom, two bath, "ranch-style" homes in a few short deoedes. By the 1960s construction had subsidedsignificantly and developers began building different kinds of plans to try and aommodate the changes in the ___rket. Those who had taken advantage of the suburbanization trend in he post-war years had seen the value of their real estate increase dra ___tially and ___ny were anxious to re-invest their assets. In an effort to reap this affluen ___, ___rtain contractors moved away from the standard mod模板,内容仅供参考。
托福考试语法模拟试题及答案详解精选汇总
托福考试语法模拟试题及答案详解精选汇总语法始终都是一些同学的难点，我整理了托福语法考试模拟题，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
托福考试语法模拟试题及答案详解1. All the major cities of the United States，________ the cities of the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico，began as centers of trade.A. and to includeB. which includingC. includedD. including答案：D分析：两个逗号之间是插入语，这里分词作状语，不能用谓语动词。
参考译文：包括大湖区和墨西哥峡谷的US全部主要城市都是以贸易中心的模式进展起来的。
2. Settled by English Puritans in 1630，Boston became _________ .A. the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyB. the Massachusetts Bay Colony its capitalC. it was the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyD. so that the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony答案：A分析：缺宾语。
B语序混乱;C中消失两个谓语动词，错;D中became 仍旧没有宾语，so that 多余，错。
参考译文：波士顿在1963年被英国清教徒定址，并曾是马萨诸塞州湾殖民地的首都。
3. Navigators on ships and aircraft use a compass to determine_________ they are heading.A. the direction in whichB. to where the directionC. that direction of whichD. where the direction答案：A分析：空格前缺宾语，空格后是个完整的句子，只有B能满意。
2021年托福写作模拟试题及答案(卷十七)
2021年托福写作模拟试题及答案（卷十七）Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Most of the environmental issues are too complicated today. Individuals cannot do anything about them.Sample:Our current environmental problems grow ever more serious. Sometimes they seem so serious and confusing that it seems an individual could never do anything to help fix the problems. Personally speaking, I believe that individuals can make a difference. There are at least two areas where the efforts of ordinary individuals can be meaningful in solving environmental issues.Firstly, individuals can protect environment by changing their ways of waste disposal. If every person would classify his or her garbage before throwing it away, much of it could be recycled and pollution could be reduced. Just take beverage cans as one example. Recent surveys suggest that over 7,000 tons of waste beverage cans go un-recycled each year in America alone. The cost of finding these cans after they have been thrown away, reclassifying them as recyclable and then sending them to be recycled is far higher than simply making new ones. However, if individuals would sort their cans and then discard them into the proper containers, the expense of recycling would decline greatly and there would be reduction in absolute pollution caused by the beverage cans.This is one area where an individual can make a difference.Secondly, environmental problems will be somewhat improved once individuals in society consume less energy. It is because the requirement of natural resources used to produce energy will reduce and as a result, the environmental damage human inflicts will also decline. As an academic survey indicates, if every family in America could reduce their electricity use by 5% a year, 1.65 billion units would be saved. It means that the generator motived by coals in the whole country can take a break for more than a month. In fact, not only can it make human’s requirement of natural resources less, but also it can alleviate the air pollution caused by burning coals. Consequently, for winning the battle of protecting environment, individuals’endeavor, undoubtedly, is a great strength that should not be ignored.Admittedly, most people do not have the specialized knowledge and skills to tackle many issues related to the environment. Besides, they do not have the influence to change entire systems. Nevertheless, the claim that individuals can do nothing to solve these issues is an obvious overstatement. In fact, the power that individual can exert is much more than we can expect.In conclusion, I disagree with the idea that individuals can do nothing in solving environmental problems since the issues are too complicated.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should be allowed to use cell phones on public transportation such as buses and trains.Sample:Using cell phones on public transportation can be too noisy and impolite, so in some places policies are put forward to stop people doing that. However, in my opinion, people should be allowed to use cell phones on public transportation for the following reasons.Firstly, cell phones are convenient for people to use to communicate. If people cannot use them on public transportation, some important issues might be delayed. Imagine a businessman receives a phone call from a director of a big company when he is on the bus. If using cell phones on public transportation is forbidden, the potential client might lose his patience so there will not be any deal. Perhaps, a little kid cannot get in contact with his parents when he falls ill suddenly, either, just because his parents are both on buses. Therefore, stopping the use of cell phones on public transportation can make cell phones lose their basic function and may cause a lot of troubles.Secondly, people can not only use cell phones to make a call, but they can also use them to listen to music or play games, which are good ways for busy people to relax. Nowadays, more and more people work overtime but entertainment is really time-consuming, so some of themare stressed out or even have some mental diseases, like depression. I often play cell phone games on the subway on my way home after a whole day of study and when I get home, I usually feel energetic from the brief rest. Thus, it is a good option for busy people to play games or enjoy music by cell phones on their way to work or home, because it can help to release pressure as well as save time.Finally, the prohibition on using cell phones on public transportation cannot make the environment quiet, as people may do other things which can produce noise, like reading fun stories, chatting or watching movies. Last month, when I was on the train to Beijing, a young man sitting behind me kept laughing because of the fun movies he was watching. Passengers surrounding him could not stand the noise, including me, so we asked the steward to stop him. However, the man in front of me kept talking on the phone with a low voice and we all thought it was acceptable. It is obvious that a quiet environment depends on the manners of passengers rather than the use of cell phones.In light of what has been discussed above, as people do get benefits from using cell phones on buses, trains, subways, etc., I can safely draw a conclusion that cell phones should not be prohibited on public transportation.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In order tobecome financially responsible adults, children should manage their own money at a young age.Sample:Sometimes some parents just think that it is unnecessary to let their young children learn how to manage money. Nevertheless I cannot disagree with this statement more. As far as I’m concern, it is crucial for children to learn how to manage their money, though maybe only a small amount, in order to be a financially responsible adult.On one hand, learning to manage money makes a child know how precious the money is. Therefore, they won’t exploit their money on things of no use when they grow up. Taking myself as an example, when I was young I used to waste money on snacks and toys, which are of no use. Then one day, my mother gave me 10 dollars and told me that this was all the money available in this month. I reluctantly managed my money and felt that it was really hard to get enough money. Therefore I became more cautious on purchase decisions.On the other hand, learning to manage money teaches children how to increase their fortune. As I have said in the last statement, money is precious and it is hard to get enough money to use. Therefore, the best way to get adequate money is to increase our fortune by ourselves. We manage our budget and put our money into things that can increase our fortune –for instance, a child may use a part of his pocket money tobuy some cards and sell the cards to his friends to gain some extra money. Children who are familiar with how to increase their fortune by managing their money are more likely to gain financial success in the future.In addition, learning how to manage money can also help children to manage other aspects of their daily life. As a child is used to managing his pocket money, he tends to put this practice into managing other aspects in life, such as time. People who do good time management usually have a balanced life. They work and study happily and enjoy their life.To conclude, I strongly recommend children be taught how to manage their money when they are young. This practice can provide them with a greater likelihood to succeed and a well-balanced life when they become adults. It will benefit not only themselves but also their whole life.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? To improve the quality of education, universities should increase professors' salaries.Sample:With the rapid development of society, more and more elites are required in the field of advanced science and technology. So how to improve the quality of higher education becomes an emergent problem for universities. However I don’t think increasing professors’salaries isthe only way to improve the quality of education. There are much that we can do, like improving the facilities and equipment, designing attracting courses or introducing famous professors.As the enrollment increases in universities nowadays, there are so many students attending colleges, which will require more funding and resources. Universities should employ more faculties, purchase more facilities to cope with the increasing population in campus. Only in this way will students get equal chance to gain knowledge and live a colorful campus life. For instance, when I was a fresh student in my college, so many students want to study in library that I need get up early and rush the way to get a seat. Limited seats in the library hamper students' passion in learning. So I think to improve the quality of education, it is of great importance to make the facilities prefect.What's more, universities should spend some money on holding academic conferences and introducing knowledgeable and prestigious professors into university. Thus students have more opportunities to communicate with professors who are famous in their fields. I think that will inspire students' creativity, intelligence and imagination, which are all needed in the college study. It will also provoke them to have more thoughts about their future career development.Admittedly, universities should increase the salaries for professors. After all they are people who interact with students everyday. Theirinfluence on students is beyond compare. A college teacher is fully responsible for the quality of education. What a student is capable to do depends on what knowledge and skills they gain from school and from professors. So professors should be encouraged to constantly improve their teachings.All in all, if universities have enough money they should take various ways to improve the quality of education, especially what I mentioned above.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? If we can't say anything nice about someone, then we should not say anything about this person.Sample:Some people believe that rather than saying something their friends or co-workers don’t want to hear, they choose to just stay silent. However, in my opinion, telling the truth is the only thing I will do to the people that I care about, no matter whether they are pleased or not. There are two major reasons I would like to present to support my opinion.First of all, if you only say nice things about other people, people will not treat you as a real friend. Because being friends is all about helping and supporting each other, since you only say nice things to your friends and meanwhile refuse to give them your advice when they mademistakes, they cannot feel your support. In long term, they won’t think you as a friend, at least not a close friend, anymore. It is not only applause they need when they did a good job, but also help and suggestions while they are in trouble.Additionally, as you never tell the truth or give guidance to your friends when they are not on the right track, in all probability they will not do the same thing to you, either. Therefore, only saying the nice things may also has negative influence on your own career. As we all know that team spirit and teamwork is imperative to a successful business. Imagine this, while you and your co-worker spend more than eight hours together every day in the work place, but two of you only speak highly of each other and never help each other to find out and rectify other’s mistakes. Is this what we call team spirit or teamwork? I don’t believe so. This kind of working relations will damage the whole company and stop the company business from progress. Obviously, it will also be harmful to your own career.To summarize, instead of just saying nice things about people, I think it is more advisable to tell the truth and express what you think. Help your friends or co-workers discover their mistakes and give them your advice. It is not only other people, but also yourself that you are helping in a long term.The most important leadership quality for CEOS?For CEOs, creativity is now the most important leadership quality for success in business, outweighing even integrity and global thinking, according to a new study by IBM. The study is the largest known sample of one-on-one CEO interviews, with over 1,500 corporate heads and public sector leaders across 60 nations and 33 industries polled on what drives them in managing their companies in today's world.Steven Tomasco, a manager at IBM Global Business Services, expressed surprise at this key finding, saying that it is "very interesting that coming off the worst economic conditions they'd ever seen, [CEOs] didn't fall back on management discipline, existing best practices, rigor, or operations. In fact, they [did] just the opposite."About 60% of CEOs polled cited creativity as the most important leadership quality, compared with 52% for integrity and 35% for global thinking. Creative leaders are also more prepared to break with the status quo of industry, enterprise and revenue models, and they are 81% more likely to rate innovation as a "crucial capability."Other key findings showed a large disparity between views of North American CEOs and those from other territories.For example, in North America, 65% of CEOs think integrity is a top quality for tomorrow's leaders, whereas only 29-48% of CEOs in other territories view it as such.Ironically, while company leaders in North America will bring moreintegrity to the job, they also expect far more regulation than foreign heads —both presumably reactions to negative public perception and heavy government intervention following the recession. A full 87% anticipate greater government oversight and regulation over the next five years —only 70% of CEOs in Europe hold this opinion, and 50% and 53% in Japan and China, respectively. Meanwhile, nearly double the amount of CEOs in China view global thinking as a top leadership quality, compared with Europe and North America.The area of focus the regions can all agree on is customer focus: 88% of all CEOs, and an astounding 95% of standout leaders, believe getting closer to the customer is the top business strategy over the next five years.托福写作素材模板：印度“老虎计划”运动素材段落In 1973, the Indian government initiated a tiger protection campaign called ‘Project Tiger’which was designed to help protect the diminishing tiger population. The tiger population was declining due to habitat loss, poaching and other human-related factors. During the campaign, twenty-five tiger reserves were established where human development and inhabitation was forbidden. On these reserves, the breeding of tigers has been facilitated, and mature tigers have been transported to other regions with the goal of increasing their worldwidepopulation. At the same time, the campaign has organized the Tiger Protection Force to catch poachers and relocate villagers in the rural areas so that they are no longer living within natural habitats. As a result of these efforts, the population of Bengal tigers in India has increased from about 1,200 in 1973 to an impressive 3500 in 2007. Due to this fact, they are no longer on the brink of extinction.单词和词组diminish 减少=decrease, decline✎diminish water and energy supply✎diminish government revenue by limiting commercial activities with the goal of …以…为目的=with the purpose of …✎With the goal/purpose of establishing a more efficient basic education system, authorities are obliged to implement scientific teaching strategies for all primary schools.on the brink of 濒临=on the verge of✎on the brink/verge of starvation句型结构…where …在这(那)里，地点状语从句结构✎There has been a large-scale migration of industrial workersfrom the countryside to the cities where many manufacturing factories are located.话题词汇濒危物种endangered species动物保护区habitat conservation/preservation对…有潜在威胁pose a potential challenge/threat to视而不见turn a blind eye to充耳不闻turn a deaf ear to以…为代价at the expense of弥补make up for采取各种措施保护take various measures to protect/safeguard The New York Times is an American daily newspaper that boasts the largest circulation of any metropolitan newspaper in the United States. Reporters and editors of The New York Times have undertaken a large-scale effort to bring readers a variety of high-quality news reports, articles and analyses on issues within America and throughout the world. In 2007, they issued a special series of reports on industrial workers at Foxconn, a manufacturing Titan based in China. Readers were exposed to a detailed analysis of the problems facing those workers, which included a rise in contingent employment, a decline of social welfare benefits and deteriorating working conditions. All of these problems had resulted in a dramatic suicide rate increase at Foxconn. More importantly, the reportraised general concerns among American and Chinese politicians and economists of the challenges confronting workers globally and of the possible creation of a universal coalition of workers.单词和词组undertake a large-scale effort 努力做...=strive for✎undertake an unremitting effort to …be exposed to 接触到✎expose children to television violence✎expose people to new ideas句型结构…, which include (s) …, …and …非限定性定语从句结构✎Although caring for an animal helps children nurture a sense of responsibility, other actions are also effective, which include reading stories that teach responsibility, setting good examples and encouraging them to help with more household chores.适用考题✎In order to be well informed, a person must get information from many different news sources. (TPO 19)新托福写作范文素材：做兼职的好处Taking on a part-time job while pursuing a degree is hard work, but the benefits are typically greater than the amount of a paycheck.Students who work during their college careers may have better time-management skills than their counterparts. They must understand responsibility and apply it to their daily lives. They earn money that can be used for fun or for tuition, while gaining experience in the workplace that will be attractive to future employers after graduation.MoneySimply put, students who hold down part-time jobs will have more money than they would have otherwise. As they come into adulthood, earning an income canboost their confidence and allow them to have some fun within the limits of their paychecks. Some students need to work through school to afford tuition. Others will set the money aside to pay back student loans. Still, the money will be theirs to spend as they wish, and they may appreciate it more because they worked for it.Students earning their own money get lessons on spending wisely. They may be less likely to spend their hard-earned money frivolously and learn to delay gratification to pay for necessities, such as text books and rent. At the same time, they can save for non-essential purchases, such as a car.语言点：Simply put：简单来说come into adulthood 马上成年boost one’s confidence: 增强信心set the money aside 留出钱spend their hard-earned money frivolously 挥霍辛苦挣来的钱delay gratification 延迟享乐Time ManagementStudents taking on a job on top of their studies will have less free time than non-working students. When working students have to measure out their time, they tend to be better planners as they make sure they complete every task on deadline. They learn to weigh their priorities, sometimes skipping fun activities to finish their responsibilities. This prepares them for life after school when excuses and tardy work will be frowned upon.语言点：on top of 除了weigh one’s priorities 权衡轻重缓急skip fun activities to 为了…不单纯享乐ExperienceOften, part-time jobs that introduce them to their preferred career after school is over. This allows them to gain important introductory experience in the business and begin networking with those in that field. Even students who work in places not connected to their majors will look more impressive to potential employers.They'll have some kind of work experience on their resumes to start, and the fact that they've been ableto hold a job while a school attests to their level of maturity, responsibility and time management. Employers look for employees who understand the work environment and work well as part of a team. Having a part-time job shows that the student is at least somewhat accustomed to the professional world, which will make the transition that much easier.语言点：gain important introductory experience in 获得在.. 基础的经验begin networking with those in certain field 在某一个领域开始建立人脉look more impressive to potential employers.给未来的老板留下深刻印象attests to their level of maturity, responsibility and time management 证明他们的成熟程度、责任感和时间管理能力新托福写作范文素材配套题目(A/D) college students should be required to take part time jobs during their college study.新托福写作范文素材：旅行的好处1Relaxation:A great benefit of taking a tour is the relaxation you get to do. Obviously, We all have over-scheduling workday or schoolday, due to various problems or issues bothering us. The distance given by travelingcan also help you figure things out that you would not have understood. It’s a very good stress remover so that we can enjoy a stress free time. Also, going on vacation lets us recharge our “batteries”by disconnecting us from our regular life. When we come back we feel invigorated and we are happy to be back in our day to day routine.语言点：放松：relax / unwind oneselfHave over-scheduling workday or schoolday:超负荷的工作时间和学校时光a very good stress remover 缓解压力的好方式travel/ go on vacation/ take a trip 旅行recharge our “batteries”补充能量Escape from the hustle and bustle / take a break from daily rountine /disconnect sb from one’s regular life 从日常生活中分离出来feel invigorated/recharged/ refreshed 感到能力充沛2New experienceTraveling expands our knowledge and widens our perspective, thus increasing our resourcefulness. To view new customs, different ways of living is fantastic for the mind. It gives us a new perspective about life and especially our life. I have noticed that people who traveled a lot in life were ready to embrace change and foster a natural ability of overcoming problems that others would frown upon.语言点：expand our knowledge 拓展知识widen our perspective 开拓眼界increasing our resourcefulness 增长智慧embrace change 应对变化foster a natural ability of overcoming problems 培养解决问题的本能frown upon 对…皱眉/不赞成3 Lasting memoryWhen traveling with friends or family it creates memories for a lifetime. Travelling is worth every penny you will spend because memories last forever.These memories will create an emotional bond that nothing can erase no matter what happens to the friendship/relationship. It can also give a new perspective on the relationship and cement the bond forever. It also gives nice stories to tell people afterwards, you can make photo albums about your trips and when you feel nostalgic you can take an hour of your life and experience the trips again by looking at your pictures.语言点：creates memories for a lifetime：留下永生的回忆create an emotional bond 形成一种情感纽带cement the bond 巩固感情feel nostalgic 怀旧适用题目(A/D)People should rather than saving money for future use spend money on traveling and vacation(A/D)People should spend money on long-lasting things such as diamond rather than short-term pleasure such as vacation.(A/D)The best way to travel is in a group and leaded by a tour guide.。
2021年托福模拟考试题语法与改错题汇集(二)
托福模拟考试题语法与改错题汇集（二）___：rinehart 时间：xx-06-24 Comparatively few cities inthe United States have peting newspapers today. a ___jor change from 1900 ____ more than two newspapers. A. because then most large cities having B. when did most large cities have C. then most large cities that had D. when most large cities had___：nickelli 时间：xx-06-25 我觉得选D,但题目好像有点毛病___：callasun 时间：xx-06-25 98,5的题吧? 题目没问题,但today后是逗号吧?呵呵空格前完整句,后应该接从句 A是从句中没谓动,B语序错,C状从连接词错.___：iamyoyo 时间：xx-06-25 1 ( )helped form the principles which were to later affect the American constitution. b. Both colonial characteristics and their values d.The values of colonial characteristics why not d? 2 The sun hasyellow-gold rays because (we) are viewing (it) through the earth s atmosphere but judging (from its) su ___ ___ temperature, the sun s rays (are probably) closer to white.___：callasun 时间：xx-06-25 主谓一致 values是价值观的意思___：iamyoyo 时间：xx-06-25 谢！：）可是。
2021年托福写作模拟试题及答案(卷三)
2021年托福写作模拟试题及答案（卷三）Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Most experiences in our lives that seemed difficult at the time become valuable lessons for the future. Use reasons and specific examples to support our answer.托福写作范文：Sometimes experiences that are supposed to be easy and enjoyable turn difficult because unforeseen troubles arise. At other times problems simply turn out to be more difficult than expected, and this, in turn, causes great frustration. However, most difficult experiences will become valuable lessons for the future. They help us anticipate and prevent future mistakes, they allow us to recognize and solve problems more quickly, and they also make it easier for us to endure hard times.After our family car broke down in the middle of nowhere, my father realized that he had taken his toolbox out of the trunk earlier that day. He, my mother, and I spent nearly the whole afternoon in the sweltering summer heat of late July waiting for the car mechanic to arrive. It turned out that there was only a minor problem with the engine that my father could have easily fixed himself had he had the right tools. That evening he put the toolbox back into the car and vowed never to make the same mistake again.Math used to be a very difficult subject for me, but once I learnedhow to identify and distinguish the individual equations it became a whole lot easier. While I used to sweat blood and tears of frustration over my textbook, because I could not figure out where to begin, I am now familiar with the problems. As a result I solve them in less time and I am much less frustrated.My mother once told me that I was a much more difficult and painful birth than my younger sister. She joked with me that, as a result, I should treat her better and I was supposed to do more chores around the house.However, when she saw how upset her off-hand comment made me, she hurriedly explained that, while the time of delivery and other circumstances were nearly identical, being pregnant with me had prepared her for my sister's birth. The birth of her second child was easier to endure.Some people prefer to work for themselves or own a business. Others prefer to work for an employer. Would you rather be self-employed, work for someone else, or own a business? Use specific reasons to explain your choice.托福写作范文：There are advantages to all three kinds of employment. Owning one's own business might very well be the fastest way to fortune. Working for an employer, on the other hand, is often less risky andusually there are fewer responsibilities. However, I would like to be self-employed. Being self-employed would cater to my strength of working independently, it would give me a maximum of professional and personal freedom, and I would not have to take responsibility for the continued financial security of any employees and their families. I am a perfectionist and enjoy working by myself. When I work in a team or together with a group of people, usually the others' quality standards are much lower than my own. Furthermore, I like to be involved in every step of the development process. For example, if I could become a journalist I would like to be self-employed because I would be responsible for researching, writing, and editing. At most major newspapers and magazines these are three different areas.Another great benefit of being self-employed is the ability to balance personal life and career. When working for a major company I would have to work on assignments that don't interest me very much. Also, it would be difficult for me to take vacation time whenever I needed. However, as a self-employed person I can decide which jobs I want to take and which jobs to reject. Nobody would order me around. Also, I could design my own work schedule and adjust or change it if it interfered with my personal life.Lastly, as a self-employed professional I would neither have to give orders nor take orders. After all, I don't work for anybody and nobodyworks for me. As I am not very fond of managing people and even less interested in being bossed around, the independent or self-employed work would suit me just fine.Should a city try to preserve its old, historic buildings or destroy them and replace them with modern buildings? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.托福写作范文：Tall glass towers, whose shiny facades are as cool as their air-conditioned insides, are becoming part of cityscapes from South America to North East Asia. In the process, old buildings are making room for the seemingly unstoppable advancement of modernity. Thus the face of the global city is changing, and city planners are facing the difficult choice of either preserving historic building or replacing them with modern ones. As there are strong arguments for either option, the final decision will depend on a thorough analysis of the specific situation at hand. It is important to preserve historic buildings and parts of cities because they are part of the cultural heritage that gives identity to a community. Old homes and living quarters are a part of history, and, once destroyed, leveled, and buried under thousands of tons of concrete and steel, they will be lost forever. The constructions erected in their places in too many cases lack any sort of connection to the place. These buildings are anonymous and cultureless edifices that could stand tall inany other part of the world. They lack the charm and character of their historic predecessors.Yet the construction of new buildings is a sign of modernization. Not only will many people find work in the process of building these structures, but their existence will attract future investments and thus greatly benefit the economy of an area or country. In addition, these new buildings often have lower maintenance costs in comparison to the aged constructions. More importantly, newly development homes and office spaces include the comforts of modern life, e.g. air-conditioning and modern kitchens, are thus comfortable to live in.Sweeping generalizations are impossible here. A city government should try its best to preserve the old, historic charm of a city and its people. Yet at the same time, they have to look forward and modernize old, rundown buildings in an effort to make their city a more comfortable place to live in and a more successful place to do business. Therefore, a city should think about its general interests and goals and then try to make specific decisions in individual situations.A company is going to give some money either to support the arts or to protect the environment. Which do you think the company should choose? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.托福写作范文：Nowadays companies contribute money to many worthy causes. Infact many cultural events only become possible through corporate sponsorship and financial support. The choice between supporting the arts and protecting the environment is not an easy one. However, the company should give money to protect the environment because a healthy environment is necessary in order to produce and enjoy the arts and also because every company has an obligation to secure the environment which it pollutes either directly or indirectly.A healthy environment has served as inspiration to artists over the centuries and millennia. On all continents creative people have drawn from the positive effects of natural beauty to produce landmark pieces of art, and painters, writers, and musicians alike talk about the stimulating effects that nature has on their work. Furthermore, nature is the focal point of many works of art, for example, landscape painting. Therefore, a healthy environment becomes a prerequisite for art. Protecting the environment will also ensure that people will be able to enjoy the arts in the future. After all, environmental pollution causes and contributes to many diseases and illnesses. Naturally, sick people are not very concerned with high culture but are more worried about getting healthy or staying alive. Thus, money spend on environmental protection will make it possible for people to continue to enjoy art because they will live healthier lives.Lastly, every company contributes in some way to environmentaldegradation. Even the companies that don't cause pollution by means of manufacturing or production still ship products or use great amounts of electricity in their line of work. Since air pollution is a serious problem, much of which is caused by industrial transport, and because electricity is a scarce commodity, the production of which also causes environmental damage, businesses should invest in this area. Not only will the company fulfill its ethical obligation but it will benefit from the investment.Some movies are serious, designed to make the audience think. Other movies are designed primarily to amuse and entertain. Which type of movie do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.托福写作范文：The question of what kind of movie to watch is a familiar one in my home. While my father does not care for movies a great deal, my mother is very fond of this kind of entertainment. Unfortunately, her tastes are very different from mine, and she mostly likes movies that fall into the light entertainment category. I, on the other hand, do not enjoy watching movies that aim only to amuse. Generally, I derive a greater sense of enjoyment from movies that get me to think, because I can find better light entertainment elsewhere and I consider movies a serious art form.Sometimes, of course, I enjoy movies that amuse or entertain lightlyin order to distract myself from the seriousness of everyday life. Humorous movies such as slapstick comedies are my favorites amongst the amusing ones, and every once in a while I even enjoy a romantic comedy. These movies offer a kind of escape. However, there are other ways of distraction that I prefer. For example, I enjoy taking long walks or listening to music much more than I enjoy watching a flick that means to accomplish nothing more than diversion. Movies, to me, are serious business.I tend to look at movies as an art form that should engage its audience and also challenge them. Of course there are different ways to accomplish these two goals. A director might make creative use of stylistic means such as editing or lighting or camera movement. Together with the screenwriter he/she might find ways to present a relationship between classical or stereotypical characters in a complex and innovative way. Ideally, he/she will present an important social issue from a point of view that has not been thoroughly discussed. Thus, through his/her work, he/she will make his/her audience think about questions they had not considered before. Thereby, they will add to the discussion and make a contribution to culture and society. In my opinion, this is the goal of all art and thus it should also be the goal of movie making.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Businesses should do anything they can to make a profit. Use specific reasons andexamples to support your position.托福写作范文：The ultimate goal of every business is to make a profit. Businesses that don't turn a profit go under and dissolve, and increasing competition on national and international markets makes it more and more difficult for companies to succeed or simply stay alive. Regardless, as members of society companies are subject to laws and regulations that they must abide by, and the people who run businesses have a personal responsibility to both their employees and the community in which they do business. It is true that stiff competition will force companies to go to extreme measures to secure profits, but these must not. include illegal means. In the recent past, the enormous sums of money involved in contemporary economics have led CEOs and managers of businesses to bend the rules of the trade. For example, companies have deliberately ignored government standards for environmental pollution limits or tried to bribe government officials to allow mem to bypass these regulations. Such illegal means might be possible because of the sometimes tremendous social and political influences of businesses, but they are immoral, and the government should make a point of punishing violators. Furthermore, the managers of companies must be aware that employees and their families depend on jobs for financial security. For many businesses cutting jobs or movingjobs to another country is a way to further increase profits. However, the same jobs that are being cut or moved often support entire communities. If, for example, a company closed down an entire manufacturing plant of 5,000 or 10,000 jobs in order to make even greater profits, then a community of the size of a small city would suddenly find itself out of job. The initial consequences would be mass unemployment and a sudden death for the entire local economy, and before long related social problems will surface, e.g. crime, homelessness, domestic violence, and drug abuse.These are all indirect yet devastating consequences of the business aim to increase profits. The owners and managers of the company have an ethical obligation not to ignore the consequences of their actions and should not try to maximize profits at all costs.Some people are always in a hurry to go places and get things done. Other people prefer to take their time and live life at a slower pace. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.托福写作范文：I used to live at a frantic pace. My wristwatch dictated my life, and the hands of the clock pushed me forward to my next appointment, my next assignment, and my next social engagement. However, I have managed to relax.Now that I live my life at a slower pace I have become a better student, a more reliable friend, and a person who enjoys life much more than before. Living life at a slower pace has allowed me to pay much more attention to detail and to work through my assignments at school more thoroughly. Before I was always rushing through my reading and my writing, and my concentration was not very strong. The clubs and sports teams I belonged to demanded a lot of attention. After I decided to get rid of some of the more involved activities I had more time to focus on my studies and the results have shown in my marks.While I am still busy with school and extra curricular activities, I also make a point of slowing down and taking a step back in order to prioritize the things in my life. This allows me to evaluate how much time I should spend on one thing or another. For example, while I was hurrying through my schedule I often lost track of my friends. I forgot about dates that we made and things that I agreed to do for them. This will not happen now. By slowing down the tempo and realizing how important my pals are to me, I have once again become a reliable friend.Lastly, living life at a slower pace allows me to appreciate the good things in my life. In the past I would only think about the things I would have to get accomplished next. This anticipation did not allow me to concentrate on the moment, but now I am able to enjoy a family dinner or an afternoon at the movies with my friends without worrying aboutwhat I am supposed to do next.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Games are as important for adults as they are for children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.托福写作范文：Games are fun. This is true for adults and children alike. However, games also teach a variety of skills and they further every domain of a person's development. This is particularly important during the early stages of life.Through games children learn gross motor and fine motor skills, they practice and develop the ability to use language, and they learn important interpersonal and social skills. Adults can use games to strengthen these areas, but their abilities are already much more advanced, and therefore games are more important for children.In play a child learns gross motor skills such as walking or jumping, which an adult has already mastered.Pushing a shopping cart, for example, teaches a toddler to balance his/her weight and to use his/her legs to support his/her body. This activity is game and exercise at the same time, but it would be completely unnecessary for adults. Similarly, fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination are areas in which a child has much more to learn than an adult. Thus playing catch with a baseball has a much greaterbenefit to the young and inexperienced person.Language games allow children to practice and strengthen their language skills. Even simple singsong or rhyming games aid in this development. Needless to say, due to their advanced language ability, adults would not get much out of these simple ditties. In comparison, adult language games such as scrabble don't build but fine-tune language ability. Children are not able to compete here because they have not yet amassed enough knowledge.Elementary interpersonal and social skills ranging from communication to cooperation are also developed in play. Children learn systems of social rules when engaging in simple activities like pick-up football games. For example, they learn how to control themselves and to tolerate their frustrations around others. They also learn how to work in a team. These, of course, are abilities that are extremely important for adults as well, but, once again, children have more to learn.Some people believe that success in life comes from taking risks or chances. Others believe that success results from careful planning. In your opinion, what does success come from? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.托福写作范文：Magazines and newspapers never tire of telling stories about people who have come to success quickly by taking risks. However, the problemwith taking chances is that, while one can win a fortune, one can also lose everything. Careful planning helps reduce that possibility, and it is a basic skill that all established business people have. Therefore, I believe that continued success in life will be the result of careful planning as well as taking risks. Careful planning is a requisite part of life, especially when one's decisions can impact one's own life and the lives of others in a significant way. For example, the CEO of a company must weigh all of his options cautiously. After all, his decisions will impact not only his life and that of his family but also the lives of his workers and families. Due to a miscalculation on his part the company could incur significant losses. These losses might be so substantial that the company will be forced to cut jobs in order to save money or save the company itself. Therefore, the CEO's carelessness could cost him his job or, even worse, could cost the jobs of other workers in the company who might be less well-off than him. At the same time, taking chances is necessary on the way to success. People who get too caught-up in careful planning often find themselves unable to make decisions. They are looking for more and more information in order to make a well informed assessment, but they are taking too long. For example, the same CEO who plans the moves of his company carefully so as to minimize the possibility of failure faces tough competition in the business world. In order to stay ahead of his rivals he will have to make decisions on the fly to beat out competing companieswho are trying to buy the same materials or sell similar products. Thus, depending on the situation, taking a risk could be necessary to save a company or to ensure its prosperity well into the future.What change would make your hometown more appealing to people your age? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.托福写作范文：My hometown is a pretty good place to live. However, I still can think of at least three changes that would drastically increase the towns appeal to people my age, around 20. The construction of public sports facilities would give us the opportunity to exercise and spend our time constructively, the further development of the public parks would provide us with places to spend our leisure time in nice and cost free environments, and the lowering of the cost of public transportation would give us the opportunity to roam the city more freely. Exercising is the most popular recreational activity amongst people my age, but unfortunately there is very little opportunity to pursue sports in my hometown. All of the gyms, basketball courts, and football fields are on school grounds, and most of the time they are occupied by other students or sports teams. When they are not occupied, the facilities are locked up or it is too dark to play sports. The construction of public sports facilities that are open to anybody would solve this problem. My friends and I enjoy spending time together, but we cannot find a suitableplace to hang out. Most of the time, we meet at the shopping mall around the corner, or play outside the convenience store across from school. We usually just spent what money we have and do nothing else but look at the stores or sit on the street. We want to go to a park or a nice green area, but most of them are not very well kept. Those that are nice are too far away. Lowering the cost of bus and train tickets would not only allow us to go to those parks, but it would open up a whole new realm of possibilities. We would be able to go to other parts of the city and see our relatives more often. Right now, the only time we get to see our cousins is on holidays. Furthermore, we could actually afford to see a movie in the theater. At present the cost of transportation is almost as much as the ticket itself.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important aspect of a job is the money a person earns. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.托福写作范文：I understand that nowadays it is very important for people to earn a lot of money. As a matter of fact, many people equate money with success: the more money you earn, the more successful you are. However, the financial aspect is not the most important aspect of a job. The work environment and camaraderie with one's coworkers, the personal fulfillment from one's occupation, and the opportunity tobalance professional and personal lives are much more important. People who spend forty hours a week or more at their place of employment should enjoy their work environment, especially the company of their co-workers. After all, the prospect of having to spend any amount of time in a room or a building with people who one does not respect, who are unpleasant, or, even worse, hostile, will have a very negative effect on one's disposition and mental health. A few more dollars in the bank account cannot compensate for this. Similarly, one should derive a special fulfillment or pleasure from doing one's job. Normally, a person will spend at least a third of his/her adult life at work (eight hours or more every day). One should not waste this time by doing work that is boring or tedious even if it is well paid. The money earned will only enrich the life away from work but not enhance the work experience. Finally, the personal life can only be enjoyed adequately if there is enough time away from the professional life. Affluence affords many nice things, such as houses or cars or television sets, but a person who has to work night and day will not be able to derive any pleasure from them. Also, a father or a mother who makes a lot of money might be able to provide his or her family with a comfortable life, but how much good does that do if he or she never sees them? Time spent with family, especially children, is invaluable, and thus a job with long hours might cost a person more than it affords.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? One should never judge a person by external appearances. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.托福写作范文：People should look beyond superficial appearances. All too often we judge people quickly, and we do not take the time to gel to know them. We draw conclusions based on prior experiences and stereotypes. Of course, there are situations in which judging a person based on appearance is necessary, but such quick conclusions can lead to serious misjudgments, and they often prevent progressive change within society. As time is limited, we often don't have enough of it to get to know a person well, and thus we are forced to form an opinion hastily. During a job interview, for example, decisions have to be made very quickly. If the applicant for an office job does not dress in accordance with the standards of the employer, he will probably not get hired for the position, although he might be the best qualified candidate overall. Another applicant will take his place, because his qualifications, including his ability to dress and present himself professionally, appear to address the needs of the company better. In most other cases, however, judging based on external appearance can lead to many misjudgments. An old person is not necessarily wiser than a young person, because wisdom is the result of experience and not age. A person dressed in old jeans andtennis shoes does not have to be poor or without means, she might merely prefer the comfort of her old clothes to the discomfort of high heels and business suits. Judgments based on appearance will also prevent progressive change within society, because people will come to conclusions based on stereotypes. For example, a person with very dark skin might be from an African country, but he/she might also be from another continent altogether. Likewise, his/her skin color does not reveal anything about his/her likes or dislikes, his/her character traits or personality. Nevertheless, almost every person will invariably jump to conclusions on all of these, thereby precluding any contact or true understanding of the person and his/her background. As a result, common perceptions will persist and no progressive change will take place.。
2021年TOEFL考试模拟题(42)
XX年TOEFL考试模拟题(42)READING PREHENSIONQuestions 1-11With its radiant color and plantlike shape, the sea anemone looks more like a flower than an ani ___l. More specifically, the sea anemone is formed quite like the flower for which it is named, with a body like a stem and tentacles like petals in brilliant shades of blue, green, pink, and red. Its diameter varies from about six millimeters in some species to more than niy ___ntimeters in the giant varieties of Australia. Like corals, hydras, and jellyfish, sea anemones are coelenterates. They can move slowly, but more often they attach the lower part of their cylindrical bo ___s to rocks, shells, or wharf pilings. The upper end of the sea anemone has a mouth surrounded by tentacles that the ani ___l uses to capture its food. Stinging ___lls in the tentacles throw out tiny poison threads that paralyze other s ___ll sea ani___ls. The tentacles then drag this prey into the sea anemone s mouth. The food is digested in the large innerbody cavity. When disturbed, a sea anemone retracts its tentacles and shortens its body so that it resembles a lump on a rock. Anemones ___y reprodu ___ by forming eggs, dividing in half, or developing buds that grow and breakoff as independent ani ___ls.1. Which of the following is the ___in topic of the passage? (A) The varieties of o ___an life (B) The characteristics of the sea anemone (C) A parison of land and sea anemones (D) The defenses of coelenterates2. The work "shape" in line 1 is closest in meaning to (A) length (B) gra ___ (C) form (D) nature3. The author pares a sea anemone s tentacles to a flower s. (A) stem (B) petals (C) leaves (D) roots4.It can be inferred from the passage that hydras (A) were named after a flower (B) are usually found in Australia (C) prey on sea anemones (D) are related to sea anemones5. It can be inferred from the passage that sea anemones are usually found (A) attached to stationary su ___ ___s (B) hidden inside cylindrical objects (C) floating among underwater flowers (D) searching for food6. The word "capture" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) catch (B) control (C) cover (D) clean7. The word "retracts" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) pulls back (B) relaxes (C) reprodu ___s (D) lifts up8. Aording to the passage, when a sea anemone is bothered it (A) hides under a rock (B) alters its shape (C) changes colors (D) ejects a poisonous substan ___9. The sea anemone reprodu ___s by (A) budding only (B) forming eggs only (C) budding or dividing only (D) budding, forming eggs, or dividing10. Based on the infor ___tion in the passage, all of the following statements about sea anemones are true EXCEPTthat they (A) are usually tiny (B) have flexible bo ___s(C) are related to jellyfish (D) arc usually brightly colored11. Where does the author mention the, sea anemone s food-gathering technique? (A) Lines 1-2 (B) Lines 4-6 (C) Lines 7-10 (D) Lines 11-14Questions 12-23Barbara Kasten is an artist who ___kes photographs of constructions that she creates for the purpose of photographing them. In her studio she arranges objects such as mirrors, solid forms, and flat su ___ ___s into what could be called large still life arrangements, big enough to walk into .She lights the construction, then rearranges and rephotographs it until she arrives at a final i ___ge. She also photographs away from her studio at various architectural sites, bringing camera, lights mirrors, and a crew of assistants to transform the site into her own abstract i ___ge.Kasten starts a studio construction with a ___ problem, such as using several circular and rectangular mirrors . She puts the first objects in pla ___, sets up a camera, then goes back and forth arranging objects and seeing how they appear in the camera. Eventually she ___kes instant color prints to see what the i ___ge looks like. At first she works only with objects, con ___ntrating on their position; then she lights them and adds color from lights covered with colored filters .Away from the studio, at architectural sites, the cost of the crew and the equipment rental means she has to know in advan ___ what she wants to do. She visits each location several times to ___ke sketches and test shots. Until she brings in the lights, however, she cannot predict exactly what they will do to the i ___ge, so there is some improvising on the spot.12. What does the passage ___inly discuss? (A) The techniques of a photographer (B) The advantages of studio photography (C) Industrial construction sites (D) An architect who appreciates fine art13. Which of the following would be an example of one of the "constructions" referred to in line 1? (A) A still life arrangement (B) Natural landscapes (C) An instant color print (D) A colored filter14. In line 2, why does the author mention mirrors? (A) They are part of the camera. (B) Kasten uses them as subjects. (C) The crew needs them. (D) Photography mirrors life.15. The word "transform" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) move (B) extend (C) change (D) interpret16. It can be inferred from the passage that Kasten ___kes instant prints to (A) give away (B) sell as souvenirs (C) include as part of the construction (D) see what the construction looks like at that stage17. The word "position" in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) arrangement (B) brightness (C) quality (D) size18. The word "them" in line 12 refers to (A) prints (B) lights (C) objects (D) filters19. The word "shots" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) injections (B) photographs (C) loud noises (D) effective re ___rks20. The word "they" in line 17 refers to (A) architectural styles (B) sketches (C) colored filters (D) lights21. Why does Kasten visit the location of outdoor work before the day of the actual shooting? (A) To plan the photograph (B) To purchase film and equipment (C) To hire a crew (D) To test the lights22. How is Kasten s studio work different from her work at architectural sites ? (A) She does not use lights outdoors.(B) Her work outdoors is more unpredictable. (C) She works alone outdoors. (D) She ___kes more money from her work outdoors .23. Where in the passage does the author suggest that the constructions that Kasten photographs are life-sized? (A) Lines2-4 (B) Lines 5-7 (C) Lines 12- 14 (D) Lines 16-I7Questions 24-33The temperature of the Sun is over 5.000 degrees Fahrenheit at the su ___ ___, but it rises to perhaps more than 16 million degrees at the ___nter. The Sun is so much hotter than the Earth that ___tter can exist only as agas , ex ___pt at the core. In the core of the Sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there ___y be a s ___ll solid core. However, no one really knows, sin ___ the ___nter of the Sun can never be directly observed. Solar astronomers do know that the Sun is divided into five layers or zones. Starting at the outside and going downinto the Sun, the zones are the corona, chromosphere , photo- sphere, convection zone, and finally the core. The first three zones are regarded as the Sun s atmosphere. But sin ___ the Sun has no solid su ___ ___, it is hard to ___where the atmosphere ends and the ___in body of the Sun begins.The Sun soutermost layer begins about 10,000 miles above the visible su ___ ___ and goes outward for millions of miles. This is the only part of the Sun that can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in February 1979. At any other time, the corona can he seen only when special instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to shut out the glare of the Sun s rays. The corona is abrilliant, pearly white, filmy light, about as bright as the full Moon. Its beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona s rays flash out in abrilliant fan that has wispy spikelike rays near the Sun s north and south poles. The corona is thickest at the Sun s equator . The corona rays are ___de up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds and reaching a temperature of more than 2 million degrees Fahrenheit. The rays of gas thin out as they reach the spa ___ around the plas- By the time the Sun s corona rays reach the Earth, they are weak and invisible.24. The word "great" in line 4 is closest in meaning to (A) dangerous (B) unknown (C) variable (D) strong25. With what topic is the second paragraph ___inly con___rned? (A) How the Sun evolved (B) The structure of the Sun (C) Why scientists study the Sun (D) The distan ___ of the Sun from the plas26. A1l of the following are Parts of the Sun s atmosphere EXCEPT the (A) corona (B) chromosphere (C) photosphere (D) core27.The word "one" in line 13 refers to (A) the Sun (B) the corona (C) an eclipse (D) the su ___ ___28. The purpose of the special instruments mentioned inline 14 is to (A) ___gnify the i ___ge of the Sun (B) block out the Sun s intense light (C) measure the amount of energy emitted by the Sun (D) photograph the Sun29. It can be inferred from the passage that a clear view of the Sun s outer layer is usually prevented by (A) theSun s rays (B) an eclipse (C) lack of light (D) the great distan ___30. The word "sensational in line 17 is closest in meaning to (A) spectacular (B) predictable (C) bizarre (D) constant31 . Aording to the passage, as the corona rays reach the plas, they bee (A) hotter (B) clearer (C) thinner (D) stronger32. The paragraphs following the passage most likelydiscuss which of the following? (A) The re ___ining layers of the Sun (B) The evolution of the sun to its present form (C) The eclipse of February 1 979 (D) The scientists who study astronomy33.Where in the passage does the author pare the light of the Sun s outermost layer to that of another astronomical body? (A) Lines 2-3 (B) Lines 9-10 (C) Line 16 (D) Lines22-23Questions 34-42 .Many of the puting patterns used today in elementary arithmetic, such as those for performing long multiplications and divisions, were developed as late as the fifteenth ___ntury. Two reasons are usually advan ___d to aount for this tardy development, namely, the mental difficulties and the physical difficulties encountered in such work.The first of these, the mental difficulties, must be somewhat discounted. The impression that the ancient numeral systems are not amenable to even the ___st calculations is largely based on lack of familiarity with these systems. It is clear that addition and subtraction in a ___ grouping system require only ability to count the number symbols of each kind and then to convert to higher units. No memorization of number binations is needed .In a ciphered numeral system , if sufficient addition and multiplication tables have been memorized , the work can pro ___ed much as we do it today .The physical difficulties encountered, however, were quite real . Without a plentiful and convenient supply of some suitable writing medium, any very extended development of the arithmetic pro ___ss was bound to be hampered .It must be remembered that our mon ___chine- ___de pulp paper is little more than a hundred years old. The older rag paper was ___de by hand and was consequently expensive and scar ___.34.What is the ___in purpose of the passage? (A) To emphasize the importan ___ of the mental pro ___ss in performing calculations (B) To explain why some elementary puting systems were not developed until the fifteenth___ntury. (C) describe how ancient counting systems differ from those of the twentieth ___ntury (D) To pare the mental and physical pro ___sses used in arithmetic35. The word "tardy" in line3 is closest in meaning to (A) historical (B) basic (C) unusual (D) late36. The word "these"in line 5 refers to (A )patens (B) reasons (C) systems (D)calculations37. The word "discounted" in line 5 is closest in meaning to (A) redu ___d (B) contradicted (C) disregarded (D) interpreted38. The author states that doing calculations in a ___ grouping system requires (A) memorizing numerical binations (B) using an adding ___chine (C) producing large quantities of a writing medium (D) converting number symbols to higher units39. The word "encountered" in line 12 is closest in meaning to (A) fa ___d (B) caused (C) increased (D) discussed40. The word "hampered" in line l4 is closest in meaning to(A) impeded (B) concluded (C) unnoti ___d (D) rejected41 . The author describes old rag paper as all of the following EXCEPT (A) hand ___de (B) costly (C) scar ___ (D) delicate42. The passage supports which of the followingconclusion ? (A) Physical difficulties hindered the development of puting patterns . (B) Memorizing addition and multiplication tables is ne ___ssary for most elementary arithmetic pro ___sses . (C) Most people experien ___ mental difficulties in learning long divisions and in multiplications. (D) Numeral systems invented before the fifteenth ___ntury could not have been used to perform elementary calculations .Questions 43-50 .The ecosystems of the Earth provide an array of free public servi ___s that are essential for the support of civilizations . They ___intain the quality of` the atmosphere , provide food from the sea. Manufacture and replenish soils, recycle wastes and nutrients, control the overwhelming ___jority of crop pests and disease vectors, and so on.. People have no idea how to take over these activities satisfactorily. They do know, however, that the theory on ___ advan ___d in the nieenth ___ntury - that the productivity of the land can he infinitely increased bythe application of capital, labor, and scien ___- is wrong. History has shown that on ___ the natural life-support systems of a civilization have been sufficiently da ___ged, they cannot usually be repaired. The ancient deforestation and overgrazing of the Mediterranean region is a famous example. And today ,a global civilization is ruining the global enviro ___ent.41, What is the ___in topic of this passage? (A) Freepublic servi ___s (B) Support needed for civilizations (C) The vaule of ecosystems (D) The vastness of the Earth44. The word "array" in line 1 is closest in meaning to (A) large number (B) ex ___ss (C) requirement (D) model45.The word "They" in line 2 refers to (A) ecosystems (B) civilizations (C) sea (D) people.46. Which of the following could NOT be included under the "free public servi ___s" listed in lines 2-4? (A) Preventing overgrazing by domestic ani ___ls (B) Providingnatural ani ___ls for harmful insects (C) Creating and enriching ___terial for plant growth(D) Supplying air for breathing47. The word "advan ___d" in line 6 is closest in meaning to (A) debated (B) ignored (C) proved (D) proposed48. The author mentions the Mediterranean region as an example of (A) the ability of nature to remedy hu ___n destruction (B) the ability of people to ___ke use of natural resour ___s (C) the ___nner in which people replenish the enviro ___ent (D) the effects or hu ___n abuse of natural resour ___s49. The author suggests that civilizations can survive only if they (A) greatly expand scientific research (B) do not destroy the balan ___ of natural pro ___sses (C) replant the forests in the Mediterranean region (D) invent new pro ___dures to repla ___ obsolete ecosystems50. The author suggests that the differen ___ between the ancient and the modern situation is that today the problem is (A) worldwide (B) better understood (C) more ___nageable (D) economic模板,内容仅供参考。
2021年托福考试写作模拟题考点分析(卷十八)
2021年托福考试写作模拟题考点分析（卷十八）1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement that a university should focus more on its facilities, such as libraries, computers or laboratory rather than on hiring famous teachers?2. Is it a waste of money for government to fund money on the space travel or space explorations?3. Some people think spending time away from people we care about will make us realize their importance. Others think we should spending as many time with them as possible because spending time away will harm a relationship.4. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is just as important for older people to study and learn new things as it is for younger people too.5. In order to attract more tourists, government should improve the safety by hiring more police or improve the appearance by improving the old buildings and streets.6. Some people like a person, such as running, some people like the collective movement, such as joining a team sport, which do you like?7. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? As modern life becomes more complex, it is essential for young people to have the ability to plan and organize.8. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? The people in thepast are more friendly than people today.9. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities should require every graduation student to take public speaking courses. Give specific examples and details to support your answer.10. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? One quality that a successful leader must make decisions quickly. When a leader takes too much time to make decisions, he will be seen as inefficient to the people he leads.1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement that a university should focus more on its facilities, such as libraries, computers or laboratory rather than on hiring famous teachers?2. Is it a waste of money for government to fund money on the space travel or space explorations?3. Some people think spending time away from people we care about will make us realize their importance. Others think we should spending as many time with them as possible because spending time away will harm a relationship.4. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is just as important for older people to study and learn new things as it is for younger people too.5. In order to attract more tourists, government should improve thesafety by hiring more police or improve the appearance by improving the old buildings and streets.6. Some people like a person, such as running, some people like the collective movement, such as joining a team sport, which do you like?7. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? As modern life becomes more complex, it is essential for young people to have the ability to plan and organize.8. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? The people in the past are more friendly than people today.9. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities should require every graduation student to take public speaking courses. Give specific examples and details to support your answer.10. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? One quality that a successful leader must make decisions quickly. When a leader takes too much time to make decisions, he will be seen as inefficient to the people he leads.1. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? The people in the past are more friendly than people today.2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities should require every graduation students to take public speaking courses. Give specific examples and details to support youranswer.3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? One quality that a successful leader must make decisions quickly. When a leader takes too much time to make decisions, he will be seen as inefficient to the people he leads.4. Using clean energy to protect the environment, but the traditional energy sources such as coal and oil is less expensive. Which one do you prefer? Use details and examples to explain your answer.5. Do you agree or disagree with the expression "never give up", which means to keep trying and never stop working for your goals.6. "Which way do you think is the best way for a student to make new friends?-joining a sports team;-participating in community activities;-traveling7. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement：It is more enjoyable to have a job and work long hours for three days in a week than to work shorter hours for five days in a week.8. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Sometimes people think nowadays the media (TV, newspaper, Internet) care less concerned about the accuracy of news than in the past, and the incorrect information may cause more problem to the public.9. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The competition between friends always has a negative effect on their relationship.10. Nowadays, children rely too much on the technology, like computers, smartphone, video games for fun and entertainment. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Playing simpler toys or playing outside with friends would be better for the children's development.1.People in daily lives would frequently do the jobs that need creativity, such as the job you have never done before. Under this circumstance, do you prefer to work alone or work with others?2.When you decide to find a place to travel and want to compare two places, which way do you think help you make a better decision?- read information online- discussing with a friend who has been to those places3.You may choose between two professors who will be teaching a course that you must take at your university. If the following statements are the only information available to you about the differences between the two professors, which professor would you choose? Why?-- A professor who proves to be very popular in students’evaluations-- A professor who was recently given an award for outstandingresearch.4.As a student of university that has a long break between university semesters, the university requires all students to do one of the following for one month during the break:1)students must take a course on the subject that has no direct connection to their majors of study.2)students must volunteer to work in the city where the university is located or their hometowns to improve some aspects of life of the city or their own town.Which one do you think is more beneficial for students in their university, why? "5.Sometimes we are assigned to work in a group on a project. Do you agree or disagree the following statement? The group will be helped more by members who are willing to do what other group members want them to do than by those who strongly insist that things should be done in a different way.6.Rather than help their children do schoolwork, parents should encourage their children do their homework independently.7.Some young people are free in the evenings or have days off at school, which way can bring them the most benefit?1)to accumulate work experience by a part-time job or volunteering in a community2)learning to play a sport3)learning to play a musical instrument "8.At some universities, students take part in making decisions about the issues that affect daily life of everyone on campus, such as how many hours that the libraries should be open each day or what kinds of food should be served in the cafeteria. But at some universities, experts are hired to make these decisions, students almost never involved. Which approach do you prefer and why.9.Which one of the following values is the most important to share with a young child (ages 5 to 10)? Why?1)Being helpful to others2)Being honest3)Being well-organizedUse specific examples and evidences to support your answer. "10.One can learn a lot about a person from the type of friends this person has.11.Some people like to buy and eat their meals at restaurants frequently, while others like to do this at home. Which do you prefer? Why?12.Do you agree that it is better to work for business owned by someone else than to work for the business of one‘s own family13.Students aged 13-18 are taught different subjects by differentteachers while younger students are taught by only one teacher all day long. Some people suggest it would benefit young students to be taught by different teachers. Do you agree with this view? Why or why not?14.If one of your friends has the opportunity to study in either one of two majors, which one of the following majors you will recommend:1)A major that would allow your friend to complete studies and geta degree faster (so that he or she can get a full time job sooner)2)A major that would require longer time to study, but can make it more likely to get better employment opportunities and job offers in the future.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. "15.A lot of high school students now cheat in homework assignments, by asking other students for answers. Which of the following do you think is the most efficient way to stop?1)asking parents to help stop the students from cheating2)penalty or punishment to the students3)asking teacher to create homework assignment that cannot be easily cheated16.Most adults believe that modern children (5-10 years old) behave worse than those in the past. What action parents should take do you think will have the most positive effect on children to help them be have better like respecting and treating others kindly?1)limit the types of the TV programs and movies they watch2)spend more time talking with children3)supervise and monitor children while they are playing with their friendsUse specific reasons and examples to support your answer.17.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Universities should require every graduation students to take public speaking courses. Give specific examples and details to support your answer.18.Parents give their children weekly money to buy whatever they want. Some people think this can cause bad habits and ideas about money in children. Others think the opposite. What's your opinion?19.Older teenagers (16-19) should be allowed to work at paid part-time job or not.20.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In the past people ate food that was better for their health than they do today. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.1.As a student of university that has a long break between university semesters, the university requires all students to do one of the following for one month during the break:●students must take a course on the subject that has no direct connection to their majors of study.●students must volunteer to work in the city where the university is located or their hometowns to improve some aspects of life of the city or their own town.which one do you think is more beneficial for students in their university. Why?2.Sometimes we are assigned to work in a group on a project. Do your agree or disagree the following statement? The group will be helped more by members who are willing to do what other group members want them to do than by those who strongly insist that things should be done in a different way.3.Rather than help their children do schoolwork, parents should encourage their children do their homework independently.4.It is better to relax by watching a movie or reading a book than doing physical exercises.5.It is better for people to have friends who are intelligent than to have friends who have a good sense of humor.6.Some young people are free in the evenings or have days off at school, which way can bring them the most benefit?●to accumulate work experience by a part-time job or volunteering in a community●learning to play a sport●learning to play a musical instrument7.At some universities, students take part in making decisions about the issues that affect daily life of everyone on campus, such as how many hours that the libraries should be open each day or what kinds of food should be served in the cafeteria. But at some universities, experts are hired to make these decisions, students almost never involved. Which approach do you prefer and why.8.Do you agree that it is better to work for business owned by someone else than to work for the business of one’s own family.9.A city wants to help teachers of its high school students (age14-18)improve their teaching. It is considering two plans:●Choose a small group of excellent teachers; these teachers will attend a class led by an expert for additional training in how to teach effectively, and they will then come back to their schools and provide that training for other teachers in school.●Provide additional training in teaching effectively for high school teachers, using online material that each teacher will study individually.10.Students aged 13-18 are taught different subjects by different teachers while younger students are taught by only one teacher all day long. Some people suggest it would benefit young students to be taught by different teachers. Do you agree with this view? Why or why not?1. When you need to complete a creative task, do you prefer to work together with others or to do it alone?Nowadays, whether individual should work as a team or finish tasks alone when dealing with some creative tasks is a prevalent topic undergoing serious debate. Two different opinions obviously exist to support and to oppose. Personally, I agree with the idea that working with a group of people is the best way to approach creative projects.The main reason for my propensity for the choice is that a group of people has a wider range of knowledge, expertise and skills than any single individual is likely to possess. As we all know, teammates in a team can learn something from each other because they are from different places, owning various experiences and hold different views towards things. The example of Tom, who is a computer programmer, can support my idea. He was assigned a task to create a phone game. At first, this project did not run smoothly because he did not have any experience on this kind of work. Then he consulted with his friends who had succeed in creating several phone games for help, through which Mike learned a lot including some useful ideas and methods. As a result, in this way, he could finish his task on time. Therefore, it is essential to assemble a group of people for completing a creative task.Another reason why I prefer to the statement lies in the fact that working with others is conducive to developing communication ability. This is because if people work in a group, he or she have to communicate with teammates about his or her ideas and plans, through which he orshe can learn some communication skills. This provides a good instance of my sister Mary, working as an advertising manager. She has to tackle numerous problems related to advertisement with her group members every day. At first, she did not know how to express her ideas to her teammates properly especially when some conflicts happened. However, after being a leader for 3 months, she learned some skills like listening to others carefully first and then giving her own ideas. As a result, she become a excellent leader who know how to communicate with others in a proper way. Therefore, it is significant to work together.Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that assembling a group of people to work together is a better approach to solving some creative tasks.2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People would meet many problems in their daily life and they would solve them by themselves or from the help of their families; the help from the government is not necessary.Problems are inevitable in everyone’s life so that support, no matter practical aids or spiritual encouragement, is by no means dispensable. It is noticeably seen that in the face of difficulties, people are more likely to resort to themselves or acquaintances. However, this does not mean than the help from government is negligible. In other words, it is definitely important for the government to provide help forits citizens.First of all, the efficiency of solving problems can be substantially boosted by official assistance. To be specific, the government possesses absolute authority in legislation, supervision and regulation. Besides that, it can work collectively with different departments to support activities that benefit the public. For example, if pollutants caused by a given factory contaminate rivers, residents in the vicinity can report this case to the local government. It takes little imagination to predict that the government is bound to take measures to prevent the factory from releasing something less environment-friendly. Needless to say, the intervention of governments is more deterrent to the factory than the complaints from the public. In this sense, governments are well positioned to solve tricky public affairs.In addition, the society will be more harmonious with the availability of the aids given by the government. Obviously, it is unwise for the government to create an image that it is far more superior to other social organizations. Otherwise, the gap between governments and common citizens will be widened, which will further distance the authorities from people. As a matter of fact, official are public servants, which means that they ought to work diligently and productively to assist people when harsh time arrives or help disadvantageous people. Presumably, such dedication is also supposed to stimulate the public tobe wholeheartedly devoted to city construction and economic development.In a nutshell, the government definitely plays an irreplaceable role in building social harmony and easing people from anxiety. From the angle of the authorities, they are supposed to show people that they are always there to save them from troubles. After all, every individual deserves the right to gain official aids.3. When we make major purchase (for example, car or laptop), our decisions can be influenced by different sources of information. Explain how each of the following sources of information can influence your decision.(1) Recommendations from friends or colleagues(2) Information from media (for example, TV, magazines, newspapers)(3) Recommendations from sales person in the storeBuying things can be work. If you’re running on a budget like me, it’s always important to make as informed a purchase as possible. I try to consider several sources of information—salespeople, friends and colleagues, and media.The least useful of these three sources is recommendations from salespeople. This is because salespeople don’t always have your best interests in mind. I remember one time when I was hunting for a newtelevision a few years ago. I’d visited a number of large retailers, and at every single one, the salespeople had tried to sell me a more expensive TV than the one I wanted. I didn’t need all of the extra features these pricier TVs had—I just wanted something simple with an acceptable level of picture quality. But none of the salespeople were very helpful for finding something that fit my criteria. Since salespeople often make a commission for selling these types of devices, they probably won’t provide you with the most reliable information. But you can still consult them in the beginning if you’re lost.More useful are recommendations from friends and colleagues. They will be far more likely to give you an honest picture of what to expect from a product. I’ve made many small- to medium-sized purchases based on suggestions from these sources, and I’ve rarely regretted it. Someone who uses a product on a daily basis can tell you all its pros, cons, and quirks. For example, when I was looking to buy a pair of portable laptop speakers, I asked one of the IT guys in my office for ideas. He pointed me towards an affordable pair of USB speakers, but made sure to tell me that they worked poorly at high volumes because of the limited energy that USB ports can provide. Since I was only using the speakers for traveling, that was an acceptable trade-off for the excellent price, so I picked up a pair from the store.My go-to source of information for purchases is still from media,however. I think the internet is particularly useful for this. Pretty much anything you can buy has been reviewed by someone on the internet, so you’re not limited to the unreliable testimonies of salespeople or the limited range of products used by friends and colleagues. Not only that, but for the more popular products, there are usually tens if not hundreds of reviews, so you get a good idea of how reliable different manufacturers are. For instance, when I was in the market for a new laptop last year, friends recommended several models to me. Using review websites, I managed to eliminate many of them based on negative performance evaluations and customer testimonies about defects.It doesn’t hurt to consider all three sources of information. However, there’s a clear hierarchy when it comes to their usefulness. Salespeople are ok to start off with, but you’ll want to get some tips from friends and colleagues, and in the end, verify those tips online.4. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? As modern life becomes more complex, it is essential for young people to have the ability to plan and organize.Needless to say the ability to plan and organize has always been essential, however, these days the methods used to plan and organize our daily lives have changed. Our world has become more business oriented and being late is unacceptable in most social environments.Whether you are young or old there is no question that planning and organizing is essential, that being said I completely agree with the above statement.I was born in the late 80’s, and when I grew up I remember seeinga lot of people using small calendars to take notes, I also remember seeing a watch on almost everyone’s wrist. Those were the tools needed to stay organized in the past, no one would use their cell phone to plan anything because those functions were virtually non-existent.Unfortunately, as our society has evolved into a more materialistic and developed version of our past society, people have become too reliant on technology. For example, it has become virtually impossible to keep a conversation going between friends without someone fiddling with their cell phone or someone answering a phone call. Alarm clocks and other devices with power cords are basically non-existent and the use of wireless devices are on the rise.When we use our phone as our personal assistant there are way too many potential problems. Being late because the alarm didn’t go off due to our phones running out of battery and missing a meeting because we put something in our calendar and forgot about it are just two examples. Compared to in the past I would say that we have become more disorganized. In order to solve this issue. I believe that we need to start planning and organizing like we did in the past. Bring back the papercalendars with the big red circles marking important events and start using old-school alarm clocks that literally makes you jump out of bed at the moment it goes off!To conclude, having the ability to plan and organize is definitely an essential skill. In order to improve our ability to do that, we should become less reliant on technology and start using less convenient but more effective methods, or at least make sure that our phones are fully charged (or charging) when we go to bed.5. Which option do you prefer? Travel to foreign countries when you are young than when you are older. Give specific reasons or examples to support your decision.Globalization has made the world become smaller and the people from all over the world become closer. Many people show a desire to experience different natural and cultural environment in foreign countries. Traveling is usually their first choice. Although the cost may be high for the young, from my perspective, traveling to foreign countries in youth is better than at old age.To begin with, the young are going to obtain a richer life through traveling to foreign countries. The world is a stunning place, full of treasures for people to explore. Although the young may learn the magnificence of The Pyramids and The Louvre in books, their impression of them are just limited to pictures and verbal descriptions. Only whenthe young visit these places in person will the sites become part of their lives. If one wants to ride a bicycle across the Golden Gate Bridge in youth, but he fails to achieve the dream, he will live in regret for the rest of his life. On the contrary, if he achieves it, he will have many proud moments when he looks back on his life.Besides, traveling to foreign countries in youth helps the young to perform better in their future careers and studies. The charm of traveling lies in its unexpected adventures. The young may encounter all kinds of difficulties, but anything is possible as long as they have confidence and wills. Traveling to different countries will force the young to care for issues that are bigger than those in their daily lives. Compassion and love will arise in the heart of the young for the pain and suffering experienced by others. Deep and consistent connections may be created with those new friends who they meet during traveling. Along with the new friends during the trip, the young can listen to the sour, sweet, bitter or hot stories, talk to people with different personalities and acquire insights on their own lives.Granted, some people may argue that young people usually lack money and they are supposed to work hard. Retirement period is a good time to travel to foreign countries, because the senior could usually afford both the time and money. However, it’s worthwhile to invest money and sacrifice time into tasting various aspects of life in the worldas early as possible.In conclusion, it is highly rewarding to travel in foreign countries in youth and it is better to start earlier, for people won’t always be young. Instead of regretting at old ages due to poor physical conditions, it is better to travel in youth.6. Is it important for government to provide money for things that are beautiful than things that are practical?Government’s core function is to provide for health, safety, education and defense of its citizens. It may be tempting to argue that by focusing on things pleasing to behold, a government can harvest more support. I, however, believe this could be a bad idea. Eye-catcher projects can be no substitute for ones with practical purposes.Consider real estate. The recent decades have witnessed a boom in majestic mansions and skyscrapers on a global scale. While they are all pleasing to our eyes, quite a few boasts fashionably hallow designs taking up much space yet serving few practical purposes. Even so, governments still play along, funding projects and enforcing policies in the hope of a sound public image. However, all this could be in vain when the housing reality of the working class has become so harsh that few others would step up to fill the role. If the government could subsidize affordable housing, things would be a lot better for struggling college graduates. Studies have shown 60 percent of young people have to postpone their。
2021年托福写作模拟试题及答案(卷十六)
2021年托福写作模拟试题及答案（卷十六）It is often not a good thing for people to move to a new town or a new country because they will lose their friends.Many people have had the experience of moving from one place to another. Some feels it a bad thing because they will lose their old friends in the place they move from. In my view, however, it is anything but a bad thing. Not only will we keep in touch with our old friends, but we will make new friends as well.With the modern communicating technology, distance is never a barrier that keeps people from contacting others. Even if people to a new town or a new country, telephone, email and instant message will allow them to keep in constant touch with their old friends without any inconvenience. Take myself for example. When I entered college, I had to leave my hometown for Beijing, thus I was separated from my friends in my hometown. But I called them every weekend and we often chat online when we are both free. So distance did not make me lose touch with them at all.Furthermore, it could even be a good thing to move away for people and their old friends. Instead of becoming estranged from each other, they will miss each other and thus become even more intimate. Not having conflicts over trifles, people will appreciate the merits of their friends more. There is a saying that ‘distance makes the heart growsfonder’, which means that when people are separated by distance, they may like each other more. So distance is never a obstacle between friends.Moving to a new place allows people to make new friends, and that does not necessarily mean that people cannot maintain their old friendship. On the contrary, people can still stay in touch with their old friends, because one can never have too many friends. When it comes to my case, my old friends even came to be familiar with my new friends and they became friends before long.In conclusion, moving to a new town or a new country will not make people lose their old friends. Friendship is one of the most precious things that we have and deserves to be cherished by us all our life.Some people think that a university professor should focus time on doing research, while others think that the main role of a professor is to educate students in a university.What is the main role of a university professor, to educate students or to do research? Some people believe that professors should focus their time on doing research, but as far as I am concerned, it is educating that deserves more devotion of professors.To begin with, professors are teachers in universities, so it is their responsibility to teach students with absolute dedication and enthusiasm. University professors play an critical role in students’learningknowledge and the methods for learning, by giving lectures in class as well as assigning them tasks to do using what they have learned. A good professor should be someone who can teach well and is patient with students.In addition, taking education as the main responsibility does not mean that professors are not supposed to do research. On the contrary, those who have achieved success in research tend to be better teachers. Doing research allows professors to have a broader horizon, enabling them to seize the point of the science and technology today and to have a deep understanding of the knowledge they are going to teach. Furthermore, professors who do research well may offer their students better opportunities to do research in the field they study.Admittedly, there are scientists who cannot teach well but stand out in their specialized field. Rather than teaching and doing research at the same time, I believe that they should concentrate on their research and not take the position as professors. There are many people who are merely researchers and whose achievement in their specialized areas is without parallel. As for professor, this occupation should be left to those who can give quality lectures and help students to learn well.In conclusion, professors should regard educating students as their main responsibility and devote themselves to teaching. In today’s society, however, there are some professors who do not teach studentswith dedication. They focus on research merely for money, which will not only do harm to students’study, but will hinder the development of science as well.The most important problems affecting our society today could be solved within our lifetime.As the economy and technology develop at an incredible speed in today’s society, there are an increasing number of people believing that the most important problems affecting our society today could be solved within our lifetime. In my view, however, this is out of the question and the three most significant problems affecting the society, namely war, environmental destruction and disease, will still influence us and may not be entirely resolved forever.War is a problem afflicting humans since they took into being in the first place. Wars take place when different countries have conflicting benefits, which is unlikely to be eliminated as long as the boundaries between countries still exist. For instance, in the Middle East where water is extremely scarce, many countries are in conflict in contention for water resources. Since every country acts for the sake of its own benefit, it seems that people in the region are incapable of living together in harmony. Eternal world peace, therefore, is unlikely to be achieved in our lifetime.Environmental destruction emerged not long before but it isbecoming increasingly severe and can not be ignored. With the large-scale utilization of fossil fuels and rapid development of industry, huge amounts of pollutants are being produced, contaminating the environment to a large degree. The disposal of these pollutants being a tough task, it is hardly possible that we can completely get rid of them within a short period of time. Furthermore, even if we can come up with optimal methods for dealing with these substances, there remains the problem that these methods may cost too much and obstruct the development of economy.Last but not least, the well-being of people around the world is threatened by a variety of diseases, ranging from AIDS to cancer, the cures for which have not been discovered yet. Diseases set off panics among humans, affect their normal life and leave people badly off with the high medical expenses. There are thousands of scientists devoting themselves to finding cure for diseases, but new types of diseases keep emerging and there is no eliminating all of them.In summary, the problems with the most significance today are going to be passed on to our offspring. To eliminate these problems thoroughly, there is still a long way to go.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People will feel happier when they finish a challenging or difficult work than they finish an easy work.Sample:All of us have to deal with a lot of works on our daily routine. Some people work mostly on easy work while others have to confront with more challenging tasks. However, whatever types of work that we must accomplish on our daily basic, I believe that for the most part, people will feel happier and more satisfied when they finish difficult tasks with flying colors.First and foremost, it is a human instinct to try to complete tasks that seem to go beyond our limits. For instance, in the course of human history, there are a lot of people who try to climb the Everest or swim cross the Yellow River. Why they choose to do such arduous and dangerous tasks? I believe most of them will answer that completing these tasks gives them a greater level of pride and happiness than finishing their routine jobs.Secondly, unlike an easy work, not many people can complete a challenging one. Therefore, if people are successful in doing a challenging task, they will feel that they are more special and stand out from the rest. Moreover, difficult tasks are usually more rewarding ones. These can be convincing explanations for the greater amount of happiness people receive when they finish a difficult task.Last but not least, people often have to put greater efforts when doing a challenging work. In this process, they may even have to try tofind way to strengthen their weakness so that they can keep up with the hard work. Therefore, when a hard work is done, they gain much confidence in themselves and this can ultimately lead to happiness.In conclusion, people are often attracted by challenging tasks. They feel more confident, more rewarding and more special when they finish those tasks. That is why I think most of them will feel happier when they complete difficult tasks in their lives.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People with different interests and personalities cannot be friends.Sample:In modern society, every one has their own experience and personal qualities. I disagree with this statement that people who have different interests and personalities cannot be friends. The followings are my reasons.First of all, by sharing our diversified experiences, we can better solve a diversity of difficulties from different aspects. Sometimes we do not have enough ideas when we run into difficulties. If we can acquire many different opinions from others who have different views, it may help us and provoke more thoughts. For example, when I was a college student, I did not know how to enrich my social life; however, my roommate, John, gave me a lot of his experience about how to interact with other people; in addition, he invited me to join a lot of partiestogether. Therefore, he helped me meet more friends and enriched my social life.Furthermore, through making friends with people who have different interests and personalities, we can expand our horizons. Nowadays, we pay too much attention to our work in this high tempo era, especially in urban areas, so that we hardly have time or opportunity to develop new interests. Therefore, if we have friends with different interests, it may give us a chance to develop new interests. For example, my friend, Sam, always likes to hike on the weekends. He likes to invite me hiking together. I get a lot of fun.Last but not least, interacting with people who have different personalities, we learn how to handle different kinds of relationships. All people have their own qualities. However, sometimes people may not know how to handle different people's temper. Making friends with them allows us to have more time spent with them. Thus we may become more experienced in handling relationships. It helps us to learn how to become a good leader as well.For the reasons above, I disagree that people who have different interests and personalities cannot be friend.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Newspapers can truly help people understand the world events. Television news don' t provide enough information.Sample:Thanks to the rapid development in media sector, we now have more convenient access to the international affairs in all fields. Television and newspaper are both reliable sources of information, which provide a lot of benefits for people nowadays. However, some people hold the opinion that it’s newspapers that help people understand the world news rather than TV, since television usually can’t offer people enough information. As far as I’m concerned, both of these two media have their own advantages and disadvantages in covering news.Compared with television, newspaper is a more active way for people to think and understand, since it only passes information through published sentences and pictures, while television provides people with vivid news via sounds and moving scenes from the spot. As is known to us, experienced editors and reporters have already processed the published newspaper, so we can easily get the most important information from the objective reports which direct us to a better understanding of the events. My father usually reads Reference Messages and he likes to talk with me about the military affairs that are seldom seen from television or even other media. Therefore I agree with the statement that newspaper plays a quite important role in assisting people to comprehend various kinds of events.On the other hand, television news also has irreplaceable functionamong all the media. Seeing from the live programmes, we come to learn more about the serious conditions of the victims in the disaster areas. TV seems to bring us together with our family members. During the financial crisis, my family always gets together, sitting in front of the screen, listening to the analysis of the expert about the latest situation in economic trends. From these cases, it’s quite clear that, television not only furnishes us with a wide range of information, but also makes news transmit in a quick passage. Whereas, it’s nearly impossible for newspaper to offer people the up to date news, for the paper needs to experience several procedures to publish. This comes to the weakness of newspaper due to the limitation in speed. So, I take it for granted that television indeed is an effective and useful channel for people to get information.All in all, these two main sources of news both afford information in its unique way, and we can choose either of them based on our personal habits or what kind of news we want to gain.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? At present, people spend too much time doing things for their enjoyment rather than do the things they should do.Sample:The question of how our leisure time should be spent has been debated for many years. Many people feel that people today spend toomuch time on personal enjoyment, but I hold the opposite opinion. I feel this way for two main reasons, which I will explore in the following essay.First of all, people spend more time working than ever before, which means that broadly speaking, individuals are spending a lot of time doing things that they should be doing. Studies indicate that we spend more time at our offices than ever before, and the appearance of smart phones and internet access means that people could continue to work even when they are not being paid. My own experience is a compelling example of what I mean. I work for a large investment banking firm where my scheduled workday is from nine o’clock to five o’clock, but I actually average about eight hours of overtime every week.I do not do this because I enjoy it, but because I feel a sense of obligation to provide a service to my company. Everyone at my firm does the same thing. We often compare ourselves with our parents, who almost never worked overtime nor took weekend calls and e-mails from their bosses. It seems like the present generation emphasizes professional obligations over personal enjoyment.Secondly, it seems to me that many popular leisure activities include a self-improvement aspect, which means that even our hobbies fall into the realm of what we should be doing. One of the most popular pastimes these days seems to be long distance running, an activity which is also incredibly beneficial for our health. Another perfect example isthe way I spend most of my free time working out at a local gym. Although this is certainly enjoyable for me, part of the reason I do it is that it keeps me strong, healthy and fit. This makes me both a better family man and a better employee. I consider all of these to be things that I should be deeply concerned about.In conclusion, I am of the opinion that people today do not spend an inordinate amount of time doing things that they like to do. This is because people work longer hours than ever before, and because even our personal hobbies tend to involve an aspect of obligation.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Successful people accept new things and take risks rather than hold on to the things that they have done well.Sample:Views differ considerably when it comes to the issue of whether successful people are willing to try new things than doing what they have already known. Some people believe that since the world is changing, people have to find a way to fit in, while others think that doing things that one don't know may lead a disaster. Both of the opposite arguments appear to be somewhat convincing and stand to reason. But as far as I am concerned, I agree with the former idea, which is that people who are successful always try something different from what they knew. The following reasons will present my points.First of all, an exploration in different realms may lead success. Take Bill, the CEO of a Chinese cell phone company for example. He was barely an engineer in a traditional technology company. Once he noticed the raise of the smart phone market, he quit his job. Then, he started a company to develop smart phones, which are user friendly. With those high level phone companies like Apple, Samsung around, he decided to aim to the lower price market, which leads him to success.Second, when one fully devotes themselves to a different career, there is a high chance that they could dig out their potential and do it well. Take Jay Chou, a singer, for example. His songs are really fantastic, which lead to his success. However, he didn't stop. He shifted from being an actor to a director and he made a movie named Secret. It was well received in the market and was promoted to other countries. His fame spread to the Hollywood, which earned him a chance to play a role in "The Green Hornet".In conclusion, given the reasons described above, I firmly believe that successful people are open to unknown challenges and are willing to take risks. They make a difference to the world.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more enjoyable to have a job that requires working long hours for three days in one week than to work shorter hours for five days a week.Sample:Nowadays, people are exposed to more pressure than ever before and it is increasingly important for people to appropriately arrange their work time. Whether to work three days a week for longer hours or five days a week for shorter hours has sparked a heated discussion. Speaking of me, I totally agree with that working five days a week for shorter hours is more enjoyable.First, working five days for shorter hours plays a significant role in the health of the employees. The reason is that, by working five days, employees can balance their work and life more appropriately, which definitely is beneficial to their health. For example, employees who work for shorter time a day can do exercises during his or her rest time. On the contrary, by working three days a week, employees should spend ten hours per work day, ruining their normal daily routine. Apparently, working five days a week is better than three days a week.In addition, another advantage of working five days is that it contributes a lot to efficiency. This is because with the time of continuous work increasing, efficiency will reduce. And if an employee works more than 8 hours a day, his efficiency will drop dramatically because of brain exhaustion. For instance, in order to finish a job efficiently, workers need enough attention and passion to engage in their jobs. However, a long time of work will consume most of their energy and patience, leading them to feel tired. As a result, they work lessefficiently compared with people working five days a week. Obviously, working five days will make it effective for people to finish their jobs.Admittedly, there are also minor advantages of working three days, including that workers can travel to other resorts during their 4-day vacation. For example, my neighbor who works three days a week always goes to see the famous scenery when he does not need to work. However, working five days gives rise to more conveniences and benefits.To sum up, although there are some minor advantages in working three days, I feel that the merits of working five days are more obvious. It not only enhances workers’health bur also improves their efficiency, making them better enjoy their jobs and lives. So I really believe that working five days is more enjoyable.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It's easier to identify what kinds of careers or jobs are secure and successful ones in the past than at present.Sample:In the modern era, everything is changing instantly, and so are jobs. What prevails today may soon be found outdated. So that I agree with the idea that it is harder to identify whether a career is secure and easy to maintain in contemporary age.Nowadays, it is harder to identify the meaning of success. In the past, people have a lower life quality. To them, a successful job meansthat the pay is enough to feed their family. However, nowadays to different groups of people, success varies largely. Perhaps for the businessmen, they are eager to get as many profits as possible, so success equates with money and social status. Meanwhile, for the scientists, what they want is probably the groundbreaking finding in their research field. Yuan Longping, one of the best Chinese agriculture scientists and a top expert of rice plant, is a good example. So people are having more diversified standard of successful jobs. People may not have a unified understanding of what makes a secure and successful job.As for the security of the job, in the past, people would do one job all through their lives and their sons and grandsons may carry on doing the same job. So we could infer that their jobs are secure. But nowadays as the economy develops, more kinds of jobs are offered, so people generally have more choices. They may work for others as employees, and the contacts they sign are valid for only a few years, which means they could lose their jobs when the contact expires. Even secure jobs like the bank clerks would face the risk of being unemployed if an economy crisis should happen. Thus the security of one job could not be easily judged.All in all, it can be concluded that it is harder to identify whether a career is secure and successful nowadays. The rapid development of society offers more job opportunities but one can never say they havefound a life-long secure and successful job.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It's easier to identify what kinds of careers or jobs are secure and successful ones in the past than at present.Sample:In the modern era, everything is changing instantly, and so are jobs. What prevails today may soon be found outdated. So that I agree with the idea that it is harder to identify whether a career is secure and easy to maintain in contemporary age.Nowadays, it is harder to identify the meaning of success. In the past, people have a lower life quality. To them, a successful job means that the pay is enough to feed their family. However, nowadays to different groups of people, success varies largely. Perhaps for the businessmen, they are eager to get as many profits as possible, so success equates with money and social status. Meanwhile, for the scientists, what they want is probably the groundbreaking finding in their research field. Yuan Longping, one of the best Chinese agriculture scientists and a top expert of rice plant, is a good example. So people are having more diversified standard of successful jobs. People may not have a unified understanding of what makes a secure and successful job.As for the security of the job, in the past, people would do one job all through their lives and their sons and grandsons may carry on doingthe same job. So we could infer that their jobs are secure. But nowadays as the economy develops, more kinds of jobs are offered, so people generally have more choices. They may work for others as employees, and the contacts they sign are valid for only a few years, which means they could lose their jobs when the contact expires. Even secure jobs like the bank clerks would face the risk of being unemployed if an economy crisis should happen. Thus the security of one job could not be easily judged.All in all, it can be concluded that it is harder to identify whether a career is secure and successful nowadays. The rapid development of society offers more job opportunities but one can never say they have found a life-long secure and successful job.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? We need to have different sources of news and information to know which one is the real one or who is telling the truth.Sample:The ability of independent thinking is treasured nowadays. Lazy modern people tend to be misled by some single-sourced news, because the same event can be reported in different versions, which may either agitate public anger or reassure their anxiety. Therefore, limited information will encumber people to dig the truth. In my point, grasping varies sources of news are the cornerstone to explore and identify thereality.We are in the maze. The seemingly shortcut to the truth may be the deliberate pitfall. To bury the truth or cover the crime, the government will control the public opinions and exert influences on people. So the sole source of news is not trustworthy. For example, in North Korea, numerous dissidents are being muzzled by the leader. Kim Jong Eun cuts the connection to the outside world and instills his extreme thought to citizens, making them believe that they are the “happiest men”in the world. Under such totalitarianism, it is difficult for people to know their real life. But there are still some people who can secretly surf the Internet, knowing their life and the truth of their nation from CNN or BBC. An increasing number of citizens are escaping from North Korea currently. That exemplifies how different sources of news help people to find the truth.Although diverse sources of news may perplex people, they are the cornerstones for in depth truth-exploring. Different sources of news provide different perspectives toward the same events. By comparison of the news, we can survive from the overwhelming information. For example, Reuters, Times and The Wall Street Journals, they chose different points to report the Mh370 accidents. Finding the contradictions and common points in these reports, we can ensure that the plane has deviated its airline and the oil had been consumed up. Butwhether the plane exploded or directly sank into the sea needs further information.Admittedly, it is time-consuming to collect the information and analyze them. For example, in order to find the truth of WWII, historians have to search not only the formal history but also countless unofficial history. But the project is worth conducting because the truth is all that we chase for our life. Conscientious people want to know whether their country was at fault for the war; many dead people urged for a fair judgment of their life. So we need abundant information to find the truth.In sum, the more diversified sources of news we get the truth, the closer we are to the truth.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Professional athletes who receive high salaries, such as football or basketball players, deserve what they have got.Sample:There is a public controversy today over the issue of whether professional athletes who receive high salaries deserve what they get. Those who object the opinion argue that it is not fair for ordinary people, but advocates of the position frequently proclaim that these celebrities deserve what they deserve. As far as I concerned, I tend to agree with the latter one. As the saying goes: "The more ploughing and weeding,。
托福考试语法模拟试题及答案整合
托福考试语法模拟试题及答案整合托福考试语法模拟试题及答案详解1. _________ directly with most metals to form compounds called carbides.A. Carbon reactingB. Carbon reactsC. The reaction of carbonD. When carbon reacts答案：B分析：从句意来看，called在这里不是谓语动词，而是分词做后置定语：…… which are called carbides.空格中缺主语和谓语，选B.参考译文：碳直接跟大部分金属反应而形成碳化物的化合物。
2. Meteorites are slowed down by Earth's atmosphere， but if they are moving _________， they can form a crater on impact.A. enough fastB. fast enoughC. so fast enoughD enough are fast答案：B分析：enough的用法，固定顺序：adj.+enough参考译文：陨石受地球大气阻挡而慢下来，但如果他们移动的足够快，他们能在撞击后形成一个大坑。
3. Located at the upper end of each________ an adrenal gland，an integral part of the endocrine system.A. kidney which isB. kidney isC. kidney beingD. kidney答案：B分析：该句为简单句，而且使用了倒装形式，原句为：An adrenal gland，an integral part of the endocrine system is located at the upper end of each kidney.参考译文：肾上腺是内分泌系统的一个完整的部分，它位于肾的上端。
2021年托福写作模拟试题及答案(卷四)
2021年托福写作模拟试题及答案（卷四）Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A person should never make an important decision alone. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.托福写作范文：Important decisions are those that will have a significant or lasting impact on a person's life. Oftentimes such a decision is difficult to make because the consequences are considerable or because the decision's circumstances and implications are complex. As a result, people will consult friends and family for their opinions to get a better understanding of the situation. Seeking advice is helpful because it helps to avoid pitfalls and precludes carelessness, but in the end the person who has to live with the decision should make it by himself/herself. Discussing important decisions with others can be beneficial, especially if the person one is conferring with has experience with the problem at hand. For example, in order to be able to decide between continuing one's education after finishing four years of university studies and finding a job, it is helpful to talk to people who have made this decision. A person who decided to find gainful employment will probably give different advice than a person who decided to stay in school. Listening attentively to both will allow a person to make the best assessment of his/her own situation as he/she will be able to learn from others'experiences. At the same time, one should consider the opinions and feelings of the people who will be impacted by his/her decision. For example, husband and wife should confer with each other before making up their mind to quit or change a job. After all, the change of a job can impact many aspects of their life together, such as the household income or the amount of time they can spend together. However, one should not allow or even ask others to make an important decision on one's behalf. After all, he/she will be the one with all the information at his/her disposal, especially after seeking advice from others. Ultimately, the person who has to live with the decision (in so far as it is a personal decision that does not affect others directly in a significant way) should take complete responsibility and make it himself/herself.托福写作模拟试题库What are the important qualities of a good son or daughter? Have these qualities changed or remained the same over time in your culture? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.托福写作答案In traditional Chinese society, a person's most important relationship was that between a parent and a child. The only measure of whether a child was good or bad was whether or not they were obedient to their parents' wishes. Traditionally a Chinese family had many children. Boys were expected to go to school and, after they grew up, to have ason of their own, and to manage the family's affairs. When his parents grew old, a son was expected to live with and care for them. A girl's parents would usually arrange her marriage to someone who she did not love and without consulting her. After she was married, she was no longer a part of her biological family; instead she became an adopted daughter of her husband's family and had to respect her husband's parents as she would her own parents. She was also expected to bear her husband a son. A child who broke these norms, defied or disrespected their parents was seen as worthless or immoral at best, and could legally be killed by their parents in extreme cases. Today of course, China is very different. Chinese children are still expected to respect their parents, but society is not as conservative as it used to be. When a Chinese son gets married, he will often prefer not to live in the same house with his parents, although he might still feel quite obligated to care for them in their old age. The greatest strides have been made by Chinese women, who now hope that their daughters grow up to marry someone that they love, and who is able to take good care of them. The major revolution in the Chinese family since 1980s has been the introduction of the one-child policy. Since Chinese families are now usually only allowed to have one child, the roles of parent and child have almost been reversed! Today's children in China, while still expected to treat their parents with respect, have become the "little emperors andempresses" of their families. Many "little emperors" are so doted on by their immediate and extended families that they become very spoiled, demanding toys, candy, and attention all day long. Because of the changing structure of the Chinese family, the bonds between parent and child, while still of primary importance, are characterized less by rules and respect and more by love.托福写作模拟试题库Some people prefer to work for a large company. Others prefer to work for a small company. Which would you prefer? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.托福写作答案While some people enjoy the relative comfort, stability, and prestige of working at a large company, I prefer to live life on the edge. Given the choice, I would much prefer to work at small company where I could have more responsibility, more excitement, closer relationships with my coworkers, and a greater sense of accomplishment than I could have at a big company. If I worked at a large company, my role at the company would be highly specialized and narrowly defined. At a smaller company everyone has to take on extra responsibilities to make the business work. For instance, if I worked at a small computer software company as a programmer, I might not only program, but also have to make trips to potential clients for sales. At a large company, the salesdepartment would talk to clients, and I would be stuck in the same boring routine every day with less responsibility. I might less in touch with what the clients wanted if my responsibilities were limited to programming. I crave excitement, so the idea of working for a small company particularly suits me. While working at a large company can offer more job security, workers don't usually get any of the annual profits. But if you work for a small company, profits are more likely to be shared at the end of the year. This means that the harder you work, the more potential there is to make a large amount of money. It is also especially gratifying when you can see how your hard work helped to build or save the company, a feeling of accomplishment that is difficult to attain when working in a large company. Finally, working together in a small company creates a sense of special closeness between colleagues. You have to both trust and depend on each other for everything. This closeness is not only between people within the company but can also extend to your clients and suppliers, all of whom you can get to know on a first name basis. Business deals become less impersonal and more pleasurable when you work with people you trust and like. This trust is both deeper and easier to build when you work for a smaller company. 托福写作模拟试题库People work because they need money to live. What are some other reasons that people work? Discuss one or more of these reasons.Use specific examples and details to support your answer.托福写作答案One of the most overlooked reasons why people work is to help other people. Government officials, social and charity workers, and religious organizations, and others all work not only for their own salaries, but also work for the common good. They labor for others because of their moral convictions, for reasons of personal reciprocity, and because they want to make society more stable, thereby benefiting themselves and others. Some of the most famous charity workers in the world have been affiliated with religious groups. For instance, many of the foreigners living in the poor regions of Africa are doctors, teachers, and other professionals who are paid by religious organizations to help the poor, sick, and needy people there. These professionals could make much more money if they worked in rich countries. They have chosen to help poor people because they believe their religion tells them to help people who cannot help themselves. They are working for others for moral or religious reasons. Some people work for other people because at some time in their lives, someone else has helped them. Many teachers can tell stories about a particular teacher who changed their lives. The gift a great teacher gave to them inspired them to become teachers themselves. Likewise, many people become doctors because a doctor saved one of their family member's life and they felt like theyowed a debt of gratitude that money could not repay. To such people, the motivation for working is not the paycheck at the end of the month, but the smile on a child's face when they read their first book, or the look of joy on new parents' faces when they see their healthy newborn baby. Finally, some people work for others because they believe that society is only safe and stable when all of its members are happy. These people include good government officials who try to make policies that benefit the poorer classes of society. They know that only by making policies that help poor people live richer, happier lives can they lower crime, sickness, and poverty rates, and make society safer and happier for all citizens.托福写作模拟试题库Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Face-to-face communication is better than other types of communication, such as letters, email, or telephone calls. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.托福写作答案While many modern forms of communication like phone calls, email, and letters, are extremely convenient, in my opinion, nothing beats speaking to another person face-to-face. Face-to-face conversation is the ultimate form of human communication because it is interactive, and allows a broader range of possibilities for communication in theintricacies of tone of voice, body language, and can add the intimacy of touch. The first and most obvious advantage that face-to-face communication has over a letter and email is that there is the ability for an interactive conversation. If the sender of a letter or an email does not write clearly, or the recipient does not understand part of the correspondence, then much time must be spent to clear up the misunderstanding. In a face-to-face conversation, misunderstandings are easily dealt with because of the immediate and interactive nature of a face-to-face conversation. The argument might be made that telephones and instant messaging services like MSN and ICQ are equally viable formats for interactive conversation, with the added benefit of being available over long distances. I would still argue that face-to-face conversation is better because you can see the other person. Not all communication is verbal; the meaning of much of what we say depends on our body language and tone of voice. Joking and irony are particularly difficult to express, identify, and enjoy without seeing the expression on someone's face, or watching the movements of their body. Finally, if the goal of communication is to maintain or deepen a relationship with someone, business partners, friends, husbands and wives, or parents and children, face-to-face communication offers the option of communication by touch that is unavailable even if we could communicate by video. Trust and respect between businesses partnerscan be established with a firm handshake. No amount of body language can convey the excitement of a high-five between friends, and no number of words can communicate the comforting embrace of a loved one. Touch is the first foundation of our human relationships, before spoken language, and it is only available when people communicate face to face.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: A person’s job has more effects on his or her happiness than this person’s social life does.同意前者1. 一个人工作上有成就，表明他是非常有能力的一个人。
2021年托福考试写作模拟题考点分析(卷二十)
2021年托福考试写作模拟题考点分析（卷二十）单一解释Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People today are better able to succeed without the help from their families.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? If people want to fully enjoy their vacations, they should leave their cellphones home.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should provide students with free college education.Do you think people buy things because others have them?Some people believe that requiring students to have discussions during class a waste of time, while others believe it’s a good way that helps students learn. What is your opinion and why?Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities have done enough in preparing their students for graduation.Do you prefer to take online courses or to learn in a traditional classroom setting?Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advice from older friends is more valuable than advice from younger friends.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Using cameras to record what people do in public is a good idea.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A personwho cannot accept others’ideas can hardly succeed in a team.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Social media is a good way to express personal views.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Celebrities like famous entertainers and athletes should never get involved in politics.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should not spend a lot of time communicating with others through technology such as the Internet and cellphones.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People today are more interested in improving their neighborhoods than in the past.Some people like to exercise alone, while others like to do sports with a group of people. Which do you prefer and why?缺一不可Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities should spend more money on hiring famous professors than on purchasing advanced facilities.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? To maintain relationships with others, it is more important to spend a lot of time with them than to leave them alone.Do you think that doing something that the group wants us to do isa better choice than insisting on doing something that we believe in?Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Leadership is more important than cooperation?Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is difficult for a teacher to become both helpful and popular.P1Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Sometimes people think nowadays the media (TV, newspaper, Internet) are less concerned about the accuracy of news than in the past, and the incorrect information may cause more problems to the public.P2Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Young people should try several different jobs before they take a long career.P3Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? students are more interested in politics today than they were in the past.P4Sometimes we are assigned to work in a group on a project. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The group will be helped more by people who will be willing to do what other group members want than by people who often strongly insists that things should be done in a way that is different from what the group wants todo.P5Which one of the following values is the most important to share with a young child aged 5 to 10? Why? A Being helpful to others B Being honest C Being well-organizedP6Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People easily learn from friends beside them?P7Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is not most important to be successful. It is more important to be happy and optimistic when you fail.P8Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Company should pay for employees to get a university degree?P9Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to work for business owned by someone else than to work for the business of one‘s own family.P10What is the most useful action for people to help protect the environment: 1. Travel by bike or walk to destination. 2. Reuse andrecycle waste materials. 3. Purchase local organic food.P11Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Improving education is the most important thing in the development of a country.P12Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It's easier to identify what kinds of careers or jobs are secure and successful ones in the past than at present.P13Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Grades encourage students to learn.P14Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Twenty years from now on, students will not use printed books anymore.P15Nowadays, many movies or films are based on books. Some people prefer to read the original book before they watch the movie, while others prefer to watch the movie before reading the book. Which one do you prefer?P16Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People nowadays spend much more time than they should using text messagesand new technologies such as social media to communicate with each other.P17Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? How a person look or dress is more important to one‘s success than a good idea.P18Some people like to buy and eat their meals at restaurants frequently, while others like to do this at home. Which do you prefer? Why?P19Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertisements that targeting children aged between 2 and 5 should be banned.P20Students aged 13-18 are taught different subjects by different teachers while younger students are taught by only one teacher all day long. Some people suggest it would benefit young students to be taught by different teachers. Do you agree with this view? Why or why not?P21Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should assign homework for students every day.P22Some young people are free in the evenings or have days off at school. Which way can bring them the most benefit? 1. accumulating work experience by a part-time job or volunteering in a community 2.learning to play a sport 3.learning to play a musical instrumentP23Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should be paid according to how well their students perform.P24Some people think that we should keep away from others to improve our relationship because being away from people reminds us of how important they are. Others think we should always stay with others to have a good relationship because we can communicate with them more often. What do you think?P25Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges or universities should offer more courses to prepare students for the future before they start working.P26Which of the following summer arrangements is better for a 16-17 year old student of grade eleven? 1. Get ready for some of the major courses they want to study in College 2.Led by the teacher to visitmuseums or historical sites, and then write paper.P27Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Successful people accept new things and take risks rather than hold on to the things that they have done well.P28Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to make friends with intelligent people than with people who have a good sense of humor.P29Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Newspapers can truly help people understand the world events. Television news don' t provide enough information.P30Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should be allowed to use cell phones on public transportation such as buses and trains.P31Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People with different interests and personalities cannot be friends.P32Do you agree or disagree with the statement? In twenty years fromnow, people will lead a more leisure life.P33Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People will feel happier when they finish a challenging or difficult work than they finish an easy work.P34Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Most business people are motivated by the desire for money.P35Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? At present, people spend too much time doing things for their enjoyment rather than doing the things they should do.P36Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Telephone has had greater effects on people’s lives than television has.P37Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Technology makes peoples live simpler rather than more complicated.P38Do agree or disagree with the following statement? People should buy things made in their own country rather than things made elsewhere.P39Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People who do not work because they have enough money are rarely happy. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.P40Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should live in a city or a country all their lives instead of moving to another place. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.P1Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Grades encourage students to learn.P2Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Twenty years from now on, students will not use printed books anymore.P3Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Improving education is the most important thing in the development of a country.P4Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Advertisements that targeting children aged between 2 and 5 should be banned.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should assign homework for students every day.P6Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should be paid according to how well their students perform.P7Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It's easier to identify what kinds of careers or jobs are secure and successful ones in the past than at present.P8Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Colleges or universities should offer more courses to prepare students for the future before they start working.P9Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? One of the best ways for parents to help their teenage children prepare for adult life is to encourage them to take the part/time job.P10Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The most important investment that can be made to the education of children aged four to seven is giving them a computer.How a person look or dress is more important to one's success than a good idea, agree or not?P12Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The reading a student does on his/her own is as, or even more important than that assigned by the teachers.P13Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A person who plans well and works carefully is more likely to succeed than a person who takes risks.P14Do you agree or disagree with the following statement classmates and partner are better to communicate with each other face to face to finish the project than to send e-mail.P15Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Teachers should give students more group assignments because students work more efficiently in groups.P16Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In order to attract good students, a university should spend a lot of money fundingsocial activities.P17Do you agree or disagree with the statement? It is better to make friends who are intelligent than with a good sense of humor.P18Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Educating children is a more difficult task now because children spend too much time on cell phones, online games and social networking websites.P19Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Governments should focus more on preservation of environment rather than economic development.P20Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In order to become well-informed, one has to get information from different news resources.P1Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Grades encourage students to learn.P2Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Twenty years from now on, students will not use printed books anymore.P3Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Improving education is the most important thing in the development of a country.P4Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Advertisements that targeting children aged between 2 and 5 should be banned.P5Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should assign homework for students every day.P6Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should be paid according to how well their students perform.P7Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It's easier to identify what kinds of careers or jobs are secure and successful ones in the past than at present.P8Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Colleges or universities should offer more courses to prepare students for the future before they start working.P9Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? One of the best ways for parents to help their teenage children prepare for adult life is to encourage them to take the part/time job.P10Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The most important investment that can be made to the education of children aged four to seven is giving them a computer.P11How a person look or dress is more important to one's success than a good idea, agree or not?P12Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The reading a student does on his/her own is as, or even more important than that assigned by the teachers.P13Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A person who plans well and works carefully is more likely to succeed than a person who takes risks.P14Do you agree or disagree with the following statement classmates and partner are better to communicate with each other face to face to finish the project than to send e-mail.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Teachers should give students more group assignments because students work more efficiently in groups.P16Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In order to attract good students, a university should spend a lot of money funding social activities.P17Do you agree or disagree with the statement? It is better to make friends who are intelligent than with a good sense of humor.P18Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Educating children is a more difficult task now because children spend too much time on cell phones, online games and social networking websites.P19Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Governments should focus more on preservation of environment rather than economic development.P20Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In order to become well-informed, one has to get information from different news热点词汇grade[greɪd]n. 年级;等级;成绩intelligent[ɪn'telɪdʒ(ə)nt]adj. 智能的;聪明的printed['prɪntɪd]adj. 印刷的a sense of humor幽默感homework['həʊmwɜːk]n. 家庭作业，课外作业alone [ə'ləʊn]adj. 独自的;单独的;孤独的according to根据relieve[rɪ'liːv]vt. 解除，减轻perform[pə'fɔːm]vt. 执行;完成effective[ɪ'fektɪv]adj. 有效的，起作用的abroad[ə'brɔːd]adj，在国外deserve[dɪ'zɜːv]vi. 应受，应得part-time兼职的professional[prə'feʃ(ə)n(ə)l]adj. 专业的;职业的Latin-Americanadj.拉丁美洲人的complicated['kɒmplɪkeɪtɪd]adj. 难懂的，复杂的efficiently[i'fiʃəntli]adv. 有效地;效率高地transportation[trænspɔː‘teɪʃ(ə)n]n. 运输;运输系统e-mail邮件manage['mænɪdʒ]vt. 管理;经营funding['fʌndɪŋ]n. 提供资金rather than而不是独立写作机经预测内容：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People can achieve happiness if they make others happy. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. "1)本题属于TOEFL写作常考的隐藏绝对词题型/生活方式话题2)建议写作思路：同意该说法。
2021年托福考试模拟试题
2021年托福考试模拟试题：语法202*年托福考试模拟试题：语法Test 1 语法题笔记练习题 1. Most doctors of the Colonial period believed _______ was caused by an imbalance of humors in the body.A. in diseaseB. that diseaseC. of diseaseD. about disease答案:B分析:动词believe 的用法:直接加that引导的宾语从句.这里that为连接adv.,在句中不作任何成分,其后接完整句.参考译文:大多数殖民时期的医生认为疾病来源人体内不平衡的体液.2. In 1976 Sarah Caldwell became _________ at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.A. she was the first woman to conductB. the first woman conductorC. the woman was first conductingD. the woman conducts first答案:B分析:缺宾语,答案中只有B,D可以作宾语,但D的语序不对.参考译文:1976,Sarah Caldwell成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House演出的演奏家.补充: 常考 the first/second/… one to do sth3. On January 7, 1955, Marian Anderson became _________ to sing a major role at New York City's Metropolitan Opera House.A. the first African AmericanB. the first African American wasC. she was the first African AmericanD. when the first African American答案:A分析:缺宾语,C, D都不能作宾语.一句话中只能有一个谓语,而B中有was,句中出现两个谓语,一定错.参考译文:1955年1月7号,Marian Anderson成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House担任主唱的美籍黑人.4. Perhaps the most significant postwar trend was the decentralization of cities throughout the United States,_________ when massive highway-building programs permitted greater suburban growth.A. and accelerated a phenomenonB. a phenomenon that acceleratedC. accelerating a phenomenon which,D. the acceleration of which phenomenon答案:B分析:考的是同位语结构,a phenomenon是 the decentralization of cities throughout the United States 的同位语.A中and为conj.,后面应该连接一个完整的句子,但缺主语,错;C中语序混乱,错; D中of which作为介词宾语,后面应该接一个完整句,但只有一个phenomenon主语,句子不完整,错.参考译文:可能战后最重大的趋势就是美国城市的分散化,当大规模高速公路建设项目容许了更大程度的发展郊区,这个现象更被促进了.补充: accelerate/ accomplish/ achieve/ evolve都可以是vi.不接宾语5. Ronald Reagan had served two terms as governor of California before _________ President.A. he becameB. when becomingC. becameD. did he become答案:A分析:before为状语从句引导词conj,后面一般引导一个完整的句子.B同时出现两个状语从句引导词,错;C缺主语;D应该为正常语序,选项中使用了倒装句式,错.参考译文:里根在成为美国总统之前连续两届担任加州的州长. 更多推荐：202*年托福考试时间安排表(全年)更多推荐：202*年托福报名时间安排表(全年)更多推荐：202*年托福成绩查询时间表(全年)2021年托福（TOEFL）考试模拟试题：阅读The war for independence from Britain was a long and economically costly conflict. The New England fishing industry was temporarily destroyed, and the tobacco colonies in the South were also hard hit. The trade in imports was severely affected, since the war was fought against the country that had previously monopolized the colonies’ supply of manufactured goods. The most serious consequences were felt in the cities, whose existence depended on commercial activity. Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston were all occupied for a time by British troops. Even when the troops had left, British ships lurked in the harbors and continued to disrupt trade.American income from shipbuilding and commerce declined abruptly, undermining the entire economy of the urban areas. The decline in trade brought a fall in the American standard of living. Unemployed shipwrights, dock laborers,and coopers drifted off to find work on farms and in small villages. Some of them joined the Continental army, or if they were loyal to Britain, they departed with the British forces. The population of the New York City declined from 21,000 in 1774 to less than half that number only nine years later in 1783.The disruptions produced by the fighting of the war, by the loss of established markets for manufactured goods, by the loss of sources of credit, and by the lack of new investment all created a period of economic stagnation that lasted for the next twenty years.1.Why does the author mention the fishing industry and the tobacoo colonies?A. to show how the war for independence affected the economyB. to compare the economic power of two different regionsC. to identify the two largest commercial enterprisesin AmericaD. to give examples of industries controlled by British forces2. Why does the author mention the population of New York City in paragraph 2?A. to show that half of New York remained loyal to BritainB. to compare New York with other cities occupied during the warC. to emphasize the great short-term cost of the warfor New YorkD. to illustrate the percentage of homeless people in New York3. Chinese people had fought for independence from foreign countries for more than 100 years; we had lost lands, powers, resources and lives during that period. Today, China faces a new challenge that how the development can maintain, in other words, how China doesn’t lag behind. Please write an essay to express your ideas.答案：1.A2.C2021年托福考试模拟试题：阅读If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed, it is found to vary only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation —— conversion of liquid water to water vapor. In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind.The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind. In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.In the Weddell Sea, off Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portions of the oceans of the world.l. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The elements of salt(B) The bodies of water of the world(C) The many forms of ocean life(D) The salinity of ocean water2. The word "this" in line 5 refers to(A) ocean(B) evaporation(C) salinity(D) crystals3. According to the passage, the ocean generally has more salt in(A) coastal areas(B) tropical areas(C) rainy areas(D) turbulent areas4. All of the following are processes that decrease salinity EXCEPT(A) evaporation(B) precipitation(C) runoff(D) melting5. Which of the following statements about the salinity of a body water can best beinferred from the passage?(A) The temperature of the water is the most important factor.(B) The speed with which water moves is directlyrelated to the amount of salt.(C) Ocean salinity has little effect on sea life.(D) Various factors combine to cause variations in the salt content of water.6. The word "altered" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) determined(B) changed(C) accumulated(D) needed7. The world "it" in line 18 refers to(A) sea ice(B) salinity(C) seawater(D) manner8. Why does the author mention the Weddell Sea?(A) To show that this body of water has salinity variations(B) To compare Antarctic waters with Arctic waters(C) To give an example of increased salinity due to freezing(D) To point out the location of deep waters9. Which of the following is NOT a result of the formation of ocean ice?(A) The salt remains in the water.(B) The surrounding water sinks.(C) Water salinity decreases.(D) The water becomes denser.10. What can be inferred about the water near the bottom of oceans?(A) It is relatively warm.(B) Its salinity is relatively high.(C) It does not move.(D) It evaporates quickly.答案：BCDACAACDD2021年托福考试模拟试题Hormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone torefer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.” A hormone isa chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calmaggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual’s personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence,recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.27. The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) desire(B) origin(C) science(D) chemical28. The word it in the passage refers to(A) secretin(B) small intestine(C) bloodstream(D) pancreas29. The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) remembered(B) surprised(C) invented(D) motivated30. To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must(A) be part of the digestive process(B) influence the operations of the nervous system(C) affect processes in a different part of the body(D) regulate attitudes and behavior31. The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to(A) whether scientists understand their function(B) how frequently they release hormones into the body(C) whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process(D) whether they secrete chemicals into the bloodParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]32. The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) misunderstood(B) precise(C) significant(D) simple33. The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) sudden(B) small(C) changing(D) noticeable34. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A) Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.(B) Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are.(C) When the body is not producing enough hormones, urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.(D) The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions extensively.35. The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) decreased(B) advertised(C) prescribed(D) researched36. Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?(A) Adults of smaller statue than normal(B) Adults with strong digestive systems(C) Children who are not at risk from the treatment(D) Children who may remain abnormally small37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?These sentences are highlighted in the passage.(A) The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal ofstudy to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.(B) A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.(C) HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.(D) Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.38. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The bodyis a complex machine, however, and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren’t aging.Wherewould the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.39. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.Answer ChoicesThe term hormone is based on a Greek word that means "to excite" or "to set in motion."Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.Hormones can be given artificially, but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affectnot only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age women.Answer KeysReading：27. B28. A29. D30. C31. D32. C33. B34. D35. A36. D37. A38. third square39.1) Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system….2) Hormones can affect not only life processes…..3) Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of ….。
2021年托福考试模拟试题及答案
2021年托福考试模拟试题及答案Crafts in the Ancient Near EastParagraph 1Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of that millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.Q1 Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Although scholars cannot accurately determine the size of the Uruk population, they know the citizens were not dependent on agriculture.B. Scholars do not have enough evidence to determine whether the agricultural areas just outside of Uruk were large enough to feed the city’s populationC. Because city populations cannot feed themselves, scholars think the surrounding farms provided food for the people in UrukD. Scholars believe that the inhabitants of Uruk were able to support themselves from produce grown in field surrounding the city.确定句子核心信息While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to supportthemselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute.分析：本句是由while引导的让步状语从句(注：while出现在句中引导对比对照关系的状语从句;如出现在句首则引导让步关系的状语从句，)+主句scholars assume that…the city组成一个虽然…但是…的大结构。
2021年托福写作模拟试题及答案(卷九)
2021年托福写作模拟试题及答案（卷九）托福写作task 2又被称为托福独立写作，考察考生对某一特定话题的独立观点表达，近年来随着社会发展的潮流趋势变更，托福写作task2越来越多涉及到对传媒类话题的考察，下面我们来看一篇托福写作task2传媒类话题拓展的真题解析：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is said the internet provides valuable information.互联网时代的信息传播问题是当前又一个流行话题，其利弊平分秋色。
针对上述例题，我们可以从互联网的特点进行论述。
Characteristic 1: instantaneity新闻的要求之一就是快速，互联网具有无可比拟的即时性，能让一些重大信息分秒之中得到广泛传播。
Sample sentences:1. Some important news need to be broadcasted quickly, and from this sense, the internet has the incomparable advantage to spread news in seconds.2. In this era of information exploration, the instantaneity of the internet plays an important role in the information spreading.Characteristic 2: universality互联网遍布全球，在世界的任何角落都可以通过网络了解对不同行业的人有帮助的信息，比如可以帮助教育系统。
Sample sentences:1. The Internet can be used as a broad base of knowledge that contributes to the educational system.2. In any corner of the world, people from all walks of life can obtain useful information through internet.Characteristic 3: Lack of supervision虽然互联网有诸多优势，但是其劣势也是很明显的，即缺少有力的监管，导致错误信息泛滥。
2021年托福写作模拟试题及答案(卷十九).docx
2021年托福写作模拟试题及答案（卷十九）托福独立写作题目：Agree or disagree: It is easier for parents to raise their children today than 50 years before.托福独立写作范文：培养孩子比五十年前更容易Society keeps progressing, so does the literacy level. Then appears a controversy whether raising children becomes easier today than 50 years ago. As for me, I cast serious doubt on it and I think there are many external factors leading the education of young people to be intricate than before.Firstly, too much reliance on the high technology is to the detriment of children' s growth. Specifically speaking, parents can hardly supervise and restrict their children' s behavior. Examples happening around us can be seen quite often. One sensational piece of News last year was reported about three girls who saw an advertisement posted on an encrypted website about the professions provided by ISIS that, as everyone knows, is a self-proclaimed nation but actually a terrorism organization and finally joined in the group successfully. The horror hit their parents and local government manifested that the supervision on Internet needs to be strengthened and there was no updated reports about it. Except for that, the phenomena about teenagers' addiction to video games have swept all over the world. Even some college students cannot resist the lure from the virtual world and adolescent obesity can also be partly ascribed to theirspending lots of time watching TV programs. Accordingly, technological advancement has already increased the difficulties of managing children.Secondly, economic growth, overall speaking, improves average citizens well-being. However, the ensuing enormous pressure has made it necessary for every common family to fight for a living. In the last century, it could be commonly seen in China that parents made a living in the big cities and had to leave their children in their hometown that would be raised by their grandparents and the generation gap and the stereotyped concepts of last old generations were a huge obstacle to educate children. In the recent decade, the situation has become ameliorated, however, the pressure keeps rising and parens have to be fully devoted to their career. Thus, the time spent with their children could be extremely limited. For instance, a computer programmer is supposed to spend at least 9 hours dealing with his job and staying with his families appears to be impractical. Consequently, raising children becomes much more difficult than before partly because of huge pressure from the society.Admittedly, the level of education at schools has experienced an increase. Thus, some people may argue that students will become more autonomous and self-disciplined. However, those people may fail to take into account the fact that current public education system lays much more emphasis on the development of students' academic capabilities and downplays the importance of cultivating their personalities and characteristics. Besides, students are also under enormous pressure fromboth teachers and their peers and they should be taken good care of by their parents.In a word, it is totally a different story when it refers to raising children compared with 5 decades ago. (483 words)阅读：限速(lower speed limit)好处多多1、可以减少serious accidents2、可以减少尾气emission,提升air quality3、会带来经济效益，更低的速度可以可以减少汽油的耗费从而省钱听力:限速确实有好处，但效果不明显：1> serious accidents的减少可能是其他因素引起的，如better road condition & car equipment2、其实并没有改善环境呀，只有0.1%的减少，空气质量还是poor3、浪费了drivers的时间，货物运输时间变长了，使得成本也高了。
2021年托福考试考场模拟训练题及答案9
2021年托福考试考场模拟训练题及答案9 •【新东方】轻松直达90分！202*年托福（TOEFL）金牌课程火热开售中>>Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematicallycalculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question "What will I do after graduation?"A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goalsoften involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to "What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?"1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) A tool to assist in making complex decisions.(B) A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions(C) Research on how people make decisions(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making2. The word "essential" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) introductory(B) changeable(C) beneficial(D) fundamental3. The word "pertinent有关的，相关的" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) relevant(B) preceding 在先的，前面的，在前的(C) insightful 富有洞察力的(D) responsive4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?(A) Listing the consequences of each solution(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution(C) Deciding which consequences are most important(D) Writing down all possible solutions5. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that(A) has the fewest variables to consider(B) uses the most decision worksheets(C) has the most points assigned to it(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of(A) describing a process(B) classifying types of worksheets(C) providing historical background(D) explaining a theory7. The author states that "On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once (lines 17-18) to explain that(A) most decisions involve seven steps(B) human mental capacity has limitations(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice8. The word "succinct简洁的"in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) creative(B) satisfactory(C) personal(D) concise9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) Proponents (line 5)(B) Optimal (line 5)(C) Variables (line 17)(D) Long-range goals (line 25)10. The word "it" in line 24 refers to(A) worksheet(B) problem(C) distinction(D) decision11. The word "revise修订，修改，修正" in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) ask(B) explain(C) change(D) predictADADC ABDBB C语法补充百分比结构most/ half/ rest/ majority/ some/ one percent/ one-third/ three-quarters + of + Noun. + V (V單複數由Noun.定) n1+of+n2+v 谓语由n1决定eg:Approximately fifty percent of the (package) (utilized) in the United States are for (foods) and (beverages)答案: A packagepackages。
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2021年托福语法模拟试题及答案
1. Frances Perkins， _________ of the United States cabinet， served in the cabinet as secretary of labor from 1933 to 1945.
A. the first female member
B. was the first female member
C. the first female member who
D. of whom the first female member
答案：A
分析：主语同位语结构。
B中多了一个谓语was，因为后面已经有一个谓语动词served，一个句子中出现2个谓语且没有连接词就一定错; C中who多余，用法也不正确;D中of whom多余，不是定语从句，考的是同位语结构。
参考译文：Frances Perkins，是美国内阁的第一为女性成员，她从1933到1945年在内阁担任劳工部秘书。
2. When _________ to dough and heated， carbon dioxide is released， causing the dough to rise.
A. is added baking powder
B. added baking powder is
C. is baking powder added
D. baking powder is added
答案：D
分析：When为状语从句引导词;语序应该为正常语序，A，C
错;B语序混乱，明显应该用被动形式，而且有固定结构add to.
参考译文：当把烘烤用粉加到面团里加热的时候，会释放出二氧化碳，使得面团涨开。
3. _________ the percentage of individuals with similar traits in succeeding generations， geneticists use the theory of probability.
A. The calculation of
B. To calculate
C. Is calculating
D. Calculated
答案：B
分析：to calculate，这里用不定式表示“目的”，前半句的逻辑主语是geneticists，只有B符合要求;A中只有主语，句子不完整。
参考译文：遗传学家运用概率的理论来计算在后代中拥有相似特点个体占有的百分比。
补充：如同A的形式，逗号前面就是一个名词短语，然而正确的句子里，名词短语要么作为主语的同位语，要么本身是主语，如11题。
否则就是脱离句子成分，成为错误。
4. Big-band uaaz relies on fixed arrangements，
where_______than one instrument playing some of the parts，rather than on improvisation.
A. is more
B. whenever more
C. there is more
D. more
答案：C
分析：where引导状语从句，后面缺主谓。
参考译文：大型乐队爵士依赖于固定的安排，其中演奏相同部分音乐的乐器超过一个，而不是现声发挥。
5. Because of _________ diversity， seven separate groupings or divisions of algae have been established by botanists.
A. them
B. so that
C. those
D. their
答案：D
分析：those是泛指，这里应该用their来特指seven separate groupings or divisions of algae.
参考译文：因为海藻们的不同特性，植物学家把他们分成7个不同的组别或分支。