知识讲解 情态动词(Ⅰ)
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情态动词(Ⅰ)
概念引入
The classroom can seat thirty students. 这教室能坐三十位学生。
You must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校规。
It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.
屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。
It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.
地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。
注意这些句子中的斜体词部分,都是情态动词,这些情态动词看着很熟悉,但是也有点陌生,如后两个句子中与have done连用。究竟哪些词属于情态动词呢?它们各自都有什么用法呢?为什么情态动词有时需要与have done连用呢?从此单元开始,我们就小结一下情态动词的用法。
语法讲解
概念及shall/should
概念
在动词(一般动词)之前形成动词的否定,疑问,时态,语态,语气或表示特殊意义的动词叫做助动词,其中具有感情色彩一些助动词叫做情态动词。
分类: be动词, have, do;---助动词
shall, should, will would, can, could, may, might, must, ought, need, dare, used和had better. ---情态动词例如:
----What was the something you saw? 你看见的是什么?
----I…, I couldn’t say. 我不能说。
----You could n’t say or you wouldn’t say? 你不能说还是你不愿意说?
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。情态动词后面加动词原形。
shall
1. shall在纯表示将来的陈述句中只用于第一人称。
2. 在问句中征求对方的意见和指示的时候常用于第一、三人称。
Shall I post your letter for you?
Shall we carry your baggage?
Henry is waiting outside. Shall he come in?
3. 用于第二、三人称,表示说话人的许诺、命令、警告、威胁或允诺等。
Tell Jerry that he shall get a gift if he is nice.
You shall be punished for what you’ve done.
should
1. 构成过去将来时作为shall的过去时。
He asked me whether I should be free tonight.
2. 表示主语的义务或责任。
You shouldn’t eat between meals, for it will make you fat.
3. 表示很大的可能性,常译为“按道理说应该”。
There should be a double “m” in the word swimming.
4. 用于否定句、疑问句表示“竟然”,含意外、惊异、愤怒、失望等语气。
Why should you be so late today?
I don’t understand why you should think that I did it.
5. 在if 从句中表示“万一”。
Ask Tom to ring me up if you should see him.
6. 重要句型:should have done 表示过去没有做到本来应该做的事情
shouldn’t have done 做了本来不应该做的事情
You should have given him more help.
You shouldn’t have left home wit hout saying a word.
can/could(could是can的过去时)
(1)表示能力。如:
He can speak English better than you.
can和be able to都可表示能力,两者在意思上没有什么区别。但是can只能有现在式和过去式could,而be able to则有更多的形式,可位于情态动词之后表达过去成功地做了某事。如:
He will be able to do the work better.
He was able to finish the work on time.
(2)表示客观的可能性,也可以表示一时的情况,意为:有时候会。
Accidents can happen to any drunken driver.
According to the radio, it could rain this afternoon.
It can be very hot here in summer.
(3)表示“许可”时can可以和may换用,如:
如果要表示语气婉转,可用could代替can,这时could不再是can的过去式,注意回答时不能用could,而用can。
You can (may) go home now.
---- Could you come again tomorrow?
---- Yes, I can./ No, I can’t.
(4) 在疑问句和否定句中表示推测、怀疑、惊奇、不相信的态度。如:
Can this green bike be Liu Dong’s?
How can you believe such a liar like him?
(5) could have done有虚拟的含义,即“本来能够做,但事实上却没有做”。例如:
You could have told me earlier.
I could have helped her.
I could have passed the exam if I had worked harder.
may/might (might是may的过去式)
(1)表示允许或许可,否定用mustn’t, 表禁止。如:
----May we swim in this lake?
----No, you mustn’t. It’s too dangerous.
肯定可以用比较婉转的说法进行回答。如:
---- May I use this dictionary?
---- Yes, please. /---- Certainly. / Yes, you can.
(2)在表示请求时,用might比may 语气更婉转些, 如:
May I have a look at your new computer?
注意:May I…?在文体上较正式,较客气,日常口语中常用Can I…?
(3)may或might都可以表示可能性,表示“或许”、“可能”之意,might表示语气更加不肯定,如:They may (might) be in the library now .
He is absent. He may/ might be ill.
(2015 陕西高考) The person who sets out late might be careless in driving.
(4) may have done表示“某一事件在过去发生的可能性”。如: